The East is a special region on the territory of Russia. The relief of the Far East is extremely diverse and unique. In addition, the East is also one of the four corners of the world in which the population lives, where culture and traditions differ significantly from the way of life of Westerners. It is divided into three components: the Near, Middle and Far East.
mountain system
The Far East region is quite remote from the central part of Russia. The political, scientific, educational, and economic center is the port city of Vladivostok. There are 9 subjects on the territory, which are extremely unevenly populated. The climate and tectonic structure of the Far East, as well as the relief of the nearest area in each subject is individual and depends on many factors. The tectonic structure of the Far East is due to high seismic activity, since the territory is located at the junction of such lithospheric plates as the Siberian platform and the Pacific folding.
Various natural disasters very often occur in the Far Eastern territory: earthquakes, tsunamis, active volcanic eruptions. Here is one of the most powerful volcanoes in Eurasia - Klyuchevskaya Sopka. The Far Eastern mountain system includes the following highlands:
- mountains of Sikhote-Alin;
- Suntar-Khayat mountain range;
- Verkhoyansk mountain complex;
- mountains Dzhugdzhur.
Sikhote-Alin are the largest mountains located in the Far East in the region of the Mesozoic folding. Translated into Russian, the name is interpreted as "a mountain range covered with some kind of forest." The mountain system extends over the territory of both the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. The peak (the highest point) rises at an altitude of 2090 meters above sea level and is called Mount Tordoki-Yani.
In turn, the Suntar-Khayata mountain range, the Verkhoyansk chains are also located on the territory of Yakutia and the Khabarovsk Territory. The Dzhugdzhur Mountains are also located there, the absolute length of which is about 700 kilometers.
Characteristics of the relief and volcanoes
The Far East region is famous all over the world thanks to a large number active volcanoes, among which Klyuchevskaya Sopka occupies a special place. It is she who is the largest volcano in the entire territory of Eurasia. According to scientists, the age of Sopka, located on the Kamchatka Peninsula, is over 7 thousand years. Most famous volcano is Shiveluch, whose height is 3283 meters above sea level.
The volcanic system of the Far East region also includes Bezymyanny volcano and Karymskaya Sopka. The height of Bezymyanny is about 2882 meters, while the height of Karymskaya Sopka is no more than one and a half kilometers (1468 meters). Its characteristic feature is the release of combustible gases from the crater. In addition, one of the famous attractions is also the Valley of Geysers, which is also the largest in the Eurasian territory.
The map shows that the Far Eastern relief is predominantly mountainous, since plains and lowlands occupy an insignificant part of it (about 25 percent). characteristic feature relief is also complex coastline. Among the geological and natural factors that have a significant impact on the relief structure, the following can be distinguished:
- glaciation;
- active influence of winds on rocks (physical weathering);
- solifluction processes.
Mountain landscapes in the Far East amaze tourists with their unearthly beauty, since mountain ranges are characterized by the absence of expressive ridges, they have smooth features. However, near the Pacific coast, the landscape changes significantly, as steep cliffs and pointed rocks appear. Many spacious plains rub along the banks of the Amur, as well as its tributaries.
Climate and water resources
Feature of the Far Eastern climate is its contrast. Thus, a subarctic or frosty harsh climate is characteristic of Chukotka, while a sharply continental prevails in Yakutia. Near the sea in Primorsky Krai, a milder monsoonal climate prevails.
The winter season in the Far North is quite severe and little snow. The total duration of winter is over 9 months. One of the factors that have a strong influence on climate formation is the winding mountainous relief. The peak of precipitation occurs mainly in the cold season, when a lot of rains, snowfalls and snowstorms are observed in the Far East.
The abundance of precipitation in winter is due to the fact that huge cyclones form at this time. They appear as a result of mixing cold air masses with warm Pacific air. This is typical for the climate of Kamchatka and Sakhalin. The amount of precipitation (for example, snow) can reach over 6 meters.
In the southern and southeastern territories, heavy monsoon rains usually occur during the warm season. This leads to the fact that the Amur River overflows its banks, flooding many settlements. The spill of the largest river can have very disastrous consequences. In addition, typhoons often shake the Pacific coast in summer.
The river system is characterized by density and development. One of the longest and most full-flowing rivers in the Far East region is undoubtedly the Lena. Its waters stretch over a vast area, starting from the slopes of the Baikal Range and ending with the Laptev Sea. The Lena flows into this sea, forming a huge multi-branched delta.
Minerals and population
The variety of minerals in the bowels allows us to rightfully call the Far East the economic center of the country with a capital letter. Mineral resources include, first of all, precious metals and stones (gold, diamonds), manganese ores, nickel, as well as natural gas and coal deposits.
In the Far East region, the development of natural resources is extremely difficult due to the harsh climate, low population density (labor shortage). In addition, the region is extremely rich in forest resources, which annually produce about 11 billion cubic meters of wood. According to statistics, more than half of all products manufactured in the Far East fall on the fishing, timber industry, as well as the extraction of non-ferrous metals.
Tourists on the streets can see many attractions, which makes the region a tourist center. However, despite this, the demographic situation remains extremely unstable. The population is still very low. This is evidenced by the fact that twice as many people live in Moscow alone compared to the entire Far Eastern region. For the most successful assimilation of this topic in geography classes in the classroom, it is recommended to write reports in which it is necessary to briefly describe the list of reasons why the population is rapidly declining.
In terms of its area, the Far Eastern region is ahead of even Western Europe. According to statistics, the total population is approximately 6.5 million people living in large cities (Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Vladivostok, Blagoveshchensk).
The process of depopulation, which is an active outflow of the population to other Russian regions, occurs due to many economic reasons (low wages, high tariffs for housing and communal services) and other factors. Currently, at the legislative level, the government is developing a policy aimed at activating social and cultural life, contributing to the stabilization of the demographic situation in the region.
Thus, the Far Eastern region is a great Russian expanse, on which there are many mountains and volcanoes that amaze with their magnificence. Each of the mountain ranges is endowed with a truly "unearthly" beauty. The region is extremely rich natural resources, the production of which needs to be developed. Investments in the mining industry will allow the Far East to stabilize the economic situation and improve the living standards of the population.
Russian Far East
Relief
The relief (Fig. 2.) of the Far East is elevated and even mountainous, which is the result of the structure of the lithosphere in this part of the planet. The fact is that the Far East is located at the junction of two large lithospheric plates ...
Exploration by Portuguese navigators of the coast of Africa
1.3 Relief
Africa Portuguese research traveler Africa is a compact, massive continent with weak vertical and horizontal dissection, which is explained by the fact that the Precambrian platform lies at the base of almost the entire continent ...
2.1 Relief
Only 1/5 of the area of Italy falls on the flat (Padana Plain) and lowland (coastal areas) types of relief. The rest of the country is occupied by mountains and hills ...
