The idea of circumnavigating the world in Russia has been around for a long time. Nevertheless, the first draft of a round-the-world trip was developed and prepared only by the end of the 18th century. Captain G.I. was to lead a team of four ships. Mulovskiy, however, because of the war with Sweden, Russia canceled this expedition. In addition, its potential leader was killed in battle.
It is noteworthy that on the battleship Mstislav, commanded by Mulovsky, the young Ivan Kruzenshtern served as midshipman. It was he, who became the conductor of the idea of the Russian circumnavigation of the world, who would later head the first Russian circumnavigation. Simultaneously with Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, his classmate, sailed on another battleship, which also participated in naval battles. Both sailed in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. Having fought on the side of the British against the French and returning to their homeland, both received the rank of lieutenant commander.
Kruzenshtern presented his project for a circumnavigation to Paul I. The main goal of the project was to organize the fur trade between Russia and China. However, this idea did not evoke the response that the captain had hoped for.
In 1799, the Russian-American Company was founded, the purpose of which was the development of Russian America and the Kuriles and the establishment of regular communications with overseas colonies.
The relevance of circumnavigation was due to the urgent need to maintain Russian colonies on the North American continent. Supplying food and goods to the colonists, providing settlers with weapons (the problem of frequent raids by the indigenous population (Indians), as well as potential threats from other powers) - these pressing issues faced Russian state. It was important to establish regular communication with the Russian colonists for their normal life. By this time, it became clear that the passage through the polar seas was postponed for an indefinite future. The way by land, through the whole of Siberia and the Far East on the road, and then across the Pacific Ocean is a very expensive and long "pleasure".
From the beginning of the reign of the son of Paul I, Alexander, the Russian-American Company began to be under the patronage of the royal house. (It is noteworthy that the first director of the Russian-American Company was Mikhail Matveyevich Buldakov from Ustyuzhan, who actively supported the idea of a round-the-world trip financially and organizationally).
In turn, Emperor Alexander I supported Kruzenshtern in his desire to study the possibilities of communication between Russia and North America, appointing him head of the first Russian round the world expedition.
Captains Kruzentshtern and Lisyansky, having received two sloops under their command: "Nadezhda" and "Neva", carefully approached the preparation of the expedition, purchasing a large amount of medicines and antiscorbutic drugs, staffing the crews with the best Russian military sailors. It is interesting that another Ustyuzhan (here it is - the continuity of generations of Russian explorers) Nikolai Ivanovich Korobitsyn was in charge of all the cargo on the Neva ship. The expedition was well equipped with various modern measuring instruments, since its tasks included, among other things, scientific goals (the expedition included astronomers, naturalists, and an artist).
In early August 1803, with a large gathering of people, the Kruzenshtern expedition left Kronstadt on two sailing sloops - Nadezhda and Neva. On board the Nadezhda was a mission to Japan headed by Nikolai Rezanov. The main goal of the voyage was to explore the mouth of the Amur and neighboring territories in order to identify convenient places and routes for supplying goods to the Russian Pacific Fleet. After a long stay near the island of Santa Catarina (the coast of Brazil), when two masts had to be replaced on the Neva, for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, ships crossed the equator and headed south. March 3 rounded Cape Horn and three weeks later in pacific ocean separated. From the island of Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands), the sloops proceeded together to the Hawaiian Islands, where they again parted.
On July 1, 1804, the Neva came to Kodiak Island and stayed off the coast of North America for more than a year. The sailors helped the inhabitants of Russian America defend their settlements from the attack of the Tlingit Indian tribes, participated in the construction of the Novo-Arkhangelsk (Sitka) fortress, conducted scientific observations and hydrographic work.
At the same time, Nadezhda arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in July 1804. Then Kruzenshtern took Rezanov to Nagasaki and back, describing the northern and eastern shores of Patience Bay along the way.
In the summer of 1805, Kruzenshtern first photographed about 1000 km of the coast of Sakhalin, tried to pass in the south between the island and the mainland, but could not and mistakenly decided that Sakhalin was not an island and was connected to the mainland by an isthmus.
In August 1805, Lisyansky sailed on the Neva with a cargo of furs to China, in November he arrived at the port of Macau, where he again joined Kruzenshtern and Nadezhda. But as soon as the ships left the port, they again lost each other in the fog. Following on his own, Lisyansky for the first time in the history of world navigation navigated a ship without calling at ports and parking from the coast of China to the English Portsmouth. On July 22, 1806, his Neva was the first to return to Kronstadt.
Lisyansky and his crew became the first Russian sailors around the world. Only two weeks later, Nadezhda arrived safely here. But the fame of the circumnavigator went mainly to Kruzenshtern, who was the first to publish a description of the journey. His three-volume Journey Around the World... and Atlas for a Journey were published three years earlier than the works of Lisyansky, who considered duty assignments more important than publishing a report for the Geographical Society. Yes, and Kruzenshtern himself saw in his friend and colleague, first of all, "an impartial, obedient, zealous person for the common good", extremely modest. True, Lisyansky's merits were nevertheless noted: he received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, the Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree, a cash bonus and a lifetime pension. For him, the main gift was the gratitude of the officers and sailors of the sloop, who endured the hardships of navigation with him and gave him a golden sword with the inscription: “Thanks to the crew of the Neva ship.”
