Barkovskaya Svetlana Evgenievna
Educational institution: MOU secondary school No. rp Kuzovatovo, Ulyanovsk region
Short description works: Non-standard tasks require out-of-the-box thinking, their solution cannot be reduced to an algorithm. Therefore, along with traditional methods it is necessary to equip students with heuristic methods for solving problems that are based on fantasy, exaggeration, “getting used to” the object or phenomenon being studied, etc.
Sachuk Tatyana Ivanovna
Educational institution:
Brief job description: The presented lesson planning in physics is intended for grade 11 students studying at the profile level, compiled in accordance with the program for educational institutions recommended at the federal level: Exemplary program of secondary (complete) general education.
Sachuk Tatyana Ivanovna
Educational institution: GBOU secondary school No. 1 "OTs" them. hero Soviet Union S.V. Vavilova s. Borskoe
Brief job description: The presented lesson planning in physics is intended for students in grade 10 studying at basic level, compiled in accordance with the program for educational institutions recommended at the federal level: Exemplary program of secondary (complete) general education.
Physics is a branch of natural science that studies the most general laws of nature and matter. IN Russian schools physics is taught in grades 7-11 On our website, materials on physics are located in the sections: Lesson notes Technological maps Control and verification Laboratory and practical self-tests Preparation for USE Preparation to the OGE Olympiad tasks Quizzes and games extracurricular activities […]
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OOO The educational center"PROFESSIONAL"
Lesson outline
in physics
1st year college
on the topic "Basic provisions of molecular - kinetic theory»
Developed by: Bolotskaya Irina Aleksandrovna, student of professional retraining courses "Physics: Theory and Methods of Teaching in an Educational Organization"
Checked: Derbinev Vladimir Vasilievich
Full name of the head practices
Zheleznogorsk 2016
Lesson topic : "Basic provisions of molecular - kinetic theory"
The date of the: 09/27/2016
Lesson type - combined
lesson technology.
The purpose of the lesson : To deepen and concretize students' ideas about the molecular - kinetic theory of the structure of matter.
Tasks.
Educational:
reveal the most important provisions of the molecular-kinetic theory;
to introduce students to the elements of the experimental method of studying phenomena;
creation of a theoretical base for the subsequent study of general technical and special subjects of the college curriculum.
Developing:
development of logical thinking of students, the ability to use induction, deduction and reasoning by analogy;
formation of understanding of the structure physical science, i.e. what conclusions follow from the experiment and thus are experimental facts, what provisions are theoretical provisions (postulates), what provisions are the consequences of the theory.
Educational:
equipping students with the right methodological approach to cognitive and practical activities;
education of diligence, initiative and perseverance in overcoming difficulties.
Planned educational results:
After the lesson, students should master the following general competencies:
Basic terms, concepts: Brownian motion, molecular weight, molar mass, amount of substance, Avogadro's constant.
Equipment : multimedia equipment, presentation, test tubes with water and an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate), potatoes, potassium permanganate, 2 glass plates, brush.
Lesson plan
Lesson stageTime
Organizational stage. Motivation.
The teacher expresses good wishes to the students, offers to wish each other good luck, think about what is useful for successful work on the lesson.
2 minutes
Actualization of students' knowledge
Frontal conversation about the structure of matter
5 minutes
Learning new material
Conversation with frontal experiments. Group work.
20 minutes
Filling out table 1.
6 min
Phys. minute
Activity switching
2 minutes
Learning new material
Presentation session
10 min
Filling out table 1.
break for change
Rest
5 minutes
Students listen to the explanation, ask questions, work with notes (filling in table 2)
20 minutes
Primary fastening
Students solve problems
20 minutes
The teacher analyzes the mistakes, offers to compare the answers to assess their knowledge
2 minutes
Reflection
Students analyze what tasks caused them difficulties, fill in the table
1 minute
Independent extracurricular work.
Homework assignment.
2 minutes
During the classes
Organizational stage (2 minutes)
Teacher: The doctrine of the structure and properties of matter is one of the fundamental questions of physics. Knowledge of MCT allows not only to delve deeper into the essence of the processes occurring inside a substance, but also to influence them, i.e. to obtain materials with desired properties, which is of no small importance for specialists in a number of industries (Slide 2, 3, 4).
Actualization of students' knowledge (5 minutes)
Questions for students:
What do we know about the structure of bodies?
What was the basis for the conclusion that the body consists of molecules?
