Is there an objective reality, or is the Universe a hologram? Is there an objective reality? Does reality really exist

In 1982 a remarkable event took place. Research group under the direction of Alain Aspect at the University of Paris, presented an experiment that may turn out to be one of the most significant of the 20th century. You won't hear about it on the evening news. Chances are you've never even heard the name Alain Aspect, unless you're used to reading scientific journals.

Aspect and his team found that under certain conditions elementary particles, for example, electrons, are able to instantly communicate with each other regardless of the distance between them. It doesn't matter if it's 10 feet or 10 billion miles.

Somehow each particle always knows what the other is doing. The problem with this discovery is that it violates Einstein's postulate about the limiting speed of interaction propagation, equal speed Sveta. Because the journey faster speed light is tantamount to breaking the time barrier, this frightening prospect has led some physicists to try to explain Aspect's experiments in complex workarounds. But it has inspired others to come up with more radical explanations.

For example, University of London physicist David Bohm believes that according to Aspect's discovery, reality does not exist, and that despite its apparent density, the universe is at its core a fiction, a gigantic, luxuriously detailed hologram.

To understand why Bohm came up with such a startling conclusion, we need to talk about holograms. A hologram is a three-dimensional photograph taken with a laser.

To make a hologram, the subject to be photographed must first be illuminated by laser light. Then the second laser beam, adding up with the reflected light from the object, gives an interference pattern that can be recorded on the film.

The picture taken looks like a meaningless alternation of light and dark lines. But as soon as the image is illuminated with another laser beam, a three-dimensional image of the captured object immediately appears.

Three-dimensionality is not the only remarkable property of holograms. If the hologram is cut in half and illuminated with a laser, each half will contain the entire original image. If we continue to cut the hologram into smaller pieces, on each of them we will again find an image of the entire object as a whole. Unlike conventional photography, each area of the hologram contains all the information about the subject.

The principle of the hologram "everything in every part" allows us to approach the issue of organization and order in a fundamentally new way. For almost its entire course, Western science has developed with the idea that The best way to understand a phenomenon, be it a frog or an atom, is to cut it apart and study its constituent parts. The hologram has shown us that some things in the universe cannot allow us to do so. If we dissect something arranged holographically, we will not get the parts of which it consists, but we will get the same thing, but smaller in size.

These ideas inspired Bohm to reinterpret Aspect's work. Bohm is sure that elementary particles interact at any distance, not because they exchange mysterious signals with each other, but because their separation is an illusion. He explains that at some deeper level of reality, such particles are not separate entities, but are actually extensions of something more fundamental.

To better understand this, Bohm offers the following illustration.

Imagine an aquarium with fish. Imagine also that you cannot see the aquarium directly, but only two television screens that transmit images from cameras located one in front and one on the side of the aquarium. Looking at the screens, you can conclude that the fish on each of the screens are separate objects. But as you keep watching, after a while you will find that there is a relationship between the two fish on different screens.

When one fish changes, the other also changes, a little, but always in accordance with the first; when you see one fish "in front", the other is certainly "in profile". If you don't know it's the same aquarium, you'd rather conclude that the fish must communicate with each other instantly than that it's an accident.

The same, says Bohm, can be extrapolated to elementary particles in the Aspect experiment.

According to Bohm, the apparent superluminal interaction between particles tells us that there is a deeper level of reality hidden from us, higher dimensional than ours, similar to an aquarium. And, he adds, we see the particles as separate because we only see a part of reality. Particles are not separate "pieces" but facets of a deeper unity that is ultimately holographic and invisibly like an object,
filmed on a hologram. And since everything in physical reality is contained in this "phantom", the universe itself is a projection, a hologram.

In addition to being “phantomous,” such a universe could have other amazing properties. If the separation of particles is an illusion, then at a deeper level, all objects in the world are infinitely interconnected. The electrons in the carbon atoms in our brains are connected to the electrons in every salmon that swims, every heart that beats, and every star that shines in the sky.

Everything interpenetrates with everything, and although it is natural for human nature to divide everything, to dismember, to put it on the shelves, all natural phenomena, all divisions are artificial and nature, in the end, is an unbreakable web.

In the holographic world, even time and space cannot be taken as a basis. Because such a characteristic as position does not make sense in a universe where nothing is separate from each other; time and three-dimensional space - like images of fish on screens, which should be considered projections.

From this point of view, reality is a super-hologram in which the past, present and future exist simultaneously. This means that with the help of appropriate tools, one can penetrate deep into this super-hologram and see pictures of the distant past.

What else a hologram can carry is still unknown. For example, one can imagine that a hologram is a matrix that gives rise to everything in the world, at least there are any elementary particles that exist or can exist - any form of matter and energy is possible, from a snowflake to a quasar, from blue whale to gamma rays. It's like a universal supermarket, which has everything.

While Bohm admits that we have no way of knowing what else the hologram holds, he takes the liberty of arguing that we have no reason to assume that there is nothing else in it. In other words, perhaps the holographic level of the world is the next stage of infinite evolution.

Bohm is not alone in his opinion. An independent neuroscientist at Stanford University, Karl Pribram, who works in the field of brain research, also leans towards the theory of the holographic world. Pribram came to this conclusion by pondering the mystery of where and how memories are stored in the brain. Numerous experiments have shown that information is not stored in any particular area of the brain, but is dispersed throughout the entire volume of the brain. In a series of crucial experiments in the 1920s, Karl Lashley showed that no matter which part of the rat brain he removed, he could not achieve the disappearance conditioned reflexes developed in the rat before surgery. No one has been able to explain the mechanism behind this funny "everything in every part" property of memory.