The participants of the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science by erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and specifying the position of the existing ones. They discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured water temperature at depths of up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the cause of the glow of the sea, collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, tides and tides in a number of areas of the oceans.
During his wanderings, Lisyansky collected an extensive natural and ethnographic collection, which later became the property of the Russian Geographical Society (one of the initiators of which was Kruzenshtern).
Three times in his life, Lisyansky was the first: the first to travel around the world under the Russian flag, the first to pave the way from Russian America to Kronstadt, the first to discover an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean.
The first Russian circumnavigation of the world by Kruzenshtern-Lisyansky turned out to be practically a standard in terms of its organization, support and conduct. At the same time, the expedition proved the possibility of communication with Russian America.
The enthusiasm after returning to Kronstadt "Nadezhda" and "Neva" was so great that in the first half of the 19th century more than 20 circumnavigations were organized and completed, which is more than France and England combined.
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern became the inspirer and organizer of subsequent expeditions, the leaders of which were, among other things, members of the team of his sloop Nadezhda.
Midshipman Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen traveled on the Nadezhda, who would later discover Antarctica in 1821 in a round-the-world voyage in high southern latitudes.
On the same sloop, Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue went as a volunteer, under whose command 2 round-the-world voyages were carried out.
In 1815-18 Kotzebue led a round-the-world research expedition on the brig Rurik. At Cape Horn in a storm (January 1816), a wave washed him overboard, he escaped by grabbing a rope. After an unsuccessful search for the fantastic "Davis Land" west of the coast of Chile, at 27 ° S. latitude. in April-May 1816 he discovered the inhabited island of Tikei, the atolls of Takapoto, Arutua and Tikehau (all in the Tuamotu archipelago), and in the Ratak chain of the Marshall Islands - the atolls of Utirik and Taka. In late July - mid-August, Kotzebue described the coast of Alaska for almost 600 km, discovered Shishmareva Bay, Sarychev Island and the vast Kotzebue Bay, and in it - the Good Hope Bay (now Goodhop) and Eschsholtz with the Choris Peninsula and Shamisso Island (all names are given in honor of the sailors). Thus, he completed the identification of the Seward Peninsula, begun by Mikhail Gvozdev in 1732. To the northeast of the bay, he noted high mountains (spurs of the Brooks Range).
Together with the naturalists of Rurik, for the first time in America, Kotzebue discovered fossil ice with a mammoth tusk and gave the first ethnographic description of the North American Eskimos. In January-March 1817, he again explored the Marshall Islands, discovered seven inhabited atolls in the Ratak chain: Mejit, Votje, Erikub, Maloelap, Aur, Ailuk and Bikar. He also mapped a number of atolls whose coordinates were incorrectly determined by his predecessors and "closed" several non-existent islands.
In 1823-26, commanding the sloop Enterprise, Kotzebue made his third circumnavigation. In March 1824, he discovered the inhabited Fangahina atoll (in the Tuamotu archipelago) and the island of Motu-One (in the Society archipelago), and in October 1825, the Rongelap and Bikini atolls (in the Ralik chain, Marshall Islands). Together with naturalists on both voyages, Kotzebue made numerous determinations of the specific gravity, salinity, temperature, and transparency of sea water in the temperate and hot zones. They were the first to establish four features of near-surface (up to a depth of 200 m) oceanic waters: their salinity has a zonal character; the waters of the temperate zone are less salty than the hot ones; the temperature of the waters depends on the latitude of the place; seasonal temperature fluctuations appear up to a certain limit, below which they are absent. For the first time in the history of ocean exploration, Kotzebue and his satellites made observations on the relative transparency of water and its density.
Another famous navigator was Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, who, having made a round-the-world trip on the Diana sloop, in 1817 led an expedition on the Kamachka sloop. Many members of the crew of the ship in the future made up the color of the Russian fleet: midshipman Fedor Petrovich Litke (later - captain of the circumnavigation), volunteer Fedor Matyushin (later admiral and senator), junior watch officer Ferdinand Wrangel (admiral and explorer of the Arctic) and others. For two years, the Kamchatka, passing the Atlantic Ocean from north to south, rounding Cape Horn, visited Russian America, visited all significant groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean, then passed Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, through the Atlantic Ocean returned to Kronstadt.
Fedor Litke was appointed head of the polar expedition on the ship " New Earth". For four years, Litke explored the Arctic, summarizing the rich expeditionary materials, published the book "Four-fold trip to the Arctic Ocean on the military brig Novaya Zemlya in 1821-1824." The work was translated into many languages and received scientific recognition; sailors used the maps of the expedition for a century.
In 1826, when Fyodor Litka was not even 29 years old, he led a round-the-world expedition on the new Senyavin ship. Accompanying the "Senyavin" sloop under the command of Mikhail Stanyukovich "Moller". The ships turned out to be different in their running characteristics (“Moller” is much faster than “Senyavin”), and for almost the entire length the ships sailed alone, meeting only at parking lots in ports. The expedition, which lasted three years, turned out to be one of the most successful and richest in the world. scientific discoveries travel not only Russian, but also foreign. The Asian coast of the Bering Strait was explored, islands were discovered, materials on ethnography and oceanography were collected, and numerous maps were compiled. During the trip, Litke was engaged in scientific research in the field of physics, experiments with a pendulum allowed the scientist to determine the magnitude of the polar compression of the Earth and make a number of other important discoveries. After the end of the expedition, Litke published "Travel around the world on the sloop-of-war "Senyavin" in 1826-1829", having received recognition as a scientist, and was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences.
