This expedition made a significant contribution to, erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and clarifying many points. The participants of the first conducted oceanological observations: they discovered the Intertrade countercurrents in and; carried out measurements at depths up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the cause of the glow of the sea; collected numerous data about , in a number of areas .
At the end of July 1803, the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the leadership left Kronstadt, and three months later, south of the islands of Cape Verde, Kruzenshtern established that both sloops were being carried to the east by a strong current - this was how the trade wind countercurrent was discovered. In mid-November, the ships crossed the equator, and on February 19, 1804, rounded Cape Horn. In the Pacific they parted ways. Lisyansky, by agreement, went to Easter Island, described the coast and got acquainted with the life of the inhabitants. At Nukuhiva (one of the Marquesas Islands), he caught up with the Nadezhda, and together they headed for the Hawaiian Islands, and then the ships followed different routes: Kruzenshtern in; Lisyansky - to Russian, to the island of Kodiak.
Having received a letter from A. A. Baranov testifying to his plight, Y. Lisyansky arrived at the Alexander Archipelago and provided military assistance to Baranov against the Tlingit Indians: these “koloshis” (as the Russians called them), incited by disguised agents of an American pirate, destroyed the Russian fortification on the island of Sitka (Baranov Island). In 1802 Baranov built a new fortress- Novoarkhangelsk (now the city of Sitka), where the center of Russian America soon moved. At the end of 1804 and in the spring of 1805, Yu. Lisyansky, together with the navigator of the Neva, D.V. Kalinin, described Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska, as well as part of the Alexander Archipelago. At the same time, to the west of the island of Sitka, D. Kalinin discovered the island of Kruzov, which was previously considered. Lisyansky named a large island to the north of the island of Sitka after V. Ya. Chichagov. In the autumn of 1805, the Neva, with a load of furs, moved from Sitka to Macau (South China), where it joined the Nadezhda. On the way, the uninhabited island of Lisyansky and the Neva reef were discovered, classified as part of the Hawaiian archipelago, and to the southwest of them - a reef. From Canton, where he managed to profitably sell furs, Lisyansky made an unparalleled non-stop passage around the Cape of Good Hope to Portsmouth (England) in 140 days, but at the same time parted from Nadezhda in the weather off the southeastern coast of Africa. On August 5, 1806, he arrived in Kronstadt, having completed circumnavigation, the first in the annals of the Russian fleet. "Nadezhda" anchored at Petropavlovsk in mid-July 1804. Then I. Kruzenshtern brought N. Rezanov to Nagasaki, who was sent as an envoy to conclude a trade agreement, and after negotiations that ended in complete failure, in the spring of 1805 he returned with an envoy to Petropavlovsk, where he parted ways with him. On the way to I. Kruzenshtern, he followed the Eastern Passage to and photographed the western coast of the island of Hokkaido. Then he passed through the La Perouse Strait to Aniva Bay and performed a number of determinations there. geographical location noteworthy points. Intending to chart the still poorly explored eastern coast of Sakhalin, on May 16 he rounded Cape Aniva, moving north along the coast with the survey. I. Kruzenshtern discovered a small bay of Mordvinov, described the rocky western and northern low-lying shores of the Gulf of Patience.
Reaching Cape Patience and continuing shooting to the north was prevented powerful ice(the end of May). Then I. Kruzenshtern decided to postpone descriptive works and go to Kamchatka. He headed east to the Kuril ridge and the strait, now bearing his name, went to Pacific Ocean. Suddenly, four islets (Trap Islands) opened up in the west. The approach of the storm forced the Hope to return to. When the storm subsided, the ship proceeded through the Severgin Strait to the Pacific Ocean and on June 5 arrived in the Peter and Paul Harbor. To continue the exploration of the eastern coast, I. Kruzenshtern in July passed through the Strait of Hope to the Sakhalin Cape Patience. Having weathered the storm, on July 19 he began shooting north. Further, I. Kruzenshtern examined the eastern shore of the Sakhalin Bay; he wanted to check whether Sakhalin was an island, as it appeared on Russian maps of the 18th century, or a peninsula, as J. F. La Perouse claimed. Having come to the conclusion that Sakhalin was a peninsula, he returned to Petropavlovsk. As a result of the voyage, he first mapped and described about 1500 km of the eastern, northern and northwestern coast of Sakhalin.
Domestic navigators - explorers of the seas and oceans Zubov Nikolai Nikolaevich
2. Round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the ships Nadezhda and Neva (1803–1806)
2. Round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva"
The main tasks of the first Russian round-the-world expedition of Kruzenshtern-Lisyansky were: delivery to Far East cargoes of the Russian-American company and the sale of furs of this company in China, the delivery of an embassy to Japan, which had the goal of establishing trade relations with Japan, and the production of associated geographical discoveries and research.
For the expedition, two ships were bought in England: one with a displacement of 450 tons, called the Nadezhda, and another with a displacement of 350 tons, called the Neva. Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern took command of the Nadezhda, Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky took command of the Neva.
The crews of both ships, both officers and sailors, were military and recruited from volunteers. Krusenstern was advised to take several foreign sailors for the first round-the-world voyage. “But,” writes Kruzenshtern, “I, knowing the predominant properties of Russian, which I even prefer to English, did not agree to follow this advice.” Kruzenshtern never repented of this. On the contrary, after crossing the equator, he noted a remarkable property of a Russian person - it is equally easy to endure both the most severe cold and the burning heat.
71 people sailed on the Nadezhda and 53 people on the Neva. In addition, the astronomer Horner, the naturalists Tilesius and Langsdorf, and the doctor of medicine Laband participated in the expedition.
Despite the fact that Nadezhda and Neva belonged to a private Russian-American company, Alexander I allowed them to sail under a military flag.