Later, in the 60s, Pribram encountered the principle of holography and realized that he had found the explanation that neuroscientists were looking for. Pribram believes that memory is not contained in neurons or groups of neurons, but in a series of nerve impulses circulating throughout the brain, just as a piece of a hologram contains an entire image. In other words, Pribram
sure that the brain is a hologram.

Pribram's theory also explains how the human brain can store so many memories in such a small space. It is assumed that the human brain is able to remember about 10 billion bits in a lifetime (which corresponds to about the amount of information contained in 5 sets of the Encyclopædia Britannica).

It was found that another striking feature was added to the properties of holograms - a huge recording density. By simply changing the angle at which the lasers illuminate the film, many different images can be recorded on the same surface. It is shown that one cubic centimeter film is capable of storing up to 10 billion bits of information.

Our uncanny ability to quickly find the right information from a huge volume becomes more understandable if we accept that the brain works on the principle of a hologram. If a friend asks you what comes to mind when you hear the word "zebra", you don't have to go through all your vocabulary to find the answer. Associations like "striped", "horse" and "lives in Africa" appear in your head instantly.

Indeed, one of the most amazing properties human thinking is that each piece of information is instantly inter-correlated with any other - another property of the hologram. Since every part of the hologram is infinitely interconnected with every other, it is quite possible that the brain is the highest example of cross-correlated systems exhibited by nature.

The location of memory is not the only neurophysiological puzzle that has been unraveled in light of Pribram's holographic model of the brain. Another is how the brain is able to translate such an avalanche of frequencies that it perceives various bodies feelings (frequencies of light, sound frequencies, and so on) into our concrete idea of the world.

Encoding and decoding frequencies is exactly what a hologram does best. Just as a hologram serves as a kind of lens, a transmitting device capable of turning a meaningless set of frequencies into a coherent image, so the brain, according to Pribram, contains such a lens and uses the principles of holography to mathematically process frequencies from the senses into inner world our perceptions.

A lot of evidence suggests that the brain uses the principle of holography to function. Pribram's theory is finding more and more supporters among neuroscientists.

Argentinean-Italian researcher Hugo Zucarelli has recently extended the holographic model to the realm of acoustic phenomena. Perplexed by the fact that people can determine the direction of a sound source without turning their heads, even if only one ear works, Zucarelli found that the principles of holography could explain this ability as well.

He also developed holophonic sound recording technology capable of reproducing sound pictures with stunning realism.

Pribram's idea that our brain creates a "hard" reality by relying on input frequencies has also received brilliant experimental confirmation. It has been found that any of our sense organs has a much larger frequency range of receptivity than previously thought. For example, researchers have found that our eyes
receptive to sound frequencies, that our sense of smell is somewhat dependent on what is now called [osmic? ] frequencies, and that even the cells of our body are sensitive to a wide range of frequencies. Such findings suggest that this is the work of the holographic part of our consciousness, which transforms the separate chaotic frequencies into continuous perception.

But the most startling aspect of Pribram's holographic brain model comes to light when it is compared to Bohm's theory. If what we see is only a reflection of what is actually “out there” is a set of holographic frequencies, and if the brain is also a hologram and only selects some of the frequencies and mathematically converts them into perceptions, what is objective reality really? ?

Let's just say it doesn't exist. As Eastern religions have been saying for centuries, matter is Maya, an illusion, and although we may think that we are physical and move in the physical world, this is also an illusion. In fact, we are "receivers" floating in a kaleidoscopic sea of frequencies, and everything that we extract from this sea and turn into physical reality is just one source of many extracted from the hologram.

This striking new picture of reality, a synthesis of the views of Bohm and Pribram, has been called the holographic paradigm, and while many scientists have been skeptical about it, others have been encouraged by it. A small but growing group of researchers believe that this is one of the most accurate models of the world yet proposed. Moreover, some hope that it will help solve some mysteries that have not been previously explained by science and even consider paranormal activity as part of nature. Numerous researchers, including Bohm and Pribram, conclude that many parapsychological phenomena become more understandable within the holographic paradigm.

In a universe in which the individual brain is effectively an indivisible part of a larger hologram and infinitely connected to others, telepathy may simply be reaching the holographic level. It becomes much easier to understand how information can be delivered from consciousness "A" to consciousness "B" at any distance, and to explain many mysteries of psychology. In particular, Grof envisions that the holographic paradigm will be able to offer a model to explain many of the puzzling phenomena observed by humans during an altered state of consciousness.

In the 1950s, while researching LSD as a psychotherapeutic drug, Grof had a female patient who suddenly became convinced that she was a female prehistoric reptile. During the hallucination, she not only gave a richly detailed description of what it is like to be a creature with such forms, but also noted the colored scales on the head of a male of the same species. Grof was amazed by the fact that in a conversation with a zoologist, the presence of colored scales on the head of reptiles, which plays an important role in mating games, was confirmed, although the woman had no idea about such subtleties before.

This woman's experience was not unique. During his research, he encountered patients returning up the ladder of evolution and identifying themselves with the most different types(on their basis, the scene of the transformation of a man into a monkey in the film "Altered States") is built. Moreover, he found that such descriptions often contain zoological details that, when checked, turn out to be accurate.