Litke became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, for many years he was its vice-chairman. In 1873, the society established the Big Gold Medal named after V.I. F. P. Litke, awarded for outstanding geographical discoveries.
The names of brave travelers, heroes of Russian round-the-world expeditions are immortalized on the maps of the globe:
A bay, a peninsula, a strait, a river and a cape on the coast of North America in the region of the Alexander Archipelago, one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, an underwater year in the Sea of Okhotsk and a peninsula on the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk are named after Lisyansky.
The name of Kruzenshtern is carried by: a number of straits, islands, capes in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in the Kuriles.
In honor of Litke are named: a cape, a peninsula, a mountain and a bay on Novaya Zemlya; islands: in the Franz Josef Land archipelago, Baydaratskaya Bay, Nordenskiöld archipelago; the strait between Kamchatka and Karaginsky Island.
In circumnavigations in the 19th century, expedition members showed their best qualities: Russian navigators, military men and scientists, many of whom became the color of the Russian fleet, as well as domestic science. They forever inscribed their names in the glorious annals of the "Russian civilization".
“Russian navigators have never traveled so far ... They had to move from the sixtieth degree north to the same degree of south latitude, go around the storm-breathing Cap Horn, endure the scorching heat of the equinoctial line ... However ... their curiosity and desire to see distant countries was so great that if I could accept all the hunters who came to me with requests for their appointment on this journey, then I could complete many and big ships selected sailors of the Russian fleet ”(I.F. Kruzenshtern. Sailing around the world).
Russia started thinking about circumnavigation in the middle of the 18th century. (Admiral N.F. Golovin was the first to propose to implement it), however, it was prepared only in 1787. Captain-Brigadier G.I. Mulovsky was appointed head of the detachment of four ships. But because of the war with Sweden, the campaign was canceled, and in 1789 Mulovsky died in a naval battle near the island of Eland. In that fatal battle, he commanded the battleship Mstislav, on which 17-year-old Ivan Kruzenshtern served as midshipman. It was he who became the most ardent supporter of the idea of a Russian circumnavigation of the world.
On the frigate Podrazhislav, which also took part in the battle with the Swedes, the midshipman was even younger Yuri Lisyansky. In the 1790s Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky managed to sail on English ships in the Atlantic, in the Indian and Pacific oceans and fight against the French. Upon returning to Russia, both were promoted to lieutenant commander. In 1799, Kruzenshtern presented his project for a circumnavigation to Emperor Paul I. The main goal of the project was to organize the Russian fur trade with China by sea. Apparently, Paul was skeptical about this idea. And in 1801 the emperor was killed by conspirators. It is believed that the British played an important role in organizing a conspiracy against Paul, a supporter of rapprochement with France.
The idea of circumnavigating the world was supported by the Russian-American Company, founded in 1799 with the aim of developing the territories of Russian America and the Kuril Islands. As Russian colonists developed the northwest coast of America and the adjacent islands, the need for regular communication between Russia and its possessions on the American continent became more and more acute. This need was dictated by several circumstances, first of all - the problem of supplying the colonists with provisions and frequent attacks by the Indians. And, of course, the threat to Russian possessions posed by other colonial powers: England, France, the "newborn" United States of America and, to a lesser extent, Spain.
AT early XIX in. communication with the American colonies was poorly established. Goods, weapons, tools and a significant part of food from the European part of the country were transported through the Urals and Western Siberia(and this is only a quarter of the way!), And then almost complete desertion and absolute lack of roads began in Central and Eastern Siberia. Then there were "mere trifles" - from Okhotsk by sea to Alaska. Hopes for the development of the sea route along the northern coast of Russia remained hopeful, and therefore there was only one option - sailing through the southern seas either to the west, around Cape Horn, or in the opposite direction, bypassing the Cape of Good Hope.
Starting from the first years of the reign of Alexander I, who came to power after the assassination of his father, the Russian-American Company operated under the auspices of the royal family. She was granted monopoly use of all fisheries in Alaska and the adjacent islands, as well as in the Kuriles and Sakhalin, the right to trade with other countries, organize expeditions and occupy discovered lands. One of its directors was the chamberlain of the imperial court N.P. Rezanov.
The highest permission to conduct the first Russian round-the-world expedition was received in 1802. The emperor appointed Kruzenshtern as its head. The main goal of the expedition was to study the possibilities of transport communication between European Russia and Russian America. The ships were to carry the Russian American Company's cargo to Alaska and then the company's furs to China for sale.
The company assumed half of all expenses for the expedition. Two ships were bought in England, not the newest, but reliable. One of them was named "Hope", the other was named "Neva". The first was commanded by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the second - by Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky.