What particles make up molecules?
What experiments confirm the existence and movement of molecules?
Students answer questions.
Learning new material (20 minutes)
teacher in highlights the main provisions of the ICB (Slide 5):
All substances - liquid, solid and gaseous- made up of tiny particlesMolecules that are themselves made up of atoms (“elementary molecules”).
Atoms and moleculesare in constant chaotic motion.
Particles interact with each otherforces that are electrical in nature. The gravitational interaction between particles is negligible.
Assignment to students: fill in 1 column of table 1 in the notebook. (Slide 6):
Table 1.
Basic provisions M K T
Experienced Justifications
1. All bodies are made up of molecules (atoms).
1. Diffusion - the mutual penetration of one substance into another (observed in gases, liquids and solids).
2. Divisibility of matter.
3.Observations of molecules with a microscope.
2. Molecules are in continuous chaotic motion, as a result of which they have a variety of speeds.
1. Diffusion.
2. Brownian motion - any particles of small size (≈ 1 micron) suspended in a gas or liquid make a zigzag motion. This movement is caused by impacts of the molecules of the medium in which the particles are suspended.
3. Gas pressure on the walls of the vessel.
4. The desire of gas to occupy the entire volume.
5. Experience of Stern.
3. Between molecules (atoms) there are interaction forces - forces of attraction and repulsion.
1.Deformation.
2. Experiments with lead cylinders.
3.Save the shape solid body.
4. Surface tension of the liquid.
5. Properties of strength, elasticity, hardness, etc.
Phys. minute (2 minutes)
Learning new material (10 min)
Teacher : How can you check the truth of these statements?
Assignment to students: indicate which of the provisions of the ICT is confirmed by each experiment.
Experience #1(2 minutes)
Equipment: test tubes with water and with an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate).
Working process:
Take test tube No. 1 with water and add a few drops of potassium permanganate solution from test tube No. 2 into it.What are we seeing?
Add water to vial #1 from vial #2.What are we seeing? (diffusion - 1 MKT position)
Experience number 2.(2 minutes):
Equipment: potatoes, potassium permanganate.
Working process:
Take a potato fruit and add a few granules of potassium permanganate to the cut site.What are we seeing? (wetting - 2 position MKT)
Experience number 3. (2 min):
Equipment: 2 glass plates water solution in test tube No. 2, brush.
Working process:
Moisten two glass plates with a brush and then press firmly together. Then try to disconnect them.What are we seeing? (gluing - 3 position MKT)
Teacher: What other experiments confirm the provisions of the MKT?
Teacher: consider models of the structure of gases, liquids and solids (Slide 7)
Notebook entry (Slide 8):
The random random movement of molecules is calledthermal movement.
Confirmation of this nature of the movement of molecules was obtained in Brown's experiment (Slide 9).
At that time, a correct explanation of the cause of this movement was not given, and only after almost 80 years A. Einstein and M. Smoluchovsky built the theory of Brownian movement, and J. Perrin experimentally confirmed it.
From the consideration of Brown's experiments it is necessary to draw the following conclusions:
the motion of Brownian particles is caused by the impacts of the molecules of the substance in which the particles are suspended;
Brownian motion is continuous and random, it depends on the properties of the substance in which the particles are suspended;
the movement of Brownian particles makes it possible to judge the movement of the molecules of the medium in which these particles are located;
Brownian motion proves the existence of molecules, their motion and the continuous and chaotic nature of this motion.
Assignment to students: fill in the 2nd column of table 1 in the notebook. Ask questions, work with notes.
Teacher: All bodies have a discrete structure, consist of the smallest particles, called elementary. Interacting with each other, they form complex and very stable and chemically indivisible particles, called atoms of matter. atoms chemical elements as a result of electromagnetic interaction, they are interconnected and form even more complex particles of matter - molecules (Slide 11).
Experiments show that the molecules various substances have different sizes, but to estimate the size of molecules they take a value equal to 10 – 10 m. If you increase all sizes so many times that the molecule is visible (i.e. up to 0.1 mm), then the grain of sand would turn into a hundred-meter rock, the ant would increase to the size of an ocean ship, and the person would be 1700 km tall. The masses of individual molecules and atoms are very small (m H20 ≈3 10 −26 kg), therefore, in the calculations, not absolute, but relative values wt.
Research students (20 minutes)
Assignment to students: fill in table 2. "Mass and sizes of molecules" in a notebook using textbook material (Slide 12):
Table 2.