All preparations for the expedition were carried out very carefully and lovingly. On the advice of G. A. Sarychev, the expedition was equipped with the most modern astronomical and navigational instruments, in particular chronometers and sextants.
Unexpectedly, just before setting sail, Kruzenshtern was given the task of taking to Japan Ambassador Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, one of the main shareholders of the Russian-American Company, who was supposed to try to establish trade relations with Japan. Rezanov and his retinue fit on the Nadezhda. This task forced us to reconsider the work plan of the expedition and, as we will see later, led to the loss of time for the Nadezhda to sail to the shores of Japan and stop in Nagasaki.
The very intention of the Russian government to establish trade relations with Japan was quite natural. After the Russians entered the Pacific Ocean, Japan became one of Russia's closest neighbors. It has already been mentioned that even the Spanberg expedition was tasked with finding sea routes to Japan, and that the ships of Spanberg and Walton were already approaching the shores of Japan and conducted friendly barter with the Japanese.
It happened further that on the Aleutian island of Amchitka around 1782 a Japanese ship was wrecked and its crew was brought to Irkutsk, where they lived for almost 10 years. Catherine II ordered the Siberian governor-general to send the detained Japanese home and use this pretext to establish trade with Japan. Lieutenant Adam Kirillovich Laksman, elected as a representative for the negotiations of the guards, on the transport "Ekaterina" under the command of navigator Grigory Lovtsov, set off from Okhotsk in 1792 and spent the winter in the harbor of Nemuro on the eastern tip of the island of Hokkaido. In the summer of 1793, at the request of the Japanese, Laxman moved to the port of Hakodate, from where he traveled by land for negotiations to Matsmai - main city islands of Hokkaido. During the negotiations, Laxman, thanks to his diplomatic skill, was successful. In particular, paragraph 3 of the document received by Laxman stated:
“3. The Japanese cannot enter into negotiations on trade anywhere, except for the one designated for this port of Nagasaki, and therefore now they give only Laxman writing, with which one Russian ship can arrive at the aforementioned port, where Japanese officials will be located, who should negotiate with the Russians on this subject. Having received this document, Laxman returned to Okhotsk in October 1793. Why this permission was not used immediately remains unknown. In any case, Nadezhda, together with Ambassador Rezanov, was supposed to go to Nagasaki.
During the stay in Copenhagen (August 5-27) and in another Danish port, Helsingør (August 27-September 3), cargoes were carefully shifted on the Nadezhda and on the Neva and the chronometers were checked. The scientists Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf invited to the expedition arrived in Copenhagen. On the way to Falmouth (southwest England), during a storm, the ships parted and the Neva -14, and the Nadezhda -16 September arrived there.
Nadezhda and Neva left Falmouth on September 26 and on October 8 anchored in Santa Cruz Bay on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands), where they stayed until October 15.
November 14, 1803 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet crossed the equator. Of all the officers and sailors, only the commanders of the ships, who had previously sailed as volunteers in the English fleet, crossed it before. Who would have thought then that seventeen years later the Russian warships Vostok and Mirny, making a round-the-world voyage in high southern latitudes, would discover what the sailors of other nations failed to do - the sixth continent of the globe - Antarctica!
On December 9, the ships came to the island of St. Catherine (off the coast of Brazil) and stayed here until January 23, 1804, to change the fore and main masts on the Neva.
Rounding Cape Horn, the ships parted on March 12 during a storm. In this case, Kruzenshtern appointed successive meeting places in advance: Easter Island and the Marquesas Islands. However, on the way, Kruzenshtern changed his mind, went straight to the Marquesas Islands, and on April 25 anchored off the island of Nuku Hiva.
Lisyansky, unaware of such a change in route, went to Easter Island, stayed with him under sail from April 4 to April 9, and, without waiting for Kruzenshtern, went to the island of Nuku-Khiva, where he arrived on April 27.
The ships stayed off the island of Nuku Hiva until May 7. During this time, a convenient anchorage was found and described, called the port of Chichagov, and the latitudes and longitudes of several islands and points were determined.
From the island of Nuku Hiva, the ships went north and on May 27 approached the Hawaiian Islands. Kruzenshtern's calculations to purchase fresh provisions from local residents were unsuccessful. Kruzenshtern stayed off the Hawaiian Islands under sail on May 27 and 28, and then, in order not to delay his task of visiting Nagasaki, he went straight to Petropavlovsk, where he arrived on July 3. Lisyansky, anchored off the island of Hawaii from May 31 to June 3, went according to plan to Kodiak Island.
From Petropavlovsk, Krusenstern went to sea on August 27, went south along the eastern coast of Japan and then through the Vandimen Strait (south of Kyushu) from the Pacific Ocean to the East China Sea. September 26 "Hope" anchored in Nagasaki.
Rezanov's embassy was unsuccessful. The Japanese not only did not agree to any treaty with Russia, but did not even accept gifts intended for the Japanese emperor.
On April 5, 1805, Krusenstern, finally leaving Nagasaki, passed through the Korea Strait, ascended the Sea of Japan, which was then almost unknown to Europeans, and put on the map many notable points of the western coast of Japan. The position of some points was determined astronomically.
On May 1, Kruzenshtern passed through the La Perouse Strait from the Sea of Japan to the Sea of Okhotsk, carried out some hydrographic work here, and on May 23, 1805, returned to Petropavlovsk, where Rezanov's embassy left Nadezhda.
Round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" (1803-1806).
On September 23, 1805, Nadezhda, after reloading the holds and replenishing provisions, left Petropavlovsk on the return voyage to Kronstadt. Through the Bashi Strait, she proceeded to the South China Sea and on November 8 anchored in Macau.