Return to animals is not the only phenomenon described by Grof. He also had patients who seemed to be able to tap into some sort of area of the collective or racial unconscious. Uneducated or poorly educated people suddenly gave detailed descriptions funerals in Zoroastrian practice or scenes from Hindu mythology. In other experiences, people gave convincing descriptions of out-of-body travel, predictions of pictures of the future, past incarnations.

In more recent research, Grof found that the same set of phenomena also appeared in therapy sessions that did not involve the use of drugs. Since the common element of such experiments was the expansion of consciousness beyond the boundaries of space and time, Grof called such manifestations “transpersonal experience”, and in the late 60s, thanks to him, a new branch of psychology called “transpersonal” psychology appeared, devoted entirely to this area.

Although the newly founded association of Transpersonal Psychology was a rapidly growing group of like-minded professionals and became a respected branch of psychology, neither Grof himself nor his colleagues could offer a mechanism to explain the strange psychological phenomena they observed. But that has changed with the advent of the holographic paradigm.

As Grof recently pointed out, if consciousness is in fact part of a continuum, a labyrinth connected not only to every other consciousness that exists or has existed, but to every atom, organism, and vast region of space and time, the fact that tunnels can randomly form in the labyrinth and having a transpersonal experience no longer seems so strange.

The holographic paradigm also leaves its mark on the so-called exact sciences, such as biology. Keith Floyd, a psychologist at Intermont College in Virginia, has pointed out that if reality is just a holographic illusion, then one can no longer argue that consciousness is a function of the brain. Rather, on the contrary, consciousness creates the brain - just as we interpret the body and our entire environment as physical.

This reversal of our views of biological structures has allowed researchers to point out that medicine and our understanding of the healing process may also change under the influence of the holographic paradigm. If the physical body is nothing more than a holographic projection of our consciousness, it becomes clear that each of us is more responsible for our health than medical advances allow. What we are now seeing as a seeming cure for the disease can actually be done by changing the consciousness, which will make appropriate adjustments to the hologram of the body.

Likewise, alternative healing modalities such as visualization may work well because the holographic essence of the mental images is ultimately as real as "reality".

Even revelations and experiences of the beyond become understandable from the point of view of the new paradigm. Biologist Lyall Watson in his book “Gifts of the Unknown” describes an encounter with an Indonesian female shaman who, performing a ritual dance, was able to make an entire grove of trees instantly disappear into the subtle world. Watson writes that while he and another surprised bystander continued to watch her, she caused the trees to disappear and reappear several times in a row.

Modern science is unable to explain such phenomena. But they become quite logical if we assume that our “dense” reality is nothing more than a holographic projection. Perhaps we can formulate the concepts of “here” and “there” more precisely if we define them at the level of the human unconscious, in which all consciousnesses are infinitely closely interconnected.

If so, then this is the most significant implication from the holographic paradigm overall, meaning that the phenomena observed by Watson are not publicly available just because our minds are not programmed to trust them, which would make them so. In the holographic universe, there is no scope for changing the fabric of reality.

What we call reality is just a canvas waiting for us to paint on it whatever picture we want. Everything is possible, from the bending of spoons by willpower, to the phantasmagoric scenes in the spirit of Castaneda in his studies with don Juan, for the magic that we possess from the very beginning, no more and no less apparent than our ability to create any worlds in our fantasies.

Indeed, even most of our “fundamental” knowledge is doubtful, while in the holographic reality that Pribram points out, even random events could be explained and determined using holographic principles. Coincidences and accidents suddenly make sense, and everything can be considered as a metaphor, even a chain of random events expresses some kind of deep symmetry.

The holographic paradigm of Bohm and Pribram, whether it will be further developed or will go into oblivion, one way or another, it can be argued that it has already gained popularity among many scientists. Even if it is found that the holographic model does not adequately describe the instantaneous interaction of elementary particles, at least, as Basil Hiley, a physicist at Byreback College in London, points out, the discovery of Aspect “showed that we must be ready to consider radical new approaches to understanding reality.”

from the book: Michael Talbot "The Holographic Universe"

The nature of the hologram - "the whole in every particle" - gives us a completely new way of understanding the structure and order of things. We see objects, for example, elementary particles, separated because we see only a part of reality. These particles are not separate "parts", but facets of a deeper unity.

At some deeper level of reality, such particles are not separate objects, but, as it were, a continuation of something more fundamental.

Scientists came to the conclusion that elementary particles are able to interact with each other regardless of the distance, not because they exchange some mysterious signals, but because their separation is an illusion.

If the separation of particles is an illusion, then at a deeper level, all objects in the world are infinitely interconnected. The electrons in the carbon atoms in our brains are connected to the electrons in every salmon that swims, every heart that beats, and every star that shines in the sky. The universe as a hologram means that we are not

The hologram tells us that we are also a hologram.

Scientists from the Center for Astrophysical Research at the Fermi Laboratory (Fermilab) are now working on the creation of a device "holometer" (Holometer), with which they can refute everything that mankind now knows about the universe.

With the help of the Holometer device, experts hope to prove or disprove the crazy assumption that the three-dimensional universe as we know it simply does not exist, being nothing more than a kind of hologram. In other words, the surrounding reality is an illusion and nothing more.

…The theory that the Universe is a hologram is based on the not so long ago assumption that space and time in the Universe are not continuous.

They allegedly consist of separate parts, dots - as if from pixels, because of which it is impossible to increase the "image scale" of the Universe indefinitely, penetrating deeper and deeper into the essence of things. Upon reaching some value of the scale, the Universe turns out to be something like a digital image of a very Bad quality- indistinct, blurry.