Value
Definition
Formula
Units
Relative molecular (atomic) mass of a substance
The ratio of the mass of a molecule (atom) of a given substance to 1∕12 of the mass of a carbon atom
a.u.m.
Amount of substance
The ratio of the number of molecules (atoms) in a given macroscopic body to the number of atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon
A mole is the amount of a substance containing as many molecules (atoms) as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon.
Molar mass
The mass of a substance taken in an amount of 1 mole.
M=m ₀ N A
10 −3 M r
Teacher: He talks about the forces of molecular interaction, their nature, scope, simultaneity of the forces of attraction and repulsion, the dependence of molecular forces on the distance between them. Explains the dependence of molecular forces on the distance between them (Slide 14, 15).
Generalization and systematization of knowledge (20 minutes)
Solve problems: (Slide 16, 17)
M r (H 2 S ABOUT 4 ) = 2 1 + 32 + 16 4 = 98 g/mol
How many molecules are there in 50 gAℓ ?
M r (Aℓ)= 27g/mol
N = ν NA ν = m / M
ν \u003d 50 g / 27 g / mol \u003d 1.85 mol
N = 1.85 6 10 ²³ = 11 10 ²³
Summing up and results of the lesson (2 minutes)
The teacher analyzes the mistakes, offers to compare the answers to assess their knowledge (Slide 16, 17)
Reflection(1 minute)
The teacher reflects the lesson with the help of a card
Students analyze what tasks caused them difficulties, fill in the table:
Independent extracurricular work (homework (slide 18) ) (2 minutes)
Assignment to students:
1. 1 & 1.1 – 1.5
2. Fill in the table using the textbook material 1 1.5.
Aggregate state of matter
The nature of the movement of particles
The nature of the interaction of particles
Comparison E to and E R
Solids
Atoms and molecules are rigidly connected to each other, forming spatial crystal lattices– ordered, periodically repeating in space arrangement of particles.
The molecular forces of interaction are so great that the particles cannot move away from their "neighbors". The thermal motion of particles is a chaotic oscillation about their equilibrium positions.
distant order
E k » E r
gases
Particles move freely, uniformly filling the entire volume. Their interaction with each other occurs only during a collision. In these collisions, an impulse is transferred, which causes the pressure of the gas.
The forces of molecular interaction are practically absent, so gases can easily compress and expand indefinitely.
E r « E k
Liquids
An ordered relative arrangement of neighboring particles is observed. Molecules make oscillating motion particles near the equilibrium position.
Under the action of an external force in a liquid, the direction of particle jumps from one "sedentary" position to another appears along the direction of the force (fluidity).
E r ≈ E k
Plasma
The gas that has a large number of and charged ions, as well as free electrons. It can be obtained by heating a substance to very high temperatures (over 10,000 º C). Under these conditions, the substance is in a gaseous state, and all atoms turn into ions as a result of thermal collisions.
2. Solve problems:
[ 1 ] No. 1, No. 2 p. 46.
List of used literature
Dmitrieva V.F. Physics: textbook SPO. 15th ed., stereotype. –M.: Academy, 2011. .
Rymkevich A.P. Zadachnik. Grades 10-11: manual for general education. institution 16th ed.. stereotype ..- M: Bustard, 2012.
Theory and methods of teaching physics at school: Particular questions: Tutorial for stud. Ped. Universities / S.E. Kamenetsky, N.S. Purysheva, T.I. Nosova and others. Edited by S.E. Kamenetsky - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2000.
Introspection of the lesson
The lesson was held in 176, 1st year, specialty 15.02.07 Automation of technological processes and production (by industry), in the Krasnoyarsk Industrial College - a branch of the Federal State Autonomous educational institution higher education"National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI" (CPC NRNU MEPhI).
At this lesson, the goal was set: to deepen and concretize students' ideas about the molecular-kinetic theory of the structure of matter.
The type of lesson is the study of new material, and in form - combined, since along with the study new topic, the lesson is aimed at the formation of communicative and general technical skills in physics.
After the lesson, students should have mastered the following general competencies:
OK 2. Organize their own activities, choose standard methods and methods for performing professional tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality.
OK 4. Search and use the information necessary for the effective implementation of professional tasks, professional and personal development.
OK 6. Work in a team and team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, consumers.
At the lesson, time was allotted for the formation of skills to explain and reveal the meaning of the observed phenomena.