"Neva" after parking at the Hawaiian Islands went, as already mentioned, to the Aleutian Islands. On June 26, Chirikov Island was opened, and on July 1, 1804, the Neva anchored in Pavlovskaya Harbor of Kodiak Island.
Having fulfilled the instructions given to him, having performed some hydrographic work off the coast of Russian America and having received the furs of the Russian-American Company, Lisyansky on August 15, 1805 left Novo-Arkhangelsk also for Macau, as was previously agreed with Kruzenshtern. From Russian America, he took with him three Creole boys (Russian father, Aleut mother) so that they received a special education in Russia, and then returned to Russian America.
October 3 on the way to Canton, in the northern subtropical Pacific Ocean, we saw a lot of birds. Assuming that some unknown land was nearby, proper precautions were taken. However, in the evening, the Neva still ran aground. At dawn we saw that the Neva was near a small island. Soon it was possible to get off the shallows, but the Neva was again struck by a squall on the stones. Refloating, raising the cannons thrown into the sea with floats to lighten the ship, delayed the Neva in this area until October 7th. The island in honor of the commander of the ship was named Lisyansky Island, and the reef on which the Neva was sitting was the Neva reef.
On the way to Canton, the Neva withstood a severe typhoon, during which it received some damage. A significant amount of fur goods was soaked and then thrown overboard.
On November 16, rounding the island of Formosa from the south, the Neva entered the South China Sea and on November 21 anchored in Macau, where the Nadezhda was already anchored at that time.
The sale of furs delayed the Nadezhda and the Neva, and only on January 31, 1806 did both ships leave Chinese waters. Subsequently, the ships passed through the Sunda Strait and on February 21 entered Indian Ocean.
On April 3, being almost at the Cape of Good Hope, in cloudy weather with rain, the ships parted.
As Kruzenshtern writes, “on April 26 (April 14, old st. N. 3.) we saw two ships, one on NW, and the other on NO. We recognized the first one as the Neva, but as the Nadezhda went worse, the Neva soon fell out of sight again, and we didn’t see it until our arrival in Kronstadt.
Kruzenshtern appointed the island of St. Helena as a meeting place in case of separation, where he arrived on April 21. Here Kruzenshtern learned about the break in relations between Russia and France, and therefore, having left the island on April 26, in order to avoid meeting with enemy cruisers, he chose the path to the Baltic Sea not through the English Channel, but to the north of the British Isles. On July 18–20, Nadezhda anchored in Helsingør and on July 21–25 in Copenhagen. On August 7, 1806, after an absence of 1,108 days, Nadezhda returned to Kronstadt. During the voyage, Nadezhda spent 445 days under sail. The longest passage from St. Helena to Helsingør lasted 83 days.
The Neva, after parting with the Nadezhda, did not go to St. Helena, but went straight to Portsmouth, where she stood from June 16 to July 1. Settling on a short time on the roadstead of the Downs and in Helsingor, the Neva arrived in Kronstadt on July 22, 1806, having spent 1090 days in the absence, of which 462 days were under sail. The longest was the passage from Macau to Portsmouth, it lasted 142 days. No other Russian ship made such a long sailing trip.
The health of the crews on both ships was excellent. During the three-year voyage on the Nadezhda, only two people died: the envoy's cook, who was ill with tuberculosis even when he entered the ship, and Lieutenant Golovachev, who shot himself for an unknown reason while staying off St. Helena. On the Neva, one sailor fell into the sea and drowned, three people were killed during a military skirmish near Novo-Arkhangelsk, and two sailors died of accidental illnesses.
The first Russian circumnavigation was marked by significant geographical results. Both ships, both in a joint voyage and in a separate one, all the time tried to arrange their courses either in such a way as to pass along the still “untrodden” paths, or in such a way as to pass to the dubious islands shown on old maps.
There were many such islands in the Pacific Ocean at that time. They were charted by brave sailors who used poor navigational tools and poor methods. It is not surprising, therefore, that the same island was sometimes discovered by many navigators, but placed under different names in different places on the map. Especially large were the errors in longitude, which on old ships was determined only by reckoning. So, for example, longitudes were determined during the voyage of Bering - Chirikov.
On "Nadezhda" and "Neva" there were sextants and chronometers. In addition, relatively shortly before their voyage, a method was developed for determining longitude on ships using angular distances Moon from the Sun (otherwise - "the method of lunar distances"). This greatly facilitated the determination of latitudes and longitudes at sea. And on the "Nadezhda" and on the "Neva" they did not miss a single opportunity to determine their coordinates. So, during the voyage of the Nadezhda in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, the number of points determined astronomically was more than a hundred. Frequent definitions geographical coordinates points visited or seen by the expedition members are a great contribution to geographical science.
Due to the accuracy of their calculation, based on frequent and accurate determinations of latitudes and longitudes, both ships were able to determine the directions and speeds of sea currents in many areas of their navigation by the difference between the numbered and observed places.
The accuracy of the reckoning on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" allowed them to "remove from the map" many non-existent islands. Thus, upon leaving Petropavlovsk for Canton, Kruzenshtern arranged his courses with the expectation to follow the paths of the English captains Clerk and Gore and inspect the space between 33 and 37 ° N. sh. along the 146° east meridian. Near this meridian, several dubious islands were shown on their maps and on some others.
Lisyansky, on leaving Kodiak for Canton, arranged his courses in such a way as to cross the then almost unknown spaces of the Pacific Ocean and pass through the area in which the English captain Portlock in 1786 noticed signs of land and where he himself, on the way from the Hawaiian Islands to Kodiak, saw the sea otter. As we have seen, Lisyansky eventually succeeded, albeit much to the south, in discovering Lisyansky Island and the Kruzenshtern Reef.