Imagine a typical magazine photo. It looks like a continuous image, but, starting from a certain level of magnification, it breaks up into dots that make up a single whole. And also our world is allegedly assembled from microscopic points into a single beautiful, even convex picture.

Amazing theory! And until recently, it was treated lightly. Only recent studies of black holes have convinced most researchers that there is something in the "holographic" theory.

The fact is that the gradual evaporation of black holes discovered by astronomers with the passage of time led to an information paradox - all the information contained about the insides of the hole would then disappear.

And this is contrary to the principle of preservation of information.

But the laureate Nobel Prize in physics, Gerard t'Hooft, drawing on the work of Jerusalem University professor Jacob Bekenstein, proved that all the information contained in a three-dimensional object can be stored within the two-dimensional boundaries that remain after its destruction, just as an image of a three-dimensional object can be placed in two-dimensional hologram.

A SCIENTIST HAD A PHANTASM ONCE

For the first time, the “crazy” idea of universal illusoryness was born by the University of London physicist David Bohm, an associate of Albert Einstein, in the middle of the 20th century.

According to his theory, the whole world is arranged in much the same way as a hologram.

Just as any arbitrarily small section of a hologram contains the entire image of a three-dimensional object, so every existing object is “embedded” in each of its constituent parts.

“It follows from this that there is no objective reality,” said Professor Bohm, then with a startling conclusion. “Even in spite of its apparent density, the universe is at its core a phantasm, a gigantic, luxuriously detailed hologram.

Recall that a hologram is a three-dimensional photograph taken with a laser. To make it, first of all, the object to be photographed must be illuminated by laser light. Then the second laser beam, adding up with the reflected light from the object, gives an interference pattern (alternating minima and maxima of the rays), which can be recorded on the film.

The finished shot looks like a meaningless interlayering of light and dark lines. But as soon as the image is illuminated with another laser beam, a three-dimensional image of the original object immediately appears.

Three-dimensionality is not the only remarkable property inherent in a hologram.

If a hologram with an image of, for example, a tree is cut in half and illuminated with a laser, each half will contain a whole image of the same tree in exactly the same size. If we continue to cut the hologram into smaller pieces, on each of them we will again find an image of the entire object as a whole.

Unlike a conventional photograph, each area of the hologram contains information about the entire subject, but with a proportionally corresponding decrease in clarity.

“The principle of the hologram “everything in every part” allows us to approach the issue of organization and order in a completely new way,” explained Professor Bohm. “Throughout most of its history, Western science has evolved with the idea that the best way to understand a physical phenomenon, whether it be a frog or an atom, is to dissect it and study its constituent parts.

The hologram has shown us that some things in the universe cannot be explored in this way. If we dissect something arranged holographically, we will not get the parts of which it consists, but we will get the same thing, but with less accuracy.

AND HERE APPEARED AN EVERYTHING EXPLAINING ASPECT

Bohm's "crazy" idea was also prompted by a sensational experiment with elementary particles in its time. A physicist from the University of Paris, Alan Aspect, discovered in 1982 that, under certain conditions, electrons are able to instantly communicate with each other, regardless of the distance between them.

It doesn't matter if there are ten millimeters between them or ten billion kilometers. Somehow each particle always knows what the other is doing. Only one problem of this discovery was embarrassing: it violates Einstein's postulate about the limiting speed of propagation of interaction equal to the speed of light.

Since traveling faster than the speed of light is tantamount to breaking through a time barrier, this frightening prospect has caused physicists to greatly doubt Aspect's work.

But Bohm managed to find an explanation. According to him, elementary particles interact at any distance not because they exchange some mysterious signals with each other, but because their separation is illusory. He explained that at some deeper level of reality, such particles are not separate entities, but are actually extensions of something more fundamental.

“For better understanding, the professor illustrated his intricate theory with the following example,” wrote Michael Talbot, author of The Holographic Universe. Imagine an aquarium with fish. Imagine also that you cannot see the aquarium directly, but only two television screens that transmit images from cameras located one in front and one on the side of the aquarium.

Looking at the screens, you can conclude that the fish on each of the screens are separate objects. Since the cameras transmit images from different angles, the fish look different. But as you continue watching, after a while you will find that there is a relationship between the two fish on different screens.

When one fish turns, the other also changes direction, slightly different, but always in line with the first. When you see one fish in full face, the other is certainly in profile. If you do not have a complete picture of the situation, you are more likely to conclude that the fish must somehow instantly communicate with each other, that this is not a fact of a coincidence.

“The apparent superluminal interaction between particles tells us that there is a deeper level of reality hidden from us,” Bohm explained the phenomenon of Aspect’s experiments, “of a higher dimension than ours, as in the analogy with an aquarium. We see these particles as separate only because we see only a part of reality.

And particles are not separate “parts,” but facets of a deeper unity that is ultimately as holographic and invisible as the tree mentioned above.

And since everything in physical reality consists of these "phantoms", the Universe we observe is itself a projection, a hologram.

What else a hologram can carry is not yet known.

Suppose, for example, that it is a matrix that gives rise to everything in the world, at least it contains all the elementary particles that have accepted or will someday accept any possible form matter and energy - from snowflakes to quasars, from blue whales to gamma rays. It's like a universal supermarket, which has everything.

While Bohm admitted that we have no way of knowing what else the hologram holds, he took the liberty of asserting that we have no reason to assume that there is nothing else in it. In other words, perhaps the holographic level of the world is just one of the stages of endless evolution.

