Esperanto is the most widely spoken international planned language. Doctor Esperanto(from lat. Esperanto- hoping) is the pseudonym of Dr. Ludwig (Lazar) Zamenhof, who published the basics of the language in 1887. His intention was to create an easy-to-learn, neutral language for international understanding, which, however, should not replace other languages. At the initiative of Zamenhof, an international language community was created, using Esperanto for various purposes, primarily for travel, correspondence, international meetings and cultural exchange.

The international language of Esperanto makes it possible to have direct contact with people from more than 100 countries where Esperanto is spoken alongside their mother tongue. Esperanto is the link of the international language community. Daily meetings of representatives of a dozen nations: Hungarians, Belgians, Spaniards, Poles and even Japanese, who talk about their everyday problems and share their experiences, are a common thing. Everyday Esperanto is an online discussion between twenty countries: in Indigenaj Dialogoj(Dialogues of One Begotten) Indigenous people from different parts of the world regularly exchange information in Esperanto about the preservation of their culture and rights. Everyday life of Esperanto is when a poem by an Italian published by a Belgian publishing house, a review of which can be found in a Hungarian magazine, becomes a song performed by a Danish-Swedish group and then discussed on the Internet by Brazilians and Nigerians. The world is getting closer, Esperanto is bringing people together.

Thanks to its rich application possibilities, Esperanto gradually became a living language. New concepts quickly take root in it: a mobile phone - postelefono(lit. pocket phone, pronounced "posh-telephono"), laptop - tekokomputilo(computer in the briefcase), and the Internet - Interreto(Internet). Esperanto estas mia lingvo(Esperanto is my language)

A bridge language can be learned much faster than other languages. A school experiment showed that Esperanto requires only 20-30% of the time needed to master any other language at the same level. Many learners of Esperanto begin to use it in international communication after 20 lessons. This is possible due to the fact that, firstly, Esperanto, including pronunciation, has clear rules, and secondly, with an optimal word-formation system, the number of roots that need to be memorized is small. Therefore, even speakers of non-European languages ​​find Esperanto much easier than, for example, English.

The grammar of this language is also built according to the rules, and the student quickly enough begins to confidently, and, most importantly, correctly, make sentences. A few years later, learners of Esperanto speak it as if they were their mother tongue. They actively participate in its preservation and contribute to its further development. This practically does not happen with other foreign languages: their study requires a lot of effort, and there are many exceptions to their rules.

Many of those who have mastered Esperanto also know other languages. Esperanto allows you to look at the world as a whole and arouses interest in other national cultures. Someone has learned a planned language after English and has the opportunity to communicate also with people from countries where the latter is not so popular. And someone after Esperanto began to study the languages ​​of different countries, because thanks to this artificial language he learned about these countries and wanted to get more information.

Every year there are hundreds of international meetings on Esperanto issues, not only in Europe, but also in East Asia, Africa, for example in Togo and Nigeria, in South America. Guest service helps organize personal meetings Passport Servo and the Amikeca Reto Friendship Network. You can communicate in Esperanto every day without leaving your home. There are several million pages on the Internet in this language that unites peoples, and on forums, interlocutors from dozens of countries discuss a variety of topics.

Esperanto songs have been sung for more than a hundred years. Now they are released on CD by about twenty bands, some works can be downloaded from the Internet. Every year about two hundred books and several hundred magazines are published in Esperanto, with which mainly authors from different countries collaborate. For example, Monato magazine publishes articles on politics, economics and culture in about 40 countries. About 10 radio stations broadcast in Esperanto.

Esperanto allows you to take a step towards each other to talk somewhere in the middle. There is no Esperanto-speaking country on the world map. But those who know this language can make acquaintances all over the world.

See also information about Esperanto:

Nikolaeva Evgenia

The paper tells about the most popular modern artificial language - Esperanto, which can rightfully claim to be the language of international communication.

Download:

Preview:

Municipal educational institution

secondary school No. 96

Abstract on the topic:

"Esperanto - the language of international communication"

I've done the work:

11 "A" class student

Nikolaeva Evgenia

Work checked:

teacher of Russian language

and literature

Maslova Natalya Mikhailovna

2007 - 2008 academic year

Nizhny Novgorod

1. Introduction.

1. Esperanto and other artificial languages.

1. From the history of Esperanto.

1. Basic language facts:

1. Alphabet and reading.

1. A set of diacritics.

1. Esperanto vocabulary.

1. Flexible system of word formation.

1. Grammar.

1. The main areas of use of Esperanto.

1. Esperanto speakers.

1. Modifications and descendants.

1. Problems and prospects of Esperanto.

1. Conclusion.

List of used literature:

1. Bokarev E.A. Esperanto - Russian dictionary. - M.: Russian language, 1982.

1. Big encyclopedic dictionary "Linguistics". - M., 2004.

1. Doug Goninaz. Slavic influence in Esperanto. // Problems of the international auxiliary language. - M .: "Nauka", 1991.

1. Kolker B.G. The contribution of the Russian language to the formation and development of Esperanto: Abstract. - M., 1985.

1. What is Esperanto? // Website www.esperanto.mv.ru.

1. Esperanto - what it is, where to study. // Site esperanto.nm.ru.

1. Language as the most important mechanism for promoting tolerance: Broadcast on Radio Liberty. - 17.08.2006.

Esperanto and other artificial languages

Interlinguistics- a section of linguistics that studies interlingual communication and international languages ​​as a means of such communication.

The large encyclopedic dictionary "Linguistics" gives the following definition of artificial languages: "Constructed languages- sign systems created for use in areas where the use of natural language is less effective or impossible.

There are so-called "non-specialized general-purpose languages" or "international artificial languages". Any international artificial language is called planned if he received realization in communication; less implemented artificial languages ​​are calledlinguistic projects. Only published linguistic projects by different researchers number up to 2 thousand or more (idioms - neutral (1893 - 1898), interlingua (1951), loglan, ro), while the number of planned languages ​​​​does not exceed a dozen (Volapyuk, Ido (1907 ), Interlingua, Latin-Blue-Flexione, Novial (1928), Occidental, Esperanto (1887)) (according to other sources, about 600 artificial languages).

Human fantasy is unbridled. Tolkienists, of course, will remember Quenya, and fans of the endless Star Trek series - Klingon; programming languages, in essence, are artificial languages, there are also formalized scientific languages ​​and information languages. The grammar of these languages ​​is built on the example of ethnic languages; artificial languages ​​and vocabulary (primarily international) are borrowed from ethnic languages.

Let's highlight the most popular and interesting of the above languages.

1. The first known project was the language project called"universalglot", which was published in 1868 by the Frenchman Jean Pirro. First of all, this language had a simple morphology, systematized along the lines of the Romance and Germanic languages. Pirro himself said that when creating a universalglot, he, first of all, chose the most popular and easily pronounceable words from different living languages. The public, however, did not appreciate the efforts of the Frenchman and did not speak his language.
2. In Quenya elves spoke. Of course, the elves did not exist in reality - and they themselves, and this language was invented by Professor J. R. R. Tolkien for Middle-earth, in which the events of the world-famous fantasy saga "The Lord of the Rings" unfolded. Naturally, the writer did not do this from scratch, but took Latin as a basis, borrowing phonetics and spelling from Finnish and Greek. In general, according to the Professor, Quenya in the times described in the novel was about the same as Latin is for us, that is, a dead language; elves - contemporaries of the ring-bearer, the hobbit Frodo Baggins, already spoke a different dialect, but wrote everything down using the tengwar script.

Calligraphy in tengwara

1. Specially for the American science fiction series "Star Trek" (Star Trek), professional linguist Mark Okrand invented the language Klingons (races of aliens). This language was created on the basis of the dialect of the American Indians Mutsun, the last of which died in the 30s of the last century. It is said that the US intelligence agencies used this rare language in radio communications so that the Russians would not understand.

Klingon

1. Another artificial language saltresol. People who know the notes, for sure, guess that this is a language whose words are made up of seven syllables, and these syllables are nothing more than notes (do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-si). Solresol was invented by the Frenchman Jean-Francois Sudre in 1817 and was subsequently improved by other specialists. You can speak and write in this language as you like: even with colors, even with the names of notes, even with signal flags; you can play a musical instrument or communicate in the language of the deaf and dumb.

Solresol Recording Capabilities

This language did not become relatively popular, losing its positions, like other artificial languages, Esperanto.

1. There are between 2 and 20 million people in the world who speak Esperanto - a language invented in 1887 not by a linguist, but by an oculist, Czech Ludwik Zamenhof. Esperanto, which was conceived by its creator as "auxiliary, the simplest and easiest international" language, is the result of ten years of work; named after the author's pseudonym. The Esperanto alphabet is built on the basis of Latin with the addition of some features, and new words are formed from elements already existing in the language.

Bible in Esperanto

Problems and prospects of Esperanto

For Esperantists, the question of the prospects of the language is rather painful. At the beginning of the 20th century, the influence of Esperanto grew continuously; it was especially great inthe USSR in the 1920s, when this language, with the filingTrotsky has been widely studied as "the language of the world revolution". Esperanto was actively used in the network of "work correspondents" (work correspondents). At that time, even the inscriptions on postal envelopes were duplicated in two languages, Russian and Esperanto. However, already in the 1930s and 1940s, Esperanto speakers were subjected to repression: in the USSR - as "Trotskyists", "spies" and "terrorists", and in the territories controlled by Nazi Germany - as supporters of the "pro-Jewish" doctrine. In the USSR and Germany, the Esperanto movement actually ceased to exist.