Continuous and thorough meteorological and oceanological observations were carried out on both ships. On the Nadezhda, in addition to the usual measurements of the temperature of the surface layer of the ocean, the Six's thermometer, invented in 1782, was used for the first time for deep-sea research, designed to measure the highest and lowest temperatures. With the help of this thermometer, the vertical distribution of temperatures in the ocean was studied in seven places. In total, deep temperatures, down to a depth of 400 m, were determined in nine places. These were the first in the world practice to determine the vertical distribution of temperatures in the ocean.
Particular attention was paid to observations of the state of the sea. In particular, the bands and patches of the rough sea (rips) created at the meeting of sea currents were carefully described.
The glow of the sea was also noted, at that time still insufficiently explained. This phenomenon was studied on Nadezhda as follows: “... they took a cup, put several sawdust in it, covered it with a white thin, double-folded handkerchief, on which they immediately poured water scooped from the sea, and it turned out that many dots that glowed when the handkerchief was shaken; the filtered water did not give the slightest light ... Dr. Langsdorf, who tested these small luminous bodies through a microscope ... discovered that many ... were real animals ... "
Now it is known that the glow is created by the smallest organisms and is divided into constant, arbitrary and forced (under the influence of irritation). about the last and in question in the description of Kruzenshtern.
The descriptions of the nature and life of the population of the areas visited by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky are very interesting. Of particular value are the descriptions of the Nukukhivs, Hawaiians, Japanese, Aleuts, American Indians and inhabitants of the northern part of Sakhalin.
On the island of Nuku Hiva, Krusenstern spent only eleven days. Of course, in such a short time, only a cursory impression could be created about the inhabitants of this island. But, fortunately, on this island, Kruzenshtern met an Englishman and a Frenchman who lived here for several years and, by the way, were at enmity with each other. From them, Kruzenshtern collected a lot of information, checking the stories of an Englishman by polling a Frenchman, and vice versa. In addition, the Frenchman left Nuku Khiva on the Nadezhda, and during the further voyage, Kruzenshtern had the opportunity to replenish his information. All sorts of collections, sketches, maps and plans brought by both courts deserve special attention.
Kruzenshtern, during his voyage in foreign waters, described: the southern coast of the island of Nuku-Hiva, the southern coast of the island of Kyushu and the Van Diemen Strait, the islands of Tsushima and Goto and a number of other islands adjacent to Japan, the northwestern coast of Honshu, the entrance to the Sangar Strait, and also the western coast of Hokkaido.
Lisyansky, while sailing in the Pacific Ocean, described Easter Island, discovered and put on the map Lisyansky Island and the reefs of the Neva and Kruzenshtern.
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were not only brave sailors and explorers, but also excellent writers who left us descriptions of their voyages.
In 1809–1812 Kruzenshtern's work "Traveling around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships" Nadezhda "and" Neva "in three volumes with an album of drawings and an atlas of maps" was published.
The books of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were translated into foreign languages and for a long time served as navigation aids for ships sailing in the Pacific Ocean. Written on the model of Sarychev's books, they, in terms of content and form, in turn, served as a model for all books written by Russian navigators of subsequent times.
It should be emphasized once again that the voyages of the Nadezhda and the Neva pursued purely practical goals - scientific observations were made only along the way. Nevertheless, the observations of Krusenstern and Lisyansky would do credit to many purely scientific expeditions.
It is necessary to say a few words about some of the malfunctions, which, unfortunately, somewhat overshadow the brilliant first voyage of Russian sailors around the world from a purely maritime point of view.
The fact is that it was not by chance that two ships were sent to this expedition. Just as in the organization of the sea expeditions of Bering - Chirikov and Billings - Sarychev, it was believed that the ships, sailing together, could always help each other in case of need.
According to the instructions, the separate voyage of the Nadezhda and the Neva was allowed only for the duration of the Nadezhda's visit to Japan. This was justified by the fact that Japan, according to the previous agreement, allowed only one Russian ship to enter Japan. What actually happened?
During a storm near Cape Horn, the Nadezhda and the Neva parted ways. Kruzenshtern did not go to the agreed in advance, in case of separation, meeting place - Easter Island, but went straight to the second agreed meeting point - the Marquesas Islands, where the ships met and went on together to the Hawaiian Islands. From the Hawaiian Islands, the ships went again separately, performing various tasks. The ships met again only in Macau, from where they went together to the Indian Ocean. Not far from Africa, the ships again lost sight of each other during a storm. In such a case, the island of St. Helena was appointed as the meeting place, where the Nadezhda entered. Lisyansky, carried away by the record for the duration of sailing, went straight to England. Kruzenshtern was wrong in not going to Easter Island, as was due. Lisyansky was also wrong in not going to St. Helena. References to separations due to the storm are not very convincing. Storms and fogs off the coast of Antarctica are no less frequent and strong than in the Indian Ocean, and meanwhile, as we shall see later, the ships of Bellingshausen and Lazarev never parted while rounding Antarctica.