The expedition was carefully prepared. Many medicines were purchased, mainly antiscorbutic drugs. The two captains approached the staffing of their teams very responsibly, preferring compatriots to foreigners, primarily military sailors. This is understandable: the ships went on a campaign under the Andreevsky flag - the main ship banner of the Russian Navy. Along the way, the expedition, equipped with the most modern instruments, was supposed to lead Scientific research. The naturalist and ethnographer G. I. Langsdorf, the naturalist and artist V. G. Tilesius, the astronomer I. K. Horner and other scientists set sail.
A few days before the departure, the expedition plan underwent changes: Kruzenshtern was instructed to deliver an embassy to Japan, headed by N.P. Rezanov, to establish trade relations with this country. Rezanov, with his retinue and gifts for the Japanese, settled on Nadezhda. As it turned out later, the emperor gave the envoy the powers of the leader of the expedition. However, neither Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, nor the other members of the expedition were informed about this.
At the end of July 1803, the Nadezhda and the Neva left Kronstadt. Having made a stop in Copenhagen, the ships proceeded to England, then south to the Canary Islands, where they arrived in October, and on November 14, for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, they crossed the equator. But it only looks smooth on paper, but in reality everything was not easy. And the reason is not in storms or illnesses, but in the conflict between Rezanov and Krusenstern. As soon as the ships left Europe, the chamberlain made unequivocal claims to the general leadership, with which the commander of the Nadezhda, naturally, could not agree. For the time being, Rezanov did not show the imperial rescript.
In December, the ships approached the coast of Brazil. After they safely rounded Cape Horn, a storm suddenly came up in the Pacific Ocean, and the Nadezhda and the Neva parted ways. In this case, the instruction provided for several meeting points along the route. In the Pacific, the first such place was Easter Island, followed by Nuku Hiva (one of the Marquesas Islands). The winds carried the Nadezhda far to the west of the first point, and Kruzenshtern decided to go straight to the Marquises. Lisyansky, on the other hand, moved to Easter Island, spent several days here, and then proceeded to Nuku Khiva, where the ships met. Meanwhile, the conflict between the commander and the chamberlain was gaining momentum. Rezanov tried to interfere in the management of the ships, several times demanded to change the route. In the end, this led to an open clash, during which all the officers, except for one, declared their disobedience to Rezanov, and the latter was finally forced to present the emperor's rescript. But even this did not help - the officers still refused to obey the chamberlain.
From Nuku Hiva, Nadezhda and Neva headed north-northwest and on May 27 reached the Hawaiian Islands. Here the detachment split up: Lisyansky, in accordance with the original plan, went north, to the island of Kodiak, and Kruzenshtern moved northwest, to Kamchatka, in order to then deliver the embassy to Japan. Arriving in Petropavlovsk, Rezanov summoned the Kamchatka commandant P.I. Koshelev and demanded that Kruzenshtern be condemned for insubordination. After reviewing the circumstances of the case, Major General Koshelev managed to reconcile the conflicting parties.
At the end of September, the Hope had already reached Nagasaki. At that time, Japan was closed from outside world state. Only the Dutch managed to establish trade with the Japanese, and then rather symbolic. It is not surprising that Rezanov's mission failed. For half a year, the embassy lived on a piece of land, fenced with a high fence, in fact, in captivity. Russian sailors were not allowed to go ashore. The Japanese played for time in every way, did not accept royal gifts - by the way, rather stupid ones, but in the end they refused to negotiate and handed the ambassador a letter, according to which Russian ships were forbidden to approach the shores of Japan.
In early April 1805, Kruzenshtern, having left Nagasaki, proceeded through the Korea Strait to the Sea of Japan, then through the La Perouse Strait to the Sea of Okhotsk, and on May 23 brought Nadezhda to Petropavlovsk. Here Rezanov left the ship to go to Russian America, towards new adventures (which formed the basis of the famous play "Juno and Avos"). And Nadezhda left Petropavlovsk on September 23, headed for the South China Sea, and reached Macau on November 8.
The Neva, having reached Kodiak Island in July 1804, spent more than a year off the coast of North America. The sailors delivered the necessary cargo to the Russian colonists, helped them fight off the attacks of the Tlingit Indians and build the Novoarkhangelsk fortress, and conducted scientific observations. Lisyansky explored the Alexander archipelago and discovered several islands, including one large one named after Chichagov. Loaded with furs, the Neva headed for China. In October 1805, passing through the "system" of the Hawaiian Islands, she ran aground on a reef near an unknown island. The ship was refloated, and the open island was named after the commander. In mid-November, rounding Formosa from the south, Lisyansky entered the South China Sea and soon arrived in Macau, where Krusenstern was waiting for him.
Having sold the furs, the Russians set off on the return journey on January 31, 1806. Through the Sunda Strait on February 21, the ships entered the Indian Ocean. In early April, not far from the Cape of Good Hope, they lost each other in thick fog. The place of their meeting was to be the island of St. Helena, where Krusenstern arrived on April 21. The Neva, without entering the island, proceeded across the Atlantic to Portsmouth, where it ended up on June 16th. The non-stop passage from Macau to Portsmouth lasted 142 days. And on July 22, 1806, the Neva arrived in Kronstadt. The Nadezhda, which had been waiting for several days at St. Helena, returned to Russia two weeks later.