In the "Molecular Physics" section, students study the behavior of a qualitatively new material object: a system consisting of a large number particles (molecules and atoms), new form movement (thermal).
Many questions from molecular physics were considered in the basic course of the school, but this was only an initial acquaintance with this section of the physics course. The purpose of the lesson was to update, deepen and expand the knowledge that students have, to bring them to the level of concepts and a quantitative description of phenomena. The study of the section "Molecular physics makes it possible to continue acquaintance of students with experimental method research.
When planning the lesson, interdisciplinary connections were used: chemistry, biology, mathematics, general technical disciplines.
The stages of the lesson were distributed over time. Organized in class cognitive activity, applied various combinations front group and individual work students.
The lesson was thought out in such a way that students themselves could perform simple tasks and immediately share their impressions of what they saw, and then explain them. The security regime was observed. Summed up the lesson.
The content of the lesson had a scientific, educational and developmental focus. Educational material was chosen correctly. The connection between theory and practice is traced.
When performing tasks, students were divided into groups of 4 people, which allowed them to exercise control and mutual control.
During the training, the following methods and techniques were used: various combinations of verbal, visual and practical methods (informational, reproductive, partially search, problematic, research). Technical teaching aids were used - PC, presentation. I tried to control the students verbally, which created a comfortable psychological environment, the students were not afraid to make mistakes and express their point of view on the ongoing processes.
The structure of the lesson corresponded to the goal and intent. The teacher-student relationship style contributes to the successful formation of good lesson outcomes. All the objectives of the lesson as a whole were achieved, and the tasks were completed.
SEMINAR FOR DIRECTORS OF SCHOOLS OF THE CHEREK DISTRICT
PLAN - CONSPECT
OPEN LESSON
in physics
Key points molecular kinetic theories
Physics teacher
MOU "Secondary general education
school of the village of Kashkhatau "
Mokaeva N.I.
Kashkhatau - 2007
Lesson topic.
Basic Provisions of Molecular Kinetic Theory (MKT)
Lesson Objectives:
Educational:
establish the nature of the dependence of the forces of attraction and repulsion on the distance between molecules;
learn to solve quality problems;
develop:
the ability to apply knowledge of theory in practice;
observation, independence;
thinking of students through logical learning activities.
to continue the formation of ideas about the unity and interconnection of natural phenomena.
Know:
the main provisions of the molecular kinetic theory and their experimental substantiation; concepts of diffusion, Brownian motion.
formulate hypotheses and draw conclusions, solve qualitative problems.
Lesson form: combined
Complex methodological support: multimedia projector, computer, screen, flask with colored water, 2 beakers with alcohol and water, beaker (empty), ammonia solution, lead cylinders, potassium permanganate.
Teaching methods:
verbal
visual
practical
problematic (questions)
chemistry
Informatics
Epigraph:
Imagination rules the world.
Napoleon 1
Nothing exists but atoms.
Democritus
Organizational moment (motivation of educational activity)
Introduction to molecular physics
All of you in the lessons of physics studied physical phenomena, such as mechanical, electrical and optical, but in addition to these phenomena in the world around us are just as common - thermal phenomena. Thermal phenomena are studied by molecular physics. In addition, until today we have studied the physics of the so-called "macroscopic" bodies (from the Greek - "macro" - large). Now we will be interested in what happens inside the bodies.
Thus, we proceed to the study of molecular physics - we will consider the structure and properties of matter based on the MCT.
Agree! The world is amazing and diverse. Since ancient times, people have tried to imagine it, based on facts obtained as a result of observations or experiments. Today, following the scientists, we will make an attempt to look into it.
From the history of molecular kinetic theory
He made a great contribution to theory in the 18th century. the outstanding Russian scientist-encyclopedist M.V. Lomonosov, considers thermal phenomena as a result of the movement of particles that form bodies.
The theory was finally formulated in the 19th century. in the works of European scientists.
Learning new material
Topic lesson: “Main Provisions of the ICB”
Goals:
formulate the main provisions of the ILC;
reveal the scientific and ideological significance of Brownian motion;
establish the nature of the dependence of the forces of attraction and repulsion on the distance between molecules.
In which states of aggregation substances may be present?
Give examples.
- What is the substance made of?
(Matter is made up of particles)
So we have formulated the I position of the MKT
All substances are composed of particles (I).
What are particles made of?
- We have formulated the first position, but all assumptions must be proven.