In the 1950s, when Esperanto began to legalize again, the place of the de facto international language was taken byEnglish , in this regard, the growth in the number of Esperanto supporters is slower (for example, the number of individual members of the World Esperanto Association (UEA) even decreased from 8071 people in 1991 to 5657 in 2002, the fall in the number of associate members in 1991 - from 25 to 19 thousand - is explained by the crisis of the Esperanto movement in the socialist countries, especially in Bulgaria and Hungary, after the abolition of state support for local associations that were part of the UEA). In classical Esperanto organizations (the World Esperanto Association, the Russian Union of Esperantists and others) in recent years there has been an equalization in the number of members, and the number of people who learn and use Esperanto on the Internet and do not join any organizations is also increasing.

At present, most Esperanto periodicals look rather poor, including the illustrated social and political magazine Monato (one of the most popular).

Among the possible prospects for the use of Esperanto in the Esperanto community, the idea of ​​introducing Esperanto as an auxiliary language is now especially popular.European Union . It is believed that such use of Esperanto would make interlingual communication in Europe more efficient and equal. Proposals for a more serious consideration of Esperanto at the European level have been made by some European politicians and entire parties, there are examples of the use of Esperanto in European politics (for example, the Esperanto versions of Le Monde Diplomatic and the newsletter "Conspectus rerum latinus" during the EU PresidencyFinland ).

"Europe needs a single language - an intermediary, lingua franca", - such a statement was made on the pages of the large daily newspaper "Sydsvenska Dagbladet" by the co-founder of the Swedish Green Party Per Garton, who proposes three candidates for the role of the intermediary language: Latin, Esperanto and French. According to the Swedish politician,« it will take only one or two generations for the political decision to introduce Latin or Esperanto to become a reality in the European Union». Garton considers the further spread of English as an international language as a threat to the independence and identity of the EU.

Recently, the number of new Esperantists has been growing especially actively thanks to the Internet. For example, a multilingual online resourcelernu! is the largest source of new Esperanto learners on the web.

Modifications and descendants

Despite its easy grammar, Esperanto has some drawbacks. Because of this, Esperanto had such supporters who wanted to change the language for the better, as they thought, side. But since by that time already existedFundamento de Esperanto , Esperanto was impossible to reform. Then the reformers found a solution: they created new planned languages ​​that differed from Esperanto. The most noticeable branch of linguistic projects - descendants traces its history fromthe year the language was createdido . The creation of the language gave rise to a split in the Esperanto movement: some of the former Esperantists switched to Ido. However, most Esperanto speakers remained true to their language. However, in 1928, Ido itself fell into a similar situation after the appearance of an “improved Ido” - the languagenovial . Less visible branches are languagesedo and Esperantido , which differ from Esperanto only in a modified spelling. Until our time, all four languages ​​have almost lost their supporters.

Esperanto speakers

It is difficult to say how many people speak Esperanto today. The most optimistic sources give estimates of up to 500 million people worldwide. The well-known site Ethnologue.com estimates the number of Esperanto speakers at 2 million people, and, according to the site, 2,000 people speak their native language (usually these are children from international marriages, where Esperanto serves as the language of intra-family communication).

There is no doubt that a really large number of educated people have at some time become familiar with Esperanto, although not all of them have become active users of it as a result. The prevalence of a language among educated people can be indirectly judged by the volume of Wikipedia in this language, which (as of May 2007) contains over 84,000 articles and ranks 15th in this indicator, significantly surpassing many national languages. Hundreds of new translations and originals are published each year.books in Esperanto, writtensongs and films are made. There are also many newspapers and magazines published in Esperanto; there isradio stations , broadcasting in Esperanto (for example,China Radio International (CRI) and Polish radio ). In November 2005, the first worldwide Internet television in Esperanto was launched.Internacia Televido (ITV).

In Russia, the publishing house "Impeto" (Moscow ) and " season" (Kaliningrad ), literature is periodically published in non-specialized publishing houses, an organ is publishedRussian Union of Esperantists « Rusia Esperanto-Gazeto» (Russian Esperanto - newspaper), monthly independent magazine "La Ondo de Esperanto» ("The Esperanto Wave") and a number of less significant publications.

With the advent of new Internet technologies such aspodcasting , many Esperantists got the opportunity to self-broadcast on the Internet. One ("Green Radio") which regularly broadcasts from of the year.

Most Esperantists are open to international and intercultural contacts. Many of them travel to attend conventions and festivals where Esperanto speakers meet old friends and make new ones. Many Esperantists have correspondents around the world and are often willing to host a traveling Esperantist for a few days. Visiting exchange network popular among Esperanto speakersPassport Servo .

famous science fiction writerHarry Harrison he speaks Esperanto himself and actively promotes it in his works. In the world of the future he describes, the inhabitants of the Galaxy speak mainly Esperanto. Esperanto is the most successful of all artificial languages.

Dominic Pellet has translated the well-known text editor Vim into Esperanto - he announced this in a mail group (programistoj - respondas), where Esperanto-speaking information technology specialists gather.

The Slovak publishing house Espero, which has been operating since 2003, plans to release a collection of Stan Marchek's crossword puzzles, a book of poems by Iranian poets, an electronic Esperanto-Slovak dictionary on a laser disc, and several more books and discs.

The publishing house of the Flemish Esperanto League (FEL) is preparing a translation of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species and several novels at once, includingThe Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas translated by Daniel Moiran.

In New York, the Mondial publishing house has already publishedEsperanto translation of "White on Black" by Gallego (Ruben Gallego, Laureate of Booker - 2003 , the author of the novel wrote a special preface to the Esperanto edition: “I thank all future Esperanto readers for the beautiful Esperanto language, for their attention to my work. Read. This is a good book. I hope, I really want to believe that bad books are not translated and written in the language of dreams, the language of hope - Esperanto"), is working on a 740-page tome entitled "Concise Encyclopedia of the Original Literature of Esperanto" ("A Concise Encyclopedia of the Original Literature of Esperanto"). Literature in Esperanto). The book promises to be the most comprehensive reference guide to non-translatable Esperanto literature.

Mikhail Bronstein published the novel Ten Days of Captain Postnikov,published by the Impeto publishing house in Russian translation Anatoly Radaev. The action of the novel takes place in 1910 - 1911 with excursions into the past and the future; scenes - Moscow, St. Petersburg and the steamer "George Washington", on which Alexander Postnikov, the protagonist of the novel, went to the 6th World Esperanto Congress in the USA. On the way to America, Postnikov talks a lot with Ludwik Markovich Zamenhof, the "initiator" of Esperanto - from such dialogues, the reader, among other things, learns a lot about the life of the creator of Esperanto himself.

It looks like 2008 will be rich in encyclopedias - a biographical guide about famous Esperantists is being prepared by the Kaliningrad publishing house "Sezonoj". There will also be translations by Jules Verne and Borges.

Main Uses of Esperanto

1. Periodicals.

Many periodicals are published in Esperanto, among them about 10 are known all over the world (“Esperanto”, “LaOndodeEsperanto”, “Monato”, “Kontakto”, “LaGazeto”, “Fonto”, “Literatura Foiro” and others). Most of the publications are organs of various Esperanto organizations (for example, “Esperanto” is the organ of the World Esperanto Association; “RusiaEsperanto-Gazeto” is a joint publication of the Russian Esperanto Union and the Russian Youth Esperanto Movement), but there are also “independent” publications: most the most famous of them is the Monato magazine: it publishes various materials in Esperanto, but never about Esperanto.

1. Correspondence.

From the very first days of its existence, Esperanto served for international (primarily private) correspondence. Many people are attracted by the opportunity, having mastered one language, to acquire correspondents in various countries of the world.

1. Internet .

The spread of the Internet has a beneficial effect on all dispersed language communities, including Esperanto speakers. Now it is possible to practice the language every day (and not only during international Esperanto meetings) in chat rooms, on news sites, in mail groups, forums and so on. There is an opinion, which is difficult to confirm or refute, that Esperanto ranks second on the Web in terms of the volume of use for interlingual communication. There are distance courses for teaching Esperanto via the Internet, many people communicate in Esperanto on the Web for several years, while not having the experience of oral communication.

1. Esperanto meetings.

Various kinds of congresses, summer camps, festivals and so on. Since the first mass congress in Boulogne - sur - Mayor, this area of ​​​​use of Esperanto has been very popular. Meetings are mass (World Esperanto Congress, IJK, RET and others) and specialized (Congress of Railway Workers, Meeting of Cat Lovers, Table Tennis Championship and the like).

1. Use in international families.

There are about a thousand international families in which the main language of family communication is Esperanto. According to the websitewww.ethnologue.com up to 2 thousand people are considered native speakers (denaskaj parolantoj) of Esperanto (these are not necessarily the children of international marriages, there are about many children in Russia who know Esperanto as their native language with both Russian parents).

1. aesthetic function.

Contrary to expectations, almost since its inception, Esperanto has been used to write original fiction (both prose and poetry). In 1993, an Esperanto section was formed in the international organization of writers PEN. The first Esperanto novel, Kastelode Prelongo, was published as early as 1907. Esperanto phraseology, "catch phrases" and idioms in this language have become a popular topic for Esperanto studies.