Karelia as a natural territorial complex
2.2 Relief
The formation of the relief of Karelia took place during a long period of continental development under conditions of steady uplift and continuous distribution of crystalline rocks…
Climatic features of various regions of the African continent
1.2 Relief
The relief of Africa, like that of any continent, depends on the history of the development of the earth's crust, the action of internal and external processes. In Africa, compared to other continents, plains with a height of 200 to 1000 m predominate. There are few lowlands in Africa ...
Mogoytuysky district of the Trans-Baikal Territory
Relief
The territory of the Okrug is located within the low-mid-mountain relief of southeastern Transbaikalia. From the north and northwest to the south and southeast, the surface of the district descends in three steps ...
General characteristics of the population of the Ceadir-Lunga region of the Republic of Moldova
1.1.1 Terrain
Ceadir-Lunga region is located in the southern part of Moldova. The surface of Moldavia, including the Chadyr-Lunsky region, is a hilly plain, dissected by river valleys and gullies. The main landforms are ravines, beams, gyrtops…
Cuba Island
2. Relief
The relief of Cuba is predominantly flat, hills and mountains occupy about a third of the territory. There are several natural areas on the island. In the western part, the relief of the island has a mosaic character, karst processes are widely represented ...
Assessment of the standard of living of the population of the Kostroma region based on statistical data for 2012
3. Relief
The region is located within a moraine-hilly, sometimes marshy plain. In the west - the Kostroma lowland, in the central part - the Galichsko-Chukhloma upland (height up to 292 m). Along the lower reaches of the river…
Soil-geographical zoning and characteristics of the soil cover on the example of the Bryansk region
2.4 Relief
The territory of the Bryansk region lies on the Russian plate - an ancient crystalline formation, covered with a thick cover of sedimentary rocks. The crystalline foundation of the slab was formed over a billion years ago and, having lost its plasticity…
Soil-geographical zoning of the Orenburg region
1.2 Relief
The Orenburg region is distinguished by a variety of relief. Its western part is located within the southeastern margin of the East European Plain. Here are the hills of Bugulma-Belebeevskaya and General Syrt ...
Nature, economy and environmental problems of the southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan (on the example of the Kushnarenkovsky district)
1.3 Relief
The territory of the district is located on the Pribelskaya ridged-wavy plain, in the North-East of the district, karst is developed. It is located within the Birsk saddle and Blagoveshchensk depression. The relief is represented by a strip of the ancient Cis-Ural foredeep…
3.Relief
4. Inland waters 5. Climate 6. Flora and fauna 7. Economy 8. Brief history of the country 9. Modern state structure countries 10.Population 11.Main tourist centers of the country 12…
Characteristics of Ireland and India
3.Relief
India can be divided into four regions: the Himalayas, the northern river valleys, the Deccan Plateau, and the Eastern and Western Ghats. The Himalayas is a mountain system with a width of 160 to 320 km, stretching for 2400 km along the northern and eastern borders ...
Characteristics of Kamchatka as a tourist and recreational area
1.3 Relief
Mountains occupy almost three quarters of the territory of Kamchatka. The largest mountain range is the Sredinny Ridge, which extends in the meridional direction for 900 km. The eastern ridge runs parallel to the median ...
South - Far East
The south of the Far East is located in the taiga, mixed and deciduous forests.
The south of the Far East is rich in various natural resources.
Several types of indigenous and plant species of non-ferrous and rare metals, gold, and iron ore are known. Research and development of deposits of coal, oil, chemical raw materials, including.
PHOSPHORITE. Large reserves of renewable resources are concentrated here - wood of various assemblies, unique medicinal raw materials, strawberries, nuts, mushrooms. Rivers and seas are excellent. These include schools of red fish, herring, algae, and invertebrates. The Sea of Japan field has potential resources for crop production. The region has valuable game and commercial animals.
To the south of the Far East is the temperate region of the Far Eastern monsoon climate.
Annual total solar radiation is between 90 and 118 kcal/cm2 with a general increase from north to south. Annual rainfall varies from northeast to southwest, which is related to the relief of the territory, which determines the movement of air currents.
In the south of the Far East, in the Mongol-Okotsk system, in the Late Paleozoic, the ascent noticeably increases.
In the south of the Far East there are four botanical-geographic regions: Manchurian, Daurian, Okhotsk and Siberian.
The first two are forest-steppe and forest.
The Okotian flora forms a dark coniferous spruce underburden; Siberian - subzone of larch and birch larch forests. Forest and forest-steppe zones are located in the southern half; taiga is in the north.
Zoning does not change from south to north, but from southwest to northeast, which is associated with a decrease in the continental climate and increased humidity. In the Sikhotkhov-Alina region, the boundaries of the regions strongly deviate, descending south along the meridian hot reefs and the east coast.
The Taeisk zone covers the upper Zeya, Udsk, N Izhne-Amurskaya, Udil-Yasidnaya, and an important part of the Amur-Zeya depression. The climate here is the worst with very cold long winters and short summers. Average annual temperatures are negative - from -2 in the south to -7 in the north. That is why the Tagus zone is characterized by an island of permanent dead or deep seasonal freezing, while in the intermountain northern basins the perennial part already occupies a significant part of the area.
The gradual cold in the north is reflected in the changing groups of plants. In the southern part of the region there are fir trees, which in the north are replaced by larch or birch forests. In the worst interurban depression, northern Thai forests develop. The soil is a brown-taiga or slightly subzone, unsaturated with bases with an acid reaction. Usually for intraocular deposition, hydromotion is formed with the addition of kaolinite.
The mechanical composition of the tiny soils of mountain soils, due to the gradual reduction of chemical ligation processes, is coarser than in the forest zone. Medium accumulations are located here, sandy clay is common in the Far North. Wide development permafrost, slow defrosting, promotes the development of cryogenic processes and water. The swamping process covers from 90 to 98% of the surface, valleys and gentle slopes.
Marshes are also found on the elevated plains. In the north of the mountain basins, coarse humus peats are slightly convex. In the Thai zone, the monsoon regime is most noticeable, which leads to the death of a stable channel.
In the south, the Far East also contribute to re-wetting extended shallow landforms of slopes less than 0001 and a small incision of river valleys to large fluctuations in the level of surface water amplitude, resulting in large areas of flood floods.
In the south of the Far East, karst is limited to areas of development of the upper proto-eight and Paleozoic limestones and dolomites. In Primorsk, caves are known that stretch to enormous sizes and consist of several halls and galleries.
In the mountains south of the Far East, a zone of high altitude is clearly visible. In the extreme south, up to the foothills of suitable deciduous or mixed forests, more coniferous forests, giving a curved space, are replaced by a stone birch bush, sometimes with an admixture of oppressed too small fir trees.
Even higher are bushy bushes of cedar elf, ernika, alder, golden rhododendron, juniper. In some places in this zone there are fragments of subalpine high grassy meadows. In the region of the coniferous coniferous zone, they start from the foothills of the mountains, and in the most difficult western regions, the forest zone is represented by larch forests.