NUMBERS AND FACTS
main characters
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, head of the expedition, commander of the Nadezhda; Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, commander of the Neva
Other actors
Alexander I, Emperor of Russia; Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, Envoy Extraordinary to Japan; Pavel Ivanovich Koshelev, commandant of Kamchatka
Time of action
Route
From Kronstadt across the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean to Japan and Russian America, across the Indian and Atlantic Oceans to Kronstadt
Goals
Studying the possibilities of communication with Russian America, delivery of the embassy to Japan and cargo to Alaska
Meaning
The first Russian circumnavigation in history
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Introduction
The 19th century was the time of the greatest geographical discoveries made by Russian researchers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - explorers and travelers of the 17th-18th centuries, they enriched the ideas of Russians about the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. Russia for the first time realized an old dream: its ships went to the oceans.
The purpose of my work is to study and determine the contribution to the development of geography - works, expeditions, studies of Russian circumnavigations.
The first Russian round-the-world trip of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky
In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on the ships Nadezhda and Neva to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. It was the first Russian round-the-world expedition that lasted 3 years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and geographer of the 19th century.
Small ships were purchased from the UK. Before sailing, Emperor Alexander I personally examined the sloops purchased from the British in Kronstadt. The sovereign allowed military flags to be hoisted on both ships and accepted the costs of maintaining one at his own expense, while the Russian-American Company and one of the main inspirers of the expedition, Count N.P., paid for the other. Rumyantsev.
The first half of the voyage (from Kronstadt to Petropavlovsk) was marked by the eccentric behavior of Tolstoy the American (who had to be landed in Kamchatka) and the conflicts of I.F. Kruzenshtern with N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Emperor Alexander I as the first Russian envoy to Japan to establish trade between countries.
The expedition left Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. She called at Copenhagen and arrived at Falmouth on September 28, where she had to once again caulk the entire underwater part of both ships. Only on October 5, the expedition went further south, went to the island of Tenerife; On November 14, at 24° 20" west, she crossed the equator. The Russian flag flew for the first time in the southern hemisphere, which was celebrated with great solemnity.
Having reached 20 ° south latitude, Kruzenshtern searched in vain for Ascension Island, the position of which was very inconsistent. The repair of the Neva ship forced the expedition to stay off the Brazilian coast from December 9 to January 23, 1804. From here, the navigation of both ships was at first very successful: on February 20, they rounded Cape Horn; but soon strong winds with hail, snow and fog met them. The ships parted and on April 24 Kruzenshtern alone reached the Marquesas Islands. Here he determined the position of the islands of Fetuga and Uaguga, then entered the port of Anna Maria on the island of Nukagiva. On April 28, the Neva ship also arrived there.
On the island of Nukagiva, Kruzenshtern discovered and described an excellent harbor, which he called the port of Chichagov. On May 4, the expedition left the Washington Islands and on May 13, at 146 ° west longitude, again crossed the equator towards the north; On May 26, the Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands appeared, where the ships separated: Nadezhda headed for Kamchatka and further to Japan, and Neva went to explore Alaska, where she took part in the Arkhangelsk battle (Battle of Sitka).
Taking from the ruler of the Kamchatka region P.I. Koshelev guard of honor (2 officers, drummer, 5 soldiers) for the ambassador, "Nadezhda" headed south, arriving in the Japanese port of Dejima near the city of Nagasaki on September 26, 1804. The Japanese forbade entering the harbor, and Kruzenshtern anchored in the bay. The embassy lasted six months, after which everyone returned back to Petropavlovsk. Kruzenshtern was awarded the Order of St. Anna II degree, and Rezanov, as having completed the diplomatic mission entrusted to him, was released from further participation in the first round-the-world expedition.
"Neva" and "Nadezhda" returned to St. Petersburg by different routes. In 1805, their paths crossed at the port of Macau in southern China. "Neva" after calling on Hawaii assisted the Russian-American company headed by A.A. Baranov in recapturing the Mikhailovskaya fortress from the natives. After an inventory of the surrounding islands and other studies, the Neva took the goods to Canton, but on October 3 ran aground in the middle of the ocean. Lisyansky ordered the rosters and carronades to be thrown into the water, but after that a squall landed the ship on a reef. In order to continue sailing, the crew had to drop even essential items such as anchors into the sea. Subsequently, the goods were picked up. On the way to China, Lisyansky's coral island was discovered. The Neva returned to Kronstadt before the Nadezhda (July 22).
Leaving the shores of Japan, Nadezhda went north to the Sea of Japan, almost completely unknown to Europeans. On the way, Kruzenshtern determined the position of a number of islands. He passed through the La Perouse Strait between Iesso and Sakhalin, described the Aniva Bay, located on the southern side of Sakhalin, the eastern shore and Patience Bay, which he left on May 13. A huge amount of ice that he met the next day at 48 ° latitude prevented him from continuing his navigation to the north and he went down to the Kuril Islands. Here, on May 18, he discovered 4 stone islands, which he called "Stone traps"; near them, he met such a strong current that, with a fresh wind and a speed of eight knots, the ship "Nadezhda" not only did not move forward, but she was carried to an underwater reef.
