Speech techniques of manipulation and secret distortion of information. Distortion of facts Distortion of facts

(fragmentary) information

Distortion of information and disinformation

Please note that the information you receive may be:

1) brought as disinformation directly to you or to this source of information;

2) deliberately distorted by the source;

3) changed - arbitrarily or involuntarily - in the course of its transmission.

Oral messages circulating through horizontal and informal channels are less susceptible to distortions and directed misinformation(although rumors can be launched to misinform).

Let us also remember that information intended for managers (organizations, regions, states) is also distorted: usually embellished because of the eternal desire to please the authorities, to receive rewards, to avoid punishment.

Although it happens and vice versa(to “set up” a colleague, boss): information deliberately portrays the situation as just extremely lousy.

How to analyze information foridentifying misrepresentations and disinformation?

The following criteria may be used.

At intentional disinformation(which has already been received) is most often used as a deliberate lie, as well as a refined half-truth, gradually pushing the perceivers to false judgments, decisions, to those actions that are needed by the disinformer, the manipulator.

The most common misinformation techniques used in manipulation are:

1) direct concealment of facts;

2) biased selection of data;

3) violation of logical and temporal connections between events;

4) truthful information, but in such a context (with the addition of a false fact or hint) that it is perceived as a lie;

5) presentation of the most important data against a bright background of distracting information;

6) mixing heterogeneous opinions and facts;

7) communication of information in such words that can be interpreted in different ways;

8) hiding the key details of the fact.

distortion, arising in the process of relaying the original information, most often occur due to:

1) transmission of only part of the message;

2) retelling what he heard in his own words ("damaged phone");

3) passing texture through the prism of subjective-personal relations.

For successful confrontation intentional disinformation follows:

a) distinguish between facts and opinions;

b) ask yourself the question: “Is this source of information, due to its position, able to have access to the reported facts?”;

c) take into account the subjective (self-conceit, fantasies) characteristics of the source and its intended relationship to the output message;

d) it is mandatory to use duplicate channels for obtaining information;

e) exclude all unnecessary intermediate links in the transmission of information;

f) remember that it is especially easy, with confidence, to perceive the disinformation that you expected or would very much like to receive.

Dealing with inaccurate, incomplete and fragmented

(fragmentary) information

What needs to be done to clarify the information, increase its completeness? What attempts can help formulate hypotheses, give meaning to facts that at first glance seem to be scattered or mixed?

First of all, in this case, you need to be able to disregard one's own prejudices. If you underestimate the enemy (“we will crush Dudayev with one airborne regiment in 2 hours”), then you will always try to exclude a priori certain hypotheses about him and 9 to 10, which he will catch you on if he deliberately threw in the information.

The United States underestimated the spirit of independence of the Vietnamese, the Israelis underestimated the ability of the Palestinians to revolt in the occupied territories, Western entrepreneurs underestimated the Japanese "offensive" in the 70s, Hitler underestimated the potential capabilities of the USSR and its apparatus of government.

Although it is easy to express the principle of disregarding one's prejudices, it is difficult to apply it, since the same mistakes are not often made.

Here, again, the method can help us "circulation". Incomplete and inaccurate information can be clarified and supplemented by specialists of your own company who are closely involved in the same problems and solve similar problems. Independent experts, scientists working on the same subject to which this incomplete and/or inaccurate information relates can also help.

The method can help "synthesis", when we combine all the pieces of information relating to one problem, subject, process (company, etc.) in order to create a general idea of the activity (action) of the studied subject, organization, process. This is not always easy because parts are often missing or in the wrong shape.

And in the first and second cases, it is important to find a second and third source of information that is important or very important. In a word, even during the "synthesis" we can resort to such sources of information as highly qualified specialists of your company, outside scientists, experts, specialists, newspapers, magazines, Internet sites, etc.

The main (and sometimes the only solution), including in order to avoid the trap of not falling for disinformation, is to solicit the opinion of completely different persons(not directly associated with you, independent experts). This will allow not only to compare opinions, but also to obtain information on certain assumptions and even more.

There are three or four tricks that allow you to get probabilistic hypotheses.