OPTIMIST'S OPINION

Psychologist Jack Kornfield, speaking of his first meeting with the late Tibetan Buddhist teacher Kalu Rinpoche, recalls that the following dialogue took place between them:

Could you explain to me in a few sentences the essence of Buddhist teachings?

“I could do it, but you will not believe me, and it will take you many years to understand what I am talking about.

- Anyway, explain, please, I really want to know. Rinpoche's answer was extremely brief:

You don't really exist.

TIME IS GRANULES

But is it possible to “feel” this illusory nature with instruments? It turned out yes. For several years in Germany, at the gravitational telescope built in Hannover (Germany), GEO600, research has been carried out to detect gravitational waves, space-time fluctuations that create supermassive space objects.

Not a single wave over the years, however, could not be found. One of the reasons is strange noises in the range from 300 to 1500 Hz, which the detector fixes for a long time. They interfere with his work.

The researchers searched in vain for the source of the noise until Craig Hogan, director of the Center for Astrophysical Research at the Fermi Laboratory, accidentally contacted them.

He said he understood what was going on. According to him, it follows from the holographic principle that space-time is not a continuous line and, most likely, is a collection of microzones, grains, a kind of space-time quanta.

“And the accuracy of the GEO600 equipment today is sufficient to fix vacuum fluctuations occurring at the boundaries of space quanta, the very grains that, if the holographic principle is correct, the Universe consists of,” Professor Hogan explained.

According to him, GEO600 just stumbled upon the fundamental limitation of space-time - the same “grain”, like the graininess of a magazine photo. And perceived this obstacle as "noise".

And Craig Hogan, following Bohm, repeats with conviction:

— If the results of GEO600 correspond to my expectations, then we all really live in a huge hologram of universal scales.

The detector readings so far correspond exactly to his calculations, and it seems to scientific world stands on the threshold of a grand opening.

Experts recall that once extraneous noise that pissed off researchers at Bell Laboratory - a large research center in the field of telecommunications, electronic and computer systems - during the experiments of 1964, has already become a harbinger of a global change in the scientific paradigm: this is how the cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered, which proved the hypothesis about the Big Bang.

And scientists are waiting for evidence of the holographic nature of the Universe when the device "Holometer" will work at full capacity. Scientists hope that it will increase the amount of practical data and knowledge of this extraordinary discovery, which still belongs to the field of theoretical physics.

The detector is designed like this: they shine with a laser through a beam splitter, from there two beams pass through two perpendicular bodies, are reflected, come back, merge together and create an interference pattern, where any distortion reports a change in the ratio of the lengths of the bodies, as the gravitational wave passes through the bodies and compresses or stretches space unequally in different directions.

“The Holometer will allow us to zoom in on space-time and see if assumptions about the fractional structure of the universe based on purely mathematical deductions are confirmed,” Professor Hogan suggests.

The first data obtained using the new apparatus will begin to arrive in the middle of this year.

OPINION OF A PESSIMIST

President of the Royal Society of London, cosmologist and astrophysicist Martin Rees: "The birth of the Universe will forever remain a mystery to us"

We cannot understand the laws of the universe. And you will never know how the Universe appeared and what awaits it. Hypotheses about the Big Bang, which allegedly gave rise to the world around us, or that many others can exist in parallel with our Universe, or about the holographic nature of the world, will remain unproven assumptions.

Undoubtedly, there are explanations for everything, but there are no such geniuses who could understand them. The human mind is limited. And he has reached his limit. Even today, we are as far from understanding, for example, the microstructure of the vacuum as the fish in the aquarium, which are completely unaware of how the environment in which they live works.

For example, I have reason to suspect that space has a cellular structure. And each of its cells is trillions of trillions of times smaller than an atom. But we cannot prove or disprove this, or understand how such a construction works. The task is too difficult, transcendent for the human mind - "Russian space".

Computer model of the galaxy

After nine months of computing on a powerful supercomputer, astrophysicists managed to create computer model beautiful spiral galaxy that is a copy of our Milky Way.

At the same time, the physics of the formation and evolution of our galaxy is observed. This model, which was created by researchers at the University of California and the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Zurich, solves a problem facing science that has emerged from the prevailing cosmological model of the universe.

"Previous attempts to create a massive disk galaxy like the Milky Way failed because the model had a bulge (central bulge) that was too large compared to the size of the disk," said Javiera Guedes, a graduate student in astronomy and astrophysics at the University of California and author of a research paper on this model, called Eris (eng. "Eris"). The study will be published in the Astrophysical Journal.

Eris is a massive spiral galaxy with a core in the center, which consists of bright stars and other structural objects, typical of such galaxies as the Milky Way. In terms of such parameters as brightness, the ratio of the width of the center of the galaxy and the width of the disk, stellar composition and other properties, it coincides with milky way and other galaxies of this type.

According to co-author Piero Madau, a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of California, a significant amount of money was spent on the implementation of the project, which went to the purchase of 1.4 million processor hours of computing time on a supercomputer on NASA's Pleiades computer.

The results obtained made it possible to confirm the theory of "cold dark matter", according to which the evolution of the structure of the Universe proceeded under the influence of gravitational interactions of dark cold matter ("dark" due to the fact that it cannot be seen, and "cold" due to the fact that particles moving very slowly).

“This model tracks the interaction of more than 60 million dark matter particles and gas. Its code includes the physics of processes such as gravity and fluid dynamics, star formation and supernova explosions - all in the very high resolution of all cosmological models in the world,” Guedes said.