Evidence:
Mechanical crushing (chalk) (experience demonstration)
Dissolution of a substance (potassium permanganate, sugar)
Well, direct evidence - electron and ion microscopes
We get the II position of the MKT.
1) Let's conduct an experiment. Pour a little potassium permanganate into a flask with water. What are we seeing? (Water is slowly changing color)
Why is the water colored?
2) What happens after a while if I open a bottle of odorous substance?
- Let's smell it.
Conclusion: The smell of an odorous substance will spread throughout the room and mix with the air.
What is the name of this phenomenon?
- Diffusion
Definition: Diffusion- the process of mutual penetration of various substances, due to the thermal movement of molecules.
In what bodies does diffusion occur?
- Diffusion occurs in gases, liquids and solids.
- Give examples of diffusion (give examples).
- Which bodies will have the highest molecular speed? Least?
-V gas >V liquid >V solid.
Once, in 1827, the English botanist Robert Brown examined the spores of the club moss suspended in water through a microscope and discovered an unusual phenomenon: the spores of the club moss for no apparent reason moved in leaps and bounds. Brown observed this movement for several days, but could not wait for it to stop. Subsequently, this movement was called Brownian. (Examples: ants in a dish, pushball game, dust and smoke particles in gas).
Let's try to explain this movement. What do you think is the reason for the movement of "non-living" particles?
This phenomenon can be explained if we assume that water molecules are in constant, never-ending motion. They bump into each other randomly. Encountering spores, the molecules cause their spasmodic movement. The number of hits of molecules on a spore with different parties not always the same. Under the influence of the “overweight” of the blow from one side, the dispute will jump from place to place.
Definition: Brownian motion - thermal motion of particles suspended in a liquid or gas.
The reason for the movement: the impacts of molecules on the particle do not compensate each other.
II position of the ICT – particles of matter are constantly and randomly (chaotically) moving.
Evidence:
Diffusion.
Brownian motion.
III provision of the MKT
P 
let's do the experience. Pour 100 ml of water into one beaker, and 100 ml of colored alcohol into the other. Pour the liquid from these beakers into the third. Surprisingly, the volume of the mixture will not turn out to be 200 ml, but less: about 190 ml. Why is this happening?
Scientists have found that water and alcohol are composed of tiny particles called molecules. They are so small that they are not visible even with a microscope. Nevertheless, it is known that alcohol molecules are 2-3 times larger than water molecules. That's why when liquids are drained, their particles are mixed, and smaller particles of water are placed in the gaps between the larger particles of alcohol. Filling these gaps and contributes to a decrease in the total volume of substances.
Those. there are gaps between the particles of matter.
Please tell me, can we prove, using the phenomenon of diffusion as an example, that there are gaps between particles? ( Proof)
So, III position of the MKT - there are gaps between the particles of matter
IV position of the ICT
We know that bodies and substances are composed of separate particles, between which there are gaps. Why, then, do the bodies not crumble into separate particles, like peas in a torn bag?
Let's do an experiment. Take two lead cylinders. With a knife or blade, we clean their ends to a shine and press them tightly against each other. We will find that the cylinders will "lock". The strength of their adhesion is so great that, with a successful experiment, the cylinders can withstand the weight of a weight of 5 kg.
From experience follows the conclusion: particles of matter can attract each other. However, this attraction arises only when the surfaces of the bodies are very smooth (for this, cleaning with a blade was needed) and, moreover, are tightly pressed against each other.
An experience. I moisten two glass plates and press them against each other. After I try to disconnect them, for this I make some efforts.
Particles of matter can repel each other. This is confirmed by the fact that liquid, and especially solid, bodies are very difficult to compress. For example, it takes a lot of force to squeeze a rubber eraser! The eraser is much easier to bend than to squeeze.
 |
The emergence of elastic force. Compressing or stretching, bending or twisting the body, we bring together or remove its particles. Therefore, forces of attraction-repulsion arise between them, which we unite by the term "elastic force".
 |
Output: Particles attract and repel.
- State IVpositionMKT
Particles interact with each other, attract and repel
Experienced justifications:
- gluing;
- wetting;
- solids and liquids are difficult to compress, deformation.
Teacher. If there were no forces of attraction between the molecules, then the substance would be in a gaseous state under any conditions, only thanks to the forces of attraction the molecules can be held near each other and form liquids and solids.