With difficulty, having avoided trouble here, on May 20, Krusenstern passed through the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Haramukotan, and on May 24 he again arrived at the Peter and Paul port. June 23 he went to Sakhalin. To complete the description of its shores, 29 passed the Kuril Islands, the strait between Raukoke and Mataua, which he named Nadezhda. July 3 arrived at Cape Patience. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he went around the northern tip of the island, went down between it and the coast of the mainland to a latitude of 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 found fresh water, according to which he concluded that the mouth of the Amur River was not far, but due to the rapidly decreasing depth, he did not dare to go forward.
Sloop "Hope".
The next day he anchored in the bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4, he went back to Kamchatka, where the repair of the ship and replenishment of supplies delayed him until September 23. When leaving the Avacha Bay due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, weathered several storms, and arrived in Macau on November 15. On November 21, when the Nadezhda was already quite ready to go to sea, the ship Neva arrived with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Whampoa, where the ship Nadezhda also moved. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition ended its trading business, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese shores.
Leaving the Sunda Strait, the ship "Nadezhda" again, only thanks to the rising wind, coped with the current into which it fell and which carried it to the reefs. April 3 "Nadezhda" parted from the "Neva"; 4 days later, Kruzenshtern rounded the Cape of Good Hope and on April 22 arrived on St. Helena, having traveled from Macau in 79 days, after 4 days Kruzenshtern left and on May 9 again crossed the equator at 22 ° west longitude.
Even on the island of St. Helena, news was received about the war between Russia and France, and therefore Kruzenshtern decided to go around Scotland; On July 5, he passed between the Fair Isle and Mainland islands of the Shetland archipelago and, having sailed for 86 days, arrived on July 21 in Copenhagen, and on August 5 (17), 1806 in Kronstadt, having completed the entire journey in 3 years 12 days. During the entire voyage on the ship "Nadezhda" there was not a single death, and there were very few sick people, while on other ships then many people died in inland navigation.
Emperor Alexander I awarded Krusenstern and his subordinates. All officers received the following ranks, commanders of the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree and 3,000 rubles each, lieutenants 1,000 each, and midshipmen 800 rubles a lifetime pension. The lower ranks, if desired, were dismissed and awarded a pension of 50 to 75 rubles. By royal order, a special medal was issued for all participants in this first round-the-world trip.
The description of this expedition was published at the expense of the imperial office under the title "Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Kruzenshtern", in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, St. Petersburg, 1809
This work has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish. Reissued in 2007.
Kruzenshtern's voyage was an era in the history of the Russian fleet, enriching geography and natural Sciences many information about countries little known. This voyage is an important milestone in the history of Russia, in the development of its fleet, it made a significant contribution to the study of the oceans, many branches of the natural sciences and the humanities.
Since that time, a continuous series of Russian round-the-world travels begins; In many ways, the management of Kamchatka has changed for the better. Of the officers who were with Kruzenshtern, many subsequently served with honor in the Russian fleet, and the cadet Otto Kotzebue was himself later the commander of a ship that went on a round-the-world trip.
During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island were mapped for the first time. Many interesting observations were left by the participants of the trip not only about Far East, but also about other areas through which they sailed. The commander of the Neva, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the members of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans.
The results of the observations were presented in the report of the Academy of Sciences. They turned out to be so significant that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials formed the basis of the book published in the early 1920s. "Atlas of the South Seas". In 1845, Admiral Krusenstern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society. He brought up a whole galaxy of Russian navigators and explorers.
Expedition route.
Kronstadt (Russia) - Copenhagen (Denmark) - Falmouth (Great Britain) - Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) - Florianopolis (Brazil, Portugal) - Easter Island - Nukuhiva (Marquesas Islands, France) - Honolulu (Hawaii) - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Russia) - Nagasaki (Japan) - Hakodate (Hokkaido, Japan) - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ( Sakhalin Island, Russia) - Sitka (Alaska, Russia) - Kodiak (Alaska, Russia) - Guangzhou (China) - Macau (Portugal) - Saint Helena (Great Britain) - Corvo and Flores Islands (Azores , Portugal) - Portsmouth (Great Britain) - Kronstadt (Russia).
On August 7, 1803, two sloops left the port in Kronstadt. The names Nadezhda and Neva flaunted on their sides, although until recently they had other names - Leander and Thames. It was under the new names that these ships, bought by Emperor Alexander I in England, were to go down in history as the first Russian ships to circumnavigate the globe. The idea of a round-the-world expedition belonged to Alexander I and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Nikolai Rumyantsev. It was assumed that its participants will collect as much as possible more information about the countries that will be on their way - about their nature and the life of their peoples. And besides, it was planned to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through which the route of travelers also passed. 
Yuri Lisyansky, captain of the Neva sloop
Conflicts on board
Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed captain of the Nadezhda, and Yuri Lisyansky became the captain of the Neva - both at that time were already quite famous sailors who had been trained in England and participated in naval battles. However, another co-leader, Count Nikolai Rezanov, who was appointed ambassador to Japan and endowed with very great power, was “attached” to Kruzenshtern on the ship, which the captain naturally did not like. And after the sloops left Kronstadt, it turned out that Rezanov was not Krusenstern's only problem. As it turned out, among the members of the Nadezhda team was Fyodor Tolstoy, a well-known brawler, duelist and lover of eccentric antics in those years. He never served in the Navy and did not have the education necessary for this, and he got on the ship illegally, replacing his cousin who bore the same name and surname and did not want to go on a long journey. And the brawler Tolstoy, on the contrary, was eager to sail - he was interested in seeing the world, and even more wanted to escape from the capital, where he was threatened with punishment for another drunken brawl.