1. The science .

Esperanto is the working language of the International Academy of San Marino (AIS). In a number of Eastern European countries (including Russia and Estonia) there are universities where students are required to study Esperanto in the first or second year, and the thesis must be accompanied by a brief annotation in IL (InternaciaLingvo), as Esperanto is often called in AIS . The Esperanto Academy publishes “AkademiajStudoj”, collections of articles are published in Germany, France and other countries. Since the 1920s, a lot of work has been done to develop terminology, dozens of terminological dictionaries (general and special: in chemistry, physics, medicine, law, railways and other sciences) have been published.

1. Propaedeutics.

Esperanto is taught in a number of schools around the world as the first language before learning an ethnic language (more often French or Italian). The experiments carried out confirmed the effectiveness of this method. In Gymnasium No. 271 (St. Petersburg), all children learn Esperanto in the first grade, and French in the second grade (Esperanto remains an elective in the middle grades).

1. Business language.

There are examples of the successful use of Esperanto in commerce, in the implementation of major international projects (in particular, the creation of multilingual sites on the Internet, the development of IP-telephony, the organization of international tourism, and so on).

1. Politics and propaganda.

During the Cold War era, Esperanto was actively used by the countries of the socialist camp (China, Hungary, Bulgaria, to a lesser extent Poland and the USSR) to promote socialism. For example, the famous “Red Book” (Mao's quotation book) was published in Esperanto, many of Lenin's works were published, periodicals about life in the PRC, the USSR and other countries were published. Cuba and China continue to broadcast regular shortwave programs in Esperanto to this day. In China, there are regularly updated information sites in Esperanto, such as http://esperanto.cri.com.cn and others.

Grammar

Valid

Passive

Future tense

Ont-

present tense

Ant-

Past tense

Int-

Degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives

The degrees of comparison are conveyed by additional words. Comparative degree - pli (more), malpli (less), excellent - la plej (most) (for example, important - grava, more important - pli grava, most important - la plej grava).

Pronouns and pronominal adverbs

Another convenient system in Esperanto involves the connection of pronouns and some adverbs by dividing them into structural elements.

	quality	causes	time	places	image actions	direction- leniya	belong- bedtime	subject	quantity	faces
indefinite
collective	ĉia	ĉial	ĉiam	eie	ĉiel	ĉien	ĉies	Geo	ĉiom	ĉiu
interrogative		kial	kiam		kiel	Kien	kies		kiom
negative	nenia	neial	neniam	nenie	neniel	nenien	nenies	neonio	neniom	neniu
index		tial	tiam		tiel	Tien	ties		thyom

Flexible word-formation system

Perhaps the main success of Esperanto is its flexible word-formation system. The language contains several dozenprefixes and suffixes , having a constant value and allowing to form from a small numberroots many new words.

Here are some of suffixes :

-et - diminutive suffix
-eg - augmentative suffix,
-ar - a suffix denoting a set of objects,
-il - suffix denoting instrument,
-ul - suffix of a person, creature,
-i - a modern suffix for designating countries.

With the help of these suffixes, it is possible to form words from the roots arb-, dom-, skrib-, bel-, rus- (tree-, house-, pis-, kras-, russ-):

arbeto - tree,
arbaro - forest,
domego - house,
skribilo - pen (or pencil);,
belulo - handsome
Rusio - Russia.

There are also, for example, suffixes that make it possible to form the names of fruit trees from the names of fruits ( piro "pear", pirujo “pear (tree)”), part of the whole (-er-), thing; there are prefixes with the meanings “kinship through marriage” (bo-), “both sexes” (ge-), an antonym to this word (mal-).

Diacritics set

Specifically Esperanto letters with "lids" (diacritics ) are not found in the standard Windows keyboard layouts, which led to the creation of special programs for quickly typing these letters (Ek! , addition to firefox abcTajpu , macros for Microsoft Word , custom keyboard layouts, and others). There are Esperanto layouts underlinux : specifically in the standard distributionubuntu . Most Internet sites (including the Esperanto section of Wikipedia) automatically convert characters with x's typed in postpositions (x is not included in the Esperanto alphabet and can be considered as a service character) into characters with diacritics (for example, from the combination jx turns out ĵ ). Similar typing systems with diacritics (two consecutively pressed keys type one character) exist in keyboard layouts for other languages ​​as well, such as the "Canadian multilingual" layout for typing French diacritics. A letter can also be used instead of a diacritic. h in postposition (Zamenhof advised this alternative notation in the first language textbook: "Printing houses that do not have the letters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ may initially use ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, u”), but this method makes the spelling non-phonemic and makes automatic sorting and transcoding difficult. With the spreadUnicode this method (as well as others, such as diacritics in postposition - g’o, g^o and the like) is less and less common in Esperanto texts.

Basic language facts

Esperanto is intended to serve as a universal international language, the second (after the native) for every educated person. It is assumed that the presence of a neutral (non-ethnic) and easy-to-learn language could bring interlingual contacts to a qualitatively new level. In addition, Esperanto has a large- greatly facilitates the subsequent study of other languages.

Alphabet and reading

Alphabet Esperanto is based onLatin . Alphabetically 28 letters : A, B, C, Ĉ, D, E, F, G, Ĝ, H, Ĥ, I, J, Ĵ, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, Ŝ, T, U , Ŭ, V, Z (special letters addedĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ; graphemes q, w, x, y are not included in the Esperanto alphabet), which correspond to 28 sounds - five vowels, two semivowels and 21 consonants. In the alphabet, letters are called like this: consonants - consonant + o, vowels - just a vowel: A - a, B-bo C - co and so on.

Each letter corresponds to one sound (phonemic letter). The reading of a letter does not depend on the position in the word (in particular, voiced consonants at the end of a word are not stunned, unstressed vowels are not reduced). Stress in words is fixed - it always falls on the second syllable from the end (the last syllable of the stem). The pronunciation of many letters can be assumed without special training (M, N, K and others), the pronunciation of others must be remembered:

• C(co ) is pronounced like Russian c: centro, sceno [scene], caro [tsaro] "king",
• Ĉ (ĉo ) is pronounced like Russian h: ĉefo "chief", "head"; ,
• G (go ) is always read as g: grupo, geografio [geographic],
• Ĝ (ĝo) African , pronounced like a slur jj (as in the quickly spoken word "jungle"), it does not have an exact match in Russian: Cardeno [giardeno] - garden, etaco [etajo] "floor",
• H(ho ) is pronounced as a voiceless overtone (English h): horizonto , sometimes as Ukrainian or South Russian "g",
• Ĥ (ĥo ) is pronounced like Russian x:ĥameleono, ĥirurgo, ĥolero,
• J (jo) - like Russian th: jaguaro, jam "already",
• Ĵ (ĵo) - Russian f: ĵargono, ĵaluzo "jealousy", ĵurnalisto,
• L (lo) - neutral l (the wide boundaries of this phoneme make it possible to pronounce it like the Russian “soft l”),
• Ŝ (ŝo) - Russian sh: ŝi - she, ŝablono,
• Ŭ (ŭo ) - short y corresponding to English w and modern Polish ł; in Russian it is heard in the words "pause", "howitzer": paŭzo [paўzo], Eŭropo [europo] "Europe". This letter is a semivowel and does not form a syllable.

From the history of Esperanto

The creator of Esperanto, doctor Ludvik Markovich Zamenhof, was fluent in several languages, two of which were Slavic (Russian and Polish ). The first Esperanto textbook was published inWarsaw summer years in Russian, then in 1887 - 1888 - in Polish, German and French, a little later - in English. He signed his work "Doctor Esperanto", which is translated from Esperanto as "Hopeful". Zamenhof hoped that this language would win. Time dictated that such a language is simply vital.

During the entire first period of its history (1887-) the new language was most actively spread in Russia. Three-quarters of the subscribers of the first Esperanto periodicals ("Lingvo International» and " La Esperantisto» ) were subjectsRussian Empire . Among the first translations that laid the foundations of the Esperanto literary style were the works of Russian writers: N.V.Gogol , "Snowstorm" A.S. Pushkin , "Princess Mary" M.Yu.Lermontov other.

Until the early 20th century, Esperanto was essentially a written language. According to Edmond Prive, in the West, supporters of the language did not dare to speak it, although they had already written, composed and translated a lot. The Esperantist magazine in November 1902 publishes the impressions of the Russian colonel Levitsky on a trip to France, who colorfully describes his first conversation in Esperanto: how difficult and unusual it was in the first minutes, and how after an hour the speakers forgot that everyone speaks a foreign language for themselves language. Esperanto magazines of that time are full of similar impressions - the use of Esperanto in oral communication was still a curiosity.

A new stage in the use of the language unfolded on the shores of the Pas de Calais: in August 1904, meetings of the Esperantists of England and France were held in the cities of Dover and Calais, where there were a lot of people who were surprised by the simplicity and logic of the language. The success of these meetings gave birth to the idea of ​​the World Esperanto Congress.

In 1905, in the French city of Boulogne-sur-Mare, the first World Esperanto Congress was held, which brought together 700 participants from many countries of the world. Here, for the first time, many heard how songs in the new language sound; there have been many different discussions - in particular, the well-known "Declaration on the Essence of Esperantism" was adopted, which emphasizes that "anyone who knows and uses the Esperanto language, regardless of goals" is called an Esperantist, that is, according to this declaration, "Esperantist" - "speaking Esperanto". Since then, the use of Esperanto for the preparation of various statements, manifestos and similar documents has become one of the most frequent areas of use of this language.