In the highest mountainous regions (above 1500-2000 m) there are mountain tundras, but small areas are occupied.
Mountain landscapes in the south of the Far East are hard and wooded lands. The northern part is dominated by larch forests and forests; in the catchment areas - cedar elf and bald vegetation; in the central part - Christmas trees.
In the south (Sihoge-Alin, on the southern slopes of Bureya - the Khingan Range) in the lower zone into deciduous, coniferous and deciduous forests, the upper lip - coniferous forests, and only at the peaks of the development of goltsovoe vegetation.
On the plains south of the Far East, the thickness of permanent epilation varies from a few meters to 100-120 m, rising from south to north.
Pikan power of frozen rocks.
It is located in the south of the Far East, in the Upper Amur basin, south of the Stanovoy district.
Summer in the south of the Far East is moderately warm and rainy. In the summer of the Pacific Ocean, intensified by the passage of polar frontal cyclones, it brings saturated sea rays. It is associated with dense clouds, which cause a decrease in solar radiation and heavy rainfall, especially in the second half of summer and early autumn.
Sometimes typhons with humid tropical air penetrate into the Sea of Japan. They are accompanied by strong winds and heavy rain, which can last for several days and cause flooding in the rivers. In July and August it is up to 60-70% of annual precipitation. Summers in coastal areas are cool.
It is located in the south of the Far East; bordering the Chita region. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Khabarovsk Territory, the Jewish Autonomous Region, and China.
It is located in the south of the Far East. The region includes a number of islands: Rusko, Reineka, Popovo, Putyatin, Askold and others. Borders with the Khabarovsk Territory, as well as with China; and from the east it is washed by the Sea of Japan.
Creation of larch forests in the south of the Far East, limited to the Sikhote-Alin mountain system, occupies a large area, which is influenced by the heterogeneity of the geographical environment and the characteristics of the climatic regime. These differences in environment and climate influence the composition of woody, shrubby and herbaceous vegetation along with larch, choose the species that are most adapted to these conditions.
According to these differences, larch forests are subdivided into more homogeneous natural categories - climatic aspects. In the natural zone of coniferous-deciduous forests, all larch forests are combined into one climatic phase - a larch forest in a mixed forest area.
In the forest zone of Thailand, two climatic phases are distinguished: the southern taiga and the middle taiga larch forest. The characteristics of each climatic façade leave an impression on the types of larch forests that form a certain composition of all larch plants and influence the speed and direction of movement.
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The Russian Far East geographically belongs to the eastern part of the country, which includes Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions, Koryaksky autonomous region, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Jewish Autonomous Region, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
The Far East is a mountainous country, and three-quarters of its territory is mountains, high mountains and plateaus.
Only in intercity areas and on the shores of the seas and river valleys do they remain at the level of the plains.
In the southern part of the Far East, wide strips stretch along the coast. In the south, two mountain states Khingano-Bureya and Sikhote-Alin are stretched in the direction of the meridian. It is also located along the coast of Okhotsk and Dzhugdzhur.
The Yankee-Tukuringa-Dzhagdskaya ridge chain extends north along the longitudinal direction, and in the north - to the spine. For the ridges of the Khingan-Bureya massif, Stanovoy and Dzhugdzhur are characterized by steep rocky slopes and without a peak.
The highest point (2639 m.) is located in the Badzhal region. Among these mountainous regions and ranges there are the middle Amur, Evoron-Chukshirakhir-Tugur, Zeya-Bureiskaya and Amur-Zeeva plains. Sikhote-Alin has a completely different area.
No one ridge, but does not consist of many overlapping mountain ranges and separate mountainous regions, forming a mountainous country. Its mountains also have an average height above sea level (the highest point of Tardoki-Yani is 2077 m, located in the north, in the Khabarovsk region), but differs from gentle slopes, rounded peaks and rare weather remnants.
Sikhote-Alin asimmetrichen- its main watershed moved to the east, so it was steep in the sea near the sheer cliff of the eastern slope more gently, addressed to the western slope of Ussuri and Amur. Thus the river, traveling from the broad western slopes, is of great length and complex structure. Rivers steep eastern slopes short and flat valleys.
Changing role of the Far East in Russia in the 1990s.
AT former USSR the Far East economic region had its own special face.
Branches of specialization, which have marked the city as a pan-European distribution of labor, are fishing, forestry, non-ferrous metal production and maritime transport.
However, in the 1990s, during the years of political and economic crisis, the role and place of the Far East region in Russia changed.
collapse Soviet Union had a double impact on the development of the Russian Far East and its regions. On the one hand, in many economic ties with the western regions, it was interrupted both in terms of resources and in terms of the supply of finished products.
The area is 6215.9 thousand square kilometers.
The population is 7 million 252 thousand people.
The Remote East Region includes:
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Coastal
Khabarovsk region
Amurskaya Oblast
Kamchatka Krai
Magadan Region
Chukotka bus
county
The Far East occupies almost a third of the country's territory. The border in the south with China and North Korea, in the east - with the East Asian region. It is washed in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean - Japan, the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk - the Bering Sea, in the north - the sea of the Arctic Ocean - the Chukchi, east of Siberia, Laptev. The area includes the country's largest island - Sakhalin and other islands.
The Far East cannot represent another home on earth. They are in love with the attractive beauty of these places.
In the taiga and in the snowy tundra, in the mountains and on the open sea. For all elements of evil, they control the natural wealth of the eastern periphery of Russia, reminiscent of the names of the pioneers.
Development of the Russian Far East in recent years.
According to official statistics in the region, the price of a certain set of consumer goods and services exceeds a third of the average Russian level and the standard of living by almost 40%.
Social inequality in the region is higher than in the whole Russian Federation. Thus, 15% of the population of the Far East has 3.3 times more savings in the banking system than all other residents. Their income from property is 5.3 times higher, and their expenses for the purchase of foreign currency are 8.5 times higher.
climate The Far East has a particularly contrasting climate - from a strong continental (all of Yakutia, Kolyma-Magadan) to Monsoon (southeast), which is largely due to the territory from north to south, and from west to east ((about 3900 km). to 2500 -3000 km.).
Mineral resources
In the Far East, the largest reserves of minerals are in reserves, the region of which occupies a leading position in Russia.
Further reserves of antimony, boron and tin make up about 95% of all these sources of Russia, fluorite and mercury - 60% of tungsten - 24% and about 10% of Russian iron ore, lead, sulfur, apatite. In the northwest of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the world's largest diamond province: the Mir diamond deposit Aikhal, "successful", accounts for more than 80% of Russia's diamond reserves.
The remote eastern region is one of the most important Russian regions in Russia. Red and flat alloys are concentrated in the Republic of Sakha, Magadan, Amur, Khabarovsk and Kamchatka.
forest resources
A large and diverse stock of forest resources in the Far East. Forests account for more than 35% common resources Russia.
