Only through the process of thinking, people are able to draw conclusions and process incoming information from environment. Thinking is cognitive activity. Thinking makes it possible not to be limited by the material world and not to adhere to the framework built on experience and visualization. The results of mental work are certainly reflected in statements, ideas and actions. The main types of thinking are two practical and one theoretical.

The main types of thinking and their characteristics

Practical:

• visual action thinking. Implemented on external actions. It is based not on verbal forms, but on the fact that the solution of problems and the result itself is carried out by transforming the situation. That is, the practical actions of objects. Namely, in early age children analyze reality based on examples of action. This is the initial stage of logical thinking, followed by the transition to figurative thinking and further development.
• creative thinking. It is structured on representations and perception. Image real world. It is characteristic of artists, poets, architects, fashion designers and perfumers. In its usual form, this thinking arises in school age. The rudiments of visual-effective (and figurative) thinking are even characteristic of higher animals.

Theoretical:

• abstract (verbal-logical) thinking. Based on concepts and judgments. A person analyzes, compares phenomena, situations, objects not only from his own point of view, but also takes into account the opinions of others. It is possible only if the language is mastered. It is characteristic of an adult who has a sufficient amount of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Philosophers and those who lay the foundation for discoveries are among people prone to types of theoretical thinking.

Classification of types of thinking

Types and processes of logical and creative thinking of a person:

1. Boolean. The ability to correctly create a plan, prioritize, solve complex problems, set goals, look for ways.
2. Creative. The ability to think creatively - to form, invent, something new, which is not taken from experience, but invented by you. This is the highest result of mental activity.

Types and operations of thinking

It is during such mental operations that a person’s mental activity takes place:

1. Comparison. Finding similarities and differences between objects and phenomena.
2. Analysis. Isolation in the subject of certain qualities, features and properties.
3. Synthesis. Closely related to analysis. Connection of individual parts into a whole.
4. Abstraction. Distraction from many aspects of properties, highlighting one.
5. Generalization. The ability to combine similar features of phenomena and objects.

Types of thinking disorders

The quality of thinking is affected by violations of the way of perception and processing of information. For example, with impaired memory or vision, poor attention, a person from the outside world receives distorted information and representation of reality. He draws wrong conclusions and assumptions.

Another reason for the violation of the form of thinking is psychosis. The human brain ceases to follow the basic information processing systems, and this leads to random thought.

Although the rules are the same for everyone, and the norms are the same, but why then does everyone surprise with their behavior? Because we all have individual minds. Let it be generalized by science, nevertheless, it is fundamentally different. And you need to try not to lose this priceless feature. Do not try to think standard, do not limit yourself to the framework. If we allow ourselves to think and develop freely, we will have no equal! Can you imagine how interesting life will be?! ..

The variety of types of mental tasks determines the variety of not only mechanisms, methods, but also types of thinking. In psychology, it is customary to distinguish between types of thinking by content: visual-effective, visual-figurative and abstract thinking; by the nature of the tasks: practical and theoretical thinking; according to the degree of novelty and originality: reproductive (reproductive) and creative (productive) thinking.

Visual Action Thinking lies in the fact that the solution of problems is carried out by real transformation of the situation and the performance of a motor act. So, at an early age, children show the ability to analyze and synthesize when they perceive objects at a certain moment and have the opportunity to operate with them.

Visual-figurative thinking - this is a kind of thinking that occurs on the basis of images of representations, the transformation of a situation into a plan of images. This kind of thinking is shown by poets, artists, architects, perfumers, fashion designers. The significance of this thinking lies in the fact that with its help the variety of characteristics of an object is more fully reproduced, unusual combinations of objects and their properties are established. In its simplest form, this thinking arises in preschool age. Preschoolers think in pictures. Encouraging the creation of images based on the read, perceived objects, to a schematic and symbolic image of objects of knowledge, the teacher develops imaginative thinking in schoolchildren.

feature abstract (verbal-logical) thinking is that it occurs based on concepts, judgments, with the help of logic, without using empirical data. R. Descartes expressed the following idea: "I think, therefore, I exist." With these words, the scientist emphasizes the leading role in the mental activity of thinking, and specifically the verbal-logical one.