This text is an introductory piece. From the book Pirates of the British Crown Francis Drake and William Dampier author Malakhovskiy Kim VladimirovichChapter Five The last circumnavigation of the world Enter into a share with Goldney, who contributed about 4 thousand pounds. Art. in a new enterprise, there were many willing from the most famous families of Bristol. Among them were merchants, and lawyers, and the alderman of Bristol Batchelor himself. I contributed my share and
From the book Domestic Navigators - Explorers of the Seas and Oceans author Zubov Nikolai Nikolaevich6. Golovnin's circumnavigation on the sloop "Kamchatka" (1817–1819) In 1816, it was decided to send a warship to the Far East with the following tasks: American company
From the book Three trips around the world author Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich11. Round-the-world voyage of M. Lazarev on the frigate "Cruiser" (1822-1825) and the voyage of Andrei Lazarev on the sloop "Ladoga" to Russian America (1822-1823) 36-gun frigate "Cruiser" under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev and the 20-gun sloop Ladoga, which
From the book The first Russian voyage around the world author Kruzenshtern Ivan Fyodorovich13. Kotzebue circumnavigating the world on the sloop "Enterprise" (1823–1826) The sloop "Enterprise" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue was entrusted with the delivery of goods to Kamchatka and cruising to protect Russian settlements on the Aleutian Islands. At the same time
From the book Notes of a sailor. 1803–1819 author Unkovsky Semyon Yakovlevich14. Wrangel's round-the-world voyage on the Krotkiy transport (1825–1827) The Krotkiy military transport (90 feet long) specially built for the upcoming voyage under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who had already completed a round-the-world voyage
From the author's book15. Stanyukovich's round-the-world voyage on the sloop "Moller" (1826-1829) Following the example of the previous round-the-world voyages, in 1826 it was decided to send two warships from Kronstadt to protect the fisheries in Russian America and to deliver cargo to the port of Peter and Paul. But
From the author's book16. Litke's circumnavigation of the world on the Senyavin sloop (1826–1829) The commander of the Senyavin sloop, which went on a joint circumnavigation with the Moller sloop, Lieutenant Commander Fyodor Petrovich Litke circumnavigated the world as a midshipman on the Kamchatka in 1817–1819 years. Then
From the author's book17. Gagemeister's round-the-world voyage on the Krotkiy transport (1828–1830) The military transport Krotkiy, which returned from a round-the-world voyage in 1827, was again sent in 1828 with cargoes for Petropavlovsk and Novo-Arkhangelsk. It was commanded by Lieutenant Commander
From the author's book19. Shants' circumnavigation on the transport "America" (1834–1836) The military transport "America", which returned in 1833 from the circumnavigation and was somewhat redesigned, on August 5, 1834, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Ivanovich Shants, again left Kronstadt with loads
From the author's book20. Juncker's circumnavigation on the transport "Abo" (1840-1842) The military transport "Abo" (128 feet long, with a displacement of 800 tons) under the command of Lieutenant Commander Andrei Logginovich Junker left Kronstadt on September 5, 1840. Going to Copenhagen, Helsingor, Portsmouth, to the island
From the author's book2. Kruzenshtern's voyage on the ship "Nadezhda" in the Sea of Okhotsk (1805) The ship of the Russian-American company - "Nadezhda" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on July 3, 1804. Overloaded and restocked
From the author's book3. Lisyansky's voyage on the ship "Neva" in the waters of Russian America (1804-1805) The ship of the Russian-American company "Neva" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, leaving Kronstadt together with the "Nadezhda" on July 26, 1803, came to Pavlovsk harbor of the island
From the author's bookM. P. LAZAREV’S AROUND THE WORLD VISION ON THE VESSEL “SUVOROV”
From the author's book From the author's bookJOURNEY AROUND THE WORLD IN 1803, 1804, 1805 AND 1806 ON THE SHIPS "NOPE" AND "NEVA" observations were made
Nadezhda and Neva are two small sloops that circumnavigated the globe for the first time in the history of Russian navigation in 1803-1806.
These sailboats are always talked about together and always in the context of the famous circumnavigation of the world. "Hope" and "Neva" were bought specifically for the purposes of a round-the-world expedition in England, because Russia in early XIX century did not have ships capable of overcoming such a journey. "Hope" was a displacement of 450 tons and was called "Leander", "Neva"- with a displacement of 370 tons and was previously called "Thames". Both sailboats cost Russia £17,000. The captain "Hope" Was assigned Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern, but "Nevas" - Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky.
Both of these people were not only outstanding navigators and explorers, but also good friends. Once together they graduated from the Naval gentry corps and received their baptism of fire in the battle near the island of Hogland in the Baltic Sea.
Although there were many reasons for the first Russian circumnavigation of the world: the study of the Far Eastern possessions Russian Empire, the development of trade relations with China and Japan, the supply of residents of Russian America.
And in 1802 the project Kruzenshtern falls into the hands Nikolai Semenovich Mordvinov- Russian admiral and famous statesman. Mordvinov was very interested in ideas Kruzenshtern and introduced them to the then head of the Russian-American Company Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov. And Rezanov, in turn, managed to convince Tsar Alexander I of the need for a round-the-world trip. The official goal of the expedition was the delivery to Japan of the Russian embassy, headed by N.P. Rezanov.
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky approached the preparation of the trip with the utmost care. The team on the ships was recruited only from well-trained volunteers. The idea of completing the crew with foreign sailors was rejected by Kruzenshtern. Among officers "Hope" and "Neva" were such famous people like F.F. Bellingshausen, M.I. Ratmanov, Otto Kotzebue. The ships bought for sailing were overhauled.
And in July 1803 "Hope" and "Neva" set off from the coast of Kronstadt on the first Russian circumnavigation of the world.
The first stop of the Russian navigators was Copenhagen. From there "Neva" and "Hope" headed for Brazil. During the voyage, various studies were carried out on board the ships. The latitudes that the sailboats hit were unknown to Russian sailors, and for officers and sailors a lot was new.
On November 14, 1803, for the first time in history, Russian ships crossed the equator. Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, dressed in full dress, climbed onto the bridges of their ships and greeted each other. On the "Hope" and "Neva" there was an organized festive action with the participation of the god of the seas Neptune.