The "expansion" method is that for the data available, the most appropriate explanation is sought. Often, when the formulation of several hypotheses is completed, contradictions are found. In this case, it is important to do the following:

1) find the information that is able to confirm either the first or second hypothesis;

2) discard the hypothesis that is not confirmed

Of course, in the first place, one should analyze information about the worst-case scenario, but not vice versa.

2. "Intention" Method consists in discovering that actor whose intentions include the latest facts, the information received. But you can not think for someone!

You just need to put yourself in his place to understand what game is he playing to infer his possible actions. Based on this, many hypotheses are constructed regarding his intentions and each of them is examined (as they are explained by information). Finally, after comparing the hypotheses with the available data, we select the hypothesis (or hypotheses) that covers the largest range of observations, information.

Imagine, for example, Japan: small islands (about half of France), a strong industrial state, but practically devoid of raw materials (and this, among other things, is manifested in the fact that she does not really like all of Asia, especially her closest neighbors - Koreans and Chinese). Under such conditions, one of the most important issues that the Japanese are solving is the supply of raw materials, food.

Looking at the map, you find that Siberia, with its huge resources, is relatively close and has direct access to it. From this we can draw the following conclusions: about Japan's interest in establishing good relations with Russia; about the appearance among Japanese entrepreneurs of those who can enter into a criminal conspiracy with Russian customs officers on the smuggling of raw materials, etc.

The quality of analysis and interpretation depends to a large extent on the professional affiliation of the expert to whom the analyst refers. When analyzing a business organization, this means that the most appropriate person to interpret certain information is the person with responsibility in the relevant functional area (production, marketing, finance, research and development, etc.)

The science called history is built not only on facts that are more than obvious, but also on the conjectures of the minds that deal with it, study and interpret it. The main problem of history is that it is necessary not only to collect all the knowledge in one place, but rather to conjecture, to complete the knowledge gained, from small bricks of information, to find the connecting material that will make history an integral subject of study.
In order to understand and comprehend the events taking place in our time, knowledge is needed, and people, fortunately, have a memory of what happened and, by comparing the past, it is possible to predict the future. After all, Thales, who was reproached for poverty, became rich thanks to the knowledge of nature, and nature is systematic, that is, he simply compared what was happening in the past, thereby being able to predict the future.

Perhaps I won’t delve into the term “history” so much, because the main topic of my article is far from this one, but rather, a side effect when adding history is distortion historical facts.

There are several ways in which history can be distorted. Here are some of the many options and examples, which are of course very important.

I. Categorical denial of facts.
There were cases when there were so few witnesses to the course of history that it would simply be inconvenient to take their point of view into account. The information provided to society is usually handled by the media, as well as history books, but it is not always "profitable" to tell the truth. The truth may be disadvantageous to the government, as it may cause unnecessary opinions of certain individuals.
Everyone knows that Germany during the First World War used chemical weapons, which at that time were prohibited (according to the "Rules of War on Land" signed in The Hague in 1907), as well as during the Second World War, using gas chambers for extermination of the Jews. However, in 1979, Robert Farisson wrote a book that argued that it was not true that the gas chambers were a figment of Israel's imagination. Believing that Israel deliberately spread false information around the world in order to "desecrate" Nazi Germany.

II. Silencing information, as well as ignoring the importance of facts.
What is actually a "decisive" factor in the flow of information to the masses can be easily forgotten if something is broken down into small paragraphs, and then slightly corrected, not by changing, but by removing, at first glance, unimportant, but , in fact, global factors.
From examples, I decided to write again about Germany and the First World War.
On August 6, 1915, a gas attack took place on the Osovets fortress (Polish front). 1600 people died, survivors - attacked German troops dying on the move, from poisonous gases. This so amazed and frightened the enemy troops that they did not accept the battle and decided to retreat, although their superiority was obvious.
The heroism and courage of the Russian soldiers did not receive much publicity under the Soviet Union, this was due to the fact that the heroes of the above-mentioned battle fought for Tsarist Russia.