The most common wood is larch, which is an integral part of the stock wood (60%), spruce, spruce forests more than 5% of the area of forest reserves and 12% of the Far East wood. million hectares. They covered 1% of the Far East.
Forests are not a tree to be noted, unique species of medicinal plants (ginseng, eleutherococcus, arlia manchu and others, all over a thousand species), as well as hundreds of species of edible plants, mushrooms, etc.
Animal world
Marine animals have industrial importance: fish, shellfish, marine animals, etc.
Unique species of land animals are the Siberian tiger, brown and Himalayan black bear, leopard and East Siberian others. There are about 40 species of fur-bearing animals in the Far East. The most famous species from the Far East are squirrels, otters, weasel, hare, raccoon dog, weasel, fox, mink, muskrat, fox, sable, deer, wild boar, musk deer, roe deer, elk, reindeer, bighorn sheep, and many others. There are nests of up to 100 species of (often rare) birds.
reserves
The total area of reserves in the Far East is 37.16 thousand hectares.
km or 1.19% of the territory of the region. This is much higher than the same indicator for Russia as a whole. The administrative divisions of the reserve are located unevenly in Magadan - 2 Kamchatka - 1, Sakhalin - 1, Amur - 2 Khabarovsk Territory - 2, Primorsky Territory - 5.
In the east of our country, there are parts of the East Pacific geosynclinal belt, stretching along the coast of the Far East with the Kamchatka Peninsula, the arcs of the Kuril Islands, Japanese islands, with the island of Sakhalin and the depressions of the surrounding seas.
This entire part of the Pacific belt, both underwater and surface, is characterized by high tectonic mobility, seismicity and volcanism. The relief of the Far East is elevated and even mountainous, which is the result of the structure of the lithosphere in this part of the planet.
The fact is that the Far East is located at the junction of two large lithospheric plates. The result of this is the active tectonic mobility of the territory. In particular, this applies to the eastern regions, the folding of which was formed during the Cenozoic.
Quite strong tremors occur quite often in this part of the planet even now. In the south of the Far East, low and medium-altitude mountain ranges, such as Bureinsky and Dzhugdzhur, mainly predominate. In the north, there are highlands (Kolyma, Chukotka) and plateaus (Anadyr) that arose as a result of volcanic activity. Mountain ranges located on the Kamchatka Peninsula stand out here. Only a quarter of the territory of the Far East is occupied by plains.
They are mainly located in those places on the coast where tectonic activity is low (West Kamchatka, North Sakhalin), as well as in intermountain depressions (Middle Amur, Anadyr, Central Kamchatka), so their area is relatively small.
The relief of the Far East was formed mainly in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods.
It was then that folded zones and intermountain depressions appeared. The ocean had some influence on the formation of the relief. So, for example, the entire modern island of Sakhalin and the eastern slope were under water at that time.
Only later did these areas appear on the surface, where they still are. Active tectonic processes currently taking place in the Far East are the cause of various natural disasters. There are several active volcanoes and geysers in this area. Quite often, strong (up to 10 points) earthquakes and seaquakes occur in this part of the planet. The latter cause a tsunami - huge ocean waves. All these cataclysms lead to significant destruction and even human casualties.
Therefore, this part of Russia is the most unfavorable in terms of the presence of hazardous natural phenomena.
Cities of the Far East
Khabarovsk
The city of Khabarovsk got its name in honor of the Russian traveler and explorer of the 17th century Yerofey Khabarov. Founded in 1858 on the banks of the Amur River as a military structure, by 1880 it received the status of a city.
Now Khabarovsk is a large city in the Russian Far East, through which the Trans-Siberian Railway passes and the largest stations are located - passenger Khabarovsk-1 and freight Khabarovsk-2.
The city has Novy International Airport and Maly Airport, the river port of the Amur River Shipping Company.
Khabarovsk is located along the Amur River for 50 kilometers. One of the most beautiful places in the city is the Amur embankment.
Much in the city is connected with the name of Count Muravyov-Amursky - both the monument that you can see on the five thousandth banknote of Russia, and the name of the main street (Muravyov-Amursky Street).
The street has many buildings of the 19th - early 20th centuries, including the Far Eastern State Scientific Library, located in one of the oldest buildings in the city.
Muravyov-Amursky Street connects Lenin Square and Komsomolskaya Square.
Lenin Square is the main one in the city. A monument to the Heroes was erected here civil war in the Far East 1918-1922.
The youngest square in the city is Glory Square, next to it there is a memorial "Wall of Memory". Also on Glory Square, the buildings of the Theological Seminary and the Black Tulip monument dedicated to the soldiers who participated in the battles in Afghanistan are interesting.
Other sights of the city include the oldest theater of Khabarovsk - the Regional Theater of Musical Comedy (1926), the Khabarovsk Regional Drama Theater, the Central Park of Culture and Leisure, the long railway bridge (1916) across the Amur River, which became the final link Trans-Siberian Railway and the youngest Museum of the History of Khabarovsk in the city.
Museums of Khabarovsk occupy a separate place in the cultural life of the city.
On Shevchenko Street there is the Khabarovsk Museum of Local Lore named after Nikolai Ivanovich Grodekov (1894). Museum of Archeology named after A.P. Okladnikov became the first archaeological museum in the Far East, and the Far East Art Museum has one of the largest art collections in the region.
The Military Historical Museum of the Far Eastern Military District is notable for its exposition, which presents samples of weapons from different years. Bolshekhekhtsirsky State Nature Reserve, founded in 1963 to protect the Amur landscapes, is located 20 km south of the city.
The main Orthodox church in the city was the Church of St. Innocent of Irkutsk built around 1868.
At first the temple was wooden, and then it was built in stone. The third largest Orthodox church in Russia after the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow and St. Isaac's in St. Petersburg, was the Khabarovsk Transfiguration Cathedral (2004), and the Reverend Seraphim Sarovsky, opened for the 150th anniversary of Khabarovsk, built in the style of Russian Orthodox architecture - a snow-white church topped with golden domes.
Vladivostok
Vladivostok is a port and city in the Far East of the Russian Federation, it is also the administrative center of Primorsky Krai.
Interestingly, the name of the city of Vladivostok comes from two words "own" and "East". And judging by this, the city was named, like Vladikavkaz, this city was founded shortly before the city of Vladivostok.
And the first name is still the English bay of the Golden Horn - or Port May.
The Trans-Siberian Railway also ends in this city. The population of the city is 623.0 thousand people, data from November 2011, this is the 20th largest in Russia.
Vladivostok.
The city is located on a peninsula called Muravyov-Amursky, on the coast of the Sea of Japan. Also, the Peschany Peninsula and about fifty more islands in the Peter the Great Bay were included in the territory of the city.