Visual-effective, visual-figurative and verbal-logical thinking are considered as stages in the development of thinking in phylogenesis and ontogenesis.

theoretical thinking - this is a kind of thinking, which consists in the knowledge of laws, rules. It reflects the essential in phenomena, objects, relationships between them at the level of patterns and trends. The products of theoretical thinking are, for example, the discovery periodic system Mendeleev, mathematical (philosophical) laws. B. Teplov wrote about people of theoretical thinking, they are abstract minds that carry out an excellent "intellectual economy" by "reducing facts to laws, and laws to theories." Theoretical thinking is sometimes compared to empirical thinking. They differ in the nature of generalizations. So, in theoretical thinking there is a theoretical generalization - a generalization of abstract concepts, and in empirical thinking - a generalization of empirical, sensually given features, identified by comparison. The main task of practical thinking is the physical transformation of reality. It can sometimes be more complicated than theoretical, because it often unfolds in extreme circumstances and in the absence of conditions for testing the hypothesis.

intuitive and analytical thinking are distinguished on the basis of three features: the time of the process, structure (a clear division into stages) and the level of flow (consciousness or unconsciousness). Analytical thinking - this is a type of thinking, deployed in time, has clearly defined stages, is sufficiently realized by the subject. intuitive, on the contrary, a kind of thinking, curtailed in time, which proceeds quickly, there is no division into stages in it, it is poorly represented in the mind.

In psychology, there is also realistic thinking, that is, a kind of thinking that is directed to the outside world and regulated by logical laws, as well as autistic thinking, associated with the realization of one's own desires and intentions. Preschoolers are often characterized by egocentric thinking. Its characteristic sign is the inability of the child to put himself in the position of others.

3.1. Kalmykov distinguishes productive and reproductive thinking according to the degree of novelty of the product, the subject of knowledge receives. The researcher believes that thinking as a process of generalized and indirect cognition of reality is always productive, that is, aimed at obtaining new knowledge. However, productive and reproductive components are intertwined in it in a dialectical unity. reproductive thinking - this is a type of thinking that provides a solution to a problem, based on the reproduction of already known to man ways. The new task is correlated with the already known solution scheme. Despite this, reproductive thinking always requires the identification of a certain level of autonomy.

In productive thinking, the intellectual abilities of a person are fully manifested, his creative potential. Creative possibilities are expressed in the rapid pace of assimilation of knowledge, in the breadth of their transfer to new conditions, in their independent operation.

Ukrainian and foreign psychologists (S. Kostyuk, J. Gilford) came to the conclusion that creative thinking is a combination of those features of the psyche that provide productive transformations in the activity of the individual. AT creative thinking four features dominate, in particular, the originality of the solution to the problem, semantic flexibility, which allows you to see the object from a new angle of view, figurative adaptive flexibility, which allows you to change the object with the development of the need for its knowledge, semantic spontaneous flexibility as the production of various ideas in uncertain situations.

Every person, regardless of ethnicity, has a creative basis. Analyzing the origins of the Ukrainian national character, M.I. Piren notes that Ukrainian emotionality, sensitivity, lyricism, which are manifested in the song, folk rituals, humor, customs, is the basis of creativity. The positive aspects of Ukrainian emotionality were embodied in the spiritual work of the best representatives of the nation - G. Skovoroda, N. Gogol, P. Yurkevich, P. Kulish, T. Shevchenko.

Thinking is an integral part of human life. The definition of this concept was given in antiquity. Scientists and thinkers have been interested in this issue at all times. And to date, this phenomenon cannot be considered fully understood.

History of the study of thinking

At all times, scientists were interested in such a phenomenon as thinking. The definition of this concept was given in the ancient period. At the same time, special attention was paid to cognizing the essence of invisible phenomena. was the first to raise this issue. It is to him that mankind owes the appearance of such concepts as truth and opinion.

Plato considered this issue a little differently. He believed that thinking is a cosmic entity that the human soul possessed before entering the earthly body. He believed that this is not a creative activity, but a reproductive one, aimed at "remembering" the knowledge that was "forgotten". Despite the rather fantastic reasoning, it is Plato who deserves the merit in studying such a concept as intuition.

Aristotle gave a thorough explanation of what thinking is. The definition included such categories as judgment and inference. The philosopher developed a whole science - logic. Subsequently, on the basis of his research, Raymond Lully created the so-called "thinking machine".

Descartes perceived thinking as a spiritual category, and considered systematic doubt to be the main method of cognition. Spinoza, on the other hand, believed that physical way actions. The main merit of Kant was the division of thinking into synthetic and analytical.