The first long stay in foreign lands was the island of St. Catherine off the coast of Brazil. Here at "Not you" the fore and main masts, which had fallen into disrepair, were replaced. Russian sailors spent five weeks on Santa Catarina. And most of all, they were struck by the flourishing slave trade in these lands and the treatment of slaves, worse than animals.
At the end of January 1804, the sloops again put to sea. At the famous Cape Horn "Hope" and "Neva" caught in a violent storm. Severe trials fell to the lot of Russian sailors, only on February 20, 1804 Cape Horn was conquered, and "Neva" and "Hope" continued their journey in the Pacific Ocean. True, for some time, due to a storm and a strip of fog, the ships lost sight of each other.
April 3, 1804 Lisyansky arrived on Easter Island. He explored and described the nature of the island, the life and customs of the locals. Description Lisyansky became the first full description these places.
April 29, 1804 "Hope" and "Neva" met again near the island of Nuka Hiva (Marquesas Islands). After that, the paths of the famous sailing ships diverged for a long time. Kruzenshtern had to hurry: he should visit Kamchatka, and from there go to Nagasaki with the Russian embassy to Japan. The main goal Lisyansky- was the island of Kodiak (Russian Alaska). Since the route "Not you" was much shorter "Hope" - "Neva" lingered off the Hawaiian Islands.
Off the coast of Japan sloop "Hope" fell into a violent storm and only miraculously escaped death. On September 27, 1804, the sailboat entered the port of Nagasaki. Negotiation Rezanova with the Japanese lasted several months and did not bring results, and on April 5, 1805, the Russian ship left Japan. The official purpose of the trip was not fulfilled. Representatives of the Russian-American Company were disembarked Kruzenshtern in Kamchatka. But the journey "Hope" was still far from complete.
Over the next months Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern detailed studies were carried out on the western coast of Japan, the Kuril Islands, part of the coast of Korea, the island of Iesso, the southeastern and northwestern coasts of Sakhalin. In August 1805 "Hope" returned to Kamchatka, where she got up for repairs.
"Neva" all this time followed its route. Arriving on Kodiak Island, Lisyansky learned that Russian settlers on the island of Sitka were being attacked by Indians. With the help of the crew of the Neva, the conflict was settled, and the Novo-Arkhangelsk fortress was founded on Sitka. The Neva spent almost a whole year off the coast of America, fulfilling orders from the Russian-American Company. And in August 1805 "Neva" with a load of furs on board, headed for tropical latitudes.
November 22, 1805 "Hope" and "Neva" met again in the port of Macao (China), where they successfully sold furs from Kamchatka and Alaska. And in February 1806, sailboats set off across the Indian Ocean past the Cape of Good Hope back to Europe. In April 1806 "Hope" landed on the island of Saint Helena, the captain "Nevas" Yuri Lisyansky decided to go to Europe without stopping. This passage was the world's first non-stop passage from China to England and lasted 142 days - a record for those times.
And in July 1806, with a difference of two weeks "Neva" and "Hope" returned to the Kronstadt raid. Both of these sailboats, like their captains, have become world famous. The first Russian round-the-world expedition had a huge scientific significance on a global scale. Research carried out Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, had no analogues.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.
But the further fate of sailboats "Hope" and "Neva" did not turn out very well. ABOUT "Neva" it is only known that the ship visited Australia in 1807. "Hope" she died in 1808 off the coast of Denmark. In honor of sloop "Hope" named Russian training sailing ship -. And the name of her truly great captain is legendary.
On August 7, 1803, they left Kronstadt for long-distance navigation two ships. These were the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", on which Russian sailors were to make a round-the-world trip.
The head of the expedition was Captain-Lieutenant Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the commander of the Nadezhda. The Neva was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Both were experienced sailors who had already taken part in long-distance voyages. Kruzenshtern improved his skills in maritime affairs in England, took part in the Anglo-French war, was in America, India, and China.
Kruzenshtern project
During his travels, Kruzenshtern came up with a bold project, the implementation of which was intended to promote the expansion of Russian trade relations with China. Tireless energy was needed to interest the tsarist government in the project, and Kruzenshtern achieved this.
During the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), conceived by Peter I and carried out under the command of Bering, huge regions were visited and annexed to Russia in North America, called Russian America.
Russian industrialists began to visit the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands, and the fame of the fur wealth of these places penetrated St. Petersburg. However, communication with "Russian America" at that time was extremely difficult. We drove through Siberia, the way was kept to Irkutsk, then to Yakutsk and Okhotsk. From Okhotsk they sailed to Kamchatka and, after waiting for the summer, across the Bering Sea to America. The delivery of supplies and ship gear necessary for fishing was especially expensive. It was necessary to cut long ropes into pieces and, after delivery to the place, fasten them again; they did the same with chains for anchors, sails.
In 1799, the merchants united to create a large trade under the supervision of trusted clerks who constantly lived near the trade. The so-called Russian-American Company arose. However, the profits from the sale of furs went to a large extent to cover travel costs.
Kruzenshtern's project was to establish communication with the American possessions of the Russians by sea instead of a difficult and long journey by land. On the other hand, Kruzenshtern suggested a closer point for selling furs, namely China, where furs were in great demand and were valued very dearly. To implement the project, it was necessary to undertake a long journey and explore this new path for the Russians.
After reading Kruzenshtern's draft, Paul I muttered: "What nonsense!" - and that was enough for a bold undertaking to be buried for several years in the affairs of the Naval Department. Under Alexander I, Krusenstern again began to achieve his goal. He was helped by the fact that Alexander himself had shares in the Russian-American Company. The travel plan has been approved.
preparations
It was necessary to purchase ships, since there were no ships suitable for long-distance navigation in Russia. The ships were bought in London. Kruzenshtern knew that the trip would give a lot of new things for science, so he invited several scientists and the painter Kurlyandtsev to participate in the expedition.