III. Rearranging priorities of importance.
It seems that this is the most common way in our time. If there is an important but inconvenient historical fact, then its significance is reduced, while increasing the significance of a dummy, to which society will pay more attention.
On August 14 of this year, all the attention of society was concentrated on the Jewish Autonomous Republic. There, as everyone knows, the Amur overflowed its banks, more than 12 thousand people had to be evacuated. Then something unthinkable happened: people greedily began to follow the Olympic torch relay, which began on October 7th. This year, an even more surprising incident happened: pensioners who work were promised to stop paying pensions. But at the same time, where did so much money for this ill-fated Relay race come from? The Republic of Karelia alone will spend 6 million rubles on it! The question immediately arises: how much will be spent in general? There is no answer yet. Meanwhile, in the Jewish Autonomous Republic, flood victims are helped with only six thousand rubles a month, and even if they work ...

IV. False analysis.
Everyone knows the expression: "There is no war without victims." In order to simply justify itself to society, the government announces that without the victims everything would have been much worse and the goals set by the authorities would not have been achieved, but this is “for the benefit of mankind”.
The colonization of America did not go without bloodshed. Total number Annihilated Indians is more than 100 million! And these are real people. The colonialists did not take into account the lives of the "Redskins". But in last years, the Indians did not bring much trouble to the American government. They only wanted to live, but the extermination did not stop. But this, allegedly, could not be avoided, but slavery was banned, thereby washing their bloody hands. It turns out that "the most democratic country in the world" received the territory through the killings and infringement of the rights of indigenous people.

Anyone who deliberately distorts historical facts should know that he leaves behind only bad things, even if he does it for the good.

Remember: "We are alive as long as our history is alive."

In recent years, in our country, such a concept as “falsification of history” has become especially widespread. Of course, at first glance, this phrase seems incomprehensible. How can you distort the facts that have already taken place? But, nevertheless, the rewriting of history is a phenomenon that takes place in modern society and has its roots in the distant past. The very first examples of documents in which history was falsified have been known since the time of Ancient Egypt.

Methods and techniques

The authors whose works reflect the distortion and falsification of history, as a rule, do not indicate the sources of their "factual" judgments. Only occasionally in such works are references to various publications that either do not exist at all, or they clearly do not relate to the subject of the publication.

One can say about this method that it is not so much a forgery of the known as its addition. In other words, this is not a falsification of history, but ordinary myth-making.

A more subtle way of distorting the existing facts is the falsification of primary sources. Sometimes the falsification of world history becomes possible on the basis of "sensational" archaeological discoveries. Sometimes authors make references to previously unknown documents. These can be “unpublished” chronicle materials, diaries, memoirs, etc. In such cases, only a special examination can reveal a fake, which the interested party either does not conduct, or falsifies the results obtained by it.

One of the methods of distorting history is the one-sided selection of certain facts and their arbitrary interpretation. As a result of this, connections are being built that were absent in reality. It is simply impossible to call the conclusions made on the basis of the obtained picture true. With this method of falsifying history, certain events or documents described actually took place. However, researchers draw their conclusions with a purposeful and gross violation of all methodological foundations. The purpose of such publications may be to justify a certain historical character. Those sources that give negative information about him are simply ignored or their hostility is noted, and therefore falsity. At the same time, documents that indicate the presence of positive facts are used as a basis and are not criticized.

There is another special technique that, in essence, can be located between the methods described above. It lies in the fact that the author gives a real, but at the same time truncated quote. It omits places that are in clear contradiction with the conclusions necessary for the mythologist.

Goals and motives

Why falsify history? The goals and motives of the authors who publish publications that distort the events that have taken place can be very diverse. They relate to the ideological or political sphere, affect commercial interests, etc. But in general, the falsification of the history of the world pursues goals that can be combined in two groups. The first of these includes socio-political motives (gepolitical, political and ideological). Most of them are closely connected with anti-state propaganda.

The second group of goals includes commercial and personal-psychological motives. In their list: the desire to gain fame and assert themselves, as well as to become famous in a short time, giving the society a "sensation" that can turn over all existing ideas about the past. The dominant factor in this case is, as a rule, the material interests of the authors, who earn good money by publishing large editions of their works. Sometimes the motives that prompted the distortion of historical facts can be explained by the desire for revenge on individual opponents. Sometimes such publications are aimed at belittling the role of government representatives.