A very good article showing what "scientists" are actually doing, who have no idea about what is happening in nature. How many brains have been ruined by this garbage, sucked from the finger and turning people away from science ...

Quantum physics: what is actually real?

Owen Maroney worries that physicists have been involved in a big hoax for half a century...

According to Maruni, a physicist at Oxford University, since the advent of quantum theory in the 1900s, everyone has been talking about oddities of this theory. How it allows particles and atoms to move in multiple directions at the same time, or rotate clockwise and counterclockwise at the same time. But words can't prove anything.

“If we tell the public that quantum theory is very strange, we need to test this claim experimentally,” says Maruni. “Otherwise, we are not doing science, but talking about all sorts of squiggles on the board ...”

This is what led Maruni et al. to develop a new series of experiments to reveal the essence of the wave function - the mysterious essence underlying quantum oddities.

On paper, the wave function is just a mathematical object, denoted by the letter psi (Ψ ) (one of those squiggles), and is used to describe the quantum behavior of particles.

Depending on the experiment, the wave function allows scientists to calculate the probability of observing an electron in some specific location, or the chances that its spin is up or down. But the math doesn't say what exactly is a wave function. Is it something physical? Or just a computational tool to work with the observer's ignorance about the real world?

The tests used to answer the question are very subtle, and they still have to give a definitive answer. But researchers are optimistic that the denouement is near. And they will finally be able to answer the questions that have tormented everyone for decades. Can a particle really be in many places at the same time? Is the universe constantly divided into parallel worlds, each of which has our alternate version? Is there really anything called "objective reality"?

“Such questions sooner or later appear in anyone,” says Alessandro Fedrici, physicist from the University of Queensland (Australia).

"What is really real?"

Disputes about the essence of reality began even when physicists found out that a wave and a particle are only two sides of the same coin. A classic example is the double slit experiment, where individual electrons are fired into a barrier that has two slits: the electron behaves as if it passes through two slits at the same time, creating a striped interference pattern on the other side of it. In 1926 the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger came up with a wave function to describe this behavior and derived an equation that allowed it to be calculated for any situation. But neither he nor anyone else could say anything about the nature of this function.

Grace in Ignorance

From a practical point of view, its nature is not important. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory, created in the 1920s by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg, uses the wave function simply as tool to predict the results of observations, allowing you not to think about what happens in reality.

“Physicists cannot be blamed for this ‘shut up and count’ behavior, as it has led to significant breakthroughs in nuclear and atomic physics, solid state physics and particle physics,” says Gene Brickmont, specialist in statistical physics Catholic University in Belgium. “So people are advised not to worry about fundamental issues.”

But some people still worry. By the 1930s, Einstein had rejected the Copenhagen interpretation, not least because it allowed two particles to entangle their wave functions, leading to a situation in which measurements of one of them could instantly give a state to the other, even if they were separated by huge distances.

Not to put up with it "frightening interaction at a distance", Einstein preferred to believe that the particle wave functions were incomplete. He said that perhaps the particles have some hidden variables that determine the result of the measurement, which were not noticed by quantum theory.

Experiments since then have demonstrated the workability of a frightening interaction at a distance, which rejects the concept of hidden variables, but this has not stopped other physicists from interpreting them in their own way. These interpretations fall into two camps. Some agree with Einstein that the wave function reflects our ignorance. These are what philosophers call psi-epistemic models. And others treat the wave function as a real thing - psionic models.

To understand the difference, consider the thought experiment Schrödinger described in a 1935 letter to Einstein. The cat is in a steel box. The box contains a sample of radioactive material that has a 50% chance of emitting a decay product in one hour, and an apparatus that will poison the cat if the product is detected.

Since radioactive decay is a quantum-level event, Schrödinger writes, the rules of quantum theory say that at the end of the hour, the wave function of the inside of the box must be a mixture of a dead and a living cat.

“Roughly speaking,” Fedrichi puts it mildly, “in the psy-epistemic model, the cat in the box is either alive or dead, and we just don’t know because the box is closed.” And in most psionic models, there is agreement with the Copenhagen interpretation: until the observer opens the box, the cat will be both alive and dead at the same time.

But this is where the argument comes to a head. Which interpretation is true? This question is difficult to answer experimentally because the difference between the models is very subtle. They should essentially predict the same quantum phenomenon as the highly successful Copenhagen interpretation. Andrew White, a physicist at the University of Queensland, says that in his 20-year career in quantum technology, “the challenge was like a huge smooth mountain with no ledges that you couldn’t climb.”

Everything changed in 2011, with the publication of the quantum measurement theorem, which seemed to eliminate the approach "wave function as ignorance". But upon closer examination, it turned out that this theorem leaves enough room for them to maneuver. Nevertheless, it has inspired physicists to think seriously about ways to resolve the dispute by testing the reality of the wave function.

Maruni had already developed an experiment that worked in principle, and he and his colleagues soon found a way to make it work in practice. The experiment was carried out last year Fedrici, White and others.

To understand the idea of the test, imagine two decks of cards. One contains only reds, the other contains only aces. “You are given a card and asked to determine what deck it is from,” says Martin Ringbauer, a physicist from the same university. If it's a red ace, "there's a crossover and you can't tell for sure." But if you know how many cards are in each deck, you can calculate how often such an ambiguous situation will occur.