If there were no repulsive forces, then we could freely pierce a thick steel plate with our finger. Moreover, without the manifestation of repulsive forces, matter could not exist. The molecules would penetrate each other and shrink to the volume of a single molecule.
Output:
forces of attraction and repulsion act simultaneously;
forces are electromagnetic in nature.
Formulate the main provisions of the ICT.
What experimental facts confirm the I position of the MKT?
What experimental facts confirm the II position of the MKT?
What experimental facts confirm the third position of the MKT?
What experimental facts confirm the IV position of the MKT?
Solving quality problems
Which physical phenomenon based on the process of pickling vegetables, preserving fruits?
In which case is the process faster - if the brine is cold or hot?
Why does sweet syrup acquire a fruity flavor over time?
Why can't sugar and other porous foods be stored near odorous substances?
How can you explain the disappearance of smoke in the air?
Why table, chair do not make Brownian motion?
Why is it impossible to assemble a whole glass from fragments of a broken glass, while well-polished cylinders stick tightly to each other?
Reflection of educational activity
So that you can better understand body basic tumult
Always in perpetual motion, remember that there is no bottom
The universe has nowhere, and primordial bodies stay
Nowhere in place, since there is no end, no limit to space,
If it is immeasurable and stretched out in all directions,
As I have already proved in detail on a reasonable basis.
Titus Lucretius Car (c. 99 - 55 BC)
Note: “basic bodies” and “primordial bodies” are the smallest particles of matter – atoms and molecules.
Summarizing.
The purpose of the lesson: To form the ability to describe thermal phenomena using a static method based on molecular-kinetic ideas about the structure of matter, to convince students of the reality of the microcosm, the possibility of its knowledge, to consider experimental evidence for the existence and movement of molecules.
During the classes
- Analysis of control work.
- Learning new material.
History reference
Back in the 5th century BC new era The ancient Greek scientist Democritus stated: “Nothing exists except atoms and empty space. Everything else is opinion… Atoms are infinite in number and infinitely different in form.”
In the 4th century, Aristotle's teaching appeared, which would later be supported by the Christian church: "Any body can divide indefinitely."
In 1646, the Frenchman Pierre Gassendi suggested that atoms are combined into small groups of "molecules" (from the Latin "moles" - mass)
In the 18th century, M. V. Lomonosov suggested that a molecule can be homogeneous and heterogeneous and be in a chaotic state. In the same century, Bernoulli applied the concept of a molecule to explain the pressure of gases.
In 1827, the English botanist Brown discovered the movement of spores of a club moss (marsh plant) suspended in water.
In 1905, A. Einstein explained Brownian motion by uncompensated impacts of liquid molecules on a particle.
In 1908, the French physicist J. Perrin experimentally confirmed the theory of Brownian motion.
Formation of the basic concepts of statistical physics.
Macroscopic bodies are large bodies consisting of a huge number of molecules.
Thermal phenomena are phenomena associated with the heating or cooling of bodies.
The thermal motion of molecules is the random and chaotic movement of molecules.
- Formation of the main provisions of the ICT and their experimental substantiation
| Key points | Experimental justification |
| 1. All substances are made up of particles. | Possibility of mechanical fragmentation of substances, dissolution of substances in water, diffusion, compression and expansion of gases. |
2.  Particles move randomly. |
Diffusion is the phenomenon of the penetration of molecules of one substance between the molecules of another substance. Brownian motion of small particles suspended in a liquid under the action of molecular impacts |
| 3. Particles interact with each other: simultaneously showing the forces of mutual attraction and repulsion. | Some effort is needed to break a solid body, while solid and liquid bodies are difficult to compress. Drops of liquid placed in close proximity to each other merge. |
Frontal experiment.
Observation of Brownian motion in a liquid using a microscope. The preparation is prepared from a solution of watercolor paint in water. A drop of this mixture is placed on a glass slide and the behavior of particles suspended in water is observed.
Discussion of the question of the size of molecules.
Acquaintance with the experience of R. Vley, who placed a drop of olive oil on the surface of water poured into a large vessel. Vley suggested that when the drop stops spreading, its thickness will become equal to the diameter of one molecule.
Given: SI: V = Sd; d= V/S S
V = 1 mm² 1 10̄̄-9 m3
S = 0.6m² d= 1 10-9/0.6 = 1.7 10-9(m) SSS
Estimation of the number of molecules contained in a drop of water weighing 1 g.
Given: SI: The volume V₀ occupied by a closely packed water molecule is