The First World War interrupted the rapid development of Esperanto in Europe. During the war in the occupiedL. Zamenhof died in Warsaw.

After the war, a new sphere of language use was clearly outlined - political. Esperanto became popular among the workers and socialists of the young Soviet Republic, even supported by the authorities, because it corresponded to the idea of ​​a world revolution (the world language could, according to the then leaders, could be the language of a world revolution). In the 1920s, inscriptions on Soviet postcards were made simultaneously in Russian and Esperanto, radio broadcasts were made in Esperanto, and books were published. By the mid-1930s, the opinion began to be voiced that it would be logical to make Esperanto the language of interethnic communication in the USSR. This would be entirely in line with Lenin's national policy ("no privileges to any of the languages!"). The Esperanto University was founded in Leningrad. However, the Stalinist repressions left nothing of the Esperanto movement in the country: the situation when a simple Soviet worker corresponded directly with the workers of France, Germany and other countries did not suit the leader (it is documented that these letters also expressed disillusionment with Soviet-style socialism); in addition, those who carried a foreign culture were considered enemies of the people, and Esperantists, moreover, went to congresses abroad. The communists accused the supporters of the Esperanto language of cosmopolitanism, that it was an alien ideology for the country. Many Esperantists were repressed and shot. And only after the war

Esperanto also became deadly in Nazi Germany, where it was declared the language of Jews and communists.

During the Second World War, Esperanto speakers in Switzerland did a great deal for the transit of letters and help between the warring parties. In the 1950s, UNESCO adopted a resolution recognizing the cultural value of Esperanto, its value for public diplomacy and the merits of Esperantists in the struggle for peace. At the same time, after the death of Stalin, Esperanto was also reborn in the USSR - this was facilitated by the accession to the Soviet Union of the Baltic States, in which Esperantists were not repressed; the revival was even forced "from above" in connection with the International Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow in 1957.

Currently, there are (according to various sources) from 2 to 500 million Esperanto speakers in the world (only in St. Petersburg alone, there are slightly less than 1 million Esperanto speakers). This language is popular in Hungary, Poland, France, Japan and many other countries. ATyear Universala Esperanto-Asocio (UEA,World Esperanto Association ) had members in 114 countries. There are about 120 Esperanto clubs in different countries. One of them is the St. Petersburg club "Esperanto", which in 2008 will celebrate 116 years since its foundation and 52 years since its revival (before the revolution, Grand Duke Konstantin Romanov was a member of the club).

Every year, the World Esperanto Congress (Universala Kongreso) is held in different countries of the world (2006 - Florence, 2007 - Japan, in 2008 the 93rd Esperanto Congress in Africa will be held), which gathers from one and a half to five thousand participants.

Other artificial languages, before they had time to appear, suffered a fiasco, because no culture developed around them. A lot of literature has been written in Esperanto; there is a virtual country of Esperantido with its president, the Italian writer Rinato Corsetti; Esperantists also have their own anthem, flag, and emblem.

Esperanto vocabulary

Most of the Esperanto vocabulary consists of Romance and Germanic roots, as well as internationalisms.Latin and Greek origin. There are a small number of stems borrowed from or through the Slavic (Russian and Polish) languages. Borrowed words adapt toEsperanto phonology and are written in the phonemic alphabet (that is, the original spelling of the source language is not preserved).

• Borrowing fromFrench : when borrowed from French, most stems have undergone regular sound changes (for example, /sh/ became /h/). Many Esperanto verb stems are taken from French ( iri "to go", maĉi "to chew", marŝi "to walk", kuri "to run", promeni "walk" and others).
• Borrowing fromEnglish : at the time of the founding of Esperanto as an international project, the English language did not have its current distribution, so the English vocabulary is rather poorly represented in the main vocabulary of Esperanto ( fajro "fire", birdo "bird", jes "yes" and some other words). True, several international anglicisms have recently entered the Esperanto dictionary, such as bajto "byte" (but also "bitoko" - literally "bit-eight"), blogo "blog", defaŭlte "default",managerero"manager" and others.
• Borrowing fromGerman : the main vocabulary of Esperanto includes such German stems asNur"only",danko"gratitude",ŝlosi"lock up"morgatu"tomorrow",tago"day",jaro"year" and others.
• Borrowing fromSlaviclanguages:barakti"flounder",klopodi"to bother"kartavi"burr",krom"except" and others.

On the whole, the Esperanto lexical system manifests itself as autonomous, reluctant to borrow new foundations. For new concepts, a new word is usually created from elements already existing in the language, which is facilitated by the rich possibilities of word formation. This feature of the language allows you to minimize the number of roots and affixes needed to master Esperanto. A vivid illustration here can be a comparison with the Russian language:

• Englishsite, rus.website, esp.racaro,
• Englishprinter, rus.Printer, esp.printilo,
• Englishbrowser, rus.browser/ browser, esp.retumilo, krozilo,
• Englishinternet, rus.the Internet, esp.interreto.

Regarding the Slavic influence onphonological level, we can say that in Esperanto there is not a single phoneme that would not be in Russian or Polish. The Esperanto alphabet resembles the Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovene alphabets (there are no symbolsq, w, x, characters with diacritics are actively used:ĉ , ĝ , ĥ , ĵ , ŝ , ŭ ). In vocabulary, with the exception of words denoting purely Slavic realities (bareo"borscht" and others) from 2612 roots, presented in "Universala Vortaro" ( ) only 29 could be borrowed from Russian or Polish. Explicit Russian borrowings arebanto, barakti, gladi, kartavi, krom(Besides),kruta, nepre(of course)rights, vosto(tail) and some others. However, the Slavic influence in vocabulary is manifested in the active use of prepositions as prefixes with a change in meaning (for example,sub"under",aceti"buy" -subaceti"bribe";aŭskulti"listen" -subatskulti"eavesdrop"). The doubling of the stems is identical to that in Russian:plena - plena- compare: "full-full",finfine- compare: "in the end." Some Slavicisms of the first years of Esperanto were leveled over time: for example, the verbelrigardi(el-rigard-i) "look" replaced with new -aspect. In the syntax of some prepositions and conjunctions, the Slavic influence is preserved, which was once even greater (kvankam teorie… sed en la praktiko…“although in theory… but in practice…”). According to the Slavic model, the coordination of times is also carried out (Li diriske li jam faristion"He said he already did it"Li diris, ke li estostie"He said he would be there."

Also, the system of conjunctions in Esperanto is largely similar to the system of conjunctions in Russian:

	KI-	TI-	I-	NENI-	ĈI-
U	kiu tothen	tiu tfrom	iu who-then	neniu neitherwho	ĉiu sunyakiy
O	kio what	tio tfrom	io what-then	neonio neitherwhat	Geo sune
A	kia towhat	tia twhat	ia which-then	nenia neitherwhich	ĉia sunyachesky
E	kie where	tie tam	ie where-then	nenie neitherwhere	eie indriving
EN	Kien togood luck	Tien tgood luck	ien where-then	nenien neitherwhere	ĉien anywhere
AM	kiam towhen	tiam twhen	iam when-then	neniam neitherwhen	ĉiam sunalways
OM	kiom withtoonly	thyom withtonly	iom how many-then	neniom neitherhow many	ĉiom entirely
EL	kiel toak	tiel tak	iel as-then	neniel neitheras	ĉiel suncellularly
AL	kial why	tial ontamu	ial why-then	neial for no reason	ĉial onsunfor some reason
ES	kies whose	ties twow	ies whose-then	nenies neitherwhose	ĉies sunex

It can be said that the influence of the Slavic languages ​​(primarily Russian) on Esperanto is much stronger than is commonly believed, and exceeds the influence of the Romance and Germanic languages. Modern Esperanto, after the "Russian" and "French" periods, has entered the so-called "international" period, when individual ethnic languages ​​no longer have a serious influence on its further development.

Specialized vocabulary is not sufficiently developed, although active work is underway in this area. In different years, special dictionaries were published, including multilingual ones, in mathematics, chemistry, medicine and other sciences. The insufficient development of terminology is often cited as one of the reasons for the relatively small spread of Esperanto. In colloquial Esperanto, there is a tendency to replace words of Latin origin with words formed from Esperanto roots in a descriptive manner (flood -altakvaĵoinstead of vocabularyinundo, extra -troainstead of vocabularysuperflua, as in the proverbla tria estas troa - third wheeletc). In Russian, the most famous are Esperanto - Russian and Russian - Esperanto dictionaries, compiled by a famous Caucasian linguist

The globalization of the modern world shows more and more cultural pluralism and at the same time requires more and more unity, including linguistic. That is, there must be some kind of common language that does not belong to any people, but carries the culture of different peoples, a language that unites people, and does not divide.

More than 100 years ago, Ludwik Zamenhof (1859-1917) created an auxiliary artificial language Esperanto, which does not displace national languages ​​and acts as a peacemaking language of international communication. Today it is owned by tens of millions of people in almost all countries of the world. It has every reason to become the language of global communication in the 21st century.