Thinking: Definition

The processes occurring in the human brain have always aroused increased interest. Therefore, there are many theories about what thinking is. The definition suggests the following: it is a cognitive activity that is carried out by a person. This is a kind of way of perception and reflection of reality.

The main result of mental activity is a thought (it can manifest itself in the form of awareness, concept, idea, or in other forms). At the same time, this process should not be confused with sensation. Thinking, according to scientists, is inherent only to humans, but animals and lower forms of life organization also have sensory perceptions.

It is worth noting a number of distinctive features that characterize thinking. The definition of this term gives the right to say that it allows you to receive information about those phenomena that cannot be perceived through direct contact. Thus, the relationship of thinking with analytical abilities is noted.

It is worth noting that a person's ability to think manifests itself gradually, as the individual develops. So, when a person cognizes the norms of the language, the characteristics of the environment and other forms of life, it begins to acquire new forms and deep meanings.

Signs of thinking

Thinking has a number of defining characteristics. The following are considered the main ones:

• this process allows the subject to navigate in interdisciplinary relationships, as well as to understand the essence of each specific phenomenon;
• it arises on the basis of existing theoretical knowledge, as well as previously performed practical actions;
• the thought process is always based on fundamental knowledge;
• as it develops, thinking can go far beyond the limits of practical activity and existing ideas about certain phenomena.

Basic mental operations

The definition of the word "thinking" at first glance does not reveal the whole essence of this process. To better understand its meaning, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the basic operations that reveal the essence of the term:

• analysis - division of the studied subject into components;
• synthesis - the identification of relationships and the unification of disconnected parts;
• comparison - identification of similar and different qualities of objects;
• classification - identification of the main features with subsequent grouping according to them;
• concretization - the allocation of a certain category from the total mass;
• generalization - combining objects and phenomena into groups;
• abstraction - the study of a particular subject independently of others.

Aspects of thinking

Thinking and approach to problem solving are influenced by significant aspects that are formed in the process of human life. It is worth noting the following significant points:

• the national aspect is the mentality and specific traditions that are historically embedded in a person living in a certain area;
• socio-political norms - are formed under the pressure of society;
• personal interests are a subjective factor that can affect the final solution of a problematic issue.

Types of thinking

As already mentioned, even in the ancient period, this concept was defined. The types of thinking are:

• abstract - implies the use of associative symbols;
• logical - established constructions and common concepts are used;
• abstract-logical - combines the operation of symbols and standard constructions;
• divergent - search for several equal answers to the same question;
• convergent - allows only one correct way to solve the problem;
• practical - implies the development of goals, plans and algorithms;
• theoretical - implies cognitive activity;
• creative - aims to create a new "product";
• critical - checking available data;
• spatial - the study of an object in all the variety of its states and properties;
• intuitive - a fleeting process with a lack of clearly defined forms.

Phases of thinking

Researchers pay attention to the active, dynamic nature of thinking. Considering that its main goal is to solve problems, the following main phases can be distinguished:

• awareness of the presence of a problem (is the result of a flow of information that has been processed over a certain period of time);
• search for a possible solution and the formation of alternative hypotheses;
• comprehensive testing of hypotheses for their applicability in practice;
• problem solving is manifested in getting an answer to a problematic question and fixing it in the mind.

Levels of thinking

The definition first interested Aaron Beck, who is rightfully considered the father of cognitive psychology. He believed that at the unconscious level, a person is guided by beliefs and established patterns. In this regard, the following levels of thinking are distinguished:

• arbitrary thoughts that are on the surface of consciousness (they are easy to realize and control);
• automatic thoughts are some stereotypes that have become established both in society and in the mind of a person (in most cases they are laid down in the process of education and training);
• cognitive beliefs are complex constructs and patterns that arise at the unconscious level (they are difficult to change).

Thinking Process

The definition of the process of thinking says that it is a set of actions by which a person solves certain logical problems. As a result, fundamentally new knowledge can also be obtained. This category has the following features:

• the process is indirect;
• relies on previously acquired knowledge;
• largely depends on the contemplation of the environment, but is not reduced to it;
• connections between different categories are reflected in verbal form;
• is of practical importance.