Physics in danger

The same ambiguity happens in quantum systems as well. It is not always possible to find out, for example, how a photon is polarized by one measurement. "In real life, it's easy to tell west from just south of west, but in quantum systems it's not that easy," says White. According to the standard Copenhagen interpretation, there is no point in asking about polarization, because the question has no answer - until one more measurement determines the answer exactly.

But, according to the wave function as ignorance model, the question makes sense - just in an experiment, as in the one with decks of cards, not enough information. As with maps, it is possible to predict how many ambiguities can be explained by such ignorance, and compare with the large number of ambiguities allowed by standard theory.

This is exactly what Fedrichi and the team tested. The group measured the polarization and other properties in the photon beam, and found a level of intersection that could not be explained by "ignorance" models. The result supports an alternative theory - if objective reality exists, then the wave function exists. “Impressive that the team was able to solve such a complex problem with such a simple experiment,” says Andrea Alberti, physicist from the University of Bonn (Germany).

The conclusion is not yet carved into the granite: since the detectors captured only a fifth of the photons used in the test, one has to assume that the lost photons behaved in exactly the same way. This is a strong assumption, and the group is now working on ways to reduce losses and produce a more definitive result.

Meanwhile, Maruni's team at Oxford is working with the University of New South Wales (Australia) to replicate this experiment with easier-to-trace ions. “In the next six months, we will have an undeniable version of this experiment,” says Maruni.

But, even if they are successful and the “wave function as reality” models win, then these models also have different variants. Experimenters will have to choose one of them.

One of the earliest interpretations was made in the 1920s by a Frenchman Louis de Broglie, and expanded in the 1950s by an American David Bohm. According to the Broglie-Bohm models, the particles have a certain location and properties, but they are guided by a certain "pilot wave", which is defined as a wave function. This explains the double slit experiment, since the pilot wave can pass through both slits and produce an interference pattern, even though the electron itself, drawn by it, passes through only one of the two slits.

In 2005, this model received unexpected support. Physicists Emmanuel Fort, now at the Langevin Institute in Paris, and Yves Codier from the University of Paris Diderot asked the students a simple, in their opinion, task: to set up an experiment in which drops of oil falling on a tray would merge due to the vibrations of the tray. To the surprise of everyone around the drops, waves began to form as the tray vibrated at a certain frequency. “The drops started moving on their own on their own waves,” says Fort. “It was a dual object—a particle pulled by a wave.”

Since then, Fort and Coudier have shown that such waves can guide their particles in the double-slit experiment exactly as the pilot wave theory predicts, and can reproduce other quantum effects. But this does not prove the existence of pilot waves in the quantum world. “We were told that such effects are impossible in classical physics,” says Fort. “And here we showed what is possible.”

Another set of reality-based models, developed in the 1980s, attempts to explain the strong difference in properties between large and small objects. “Why can electrons and atoms be in two places at the same time, but tables, chairs, people and cats cannot,” says Angelo Basi, physicist at the University of Trieste (Italy).

Known as "collapse models," these theories say that the wavefunctions of individual particles are real, but can lose their quantum properties and bring the particle to a particular position in space. The models are constructed in such a way that the chances of such a collapse are extremely small for a single particle, so that quantum effects dominate at the atomic level. But the probability of collapse increases rapidly when particles combine, and macroscopic objects completely lose their quantum properties and behave according to the laws of classical physics.

One way to test this is to look for quantum effects in large objects. If the standard quantum theory is correct, then there is no size limit. And physicists have already done the double-slit experiment with large molecules. But, if the collapse models are correct, then quantum effects will not be visible beyond a certain mass.

Various groups plan to search for this mass using cold atoms, molecules, metal clusters and nanoparticles. They hope to find results in the next ten years. "What's cool about these experiments is that we'll be subjecting quantum theory accurate tests where it hasn't been tested yet,” says Maruni.

Parallel Worlds

One “wave function as reality” model is already known and loved by science fiction writers. This is a many-worlds interpretation developed in the 1950s Hugh Everett, who at the time was a student at Princeton University in New Jersey. In this model, the wave function determines the development of reality so strongly that with each quantum measurement, the universe splits into parallel worlds. In other words, when we open a box with a cat, we create two Universes - one with a dead cat, and the other with a live one.

It is difficult to separate this interpretation from the standard quantum theory, since their predictions coincide. But last year Howard Wiseman from Griffith University in Brisbane and colleagues proposed a multiverse model that can be tested. There is no wave function in their model - particles obey classical physics, Newton's laws. And the strange effects of the quantum world appear because between particles and their clones in parallel universes there is repulsive forces. “The repulsive force between them creates waves that propagate through all the parallel worlds,” Wiseman says.

Using a computer simulation in which 41 universes interacted, they showed that the model roughly reproduces several quantum effects, including particle trajectories in the double-slit experiment. With an increase in the number of worlds, the interference pattern tends to be real.

Because the theory's predictions vary across the number of worlds, Wiseman says, it's possible to test whether the multiverse model is correct—that is, that there is no wave function and that reality works according to classical laws.

Since the wave function is not needed in this model, it will remain viable even if future experiments rule out "ignorance" models. In addition to it, other models will survive, for example, the Copenhagen interpretation, which claim that no objective reality, but there are only calculations.

But then, as White says, this question will become the object of study. And while no one knows yet how to do this, “what would be really interesting is to develop a test that checks whether we have an objective reality at all.”

The riddle of quantum physics - the experiment with two slits

Secrets of Quantum Physics - Einstein's Nightmare (Episode 1)

Secrets of Quantum Physics - Let there be Life (episode 2)

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"Your life is where your attention is."