This project is designed for decades and involves the gradual spread in the world of a single international language of communication, which, from our point of view, can only be the artificial language Esperanto. This language cannot replace the existing national languages, it should only supplement them, performing the function of the language of international communication. The limitation of this function will not allow him to replace international communication with the ethnic features of this or that natural language. Esperanto is intended to serve as a universal international language, the second (after the native) for every educated person. In addition, Esperanto has a largepedagogical (propaedeutic) value - greatly facilitates the subsequent study of other languages. Knowledge of the Esperanto language from a young age will increase the level of tolerance in society, that is, instill tolerance for other languages, for other views.

The now widespread English language cannot effectively fulfill the function of the language of international communication precisely because of its national identity. The spread of English in this function expresses the social inequality of languages ​​and cultures. Any non-speaking ethnic group will ask the question: "Why are the national features of the English language elevated to the rank of a world language?" The dominance of the English language arouses suspicion, introduces additional disharmony and cultural friction. In addition, English itself exists in various versions: American, Australian, Caribbean, Canadian, South African, New Zealand, Irish, and so on, which significantly complicates not only international communication in general, but also communication between ethnic groups speaking different English languages. And in order to preserve the originality of English culture, it is hardly advisable to turn this language into an international one. Genuine globalism preserves rather than suppresses identity. Many sociologists rightly pointed out the perniciousness and fallacy of the spread of English as an international language: A. Touraine, M. Veverka, M. Sasaki, T. Suzuki and others.

On the other hand, why should Spanish, Chinese, Arabic, African and other language worlds on the planet use English for international communication? Why not vice versa? Such questions are quite legitimate and justified. They are removed by the voluntary adoption of an artificial language equal to all without exception.

Esperanto, which has been tested for more than a century, has millions of adherents in almost 120 countries of the world, is very simple and convenient to use, write and pronounce. The "Declaration of Esperantism", adopted in 1905 by the International Congress of Esperantists, defines the essence of Esperanto and Esperantism in this way: , would give people of different nations the opportunity to communicate with each other, which could serve as a peacekeeping language of public institutions in those countries where different nations are at enmity with each other because of the language ... Since at present not a single researcher in the world doubts that international only an artificial language can be a language, and since practically all of the great many attempts made over the past two centuries are only theoretical projects, and the language is really complete, comprehensively tested, completely viable and in all respects the most suitable is only one language - E Speranto, supporters of the idea of ​​an international language, realizing that a theoretical dispute will lead nowhere and the goal can only be achieved by practical work, have long united around one language - Esperanto - and are working to spread it and enrich its literature.

Tetrasociology, as a global theory of social space-time, generalizes the arguments for asserting Esperanto as a single auxiliary language parallel to the national world language. They are the following:

1. Global space - the time of the modern social world, created by global communications and technologies, exacerbates the issue of adopting a single world language. It becomes a necessary condition for further development, improving the quality of technology, labor, culture, interethnic cooperation, marriages, interfaith associations. The powerful pluralism generated by the Internet requires adequate unity, including language.
2. English, as the most common language, cannot claim the status of a world language, since it inevitably limits the vision of the world to the English-language vision (A. Touraine, T. Suzuki), the dominance of which is recognized as “harmful” for other national languages ​​and world culture. In addition, the interests of preserving the English-speaking identity will sooner or later become an insurmountable obstacle to its transformation into a single language.
3. Of all the artificial languages, Esperanto is extremely easy to use and proven by centuries of practice. There is no better candidate for the role of a single language.

Sociologists can help Esperanto establish itself as a single language of international communication, for example by putting forward the idea of ​​convening a World Summit on Esperanto and adopting it as the official language of the International Sociological Association.

ESPERANTO". SELF-EDUCATIONAL

“In order for people to be able to understand each other, it is necessary either that all languages ​​\u200b\u200bof themselves merge into one, which, if it ever happens, will only be after a long time: or, finally, that all people of different nationalities -would have one international lite language and everyone would learn it"
L. N. Tolstoy. Collected works, vol. 6, p. 101

INSTEAD OF FOREWORD

Thinkers have dreamed of creating a world language since ancient times. In the Middle Ages, Latin played the role of the world language. But Latin is very difficult. Attempts to "revive" it in our time have not been successful. Too difficult to learn and all the "living" national languages. And, most importantly, the use of any national language as an international one infringes on the rights of all other peoples. We need a neutral language, not belonging to a separate people; it should be an auxiliary language, complementary to the native language. Esperanto (meaning "hoping") fulfills all the desirable requirements of an auxiliary language of communication, it is time-tested (created by Esperanto in 1887 by Dr. Ludwig Zamenhof). This language from the very beginning attracted wide attention for its elegance, simplicity and ease of learning. The Esperanto language was recognized and mastered by such prominent people as Leo Tolstoy, Jules Verne, Albert Einstein, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, Maxim Gorky, Lu Xin, Rabindranath Tagore. Esperanto language enthusiasts have created terminological dictionaries for all branches of science. All classical and many modern works of world literature have been translated into Esperanto. The League of Nations, the UN and UNESCO have repeatedly recommended that all countries introduce Esperanto into the school curriculum. This language is so simple that schoolchildren could easily master it within one academic year.
One should not be afraid that the widespread introduction of the Esperanto language may adversely affect the purity of national languages. On the contrary, he will only strengthen the dignity of his native language and, at the same time, give confidence in the real possibility of communicating with the whole world. The merits of introducing a neutral international language are invaluable. The use of English as an international communication is already causing discord in united Europe on the issue of language priority and is perceived by the countries of the European community as an expansion of the American negative subculture.
The ability to relatively easily and quickly learn the Esperanto language, combined with its euphoniousness and excellent expressive possibilities of communicating in it, made it very popular not only in Europe, but also in the countries of the East, in America, in Africa, in almost all countries of the world. . At present, many works of world classics have been translated into Esperanto, and “their own” original literature is being created with great success; more than a hundred books and periodicals are published annually. There are conferences on the Internet dedicated to Esperanto: soc.culture.esperanto and alt.talk.esperanto. With the spread of the Internet, the situation becomes fundamentally different. Mastering English, like any language of any other nationality, requires incomparably more effort and time than learning Esperanto. Each person can easily be convinced of this himself, at the first acquaintance with the grammar and vocabulary of Esperanto, and with the proposed methodology for independently studying this language of interethnic communication.
The more fully a person masters the Esperanto language, the more his faith in his own strength will increase. Immediately, from the first days of learning Esperanto, you will feel admiration for the richness of the language and its simplicity, which has long since become unartificial, but wonderful, lively and poetic. Literary and musical-poetic works in Esperanto are distributed in large numbers. On the Internet, Esperanto ranks second in the amount of information about it after English. There is no doubt that the Esperanto language will continue to develop. Paying tribute to the great achievements in the development of the Esperanto language over the 120 years of its existence (created in 1887), it will continue to improve. The Esperanto-Russian dictionary includes the most popular words in the world, taken from all languages ​​of the world. However, it should be recognized that Sanskrit words are not sufficiently represented in it, and Esperanto will continue to develop in this direction. It should be said that Sanskrit is the proto-language (the "progenitor" of all languages ​​​​existing in the world). Extensive scientific research in the field of the relationship between the languages ​​of the peoples of the world has convincingly shown that not only the languages ​​of the vast Indo-European group are related to each other, but also all the languages ​​of the planet, including Hungarian, Turkish, Mongolian, the American continent, Africa, Australia. This led to the conclusion that all languages ​​come from one source - Sanskrit. The similarity of Sanskrit with many European languages ​​is striking. The Russian language (“Russian Sanskrit”) is especially close to Sanskrit. For example, the meaning of the Sanskrit word “Veda” is explained by the Russian word “Vedat, know” (compare: information, notification, informer, righteous, etc.). Unlike many languages ​​of the Indo-European group, in Russian many words of Sanskrit origin have not lost their original sound, have not been erased, have not deteriorated, have not died. (We recommend that you get acquainted with the research work of Kirill Komarov "Russian Sanskrit").
As a recommendation to beginners in learning Esperanto, it should be said that success will be more tangible if you study it with desire and regularly; within just a few months, success will be obvious. It is useful to start reading texts in Esperanto aloud from the very first days of self-study. The well-known texts of stories and fairy tales are given at the end of this Esperanto self-instruction manual with the use of a parallel line-by-line translation into Russian. The texts of poems and songs are also given with their parallel line-by-line translation, which is also very useful for learning.
We recommend getting a special notebook for writing an independent Russian-Esperanto dictionary. At the end of the self-instruction manual for the spoken language, an Esperanto-Russian dictionary is presented, which includes the most necessary root words for communication; they should be learned. This is not very difficult, since many of them are familiar to you, but you need to work hard
We wish you a quick and joyful mastery of the language of interethnic communication - Esperanto, the acquisition of new friends, like-minded people around the world and joyful meetings with a new family of Esperantists in the amazing country of "Experantia".
I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my friends and relatives who have given me significant support in the publication of this Esperanto manual. I will gratefully accept feedback, comments and suggestions about e-mail: [email protected]
Wishing you happiness and success, dear friends!..
Alexander SIGACHEV

Lecino 1 (session 1)