There is an opinion that they will create from satellite cities and Vladivostok itself municipality under the name - Big Vladivostok. After that, the city will be included in the list of future anchor cities of Russia.
On November 4, 2010, the city of Vladivostok was given the significant status of the City of Military Glory.
Nakhodka
Nakhodka is a city in Primorsky Krai in the Russian Far East.
It is located on the shores of Nakhodka Bay (Nakhodka Bay of the Sea of Japan) and the eastern coast of the Trudny Peninsula, a major seaport. Railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Not far from the city is Lisy Island, famous for its unique nature. It also protects the western part of Nakhodka Bay from sea waves. To the north of the city are the famous hills Brother and Sister.
Nakhodka is called the ocean gate of Russia in the Far East.
The city with a population of 190 thousand people is located 165 kilometers southeast of Vladivostok. This is the main Russian port on the Pacific Ocean, in the recent past it was the only one open to foreigners.
From the first days of its existence, Nakhodka became the center international communication. Every year, up to 700 foreign ships under the flags of 20 countries of the world stood at the berths of the commercial port. It was the port workers who were the first to establish twinning ties with the cities of the countries of the Pacific basin.
And now Nakhodka has seven sister cities in different countries of the world: Maizuru, Tsuruga, Otaru (Japan); Oakland and Bellingham (USA); Dog He (Korea) and Jilin (China).
Nakhodka with its port complexes has been the main harbor of the Far East for more than 50 years.
This is the largest foreign economic transport interchange: the main volume of foreign trade transportation between Russia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, almost all rail transit, is carried out through the ports of the city. It is in Nakhodka that the Asia-Europe transcontinental container line originates.
Magadan
Magadan - administrative center Magadan region, one of the most remote (7110 km) from the capital of Russia and the youngest regional center of the Far East.
It is located on the coast of the Tauiskaya Bay in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, on the isthmus connecting the Staritsky Peninsula with the mainland and having access to the Nagaev and Gertner bays.
The city of Magadan in terms of population belongs to medium-sized cities (99.4 thousand people).
people), it is home to 54% of the population of the region and 59% of the total urban population.
The industry is represented by enterprises of the electric power industry, mechanical engineering, food, light, woodworking and building materials industries. Industrial enterprises of the city produce more than a third of the region's industrial output.
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is located on the Kamchatka Peninsula on the shore of the Avacha Bay.
The city was founded during the wintering of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of Bering and Chirikov (1733-1743). This is the main Far Eastern port.
The Kamchatka Peninsula is 1200 km long and 450 km wide.
Mountains stretch from north to south, where there are 29 active and 141 extinct volcanoes. Because of so many volcanoes, there are many thermal springs and acid lakes. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is the starting point for tourists. Numerous excursions to the natural attractions of the peninsula are arranged from here.
The most popular excursions are to Avachinsky volcano (2751 m). It is located 30 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
This is one of the most active volcanoes of the peninsula, the last eruption was noted in 1945, and in 1996 it woke up again. Also interesting are the volcanoes Koryaksky (3456 m), Vilyuchinsky (2173 m), Mutnovsky (2324 m), Gorely (1829 m), Khodutka (2090 m), Karymsky (1536 m) and of course the most high volcano Europe and Asia - Klyuchevskoy (4850 m) with 69 side craters and funnels and the northernmost volcano of Eurasia - Shiveluch (3283 m).
In 1941, a unique natural area was discovered in Kamchatka in the Kronotsky Reserve - the Valley of Geysers.
In the local valley, covered with lush vegetation, there were about 20 large geysers, which, gushing, were a bewitching sight. However, on June 3, 2007, a powerful mudflow covered about two thirds of the area of the unique natural object, and many geysers were lost.
Seemed to be unique natural object lost forever, but in just a year the nature of the Valley of Geysers recovered, and already on July 1, 2008 it was again open to the public. Most of the geysers have resumed their work, in addition, new outlets of hot springs have formed here, and a picturesque lake has formed on the Geysernaya River.
The appearance of the valley has changed a lot, and it will change in the future. Bears returned to the Valley of Geysers, and new landscapes began to attract even more tourists.
Blagoveshchensk
Blagoveshchensk, one of the oldest cities in the Far East, the business and administrative center of the Amur region, whose history since 1858 is closely connected with the development of the Amur region, by the end of the last century became the largest city on the Amur, the capital of gold mining and agriculture, the most important port and shipping center of the entire Amur region. the edges.
As in other Far Eastern cities, many of the historical and cultural traditions and, first of all, folk culture have always been carefully stored and passed on in it.
Throughout its history, Blagoveshchensk has been and remains one of the largest industrial and cultural centers of the Far East, with a population of 220,000 people.
Ussuriysk
Ussuriysk is the center of the Ussuriysk region of Primorsky Krai. It is located in the valley of the Razdolnaya River, 110 km north of the regional center - the city of Vladivostok.
Founded by settlers in 1866. like the village of Nikolskoye.
November 2, 1893 between the station Ketritsevo (now station Ussuriysk) and Vladivostok, a railway connection was opened, and in 1897. between Art. Ketritsevo and Khabarovsk.
November 14, 1922 Soviet power was proclaimed. In 1926. a city was approved under the name Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, which was included and founded in 1891.
working settlement of Ketritsevo. Since 1935. the city had the name Voroshilov. In 1957.
the city was renamed and became known as Ussuriysk.
Komsomolsk-on-Amur
Komsomolsk-on-Amur is located on the left bank of the Amur River, 356 km northeast of Khabarovsk.
This is the second largest and most important city in the Khabarovsk Territory. It was founded in 1860 by peasants who were forcibly relocated from the Perm province, and initially it was a small village called Perm. In 1932, the village received the status of a city, from that year extensive construction began, in which visiting Komsomol members and prisoners of the Far Eastern camps took part.
In 1981, the Baikal-Amur Railway was laid through Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
The city stretches along the Amur River for 30 km.
The most beautiful place in Komsomolsk-on-Amur is the embankment. It has a memorial stone in honor of the builders of the city. An inscription in gratitude to the "first Komsomol members" is carved on the stone, although, in fact, the city was built mainly by political prisoners, because the main transit point of the Far Eastern camps was located here. On the embankment stands the building of the River Station - the largest on the Amur River. In the industrial area of the city - Leninsky district - there is a vast city park - a great place for walking.
Be sure to visit the local history museum. Several collections are presented here - ethnographic with products made of birch bark, wood, bone, metal and fabric, archaeological, covering the history of the region from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages, a natural history collection, collections of herbariums, taxidermic sculptures and soil, collections of works of art and posters, photo, negative and documentary funds and a collection of documents about the construction of the city in the 1930s.
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The Far East consists of 8 regions. These regions have many differences: climate, geological structure, etc. All these features are largely influenced by the relief of the Far East. The largest subjects: Yakutia, Primorye, Khabarovsk Territory, Kamchatka, Chukotka and Sakhalin. Smaller in area are the Amur Region and the Jewish Autonomous Region.