Historical heritage of Russia

A similar problem exists in our country. At the same time, falsification national history regarded as anti-Russian propaganda. Often, publications that distort the events that have taken place are born in states both near and far abroad. They are directly related to the current material and political interests of various forces and contribute to the justification of the material and territorial claims to the RF.

The problem of falsification of history and opposition to such facts is very relevant. After all, it affects the state interests of Russia and damages the social memory of the country's citizens. And this fact has been repeatedly emphasized by the leadership of our state. In order to respond in a timely manner to such challenges, a special commission has even been created under the President of Russia, whose task is to counter any attempts to falsify history that damage state interests.

Main directions

Unfortunately, in modern times, the falsification of the history of Russia has begun to take on quite impressive proportions. At the same time, authors who research and describe the past boldly cross all ideological barriers in their publications, and also grossly break moral and ethical norms. The reader was literally flooded with a stream of misinformation, to understand which ordinary person just impossible. What are the main directions of falsification of history?

Classic

These historical falsifications have migrated to us from past centuries. The authors of such articles claim that the Russians are aggressors and that they are a constant threat to all civilized mankind. In addition, such publications characterize our people as dark barbarians, drunkards, savages, etc.

Russophobic

These falsifications are picked up by our intelligentsia and transplanted into our own soil. Such a distortion of history gives rise to a complex of self-abasement and national inferiority. After all, according to him, everything is fine in Russia, but people do not know how to live culturally. This supposedly forces one to repent for one's past. But before whom? Foreigners, that is, those ideological enemies who organized such sabotage, become judges.

These directions of distortion of historical facts at first glance seem antagonistic. However, both of them fit perfectly into the anti-Russian and anti-Russian channel. Anyone who tries to denigrate our history perfectly uses both tools at the same time, despite their apparent opposite. So, when relying on communist arguments, humiliation occurs tsarist Russia. At the same time, in order to denigrate the Soviet Union, the arguments of the most rabid critics of the idea of communism are used.

Distortion of the activities of key figures

Another direction in which the falsification of the history of Russia is carried out is criticism directed against various prominent personalities.

Thus, the distortion of facts can often be found in works about St. Vladimir the Baptist, St. Andrei Bogolyubsky, St. Alexander Nevsky, etc. There is even a certain pattern. The greater the contribution to the development of the country was made by this or that figure, the more persistently and aggressively they try to denigrate him.

Distortion of the events of national history

This is one of the favorite directions of mythologists who are trying to slander our country. And here special priority belongs to the events of the Great Patriotic War. It's pretty easy to explain. In order to belittle Russia, these authors are trying to cross out and obscure the most grandiose and brilliant feat of our state, which, without any doubt, saved the entire civilized world. The period from 1941 to 1945 gives large field activities for such mythologists.

Thus, the most distorted moments of the war are the assertions that:

The USSR was preparing for an attack on Germany;
the Soviet and Nazi systems are identical, and the victory of the people occurred against the wishes of Stalin;
the role of the Soviet-German front is not so great, and Europe owes its liberation from the fascist yoke to the allies;
Soviet soldiers who have accomplished feats are not heroes at all, while traitors, SS men, and others are praised;
the losses of the two opposing sides are clearly exaggerated by politicians, and the number of victims of the peoples of the USSR and Germany is much less;
the military art of the Soviet generals was not so high, and the country won only due to huge losses and victims.

What is the purpose of falsifying the history of the war? Thus, the "purifiers" of the facts that have already occurred are trying to ground and crush the war itself and nullify the feat of the Soviet people. However, the whole truth of this terrible tragedy 20th century lies in the great spirit of patriotism and desire ordinary people come to victory at any cost. This was the most defining element in the life of the army and the people of that time.

Theories that go against Westernism

Currently, there are many of the most amazing versions of development social order in Russia. One of them is Eurasianism. It denies the existence of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, and these mythologists raise the Horde khans to the level of Russian tsars. A similar direction announces the symbiosis of the Asian peoples and Russia. On the one hand, these theories are friendly to our country.