The Esperanto alphabet contains 28 Latin letters, in which there are five vowels (a, e, o, i, u), two are semivowels (j, u), and the rest are consonants. The Russian pronunciations (sounds) of the corresponding letters of the Esperanto alphabet are given in brackets.
Aa Bb Cc Ĉĉ Dd Ee Ff Gg Ĝĝ Hh Ĥĥ Ii Jj Ĵĵ
(а) (b) (c) (h) (e) (e) (f) (d) (j) (h) (x) (i) (d) (g)
Kk LL Mm Nn ​​Oo Pp Rr Ss Ŝŝ Tt Uu Ŭŭ Vv Zz
(k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (p) (s) (w) (t) (y) (y *) (c) (h)
Most of the sounds in the Esperanto alphabet are pronounced like sounds in Russian, with the exception of the sound "h", (which is pronounced like the sound of the letter "g" in Ukrainian) and the sound "u *", (which is pronounced like a short sound " y" in the word kumach). This semi-vowel, like the other semi-vowel "y" (letters "j"), is never stressed; these two semivowels do not form syllables. This must be taken into account when placing stress in a word, taking into account the peculiarity of the Esperanto language, in which the stress always falls on the second syllable from the end of the word. For example, in the words: kosmo-nauto, auditorioj, the stress should be placed without taking into account semi-vowels (compare: Italio, esperanto - the stress is on the second vowel from the end of the word, which is typical for the Esperanto language).
In Esperanto, all letters are written and read, each letter corresponds to one sound: domo, turisto, poeto. It should be borne in mind that if two vowels follow in a row, they must be read separately and clearly: dueto (duo). If the letter “o” in the word is not under stress, then it should be pronounced clearly, otherwise, the meaning of the word may be violated (okcidento - west, akciden-to - accident).
Endings in different parts of speech. In the Esperan language, all nouns in the nominative case have the same ending -o, for example: maro (sea), kanto (song), rivero (river).
Adjectives always end in -a, for example: granda (big), bela (beautiful), bona (good), alta (high), longa (long).
Verbs in the indefinite form (infinitive) end in -i, for example: esti - to be, kanti - to sing, iri - to go, voli - to want. The present tense of the verb is expressed by the ending -as. All verbs in the present tense have the ending -as, regardless of the person and number (I write, write, write, write, write - all this is skribas), for example: mi estas studento (I am a student); li iras (he is coming); ŝi estas bela (she is beautiful); ĝi estas granda (it is big). Person and number are indicated by a personal pronoun: mi mangas - I eat, li ludas - he plays, or kantas - they sing. The past tense of the verb is indicated by the ending -is: kantis - she sang; mi amis vin... - I loved you... Future ending -os: mi skribos leteron al mia amikino - I will write a letter to my friend; mi renkontos la amikon - I will meet a friend. The imperative mood of the verb is conveyed by the ending -u: skribu! - write! legu! - read! kantu! - sing! iru! - go! Viktoro, iru al la tabulo kaj skribu. Nataŝa, rakontu pri la nova filmo. Ĉu ĝi estas interesa? Dima, kion vi vidis en Moskvo? Ruslan, legu la libron. Olja, ĉu vi iros al la amiko?
Adverbs (when? how?) have endings - e, for example: interese - interesting.
Very important in the Esperanto language is the immutability of the root of the word, from which all parts of speech are easily formed: informo - information (noun); informa - informed (adjective); informe - informed (adverb); informi - to inform (verb).
To designate professions and supporters of teachings in Esperanto, a single suffix is ​​​​used - ist (maristo - sailor; pastisto - shepherd; marksisto - Marxist).
Translate the text: Puŝkin estas granda rusa poeto. Esperanta grammar. Olja estas bela. Controla projecto. Autobus Signaio. Ŝi kantas. Nikolao estas bona studento. Advertising poster. Londono estas granda urbo. Footballista club. Amuro estas longa rivero. Professie organisi. Mi estas profesoro. Informi telephone. Li estas bona actoro. Teatro tickets. Redaktoro. Directoro. Kvanto meka-niko.
From the above text, it is obvious that many of the words given as examples (or almost all) are already familiar to you, and this is not surprising, because the Esperanto dictionary was created using a comparative analysis of many languages. The roots of many Esperanto words are understood by many peoples, it is only necessary to follow the rule of Esperanto grammar, which is quite simple. Indeed, who does not know, for example, the widespread roots of the words of European languages ​​that are included in the Esperanto dictionary: tablo, dankon, saluto, tago, urbo, pardonon, placo, elekti...

Leciono 2 (session 2)

The plural of nouns and adjectives is formed with the ending -j (domo - house; domoj - houses; strato - street; stratoj - streets; maro - sea; maroj - seas; monto - mountain; montoj - mountains; parko - park; parkoj - parks; bona - good; bonaj - good; larĝa - wide; larĝaj - wide)
Translate the text: Altaj montoj. Belaj parkoj. Longaj stratoj. Grandaj urboj).
Personal pronoun: Mi - I, vi - you (you), li - he, ŝi - she, ĝi - he, she, it - in relation to inanimate objects and animals. Plural personal pronouns - Ni - we; vi - you; ili - they.
Translate the text: Ni estas studentoj. Vi estas bonaj amikoj. Or estas belaj.
Gender There is no gender category for inanimate objects in Esperanto. Indeed, what is the point in the fact that in Russian the table, for example, is masculine, the door is feminine, the window is neuter? In Esperanto, the grammar is very logical, and everything that does not carry a functional load is simply discarded. The feminine gender is expressed by the suffix -in-, for example: studento - student; studentino - student; aktoro - actor; actorino - actress; amiko - friend; amikino - girlfriend. Continue this row yourself: knabo - boy; ...- girl; viro - man; ... - female; frato - brother; ... - sister; filo - son; ... - daughter; patro-father;...- mother; najbaro - neighbor; ... - neighbor;
sinjoro - master; ... - madam; koko - rooster; ... - hen.
Let's expand our vocabulary. Amiko - friend, tago - day, tablo - table, saluto - hello; birdo - bird, palaco - palace, rapide - quickly, placo - square, promeni - walk, elekti - choose, simpla - simple, sukseto - success, defendi - protect, etago - floor, angelo - angel, harmonio - harmony, kompetenta - competent, himno - anthem, kontrau - against, operacii - to operate, oktobro - October, universala - universal, objekto - object, girafo - giraffe.

Leciono 3 (session 3)

Esperanto uses the linking verb “estas” (is, is) even where the link is only implied in Russian: Mi estas studento. I am a student. Ŝi estas bona amikino. I am a student. In Esperanto, this linking verb is always present, by analogy with most European languages.
Esperanto uses the definite article la. It serves to distinguish an object or phenomenon from a number of others when it comes to something specific. La is not used before proper names and pronouns. After estas La is placed in rare cases. Here are some examples: La libro estas interesa. - The book (certain, specific book) is interesting. La floro estas bela. - The flower is beautiful. La rivero Amuro estas longa. - The Amur River is long. Gleb estas studento. - Gleb is a student. Lerni estas interese. - Learning is interesting.
Esperanto attaches importance to the interrogative particle Cu in response to a statement (jes) or negation (ne). In Russian, there is no direct analogue of this particle in Esperanto. Cu vi komprenas? (Do you understand?) - Jes, mi komprenas (Yes, I understand). – Ne, mi ne komprenas (No, I don’t understand.) Ĉu vi estas profesoro? Ne, mi ne estas profesoro, mi estas studento. Ĉu la urbo Moskvo estas granda? Jes, ĝi estas tre granda. Ĉu la libro estas interesa? Jes, ĝi estas interesa. Ĉu via amikino estas bela? Jess, tre!
In Esperanto there are no grammatical categories of gender for objects, natural phenomena, animals - they are all combined into a single pronoun - gi. The pronoun Gi can be translated into Russian with the word "this". Giestas libro. - This is a book.
Possessive pronouns are formed from personal pronouns with the help of the ending -a: mi - I, mia - mine, mine, mine; vi - you, via - yours, yours, yours; li - he, lia - him; ŝi - she, ŝia - her; ĝi - he, she, it (inanimate and animals), ĝia - his, her; ni - we, nia - ours; ili - they, ilia - them. Consider examples: Mia amiko is my friend. Via libro is your book. Lia domo is his home. Ŝia patro is her father. Nia urbo is our city. Via strato is your street. Ilia najbaro is their neighbor.
The plural here is formed according to the general principle - by adding the ending -j: Niaj bonaj amikoj - our good friends. Ŝiaj belaj kantoj - her beautiful songs. Liaj bravaj fratoj are his brave brothers. Iliaj novaj libroj - their new books. (Please note that j can only be added to the endings -O and -A, for example: liaj lernantoj - his students.
Translate the text: Ŝia frato estas bona homo. Via kanto estas tre bona. Nia lingvo estas facila kaj bela. Ŝiaj floroj estas belaj. Liaj amikoj bone kantas. Niaj najbaroj estas aktoroj. La romano estas interesa kaj aktuala. La musico estas bona. La esperanto flago estas ne trikolora, sed verda (but green). La verdo stelo (star) estas simbolo de esperanto. Nun (now) mi estas en via klaso. Esperanto estas ilia hobio. Fidelaj amikoj. Mia fratino estas bela kaj bona. Nia urbo estas granda. La stratoj estas longaj kaj larĝaj. Jen estas floro. La floro estas tre bela. La internacia lingvo Esperanto estas facila kaj bela. Elefanto estas granda besto. La rivero estas longa kaj profunda. La placo estas larĝa. La knabo skribas. La knabino legas. Mia amiko bone tradukas. Via amikino tre bele kantas.
Let's expand our vocabulary. Tasko - task, task; mateno - morning; tago - day; vespero - evening; nokto - night; semajno - week; monato - month; jaro - year; suno - the sun; luno - the moon; ĉielo - sky; stelo - star; ĉambro - room; tablo - table; seĝo - chair; fenestro - window; pordo - door (compare - porter); muro - wall (compare: wall up, mural, wall painting); vidi - to see; aŭdi - to hear (compare: audience, audio cassette); lerni - to teach; studi - to study (sv. student); varma - warm; boni - subscribe (newspapers, magazines, etc.); kompreni - to understand; kajero - notebook; bildo - picture; letero - letter; havi - to have; montri - show (compare - demonstrate); renkonti - meet; inviti - invite; viziti - visit, pay a visit; parko - park; ĝardeno - garden.