The expedition was relatively well equipped with precise instruments for conducting various observations, had big meeting books, sea charts and other manuals necessary for long-distance navigation.
Kruzenshtern was advised to take English sailors on the voyage, but he protested vigorously, and the Russian team was recruited.
Krusenstern paid special attention to the preparation and equipment of the expedition. Both equipment for sailors and individual, mainly antiscorbutic, food products were purchased by Lisyansky in England.
Having approved the expedition, the king decided to use it to send an ambassador to Japan. The embassy had to repeat the attempt to establish relations with Japan, which at that time was almost completely unknown to the Russians. Japan traded only with Holland, for other countries its ports remained closed.
The discoveries of Russian travelers are amazing. Let's go in chronological order short descriptions seven most significant round-the-world trips of our compatriots.
The first Russian round-the-world trip - Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky's round-the-world expedition
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788-1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky is the beginning new era in the history of Russian navigation. 
The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803 under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, who was 32 years old. The expedition included:
- Three-masted sloop Nadezhda. The total team size is 65 people. Commander - Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern.
- Three-masted sloop "Neva". The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people. Commander - Yury Fedorovich Lisyansky.
The sailors were all Russians - this was Kruzenshtern's condition
In July 1806, with a difference of two weeks, the Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt raid, making the whole trip in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailboats, like their captains, have become world famous. The first Russian round-the-world expedition was of great scientific importance on a world scale.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.
On the left is Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Right - Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky Description of the expedition was published under the title "Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Kruzenshtern", in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.
And now, answering the question: "Which of the Russians was the first to circumnavigate the world?", You can easily answer.
Discovery of Antarctica - round-the-world expedition of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev
Aivazovsky's work "Ice Mountains in Antarctica", based on the memoirs of Admiral Lazarev In 1819, after a long and very thorough preparation, the southern polar expedition as part of two sloops of war - "Vostok" and "Mirny". The first was commanded by Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, the second - by Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. The crew of the ships consisted of experienced, seasoned sailors. was coming long haul to unknown countries. The expedition was given the task of how to fully penetrate further south in order to finally resolve the question of the existence of the southern mainland.
The expedition members spent 751 days at sea, covered more than 92 thousand kilometers. 29 islands and one coral reef have been discovered. The scientific materials she collected made it possible to form the first idea of Antarctica.
Russian sailors not only discovered a huge continent located around South Pole, but also carried out the most important research in the field of oceanography. This branch of spiders was just in its infancy at that time. F. F. Bellingshausen was the first to correctly explain the causes of sea currents (for example, the Canary), the origin of the algae of the Sargasso Sea, as well as coral islands in tropical regions.
The discoveries of the expedition turned out to be a major achievement of Russian and world geographical science of that time.
And so January 16 (28), 1820 is considered - opening day of Antarctica. Bellingshausen and Lazarev, despite dense ice and fogs, passed around Antarctica at latitudes from 60 ° to 70 ° and irrefutably proved the existence of land in the region of the south pole.
Strikingly, the evidence for the existence of Antarctica was immediately recognized as outstanding. geographical discovery. However, later scientists argued for more than a hundred years what was discovered. Was it the mainland, or just a group of islands covered by a common ice cap? Bellingshausen himself never spoke about the discovery of the mainland. It was possible to finally confirm the continental character of Antarctica only in the middle of the 20th century as a result of lengthy studies using sophisticated technical means.
Cycling around the world
On August 10, 1913, the finish of the round-the-world bicycle race took place in Harbin, which was passed by a 25-year-old Russian athlete Onisim Petrovich Pankratov.
This journey lasted 2 years 18 days. Pankratov chose a rather difficult route. The countries of almost all of Europe were included in it. Leaving Harbin in July 1911, the courageous cyclist arrived in St. Petersburg at the end of autumn. Then his path ran through Koenigsberg, Switzerland, Italy, Serbia, Turkey, Greece and again through Turkey, Italy, France, Southern Spain, Portugal, Northern Spain and again through France.
The Swiss authorities considered Pankratov crazy. No one would dare to cycle through the snow-covered rocky passes, which are accessible only to experienced climbers. Overcoming the mountains for a cyclist cost no small effort. He crossed Italy, passed through Austria, and Serbia, and Greece and Turkey. He had to sleep just under starry sky, from food he often had only water and bread, but he still did not stop the journey.
Crossing the Pas de Calais by ship, the athlete crossed England on a bicycle. Then, having also got to America on a ship, he again got on a bicycle and traveled the entire American mainland, adhering to the route New York ─ Chicago ─ San Francisco. And from there by ship to Japan. Then he crossed Japan and China on a bicycle, after which Pankratov reached the initial point of his grandiose route ─ Harbin.
On a bicycle, a distance of more than 50 thousand kilometers was covered. To make such a trip around the earth, Onesimus was offered by his father
Pankratov's round-the-world trip was called great by his contemporaries. The Gritsner bicycle helped him to circumnavigate the world, during the trip Onisim had to change 11 chains, 2 handlebars, 53 tires, 750 spokes, etc.
Around the Earth - the first space flight
At 9 o'clock. 7 min. Moscow time, the Vostok satellite took off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Having made a flight around the globe, he returned safely to Earth after 108 minutes. On board the spacecraft was a major pilot-cosmonaut.
The weight of the spacecraft-satellite is 4725 kilograms (excluding the last stage of the launch vehicle), the total power of the rocket engines is 20 million horsepower.
The first flight took place in automatic mode, in which the astronaut was, as it were, a passenger of the ship. However, at any moment he could switch the ship to manual control. Throughout the flight, two-way radio communication was maintained with the astronaut.