In geography, there is such a thing as a physical-geographical country. This is a large unit of measure for the terrain. It means any part of the mainland where the relief is the same or logically passes from one to another. A geographic country includes more territories than a geographic area.
Let's study in more detail the geological structure and relief of the Far East.
Northeast Siberia
One of geographical countries is Northeastern Siberia. The borders of this zone included Yakutia, Chukotka and the Magadan region. North-Eastern Siberia in the north is washed by the East Siberian and Chukchi. To the south is the Sea of Okhotsk. This is the largest part that determines the landforms of the Far East.
Northeastern Siberia is characterized by the fact that the highest mountains of this region form a kind of arc, similar to an amphitheater. It includes the Kolyma Highlands and the Verkhoyansk Range. These are the highest mountain peaks stretching along the eastern and southern parts of North-Eastern Siberia. The Kolyma Highlands is mostly located on the territory of the Magadan Region. There are many useful resources hidden in the Kolyma Highlands. These places are rich in deposits of gold and tin, and in addition, in these parts there are various thermal springs.
The Suntar-Khayata Ridge: a brief description
The Suntar-Khayat ridge is one of the important components that make up the relief. It is also part of the resulting "amphitheater". This mountain range stretches for a distance of up to 450 kilometers, and its highest point is determined by a mark of 2959 meters. Over 200 sq. km of Suntar-Khayat is occupied by glaciers, and another 800 sq. km. km was occupied by perennial icing formed by groundwater. Its thickness in some places can reach 8 m.
Northeast Siberia: Verkhoyansk Ridge
The longest mountain range in North-Eastern Siberia is the Verkhoyansk Range. The characteristics of the relief of the Far East will be incomplete if we do not consider in more detail these peaks. The Verkhoyansk Range stretches for 1200 km in length. Its width in some places reaches 250 km. The mountain peaks of this range rise 2 km above sea level. The Verkhoyansk mountain range belongs to the territory of Yakutia.
Chersky Ridge
A little lower from the Verkhoyansk ridge settled in a large number of plateaus. They include and its highest point is located on Mount Pobeda, which reaches a height of 3003 meters above sea level. The Chersky Ridge stretches for one and a half thousand kilometers, capturing the territory of the Magadan Region and Yakutia.
Northeast Siberia: lowlands
The features of the relief of the Far East are presented not only in mountain formations, but also in the lowlands. There are two last ones in North-Eastern Siberia. These are Kolyma and Yano-Indigirskaya. Together they form the swampy East Siberian Lowland, which protrudes lowest level topography of this region. Its average height ranges from 50 to 100 meters above sea level. The climate in these places is subarctic, and the entire territory of North-Eastern Siberia is divided into tundra, taiga and the zone of arctic deserts.
Primorsky Krai
The relief of the Far East in the Primorsky Territory consists of 20% lowland, which is located in the territory south of Lake Khanka. It is believed that this place is the most populated not only in the Primorsky Territory, but also in the entire Far East. The Khanka Plain is surrounded by the Sikhote-Alin and Manchurian mountains. The climate here, as elsewhere in Primorye, is temperate monsoon. The most full-flowing river in Primorsky Krai is the Ussuri, which begins its course from the slopes of Snezhnaya Mountain. The highest point is Anik Peak, located at an altitude of 1933 meters.
Features of the Sakhalin Territory
The relief of the Far East on Sakhalin is mainly represented by mountain formations of medium height. And in the north of the island, hilly plains prevail. There are as many as 11 selected relief areas on Sakhalin. The Schmidt Peninsula is characterized by steep steep coasts in the north and mountain ranges up to 623 meters high. To the south, the mountainous relief of the peninsula passes into the North Sakhalin Plain. Its highest point is 601 m. The northeastern coast of Sakhalin, distinguished as a sub-region, boasts large lagoons. The West Sakhalin Mountains stretch along the western coast of the island. Their length is 630 km. They stretched almost to the extreme south of the island.
In the middle part of Sakhalin, the Tym-Poronai lowland is located, so named due to the Tym and Poronai rivers, along which it was formed. The Susunai lowland rests against the West Sakhalin Mountains. It is located in the south of the island and has a length of about 100 km from north to south.
The East of Sakhalin is framed by the East Sakhalin Mountains. This region includes the Nabilsky mountain range, which passes into the Central and then abruptly turns into the North Sakhalin lowland. The city of Korsakov is located on the Korsakov plateau. The plateau has a wavy surface, which is formed by small flat-topped ridges. The climate on Sakhalin is dominated by temperate monsoon.
Kamchatka: relief and features
The relief of the Far East (Kamchatka) is mainly composed of the two largest - East and Middle. Mountains occupy two thirds of the territory of the Kamchatka Territory. Seismic activity is highly developed in these places, frequent earthquakes occur. This is due to the fact that Kamchatka continues to rise. Some areas of land that were relatively recently under water have now risen and continue their upward movement.
The strongest earthquakes, the power of which reached 8 points, were registered in the eastern part of the peninsula. Towards the center, the strength of earthquakes decreases to 6 points, and the weakest shaking occurs on the west coast. There they are rated 5 points or less. Some volcanoes continue to operate in Kamchatka. One of them is called its height now 4750 meters. The largest number of volcanoes is concentrated in the Sredinny Ridge. Some of them collapsed due to constant eruptions. They were so strong that practically no traces of the ancient volcanoes remained. Their existence today can be known only by the characteristic breed. Kamchatka also abounds in ore deposits, placers of non-ferrous metals and fossil fuels. There are about 600 tons of gold reserves in the lands of this region.
Summing up
According to all the data, it can be judged that the relief of the Russian Far East is characterized by a large number of mountain ranges. Moreover, both high (in the center of the district) and small hills, which are closer to the extreme northern and southern points. Mountains contrast with deep swampy plains that stretch along rivers and lakes. But the climate, due to the large length of the district, is very different. Moderate monsoon in south to arctic in north. Also in the Far East, almost all activities for the extraction of diamonds and tin are concentrated.
The Far East is truly a mountainous country. About 75% of the territory is occupied by mountains, uplands and plateaus. With a large area of the region, medium-high or low mountains prevail here. Only a few ranges reach a height of 2000 m. In the south of the region there are two well-known mountain systems Khingano-Bureinskaya and Sikhote-Alin. The Dzhugdzhur Ridge is located along the Sea of Okhotsk. A chain of ridges Yankan-Tukuringra - Dzhagdy stretched to the north, and even to the north - a stanovoy ridge. The ridges of the Khingan-Bureinsky massif, Stanovoy and Dzhugdzhur are characterized by steep rocky slopes and treeless galtz peaks. The highest point (2639 m) is located in the Badzhal Range. The highest point of Sikhote-Alin is Mount Tardoki-Yani. Its height is 2077 m and it is located in the north of the Khabarovsk Territory.