Leciono 4 (session 4)

Interrogative pronouns: kiu? - who? kio? - what? kia? - which? Examples: Kiu vi estas? Mi estas Ruslan. Kaj vi? Mi estas Olja. Kiu estas li? Liestas Timur. Kaj kiu estas ŝi? Ŝi estas Nataŝa. (Who are you? I am Ruslan. And you? I am Olya. Who is he? He is Timur. And who is she? She is Natasha). Kio ĝi estas? Ĝi estas lampo. Kaj kio estas ĝi? Ĝi estas telefono. Ĉu ĝi estas bona telefono? Jes, ĝi estas bona. Kio ĝi estas? Ki estas tigro. Ĉu tigro estas besto? Jess! (What is it? It's a lamp. What is it? It's a phone. Is it a good phone? Yes, it's good. What is it? It's a tiger. Is the tiger a beast? Yes!). Kia li estas? Li estas tre afabla. Kia Si estas? Si estas bona. Kia estas la libro? La libro estas interesa. Kia estas la floro? La floro estas tre bela. Kia estas elefanto? Elefanto estas granda. Kia estas via amiko? Mia amiko estas fidela. (What is he? He is very kind. What is she? She is good. What book? The book is interesting. What flower? The flower is very beautiful. What elephant? Big elephant. What is your friend? My friend is faithful). Kio ĝi estas? Ĝi estas lampo. Kaj kio estas ĝi? Ĝi estas telefono. Ĉu ĝi estas bona telefono? Jes, ĝi estas bona. Kio ĝi estas? Ki estas tigro. Ĉu tigro estas besto? Jess! (What is it? It's a lamp. What is it? It's a phone. Is it a good phone? Yes, it's good. What is it? - It's a tiger. Is the tiger a beast? -Yes).
So, if we are talking about a person, then Kiu's question, as a rule, is about the name, and Kio's question is about the profession, for example: Kiu si estas? (Who is she?) -Si estas Lena (She is Lena). Kio estas Leha? (Who is Lena?) -Si estas jurnalisto (She is a journalist). In question and response phrases, synonyms La = Tiu can be used, for example: Kia estas La(=tiu) Libro? What is the book?

Leciono 5 (session 5)

Numeral.
Cardinal numbers (answer the question how much?). 0 - nul, 1 - unu, 2 - du (duet), 3 - tri, 4 - kvar, 5 - kvin, 6 - ses, 7 - sep, 8 - ok (octave), 9 - naj, 10 - dek ( deka-yes), 11 - dek uni, 20 - du dek, 21 - du dek uni, 100 - cent (centre), 200 - dusent, 1000 - mil, 1000,000 - milliono, 1967 - mil najsent sesdek sep.
Ordinal numbers (which?) It is formed by the usual addition of the endings -a to cardinal numbers: the first is unua, the eighteenth is dek oka, the one hundred and eighth is sent oka, 1721 is mil sepsent dudek unia. Three - trio, ten - deko, dozen - dekduo, firstly - unue, secondly - due, in the seventh - sepe.
Fractional numerals. To express fractional numbers, the suffix -on- is used: duono - half, triono - third, kvarono - quarter, etc. For multiple numbers, the suffix -obl- is used: duobla - double, triobla - triple, dekobla - tenfold etc. Collective numbers are formed using the suffix -op-: diope - together, triope - three together, etc. For divisive numbers, use the preposition po: po unu - one at a time, po du - two at a time, po tri - by three - the same as in Russian.

Leciono 6 (session 6)

The prefix (prefikso) Mal- gives the word the opposite meaning: longa - short, mallongo - long, antai - in front, malantai - behind, rapide - quickly, malrapide - slowly. The prefix ge- is used when it is necessary to designate both sexes at once, for example: Patro - father, patrino - mother, gepatroj - parents; Filo - son, filino - daughter, gefiloj - children; Edzo - husband, edzino - wife, geedzoj - spouses.
The prefix re- means the repetition of an action: veni - to come, reveni - to return; fari - do, refari - re-do; skribi - write, reskribi - rewrite.
The prefix for - away, down - is also used as a prefix: veturi - to go, forveturi - to leave; peli - to drive, forpeli - to drive away, foriri - to leave, fordoni - to give, esti - to be, foresti - to be absent.
The prefix mis- denotes fallacy, confusion; mis-kompeno - misunderstanding, misaidi - misheard.
The prefix retro- corresponds to the Russian prefix retro - (literally - back, past) - retromoda, retromusic - retromodo, retromuziko.
The prefix -dis (corresponds to prefixes in Russian ras-, raz-) denotes separation, dispersion, fragmentation: doni - give, disdoni - distribute
Let's expand our vocabulary. Vivi - live, paco - world, evidenta - obvious, libero - freedom, komplika - complex, superfiua - superfluous, miri - wonder, solvi - decide, brusto - chest, redukti - reduce, aludi - hint, aperi - appear.

Lekciano 7 (session 7)

The suffix (sufikso) -in- denotes a female creature, and the suffix -id- means cubs, offspring: Koko - rooster, kokido ist - chicken; kato - cat, katido - kitten.
Sufikso -ist- means a profession, or belonging to any party, adherence to any doctrine, doctrine, for example: arto - art, artisto - artist, artist, gardi - to guard, gardisto - guard.
Translate maŝinisto, traktoristo, telefonisto, inturisto, idealisto, esperantisto (corresponds to this suffix similar to Russian? This also applies to sufikso -ism-, which denotes a doctrine, a doctrine): komunismo, darvinismo, faŝismo, anarko.
Sufikso -an- means: 1. a resident of a locality, for example moskvano - a Muscovite, urbano - a city dweller;
2. member of any society, any organization - klubano - club member, akademiano - academician.
Sufikso -ej- means a room, for example: loĝi - to live, loĝejo - an apartment; lerni - to study, lernejo - school; manĝi - to eat, manĝejo - dining room; kuiri - cook, cook, kuirejo - kitchen.
Sufikso -il- means a tool, a tool: skribi - to write, skribilo - a pen; tranĉi - cut, tranĉilo - knife; kudri - sew, kudrilo - needle; tondi - cut, tondilo - scissors.
Sufikso -ec- means property, quality, for example: juna - young, juneco - youth. In the same way: maljuneco - old age, alteco - height, boneco - kindness, beleco - beauty, ofteco - frequency.
Sufikso -ig- means to do something, to induce to something. For example: blanka - white, blankigi - whiten; ark - sharp, akrigi - sharpen; devi - to owe, devigi - to oblige; bruli - burn, bruligi - burn. You should remember the word that will often occur: aliĝi (al-iĝ-i) - join, join.
Sufikso -um- is a suffix of indefinite meaning, there are few words with this suffix in Esperanto: kolo - neck, kolumo - collar; kalkano - heel, kalkanumo - heel; butono - button, butonumi - fasten a button. Sufikso -et (diminutive: house - dometo), -eg (magnifier: house - domego).
Sufikso -esk- means "similar", for example: romaneska - romantic, ciganeska - in a gypsy style; -ar- means the totality of something (arbo - tree, arbaro - forest; vorto - word, vortaro - dictionary; homo - person, homaro - human)

Lekciano 8 (session 8)

Participles and participles have temporal endings: -ant-, -int-, -ont-, for example: leganta - reading; leginta - read; legonta - the one who will read; legante - reading; leginte - having read; legonte - when will read.
Compound forms of verbs indicate the passage or completion of an action at a certain moment. They are formed with the verb esti and the participle in -anta-, -inta-, -onta-: Mi estas skribanta. - I write. Mi estas skribinta - I wrote. Mi estas skribonta. - I'm going to write. Mi estis skribinta. - I wrote (when...). Mi estis skribinta. - I already wrote (when...). Mi estis skribonta. - I was going to write. Mi estus skribinta. - I would write.
negative pronouns. –nen (nenio – nobody, nenies – nobody, nenial – no reason)
Let's expand our vocabulary. Tstufo - fabric, redgo - king, amaso - crowd, admiri - admire, rusa - cunning, tamen - however, ornamo - pattern, rimarki - notice, teksilo - loom, aprobo - approval, alogi - attract, sersi - joke, prefero - preference, proponi - to offer, proksima - close, eniri - to enter, car - (because), tial - therefore.