After all, they call on both peoples to work together to counter the common slanderers and enemies. However, upon closer examination, such versions are a clear analogue of Westernism, only vice versa. Indeed, in this case, the role of the great Russian people, which supposedly should be subordinate to the East, is belittled.

Neo-pagan falsification

This is a new direction of distortion of historical facts, which at first glance seems pro-Russian and patriotic. With its development, works are allegedly discovered that testify to the primordial wisdom of the Slavs, their ancient traditions and civilizations. However, they also contain the problem of falsifying the history of Russia. After all, such theories are in fact extremely dangerous and destructive. They are aimed at undermining true Russian and Orthodox traditions.

Historical terrorism

This rather new direction sets itself the goal of blowing up the very foundation historical science. by the most a prime example This is the theory that was created by a group led by a mathematician, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. T. Fomenko. This work considers questions about a radical revision of world history.

The scientific community has rejected this theory, explaining this by the fact that it contradicts the established facts. Opponents of the "New Chronology" were historians and archaeologists, mathematicians and linguists, astronomers and physicists, as well as scientists representing other sciences.

Introduction of historical forgeries

On the present stage this process has its own characteristics. Thus, the impact is carried out in a massive way and has a clearly targeted character. The most dangerous fakes for the state have solid sources of funding and are published in huge circulation. These, in particular, include the work of Rezun, who wrote under the pseudonym "Suvorov", as well as Fomenko.

In addition, today the most important source of dissemination of articles about the falsification of history is the Internet. Almost every person has access to it, which contributes to the mass impact of fakes.

Unfortunately, the financing of fundamental historical science does not allow it to provide tangible opposition to the emerging works that are in conflict with the events that actually happened. Academic works are also published in small editions.

Sometimes some Russian historians are also captivated by falsifications. They accept Soviet, anti-Soviet or Western theories. To confirm this, one can recall one of the school history textbooks, in which statements were made that the turning point of the Second World War was the battle american army with the Japanese at Midway Atoll, and not the Battle of Stalingrad.

What are the attacks of counterfeiters? They are aimed at accustoming the Russian people to the thought that they do not have a glorious and great past, and the achievements of their ancestors should not be proud of. The younger generation is turning away from their native history. And such work has its depressing results. After all, the vast majority of today's youth are not interested in history. In this way, Russia is trying to destroy the past and erase the former power from memory. And therein lies a great danger to the country. Indeed, when a people is separated from its cultural and spiritual roots, it simply dies as a nation.

Willful, material misrepresentation; fraud is the second most common reason for a denial of entry by consular officers and is one of the most difficult areas of immigration law. This violation is punishable by draconian measures - a lifetime ban on entry into the United States. Therefore, consuls are warned to make such decisions with great caution, as they are subject to "rigorous scrutiny" and must be supported by a "substantial evidence base."

The requirements of this section of the Immigration and Nationality Act (Section 212(a)(6)(C)(i)) have three elements. You need to set that:

the visa applicant misrepresented the facts;
he did it on purpose;
the misrepresentation is material.

Misrepresentation is the representation of information that is not true, made by the visa applicant either personally or by a representative on his behalf. It must be either an oral statement or a document presented, and only silence is not considered misrepresentation. Thus, if a travel agency or a visa consultant incorrectly filled out your visa application, this will not save you from liability. Similarly, the applicant will not be helped by the fact that he does not own English language and misunderstood the question. Any incorrect information provided by you will be considered a misrepresentation of facts.

However, one can try to challenge the rendered conclusion by proving that the distortion of facts was made unintentionally. A deliberate presentation is made with deliberate intent and awareness of its falsity. The analysis of how deliberately a person distorted the facts comes down to subjectivism. One cannot simply accuse someone that he should have known that he was lying: this is not enough to reach such a conclusion.