Fyodor Tolstoy, the most restless member of the expedition During the trip, Fyodor Tolstoy entertained himself as best he could: quarreled with other members of the team and pitted them against each other, made fun, sometimes very cruelly, of the sailors and even of the priest accompanying them. Kruzenshtern several times put him in the hold under arrest, but as soon as Fedor's imprisonment ended, he fell back to the old. During one of the stops on an island in the Pacific Ocean, Tolstoy bought a tame orangutan and taught him various pranks. In the end, he launched the monkey into the cabin of Krusenstern himself and gave her ink, with which she spoiled the captain's travel notes. This was the last straw, and in the next port, in Kamchatka, Krusenstern landed Tolstoy ashore. 
Sloop "Nadezhda" By that time, he finally quarreled with Count Rezanov, who refused to recognize his captain's authority. The rivalry between them began from the very first days of the voyage, and now it is already impossible to say who initiated the conflict. In the surviving letters and diaries of these two, directly opposite versions are expressed: each of them blames the other for everything. Only one thing is known for sure - Nikolai Rezanov and Ivan Kruzenshtern at first argued about which of them was in charge on the ship, then they stopped talking to each other and communicated using notes passed by the sailors, and then Rezanov completely locked himself in his cabin and stopped answering captain even on notes. 
Nikolai Rezanov, who never reconciled with Krusenstern Reinforcements for the colonists
Autumn 1804 "Neva" and "Nadezhda" were divided. Kruzenshtern's ship went to Japan, and Lisyansky's ship went to Alaska. Rezanov's mission in the Japanese city of Nagasaki was unsuccessful, and this was the end of his participation in the round-the-world expedition. "Neva" at that time arrived in Russian America - the settlement of Russian colonists in Alaska - and its team took part in the battle with the Tlingit Indians. Two years earlier, the Indians had ousted the Russians from the island of Sitka, and now the governor of Russian America, Alexander Baranov, was trying to return this island. Yuri Lisyansky and his team provided them with very important assistance in this.
Alexander Baranov, founder of Russian America in Alaska Later, Nadezhda and Neva met off the coast of Japan and moved on. "Neva" went ahead along the east coast of China, and "Nadezhda" explored the islands in the Sea of Japan in more detail, and then set off to catch up with the second ship. Later, the ships met again in the port of Macau in southern China, for some time they walked together along the coasts of Asia and Africa, and then the Nadezhda fell behind again. 
Sloop "Neva", drawing by Yuri Lisyansky triumphant return
The ships returned to Russia at different times: the Neva on July 22, 1806, and the Nadezhda on August 5. The members of the expedition collected great amount information about many islands, created maps and atlases of these lands, and even discovered a new island, called Lisyansky Island. The almost unexplored Aniva Bay in the Sea of Okhotsk was described in detail and the exact coordinates of Ascension Island were established, about which it was known only that it was “somewhere between Africa and South America”.
Thaddeus Bellingshausen All the participants in this circumnavigation of the world, from captains to ordinary sailors, were generously rewarded, and most of them continued to pursue a maritime career. Among them was midshipman Thaddeus Bellingshausen, who traveled on the Nadezhda, who 13 years later led the first Russian Antarctic expedition. Let us finally turn to Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern himself, the head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition. A stamp in honor of Ivan Fedorovich and his voyage was issued in Russia in 1994 in a series dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet
The first Russian round-the-world trip
The first Russian round-the-world trip was planned back in the era of Catherine II in 1787. Five ships were equipped for the expedition under the command of Captain 1st Rank Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky. But the expedition was canceled at the very last moment due to the Russian-Turkish war. Then the war with Sweden began and it was not at all up to long-distance travel. Mulovsky himself was killed in a battle near the island of Öland.
They returned to the idea of a round-the-world trip only at the beginning of the nineteenth century thanks to the energy of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and the money of the Russian-American Company.
Ivan Fedorovich (at the birth of Adam Johann) Krusenstern was a descendant of a Russified German family. Born on November 8 (19), 1770, lived and studied in Revel (the former name of Tallinn), then in Morskoy cadet corps in Kronstadt. In 1788, he was promoted to midshipman ahead of schedule and assigned to the Mstislav ship, the captain of which was just the failed head of the circumnavigation Mulovsky. Naturally, the talk about the preparation of the expedition, the discussion of its plans, could not but leave a deep mark on the soul of an inquisitive and brave young man. After the end of the war, Kruzenshtern served as a volunteer in the English fleet for two years, and his visits to India and China further convinced the young sailor of the need for the development of distant frontiers by the Russian fleet, which could bring considerable benefits to trade affairs. While serving in the English fleet, Kruzenshtern began to develop his plan for circumnavigating the world, which he presented upon his return to St. Petersburg. His ideas were accepted coldly, and only the ardent support of the then minister, Admiral Mordvinov, and the State Chancellor, Count Rumyantsev, made it possible to get things off the ground.