It is this postulate that has been experimentally proven by physicists in many laboratories around the world, as no matter how strange it sounds.

Perhaps now it sounds unusual, but quantum physics began to prove the truth of hoary antiquity: "Your life is where your attention is." In particular, that a person with his attention influences the surrounding material world, predetermines the reality that he perceives.

From its very inception, quantum physics began to radically change the idea of the microworld and of man, starting from the second half of XIX century, from William Hamilton's statement about the undulating nature of light, and continuing with the cutting-edge discoveries of modern scientists. Quantum physics already has a lot of evidence that the microcosm "lives" according to completely different laws of physics, that the properties of nanoparticles differ from the world familiar to man, that elementary particles interact with it in a special way.

In the middle of the 20th century, Klaus Jenson obtained an interesting result during experiments: during physical experiments, subatomic particles and photons accurately responded to human attention, which led to a different end result. That is, nanoparticles reacted to what the researchers focused their attention on at that moment. Each time this experiment, which has already become a classic, surprises scientists. It has been repeated many times in many laboratories around the world, and each time the results of this experiment are identical, which confirms its scientific value and reliability.

So, for this experiment, a light source and a screen (a plate impervious to photons) are prepared, which has two slits. The device, which is the light source, “shoots” photons with single pulses.

Photo 1.

A special screen with two slits was placed in front of the special photographic paper. As expected, two vertical stripes appeared on the photographic paper - traces of photons that illuminated the paper as they passed through these slits. Naturally, the course of the experiment was monitored.

Photo 2.

When the researcher turned on the device, and he himself went away for a while, returning to the laboratory, he was incredibly surprised: photons left a completely different image on photographic paper - instead of two vertical stripes - a lot.

Photo 3.

How could this happen? The traces left on the paper were characteristic of a wave that passed through the cracks. In other words, an interference pattern was observed.

Photo 4.

A simple experiment with photons showed that upon observation (in the presence of a detector or observer) the wave passes into the state of a particle and behaves like a particle, but, in the absence of an observer, behaves like a wave. It turned out that if you do not conduct observations in this experiment, photographic paper shows traces of waves, that is, an interference pattern is visible. Such a physical phenomenon began to be called the “Effect of the Observer”.

Here are some short videos about this experiment:

The particle experiment described above also applies to the question "Is there a God?". Because if, with the vigilant attention of the Observer, that which has a wave nature can be in a state of matter, reacting and changing its properties, then who carefully observes the entire Universe? Who keeps all matter in a stable state with his attention?

As soon as a person in her perception has an assumption that she can live in a qualitatively different world (for example, in the world of God), only then she, the person, begins to change her development vector in this direction, and the chances of surviving this experience increase many times . That is, it is enough just to admit the possibility of such a reality for oneself. Therefore, as soon as a person accepts the possibility of acquiring such an experience, he actually begins to acquire it. This is also confirmed in the AllatRa book by Anastasia Novykh:

“Everything depends on the Observer himself: if a person perceives himself as a particle (a material object living according to the laws of the material world), he will see and perceive the world of matter; if a person perceives himself as a wave (sensory experiences, an expanded state of consciousness), then he perceives the world of God and begins to understand it, to live it.

In the experiment described above, the observer inevitably influences the course and results of the experiment. That is, a very important principle emerges: it is impossible to observe the system, measure and analyze it without interacting with it. Where there is interaction, there is a change in properties.

The sages say that God is everywhere. Do not observations of nanoparticles confirm this statement? Are these experiments a confirmation that the entire material Universe interacts with Him in the same way as, for example, the Observer interacts with photons? Doesn't this experience show that everything where the Observer's attention is directed is permeated by him? Indeed, from the point of view of quantum physics and the principle of the “Effect of the Observer”, this is inevitable, since during the interaction the quantum system loses its original features, changing under the influence of more major system. That is, both systems mutually exchanging in the energy-information plan, modify each other.

If we develop this question further, we get The observer determines the reality in which he then lives. This manifests itself as a consequence of his choice. In quantum physics, there is the concept of a plurality of realities, when thousands of possible realities are in front of the Observer until he makes his final choice, thereby choosing only one of the realities. And when he chooses his own reality for himself, he focuses on it, and it manifests itself for him (or he for her?).

And again, taking into account the fact that a person lives in the reality that he himself supports with his attention, then we come to the same question: if all matter in the Universe is kept by attention, then Who keeps the Universe itself with his attention? Doesn't this postulate prove the existence of God, the One Who can contemplate the whole picture?

Does this not indicate that our mind is directly involved in the work of the material world? Wolfgang Pauli, one of the founders quantum mechanics once said: "The laws of physics and consciousness must be seen as complementary". It is safe to say that Mr. Pauli was right. This is already very close to world recognition: the material world is an illusory reflection of our mind, and what we see with our eyes is not reality. Then what is reality? Where is it located and how can you find it?

More and more, scientists are inclined to believe that human thinking in the same way is subject to the processes of the notorious quantum effects. To live in an illusion drawn by the mind, or to discover reality for oneself - everyone chooses for himself. We can only recommend that you familiarize yourself with the AllatRa book, which was quoted above. This book not only scientifically proves the existence of God, but also gives detailed explanations of all existing realities, measurements, and even reveals the structure of the human energy structure. You can download this book completely free of charge from our website by clicking on the quote below, or by going to the appropriate section of the site.