In orbit, Gagarin conducted the simplest experiments: he drank, ate, made notes with a pencil. "Putting" the pencil next to him, he accidentally discovered that he instantly began to float away. From this, Gagarin concluded that it is better to tie pencils and other objects in space. He recorded all his feelings and observations on the on-board tape recorder.
After the successful completion of the planned research and the completion of the flight program at 10 o'clock. 55 min. Moscow time, the Vostok satellite made a safe landing in a given area of the Soviet Union - near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky District, Saratov Region.
The first people who met the astronaut after the flight were the wife of a local forester Anna (Anikhayat) Takhtarova and her six-year-old granddaughter Rita. Soon the military from the division and local collective farmers arrived at the scene. One group of military men guarded the descent vehicle, while the other group took Gagarin to the location of the unit. From there, Gagarin reported by phone to the commander of the air defense division:
I ask you to tell the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force: I completed the task, landed in a given area, I feel good, there are no bruises or breakdowns. Gagarin
The charred descent module of Vostok-1 was covered with a cloth immediately after Gagarin's landing and taken to Podlipki, near Moscow, to the regime territory of the Royal Design Bureau-1. Later, it became the main exhibit in the museum of the rocket and space corporation Energia, which grew out of OKB-1. The museum was closed for a long time (it was possible to get into it, but it was rather difficult - only as part of a group, by prior letter), in May 2016 the Gagarin ship became publicly available, as part of the exhibition.
First round-the-world voyage of a submarine without surfacing
February 12, 1966 - a successful round-the-world cruise of two nuclear submarines of the Northern Fleet started. At the same time, our boats passed the entire route, the length of which exceeded the length of the equator, in a submerged position, not surfacing even in the little-studied regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The heroism and courage of the Soviet submariners were of outstanding national importance and became a continuation of the combat traditions of the submariners of the Great Patriotic War.
Traveled 25,000 miles and showed highest degree secrecy, the duration of the voyage took 1.5 months
Two submarines were allocated to participate in the campaign. series production without any modifications. Project 675 K-116 missile boat and the second Project 627A K-133 boat with torpedo armament.
In addition to the huge political significance, it was an impressive demonstration of scientific and technological achievements and military power states. The campaign showed that the entire World Ocean has become a global launching pad for our nuclear submarines, armed with both cruise and ballistic missiles. At the same time, it opened up new opportunities for maneuvering forces between the Northern and Pacific Fleets. More broadly, it can be said that in the midst of " cold war» historical role of our fleet was to change the strategic situation in the oceans, and the Soviet submariners were the first to do this.
The first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations, made on a 5.5-meter pleasure dinghy
On July 7, 1992, Evgeny Alexandrovich Gvozdev on the Lena yacht (micro class, only 5.5 meters long) from Makhachkala set off on his first solo circumnavigation. On July 19, 1996, the journey was successfully completed (it was 4 years and two weeks). This set a world record - the first and only voyage in the history of single circumnavigation of the world, made on an ordinary pleasure dinghy. Evgeny Gvozdev set out on a long-awaited round-the-world trip when he was 58 years old.
Surprisingly, the ship did not have an auxiliary engine, walkie-talkie, autopilot and stove. But there was a coveted "sailor's passport", which the new Russian authorities issued to the yachtsman after a year of struggle. This document not only helped Yevgeny Gvozdev to cross the border in the direction he needed: in the future, Gvozdev traveled without money and without visas.
On his journey, our hero experienced a severe psychological shock after a collision with treacherous Somali "partisans", who robbed him cleanly at Cape Ras Hafun and almost shot him.
His entire first trip around the world can be summed up in one word: "contrary". The chance of survival was too small. Yevgeny Gvozdev himself sees the world differently: it is a world similar to a single brotherhood of kind people, a world of complete disinterestedness, a world without obstacles to global circulation ...
On the hot-air balloon around the Earth - Fedor Konyukhov
Fedor Konyukhov was the first in the world to circle the Earth in a balloon (on the first attempt). A total of 29 attempts were made, and only three of them were successful. During the trip, Fedor Konyukhov set several world records, the main of which is the duration of the flight. The traveler managed to fly around the Earth in about 11 days, 5 hours and 31 minutes.
The balloon was a two-level design combining the use of helium and solar energy. Its height is 60 meters. A gondola was attached below, equipped with the best technical devices, from where Konyukhov piloted the ship.
I thought that I committed so many sins that I would burn not in hell, but here
The journey took place under extreme conditions: the temperature dropped to -40 degrees, the balloon fell into a zone of strong turbulence with zero visibility, and a cyclone with hail and strong wind passed. Due to difficult weather conditions, equipment failed several times and Fedor had to manually troubleshoot.
During the 11 days of the flight, Fedor hardly slept. According to him, even a moment of relaxation could lead to irreversible consequences. At moments when it was no longer possible to fight sleep, he took a wrench and sat down over an iron plate. As soon as the eyes were closed, the hand let go of the key, it fell on the plate, making a noise, which caused the aeronaut to instantly wake up. At the end of the journey, he did this procedure regularly. He almost exploded at a great height when he mistakenly began to interfere with various types of gas. It's good that I managed to cut off the ignited balloon.
During the entire route, air traffic controllers from various airports around the world helped Konyukhov as best they could, clearing air space. So he flew over the Pacific Ocean in 92 hours, crossed through Chile and Argentina, rounded the storm front over the Atlantic, passed the Cape of Good Hope and safely returned to Australia, from where he began his journey.
Fedor Konyukhov:
I flew around the Earth in 11 days, it is very small, it must be protected. We have no idea about this, we, people, are only at war. The world is so beautiful - explore it, learn