Portrait of Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern Unknown artist. 19th century (from the collections of the State Hermitage)
Just at that time, the Russian-American Company (RAC), which received new rights and privileges under Alexander I, thought about establishing sea communication with its colonies in the Far East and America. The overland route was very long, expensive, cargo often disappeared or arrived damaged. For these purposes, it was decided to use the Krusenstern plan. For the expedition, two small sloops were purchased in England, named "Nadezhda" and "Neva". Kruzenshtern was appointed captain of the Nadezhda and leader of the entire expedition, and Kruzenshtern's classmate and friend Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky became the captain of the Neva.
The purpose of the expedition was to deliver to our American colonies the goods they needed, to receive there a cargo of furs, which were to be sold or exchanged in Chinese ports for local goods, and to deliver the latter to Kronstadt. This main goal was joined by the production of hydrographic surveys in designated places and the delivery of an embassy to Japan to establish trade relations with this country. Chamberlain Rezanov, one of the main shareholders of the RAC, was appointed envoy to Japan. Both ships were allowed to have military flags.
Leaving Kronstadt at the end of June 1803, the expedition returned safely at the end of the summer of 1806, having fulfilled everything entrusted to it. The expedition in the colony went past Cape Horn, and on the way back - past the Cape of Good Hope. On this journey from the Cape Verde Islands to the shores South America On November 14, 1803, Russian ships crossed the equator for the first time. In honor of this, a volley of 11 guns was fired, toasts were raised to the health of the emperor, and one of the sailors, wearing a beard, delivered a welcoming speech on behalf of the sea god Neptune.
The route of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world in 1803-1806. After his return, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern wrote a detailed report, which was published in three volumes. The books are now digitized and available for review to everyone on the website of the Russian state library(links are at the end of the post).
I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky. Artist P. Pavlinov Sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva"
The sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" were bought in 1801 in England, they were personally chosen by Yu.F. Lisyansky. Their original names were "Leander" (Leander) and "Thames" (Thames). The purchase of both ships cost the Russian treasury £17,000, plus another £5,000 worth of repair materials. The ships arrived in Kronstadt on June 5, 1803.
"Hope" (aka "Leander") was launched in 1800. According to the classification of the ships of England of that time, sloop. The greatest length along the hull is 34.2 meters, the length along the waterline is 29.2 meters. The greatest width is 8.84 meters. Displacement - 450 tons, draft - 3.86 meters, crew of 58 people. The sloop was built for the merchant T. Huggins for trade between England and Africa. After returning from a trip, in the fall of 1808, the Nadezhda was chartered by the merchant of the Russian-American Company D. Martin to transport goods from Kronstadt to New York, and on the very first voyage, in December 1808, the ship, covered with ice off the coast of Denmark, died.
The Neva (formerly the Thames, no matter how strange it may sound) was launched in 1802. Like the Leander, it was a three-masted sloop armed with 14 small carronades. Displacement - 370 tons, maximum length with bowsprit - 61 m, crew of 43 people.
The journey for the "Neva" was by no means calm. "Neva" played a key role in the battle on about. Sitka in 1804, when the Russians recaptured Fort St. Michael the Archangel from the Tlingit who captured it in 1802. In 1804, Alexander Baranov, general manager of the Russian-American Company, failed in his attempts to recapture the fort. Baranov had only 120 soldiers at his disposal on four small boats and 800 Aleuts on 300 canoes (this is the question of how many forces we had in Alaska, whether it was worth it or not to sell it, and Russia could keep it in case of anything, if a gang from the key fort the Indians could not be knocked out for 2 years). At the end of September 1804, the Neva and three other small sailing ships undertook another siege of the fort with the support of 150 armed fur traders, as well as 400-500 Aleuts for 250 canoes. The attack was successful, the region returned to Russian control.
Sloop "Neva". Drawing from an engraving by I.F. Lisyansky In June 1807, the Neva was the first Russian ship to visit Australia.
In August 1812, the Neva sailed from Okhotsk with a load of furs. The transition turned out to be difficult, the ship was pretty battered by storms, part of the crew died of scurvy. The crew decided to sail to Novo-Arkhangelsk, but before reaching the destination of only a few kilometers, the sloop in stormy weather on the night of January 9, 1813 hits the rocks and crashes near Kruzova Island. From the crew there were 28 people who managed to swim to the shore and wait out the winter of 1813.
About brand
As I said, the stamp was issued in November 1994 in a series dedicated to Russian geographical expeditions. In total, the series consists of 4 stamps with a face value of 250 rubles. each. Three other stamps are dedicated to the journey of V.M. Golovnin in 1811 on the study of the Kuril Islands, the expedition of F.P. Wrangel in North America and the expedition of F.P. Litke during the exploration of the islands of Novaya Zemlya in 1821-1824.
The stamps were also issued in small sheets.
Image from JSC Marka website (www.rusmarka.ru) Circulation of stamps - 800,000 pieces, mini sheet - 130,000 pieces. Paper - coated, gravure printing plus intaglio, frame perforation 12 x 11½.
"Neva" and "Nadezhda" on other stamps
Travel stamps were issued by our neighbors, formerly sister republics, Estonia and Ukraine. Philately is not at all alien to politics, and as in the case of the Dane