The relief of the Far East was formed in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods. It was then that characteristic folded zones and intermountain depressions formed. The ocean also had a significant impact on the relief. So, for example, land areas - Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands were then under water. Only later these territories appeared on the surface, where they are still. From west to east, the nature of the morphostructures of the Far East changes from older to younger, and from folded-blocky to folded and blocky-folded. The highest sections of the mountains: the ridges of Dzhagdy, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Sikhote-Alin. There used to be glaciers here. Today, hills, kars and trogs testify to this.
The Far East of the CIS, commonly referred to as the Far East, is characterized by the predominance of uplands, which account for over 80% of the area. The Far East includes the Koryak Range and the Kamchatka Peninsula, the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk (to the west of the southern tip of the Kolyma Highlands), the Dzhugdzhur Range, the Amur Region, bounded in the north by the Tukuringra-Dzhagdy Ranges, the Bureinsky Range, Sikhote-Alin, Sakhalin Island, arcs Kuril Islands and a number of lowlands - depressions that have experienced subsidence (Anadyr, Penzhinskaya, etc.). A significant part of these territories was subjected to mountain building in the era of Alpine folding. At the same time, the bottom of the adjacent modern seas was sagging.
The Koryak mountains are the result of Alpine folding. They are characterized by a strong manifestation of volcanism in the past. The mountains consist of parallel chains with a height of 1000 to 1500 m (the highest peak is Mount Ledyanaya - 2562 m above sea level), separated by intermountain depressions. In the south, one of the chains almost touches the Sredinny Kamchatka Range, separated from it by the narrow Parapolsky Valley (up to 10 km wide). The Koryak mountains are characterized by the alpine nature of the relief.
To the north of the Koryaksky mountains is the vast Anadyr lowland with absolute and relative heights of less than 100 m.
In the river basin Penzhina is located Penzhina lowland with absolute heights of no more than 200 m.
The northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk is filled with mountain ranges, strongly dissected by the valleys of numerous rivers. The slopes of the ridges descend steeply to the sea, the average height of the mountains ranges from 500 to 1500 m. The highest point is in the upper reaches of the Maimakan River - up to 2264 m above sea level. The highest point of the Dzhugdzhur ridge is 1906 m above sea level.
The Amur-Primorekaya region is located in the south of the Far East. The relief of the region is characterized by the presence of mountain ranges of various directions: from close to meridional (the Sikhote-Alin ridge) to latitudinal (the Tukuringra-Dzhagdy ridge system).
All mountain systems belong mainly to the Mesozoic folding, complicated in the extreme east by the manifestation of the Alpine orogeny.
The system of ridges Tukuringra-Dzhagdy stretches from west to east for a distance of over 800 km. Chains of goltsovy ridges predominate, the highest point reaches 1606 m above sea level. The general appearance of the entire mountain system is soft, the outlines are smooth, there are a number of pass depressions, the ridges are flat-topped, the slopes are gentle.
To the south of the mountain system is the slightly dissected Zeya-Bureya plain with surface elevations from 150 to 400 m above sea level. The Khingan-Bureinskoye highland, consisting of a number of meridional ridges, adjoins the eastern edge of the plain. The largest of them is Bureinsky, stretching from the valley of the Amur River to the north and northeast, where its height reaches 2071 m above sea level. In the west, the highlands are limited by the Turan range. The eastern spurs of the Bureinsky Range, descending, pass into a vast tectonic depression, known as the Khanka-Ussuri and Lower Amur lowlands. The relief of the lowlands is flat, the height of the surface is from 10-20 to 100 m above sea level; by genesis, these are young lacustrine-alluvial plains. Thick strata of alluvial deposits cover the irregularities of the primary relief. Low-mountain massifs and ridges are located in the marginal and internal parts of the Lower Amur Lowland. The lowland is about 600 km long and up to 200 km wide. The Khanka-Ussuri lowland is characterized by terraces that record the past levels of Lake Khanka.
Ridge Dzhugdzhur:
Location: Russia
Age: 150-100 million years.
| Name | Length, km. | Highest point | |
| Ridge Dzhugdzhur | 700 | Summit 1925 | 1 925 |
| Topko | 1 906 | ||
| Summit 1903 | 1 903 |
Mountains of the Amur region:
Location: Russia
Age: 300-150 million years.
| Name | Length, km. | Highest point | Height above sea level, m |
| Amur Mountains | 2340 | Pinnacle 2370 | 2 370 |
| Chernyshev Ridge | 120 | Lukinda | 1 571 |
| Yankan Ridge | 100 | Pinnacle 1334 | 1 334 |
| Tukuringra Range | 230 | Summit 1604 | 1 604 |
| Soktakhan Range | 110 | Bekeldeul | 1 470 |
| Dzhagdy Ridge | 200 | Summit 1604 | 1 604 |
| Turan Ridge | 300 | Wed. Nanaki | 1 806 |
| Selemdzhinsky Range | 200 | Yam-Alin | 2 100 |
| Ridge Yam-Alin | 180 | Pinnacle 2370 | 2 370 |
| Aesop Range | 150 | Summit 1902 | 1 902 |
| Bureinsky Range | 400 | Vertex 2167 | 2 167 |
| Badzhal Range | 200 | Summit 2221 | 2 221 |
| Kukan Ridge | 150 | Pinnacle 1288 | 1 288 |
Mountains of Primorye:
Location: Russia, China
Age: 150-100 million years.
Sakhalin island:
Location: Russia
Age: about 30 million years.
Koryak Highlands:
Location: Russia
Age: 150-100 million years.
| Name | Length, km. | Highest point | Height above sea level, m |
| Koryak Highlands | 880 | Ledyanaya | 2 453 |
Peninsula Kamchatka:
Location: Russia
Age: about 30 million years.
Kuril Ridge, Garland of Islands:
Location: Russia, Japan
Age: about 30 million years.
| Name | Length, km. | Highest point | Height above sea level, m |
| Kurile Islands: | 1300 | Volk. Alaid | 2 339 |
| Great Kuril Ridge | 1200 | Volk. Alaid | 2 339 |
| about. Atlasova | - | Volk. Alaid | 2 339 |
| about. Kunashir | - | Volk. tyatya | 1 819 |
| about. Paramushir | - | Volk. Chikurachki | 1 816 |
| about. Iturup | - | Volk. Stockup | 1 634 |
| about. Simushir | - | Milna | 1 539 |
| about. Matua | - | Volk. Sarychev | 1 446 |
| about. Urup | - | g. High | 1 426 |
| about. Onekotan | - | Volk. Krenitsyn | 1 324 |
| about. Ekarma | - | Volk. Ekarma | 1 170 |
| about. Macanrushi | - | Macanrushi | 1 169 |
| about. Ketoi | - | Ketoy | 1 166 |
| about. Harimkotan | - | Volk. Severgin | 1 157 |
| Small Kuril Ridge | 100 | Shikotan | 412 |
| about. Shikotan | - | Shikotan | 412 |
| about. Yuri | - | Bezymyanny | 44 |
| about. Anuchin | - | Bezymyanny | 33 |
| about. Green | - | Bezymyanny | 24 |
1) On the map, study the geographical location of this region of Russia.