Qualities of the Mind

The definition of the level of thinking is inextricably linked with the definition. These include the following:

• independence - the ability to generate original ideas and thoughts without resorting to the help of others, without using standard schemes and without succumbing to outside influence;
• curiosity - the need for new information;
• speed - the time that passes from the moment the problem is recognized to the generation of the final solution;
• breadth - the ability to apply knowledge from different industries to the solution of the same problem;
• simultaneity - the ability to look at a problem with different parties and generate versatile ways to resolve it;
• depth is the degree of mastery of a particular topic, as well as understanding the essence of the situation (implies an understanding of the causes of certain events, as well as the ability to foresee a further scenario for the development of events);
• flexibility - the ability to take into account the specific conditions in which a problem arises, moving away from generally accepted patterns and algorithms;
• consistency - establishing the exact sequence of actions in solving problems;
• criticality - the tendency to deeply evaluate each of the emerging ideas.

What methods of determining the level of thinking are known?

The researchers noted that thought processes in different people flow differently. In this regard, there is a need for such work as determining the level of logical thinking. It is worth noting that according to this issue many methods have been developed. The following are most commonly used:

• "20 words"- This is a test that helps to identify a person's ability to memorize.
• "Anagrams"- a technique that is aimed at determining the ability to combinatorial thinking. Also, the test allows you to identify the propensity to communicate.
• "Revealing essential features" - a method for determining thinking, which is designed to reveal a person's ability to distinguish between primary and secondary phenomena.
• "Learning Words"- determines the extent to which the abilities associated with the memorization and reproduction of information are developed. The test also allows you to assess the state of memory and concentration in people suffering from mental illness.
• "Quantitative relations"- a test for the level of logical thinking in adolescents and adults. The conclusion is made on the basis of the solution of 18 tasks.
• "Link's Cube" is a technique that aims to identify a person special abilities(observation, a tendency to analyze, the ability to identify patterns, etc.). By solving constructive problems, one can assess the degree of ingenuity of a person.
• "Building a Fence"- a test for the level of development of thinking. It is revealed how well the subject understands the final goal, how accurately he follows the instructions. The pace and coordination of actions are also considered determining factors.

How to develop thinking: step by step instructions

If the test to determine the level of thinking showed unsatisfactory results, do not immediately give up. You can develop this ability in the following way:

• write down your ideas, as well as the progress of solving the problem (this allows you to use more parts of the brain);
• pay attention to logic games (the most a prime example are chess);
• buy several collections of crosswords or puzzles and devote all your free time to solving them;
• to activate brain activity, necessary (this may be an unexpected change in the routine of the day, a new way of doing the usual things);
• physical activity (it is best to give preference to dancing, as they make you constantly think and remember the pattern of movements);
• engage in fine arts, which will help you find new ways to present your ideas;
• force your brain to absorb new information (you can start studying foreign language, see documentary, read an encyclopedia section, etc.);
• approach problem solving systematically, not chaotically (this process includes an established sequence of stages - from recognizing the problem to developing a final solution);
• do not forget about rest, because in order for the brain to work most productively, it needs time to recover.

Thinking and psychology

It is worth noting that this concept is very actively studied in psychology. The definition of thinking is simple: the totality of processes of mental activity on which cognitive activity is based. This term is associated with such categories as attention, association, perception, judgment, and others. It is believed that thinking is one of the highest functions of the human psyche. It is considered as an indirect reflection of reality in a generalized form. The essence of the process is to identify the essence of objects and phenomena and establish relationships between them.

Thinking- socially determined, inextricably linked with speech, the mental process of searching for and discovering something new, i.e. the process of generalized and indirect reflection of reality in the course of analysis and synthesis.

Thinking as a special mental process has a number of specific characteristics and features.

The first such sign is generalized a reflection of reality, since thinking is a reflection of the general in objects and phenomena of the real world and the application of generalizations to individual objects and phenomena.

The second, no less important, sign of thinking is indirect by-knowledge objective reality. The essence of indirect knowledge lies in the fact that we are able to make judgments about the properties or characteristics of objects and phenomena without direct contact with them, but by analyzing indirect information.

The next most important characteristic feature thinking is that thinking is always associated with the decision of one or another tasks, arising in the process of cognition or in practical activity. The process of thinking begins to manifest itself most clearly only when there is problem situation, which needs to be solved. Thinking always starts with question, the answer to which is purpose thinking

An exceptionally important feature of thinking is the inextricable connection with speech. The close connection between thinking and speech finds its expression primarily in the fact that thoughts are always clothed in speech form. We always think in words, that is, we cannot think without uttering the word.

Types of thinking.