It is also difficult to determine how significant a misrepresentation of facts is. In general, the concept of “substantial” implies the distortion of some information that otherwise could give the consular officer a basis for refusing to issue a visa. In the context of a B visa application, examples of such misrepresentation include: concealing the existence of a relative residing in the United States; false statement about the state of marriage; denial of having visited the United States in the past; concealment of a conviction for an immoral crime. But: if the consular officer is able to easily verify such information against his database, then such a misrepresentation cannot be the basis for issuing an opinion under section 6C. Also, in cases based on petitions filed with the Immigration Service, the consular officer can only issue a recommendation to the Department of Homeland Security that a finding of fraudulent material misrepresentation is possible, but the final decision rests with the Department. If the Department fails to act on the above recommendation (for example, due to the expiration of the petition), this cannot be the basis for a formal decision under section 6C.

In some cases, where the decision is not contested, it is possible to obtain a removal of the entry ban. Applicants affected by such decisions are eligible for a non-immigrant travel ban waiver. Spouses, fiancees, and children of US citizens or permanent residents are eligible for an immigration waiver (parents are not included in this category of relatives).

It is clear from the above that, due to the complexity of making such decisions, they can and should be challenged if there is a lack of factual or legal grounds. The Client Cases section of our website provides examples of how we have helped so many to overcome the misconceptions of material misrepresentation and fraud. According to State Department statistics, about a third of such detentions are either canceled or result in the applicant being granted a waiver. Contact us and find out how we can help you too.

General review
212(a)(4)(A) Public charge
212(a)(9)(B) Unlawful presence in the United States
212(a)(6)(C)(i) Material misrepresentation/fraud
212(a)(2)(A)(i)(1) Crime of moral turpitude
212(a)(6)(E) Alien smuggling
212(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) Drug offenses
212(a)(2)(C) Distribution of drugs
expedited removal
Humanitarian password

Client Cases

Most of the time of the two-year validity of her visa, citizen P. spent in the United States with her minor daughter, who is studying at one of the famous ballet schools. When P returned to her home country and tried to renew her visa, she was denied Section 214(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. The consular officer accused her of working illegally in the United States and spending too much time in the country. He presented these claims to her despite the fact that two years earlier, when applying for a visa, she honestly notified the Embassy that she planned to stay with her daughter for two years and submitted bank statements confirming the availability of funds sufficient to live in the United States . In the next two years, the Embassy denied her a visa three times. After that, she contacted our firm, and we were able to find out information on her refusals, provide evidence to refute the statements of consular workers and help her in obtaining a new multiple-entry B-1/B-2 visa.

Lipin Erik Eduardovich

Project Manager:

Badash Olga Fedorovna

Institution:

AMOU Humanitarian Lyceum, Izhevsk

This research work on history "Distortion of historical facts on the example of order No. 227" was developed in order to figure out exactly how it is distorted historical information on the example of order No. 227, to analyze the consequences of issuing this order and the means of its implementation.

The author, in his project on the history of the distortion of historical facts, using the example of order No. 227, believes that in modern realities, the distortion of historical "truths" is one of the most effective propaganda techniques. He will have to determine the factors due to which there is a distortion of historical events.

Introduction
Fact analysis.
Order No. 227
Analysis of the execution of order No. 227.
Analysis of the consequences of order No. 227.
Examples of information distortion (myths).
Distortion of information about the execution of order No. 227.
First myth
Second myth
Third myth
Conclusion
Bibliography.

Introduction

In modern realities, the distortion of historical truths is one of the most effective methods of propaganda. Rewriting history, incorrect or incomplete presentation of information is used in many countries of the world in order to ensure their political ambitions.

Facts of distortion of history have always been and will always be. Today in this research work the issue of submitting information about the famous order No. 227 will be raised. The ambiguity of its consequences led to the emergence of many different myths associated with the execution of this order, and against the backdrop of the collapse Soviet Union a number of historians appeared who openly lied to the population about the number of victims of this order.

In order to understand exactly how historical information is distorted, using the example of order No. 227, an analysis of the consequences of issuing this order and the means of its execution will be carried out. This information will be compared with the data that is misrepresented for propaganda purposes.

the distortion of historical facts is built around an incorrect interpretation of events and the consecration of false judgments about a particular event. Also, often the distortion occurs due to the use of unreliable sources of information.

distortion of historical facts.

reasons for the distortion of historical information.

determine the factors due to which there is a distortion of historical events.