Think about the impact it has on the nature of the Far East.
The Far East occupies the extreme eastern position in the country. The region stretched from Chukotka to the Ussuri region. The northern regions of the Far East lie beyond the Arctic Circle, and the southern regions lie at the latitude of the Mediterranean. The territory of the Far East consists of the mainland, peninsular (Kamchatka, Chukotka) and insular (Sakhalin, Kuril, Commander Islands, etc.). This geographical position causes a wide variety of natural conditions.
2) Define geographical coordinates extreme northern and southern points of the Far East, compare its latitudinal position with other territories of our country.
Its extreme northern point is Cape Shelaginsky (700N, 1710E), the southernmost point is at the mouth of the Tyumen-Ula River (420N, 1300E). In comparison with other regions of the country, the Far East covers a greater number of climatic zones and has a greater variety of conditions.
3) What subjects of the federation are part of this area.
It consists of six administrative divisions: Primorsky, Khabarovsk and Kamchatka Territories. Amur, Magadan and Sakhalin regions.
Questions in a paragraph
*Remember what resources are especially rich in the seas of the Pacific Ocean, washing the shores of Russia.
The seas of the Pacific Ocean are especially rich in biological resources, have importance as international sea routes, have great recreational potential.
*Explain why in winter there are great contrasts between the temperatures of the coastal and inland regions of the Far East.
The coastal areas have a milder and more humid monsoonal climate. Due to the features of the relief, moist air masses do not penetrate deep into the mainland, and a sharply continental climate is formed in the interior.
*Name the most major rivers flowing in the temperate zone of the Far East.
Lena, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1. Indicate the most specific features of the geographical location of the Far East.
The extreme eastern position in the country and remoteness from other areas. The Far East has a large latitudinal elongation and a huge meridional one along the entire Pacific coast of Russia. The region has a long coastline.
2. Tell us about the explorers of the Far East, name and show the geographical objects that bear their names.
In the 17th century, Russian expansion began in Siberia and the Far East. Yakutsk was founded in 1632. In 1647, the Cossacks, led by Semyon Shelkovnikov, founded a winter hut on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, on the site of which Okhotsk, the first Russian port, is today. In the middle of the 17th century, Russian explorers, such as Poyarkov and Khabarov from the Yakut prison, went south to the Zeya and Amur rivers, where they encountered tribes that paid tribute to the Qing Empire (China), that is, they were under Chinese citizenship. As a result of the first Russian-Chinese conflict between Russia and the Qing Empire, the Nerchinsk Treaty was concluded, according to which the Cossacks were to transfer to the Qing government the territories of the Albazinsky Voivodeship formed on the lands of the Daurs. The treaty defined the system of trade and diplomatic relations between states. The border between the countries under the Nerchinsk Treaty in the north passed along the Gorbitsa River and the mountains of the watershed of the Amur Basin. The area of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk between the Kivun and Taikan ranges remained undelimited. At the end of the 17th century, Russian Cossacks Atlasov and Kozyrevsky began to explore the Kamchatka Peninsula, which early XVIII century was included in Russian Empire.
In 1724, Peter I sent the First Kamchatka Expedition to the peninsula, led by Vitus Bering. Expedition enriched Russian science valuable information about the eastern coast of Siberia (in particular, the territory of today's Magadan and Kamchatka regions), new maps, accurate determinations of the coordinates of the Far Eastern coast, the strait, which was later called the Bering Strait. In 1730, the Russian government organized the Second Kamchatka expedition led by Bering and Chirikov with the task of reaching the shores of America (in particular, the Aleutian Islands and Alaska). In the 18th century, Krasheninnikov, Steller, Chichagov were engaged in the exploration of Kamchatka.
In the 18th century, Old Believers and disgraced dignitaries, such as Golovkin, were exiled to Yakutia.
In the 19th century, active development of the Far East began by Russian pioneers, which was largely facilitated by the rapid weakening of the power of the Qing empire, which in 1840 was drawn into the first opium war. fighting against the combined forces of England and France in the south of the country, in the regions of Macau and Guangzhou, they pulled over significant material and human resources. The northern regions of China were left practically without any cover, which Russia did not fail to take advantage of, along with other European powers, which took an active part in the division of the decrepit Qing Empire. In 1850, Lieutenant G. I. Nevelskoy landed at the mouth of the Amur and established a military post there without permission. Convinced that the Qing administration, which by that time had not recovered from the consequences of the first opium war and bound in her actions by the outbreak of the Taiping uprising in the country, does not have the opportunity to adequately respond to the territorial claims of Russia, Nevelskoy decides to declare the mouth of the Amur and the coast of the Tatar Strait the possessions of the Russian Empire. May 14, 1854 - Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, Count N. N. Muravyov, having received from G. I. Nevelsky data on the absence of Qing military units along the Amur, organized the first rafting on the river, which included: the steamer "Argun" , 48 boats, 29 rafts and about 800 people. Rafting delivered to the lower reaches of the Amur ammunition, food, troops (a hundred Cossacks, the 2nd cavalry brigade of the Transbaikal army). Part of the troops then went by sea to Kamchatka to strengthen the Peter and Paul garrison, while part remained on Chinese territory to implement the Muravyov project for the development of the Amur region.
A year later, the second rafting took place, in which about 2.5 thousand people participated. By the end of 1855, there were already five Russian settlements in the lower reaches of the Amur: Irkutsk, Bogorodskoe, Novo-Mikhailovskoe, Sergeevskoe. In 1858, the right bank of the Amur officially ceded to Russia under the Aigun Treaty concluded with the Qing Empire.
3. Give a description of the relief of the Far East.
Almost the entire territory of the Far East belongs to the areas of Cenozoic folding. And in the far east Earth's crust especially unstable, and turmoil continues in our time. The relief of the Far East is mostly mountainous. This is a region of earthquakes and tsunamis, a seismic zone. In the south, medium-altitude and low mountains (Sikhote-Alin) prevail, high mountains (volcanoes) stand out on the Kamchatka Peninsula (Klyuchevskaya Sopka - 4750 m), there are territories with a flat relief (Central Kamchatka Plain - intermountain depression), there is also the Kolyma Highlands, Anadyr Plateau.
4. Why does the distribution of soils in the Far East differ from the zoning scheme of the Russian Plain?
The formation of certain soils is associated with relief and climate. Soils are tied in distribution to natural areas. The climate, relief, natural zones (their areas and distribution) of the Russian Plain and the Far East are different, and therefore the zonal distribution of soils is different.