There are the following types of thinking:

- Visual-effective - here the solution of the problem is carried out with the help of a real transformation of the situation on the basis of a motor act. Those. the task is given visually in a specific form and the way to solve it is a practical action. This type of thinking is typical for a child of preschool age. This kind of thinking also exists in higher animals.

Visual-figurative - a situation necessary for solving a problem, a person recreates in a figurative form. Begins to form at the senior preschool age. In this case, in order to think, the child does not have to manipulate the object, but it is necessary to clearly perceive or visualize this object.

- Verbal-logical(theoretical, reasoning, abstract) - thinking appears primarily in the form of abstract concepts and reasoning. Begins to develop at school age. Mastery of concepts occurs in the process of assimilation various sciences. At the end schooling a system of concepts is formed. Moreover, we use concepts that sometimes do not have a direct figurative expression (honesty, pride). The development of verbal-logical thinking does not mean that the previous two types do not develop or disappear altogether. On the contrary, children and adults continue to develop all kinds of thinking. For example, in an engineer, designer, visual-effective thinking achieves greater perfection (or when mastering new technology). In addition, all types of thinking are closely interconnected.

From the point of view of the originality of the tasks being solved, thinking can be: creative(productive) and reproducing (reproductive). Creative is aimed at creating new ideas, reproductive is the application ready knowledge and skills.

Forms of thinking - concepts, judgments, conclusions.

concept- a thought that reflects the general, essential and distinctive features of objects and phenomena of reality (for example, the concept of "man"). Distinguish concepts worldly(acquired in practical experience) and scientific(acquired during training). Concepts arise and develop in the process of development of science and technology. In them, people record the results of experience and knowledge.

Judgment - reflection of connections between objects and phenomena of reality or between their properties and features.

inference- such a connection between thoughts (concepts, judgments), as a result of which we get another judgment from one or several judgments, extracting it from the content of the original judgments.

Thinking processes.

There are several basic mental processes (mental operations), with the help of which mental activity is carried out.

Analysis- mental division of an object or phenomenon into its constituent parts, the allocation of individual features in it. Analysis is practical and mental.

Synthesis- mental connection of individual elements, parts and features into a single whole. But synthesis is not a mechanical combination of parts.

Analysis and synthesis are inextricably linked and provide a comprehensive knowledge of reality. Analysis provides knowledge of individual elements, and synthesis, based on the results of analysis, provides knowledge of the object as a whole.

Comparison- comparison of objects and phenomena in order to find similarities or differences between them. Thanks to this process of thinking, we know most things, because. we cognize an object only by equating it with something or distinguishing it from something.

As a result of comparison in the compared objects, we highlight something in common. That. Thus, on the basis of comparison, a generalization is built.

Generalization - mental association of objects into groups according to those common features that stand out in the process of comparison. Through this process, conclusions, rules and classifications are made (apples, pears, plums - fruits).

Abstraction consists in the fact that, by isolating any properties of the object under study, a person is distracted from the rest. Concepts (length, breadth, quantity, equality, value, etc.) are created by abstracting.

Specification involves the return of thought from the general and abstract to the specific in order to reveal the content (give an example for the rule).

Thinking as a process of problem solving.

The need for thinking arises first of all when, in the course of life, a new problem appears before a person. Those. thinking is necessary in those situations in which a new goal arises, and the old methods of activity are no longer sufficient to achieve it. Such situations are called problematic . In a problem situation, the process of thinking begins. In the course of activity, a person encounters something unknown, thinking is immediately included in the activity, and the problem situation turns into a task that is realized by the person.

Task - the goal of an activity given in certain conditions and requiring the use of means adequate to these conditions for its achievement. Any task includes: goal, condition(known) desired(unknown). Depending on the nature of the ultimate goal, tasks are distinguished practical(aimed at transforming material objects) and theoretical(aimed at cognition of reality, for example, study).

The principle of solving the problem : the unknown is always connected with something known, i.e. the unknown, interacting with the known, reveals some of its qualities.

Thinking and problem solving are closely related to each other. But this connection is not unambiguous. Problem solving is carried out only with the help of thinking. But thinking is manifested not only in solving problems, but also, for example, for the assimilation of knowledge, understanding of the text, setting the task, i.e. for knowledge (mastery of experience).

Individual features of thinking.

The thinking of each person has some differences in certain properties.

Independence- the ability of a person to put forward new tasks and find the right solutions without resorting to the frequent help of other people.

Latitude- this is when a person's cognitive activity covers various areas (broad-minded).

Flexibility- the ability to change the solution plan planned at the beginning, if it no longer satisfies.

Rapidity- the ability of a person to quickly understand difficult situation think quickly and make a decision.

Depth- the ability to penetrate into the essence of the most complex issues, the ability to see a problem where other people do not have a question (you need to have a Newton's head to see a problem in a falling apple).

criticality- the ability to objectively evaluate one's own and other people's thoughts (not to consider one's thoughts absolutely correct).

Most of the time the human brain spends on the process of processing information. It enters him through various sensations, thoughts, images and experiences. These conditions characterize and form the image of human thinking.

The characteristic features that a person endows with certain phenomena directly depend on the characteristics of perception. In turn, the personal apperception of all tangible processes is facilitated by types of thinking, which also have their own specific qualities.

In psychology, the following central types of thinking have been established:

• visual and effective;
• visual-figurative;
• verbal-logical.

Such a division of the main species is justified by the genetic principle. It expresses the sequence of the formation of the thought process through the practice and interaction of the individual with the outside world.

The criteria of each type are special forms of cognition of the object through circumstances, as well as specific ways of perceiving and establishing the relation of the situation to reality.

The main types of thinking in psychology, the main differences:

• visual-effective - for a specific thought process, the perception of a visible, perceptible object is characteristic. It begins to form in accordance with the development of human practical activity, with direct contact with the subject.
• visual-figurative - based on existing ideas and thoughts. Develops during preschool age. During this period, the need for tactile contact with the object decreases. However, the need for a clear assessment and illustrative touch of the subject comes into force. Thus, this type of thinking is determined by visual images, but the concepts of them are not yet available.
• verbal-logical - is performed in the ratio of the quality of logical structures and their interaction with concepts. It involves the search for the validity of situations and phenomena, their regular connections. This kind of thinking is a late phase of human development and is formed already at school age. Based on sensory and practical experience. The concrete process complements other types of thinking, operates with pure concepts, depriving them of imagery.

However, all types are identical in one thing - they cover a process that is exclusively necessary for resolving existing problems.

Additional types of thinking are also:

• theoretical - develops concepts, is responsible for establishing the basic laws of knowledge;
• practical - is engaged in the development of an action plan, checks the theoretical base;
• realistic - focus on the outside world.

In psychology, these types are used to solve problems, focusing on the nature of the problem itself.

Proven. Materials experimental studies in psychology, it has been established that the three types of the above types of thinking exist in a mature person inseparably from each other and act together in solving problems of various kinds.

Individual consciousness: the nature of the personality

Interestingly, people are divided into types according to the nature of their thought processes. So, there is an intuitive type, which is based on the dominance of emotions over logical consciousness. Here, the right hemisphere of the brain prevails over the left. Rationalism is characteristic of people of the thinking type. Here the condition of evaluation becomes the logic of the conclusions. These two types are not amenable to change throughout life, in other words, an intuitive cannot become a logician to the fullest, even with the development of the necessary skills.

In psychology, the differences between the intuitive and analytical thinking processes are distinguished according to three criteria: temporal, structural, and level.

Analytical type:

Intuitive type:

• characterized by the speed of action;
• there is minimal awareness of his participation.

In general, one cannot find a more personal thing than thinking. Although it is customary in psychology to single out only the main types, it is easy to assume that their number applies to each individual type of character. Therefore, for example, through new research, theories about personality subtypes are put forward.

Here are examples of some subtypes of thinking:

• female and male types. Most often, to describe thinking in general in psychology, the concept of the masculine species is used. This is due to the fact that the male mind has a great inclination to objective assessment what is happening. In this context, men can be called logicians, while women are given the status of intuitive personalities;
• negativism and positivism. Negative mental activity is saturated with negations and operates with them at any opportunity. Positivism, on the other hand, is little inclined to objections and criticism;
• out-of-the-box thinking. Constant search. In view of this, a person prone to this type may seem undecided in life. However, a similar way of understanding reality can be learned by solving special problems-mysteries.

Kinds of thinking work together. It is worth noting that thinking itself, as such, regardless of its type, has common causes. In order to start the thought process, the motives and needs of the individual are important. Also, the types of thinking can be determined by its goals and interests. That is, the human desire for the constant development of intelligence basically activates any kind of thinking, to a greater or lesser extent. By this we can conclude that by resorting to certain models of developing techniques, a person is able to fill in the gaps in problem areas, regulating and improving the right type of thinking.