Lekciano 9 (session 9)

Case endings. Esperanto has only two cases, the common and the accusative (akkuzativ). The accusative case answers the question of whom? What? (I see), has the ending -N. The use of the -N ending gives Esperanto a more precise concept. For example, in the sentence - "Li salutas si" - it is not clear who greets whom - he or she? But if you say - “Lin salutas si” or “Li salutas sin”, then it becomes clear that in the first case, she greets him, and in the second, he greets her.
When using the case ending -N in Esperanto, it should be borne in mind that, as in Russian, there are transitive and intransitive verbs in Esperanto. Transitive verbs require after themselves words in the accusative case: I see (who? What?) Nature, people. Intransitive verbs do not require the accusative after themselves. In fact, one cannot say: sit, stand, go (whom? what?).
Transitive verbs: vidi - to see, bati - to beat, fari - to do, doni - to give, havi - to have, sendi - to send, futi - to smoke, trovi - to find, preni - to take, teni - to hold, trinki - to drink, ricevi - to receive .
Intransitive verbs: stari - stand, kuri - run, sidi - sit, iri - go, korespondi - correspond, veni - come.
In Esperanto, all case features are conveyed with the help of prepositions: - DE (genitive case - to whom? for what?), AL (active case - for what?) Of course, there are more verbal prepositions, but for the initial stage of learning, the mentioned prepositions are enough, since they most used in colloquial speech. At the end of this book are texts with parallel translations, this will help you quickly and easily master the knowledge of cases, without too much cramming.
Verb endings of the future tense - OS (I will go, you will go, he, she, it - will go, we will go, you will go, they will go - Mi / vi / li / si / gi / ni / vi / ili / irOS. Verbs of the present tense have the ending -AS, the past - IS.
Adverb (indefinite) When, then, always? (kiat, tiat, ciat). Someday, sometime -IAM, someone -IU, some -IA, superlatives are conveyed by the words: Plej, malplej (most), plu (further, more, more), sati (most of all).
Prepositions -por (for), -pro (because of, for a reason): Mi faristion por vi (I did it for you). - Mi faristion pro vi (I did it because of you). Pri (in the meaning - about what): Kupso pri literaturo (literature course).
Let's complete the vocabulary. Today - hodiau, yesterday - hierau, tomorrow - morgau, day - diurno, morning - mateno, day - tago, evening - vespero, spring - printempo, summer - somero, autumn - autuno, winter - vintro, choose - elekti, believe - kredi, business - afero, by chance - hasarde, torment - turmenti, after tomorrow - postmorgau, Friday - vendredio, wait - otendi, quarter - kvarono, alien, foreign - fremda, teach - transdoni, soon - baldau, strong - forta, frost - frosto, certainly - nepre, pick (flowers) - pluki, absent - foresti, dream - revi, a few - kelkaj.
Days of the week: Monday - lundo, Tuesday - mando, Wednesday - merkredo, Thursday - jaudo, Friday - vendredo, Saturday - sabato, Sunday - dimanco.

Lekciano 10 (session 10)

If there is a subordinate clause, the union -ke can be introduced, which has the meaning (to):
Ni ne volas, ke estu tiel. - I don't want it to be like that. The pronoun -kio should be distinguished from the union -ke (unlike the union -ke, the pronoun -kio answers the question).
It should be borne in mind that currently Esperanto dictionaries use the so-called x-agreement, according to which letters with caps above them are replaced by the corresponding letters with x. For example, Socxi - Sochi.
Most of the words included in the dictionary contain only roots (bases), from which, with minimal knowledge of Esperanto grammar, it is not difficult to form all other words with the same root. Such active mastery of the Esperanto vocabulary is more productive than any other. The dictionary is built on the basis of the well-known and recognized Esperanto-Russian dictionary by E.A. Bokarev.
In conclusion, I would like to recommend that learners of a new language immediately set themselves the task of learning to communicate in Esperanto. For this, it is necessary to realize the logical features of this language, inherent in it from the very beginning. It is necessary to take into account the peculiarity in the pronunciation of words and in the principles of constructing phrases for each person. After all, even in neighboring villages, people can have different features in pronunciation. The most important thing in communication is that the interlocutors treat each other with respect, and I am sure that mutual understanding will be found among Esperantists in any corner of the globe, our common home. We sincerely wish you great success in mastering Esperanto, the language of universal communication in the new millennium.

ESPERANTO-RUSSIAN DICTIONARY

BUT
ABIO - spruce, fir
ABRUPTA - sharp, sudden
ABSTINENTI - refrain
ABSTRAGIRI - to distract
ABSURDO - absurdity
ABULIO - lack of will
ABUNDO - abundance
ACETI - buy
ADEPTO is a supporter
ADIA - goodbye
ADIMOI - take away
ADMIRI - admire
ADVENO - alien
ADVENTI - arrival
ADVOKATO - lawyer
AERO - air
AFERISTO - business man
AFERO - business
AFISO - poster
AGERO - land, arable land
AGO - action, deed
AGO - age
AGRABLE - nice
AGRESSIFO - aggressor
AKACIO - acacia
AKADEMIANO - Academician
AKADEMIO - academy
AKCERTI - accept
AKCIDENTO - accident
AKIRI - buy
AKKORDO - consonance
AKOMPANI - accompany
AKRA - sharp, sharp
AKROBATO - acrobat
AKTIVA - active
AKTORO - actor
AKTUALA - up-to-date
AKURATA - punctual
AKVO - water
ALBUSА - white
ALLEGORIA - allegorical
ALFLUGI - to fly
ALIA - other
ALIGI - join
ALKUTIMIGI - get used to
ALLOGAJO - temptation
ALLOGI - to attract
ALMENAU - at least
ALTA - high
ALUDI - hint
ALVENI - to arrive
AMASO - crowd
ami - to love
AMIKO - friend
AMUZI - to entertain
ANGELO - angel
ANTIKVA - ancient
ANULOSO - ring
APARATO - apparatus, device
APATIA - apathy, indifference
APERI - to appear
APETITO - appetite
APLIKO - application
APRILO - April
APROBI - approve
APUD - near, about
ARANGO - event
ARATI - to plow
ARBARO - forest
ARBITO - arbitrator, mediator
ARBO - wood
ARDA - flaming
ARKTIKA - arctic, northern
ARO - group, flock
AROMATO - fragrant, fragrant
ARTIKOLO - article
ARTISTO - artist
ASPEKTI - to look
ASUTIO - cunning
ATENDI - to wait
ATENTO - Attention
ATTESTATO - certificate
AVENTURO - adventure
AVIADISTO - pilot
AVINO - grandmother
AVO - grandfather
AUDAKSO - courage
AUDI - hear
AUDITORIO - audience
AUGUSTO - August
AUKCIONO – auction
AUSKULTI - listen
AUTOBUSO - bus
AUTOMATO - automatic
AUTORO - author
AUTOSTRADO - freeway
AUTUNO - autumn
AVANTAJO - benefit
AVARITIO - greed
AVIATIO - aviation
AVRALO - hasty work

AZENO - donkey
B
BABILI - to chat
BALANSO - balance, balance
BALDAU - coming soon
BANI - to bathe
BARBO - beard
BARDO - bard
BARELO - butterfly
BARO - barrier
Basti - to kiss
BASTON - stick
Batali - to fight
BATI - to beat
BAZA - main
BEDAURI - to regret
BELA - beautiful
BELEGA - beautiful
BELULINO - beauty
BENO - good
BESTO - the beast
BEZONI - to need
BIBLIOTEKO - library
BICIKLO - bike
BIERO - beer
BILDO - picture
BILETO - ticket
BIRDARO - bird flock
BIRDO - bird
BLANKA - white
BLINDA - blind
BLUA - blue
BONA - good
BONDEZIRO - wish
BONEGE - excellent
BONGUSTA - delicious
BONVENON - welcome
BONVOLU please
BOTELO - bottle
BOVIDO - calf
BOVINO - cow
BOVO - bull
BRAVA - brave, courageous
Brili - to shine
BRUI - make noise
BRULI - burn
BRUSTO - chest
BUNTA - motley
BUSO - mouth
BUTERO - oil
BUTONO - button
BUTONUMI - fasten
BUTTAFUORO - props, tinsel
C
CEDEMA - compliant
CEDI - yield
CELO - goal
CENT - one hundred
CENTRO - center
CENZURO - censorship, supervision
CERT - of course
CIGAREDO - cigarette
CINDRO - ashes
CINIKO - cynic, obscene
COETO - meeting, meeting
With
CAMBRO - room
CAMPIONO - Champion
CAR - because
CARMA - charming
CE - at
CEESTI - to be present
CEFA - Chief
CEKO - check, coupon
CEMIZO - shirt
CERIZO - cherry
CESI - stop
CEVALACO - nag
CEVALEJO - stable
CEVALO - horse
CIAM - always
CIELO - sky
CIRKAUMONDA - around the world
CIU - each
D
DANCI - to dance
DANKI - give thanks
DATO - date
DAURI - last
DECEMBRO - December
DECIDI - make a decision
DEFENDI - to protect
DEKDUO - a dozen
DEKO - ten
DEKORO - decoration
DEKSTRA - right
DELEKTI - to please
DELIKTUMO - misdemeanor
DELONGE - for a long time
DEMANDO - question
DENTO - tooth
DESEGNI - draw, draw
DESERTO - dessert
DEVI - to be due
DEZIRI - wish
DIALOGO - dialogue
DIBANO - sofa
DIFEKTO - defect
DILIGENTA - diligent, diligent
DIMANCO - Sunday
DIPLOMANTO - awarded with a diploma
DIPLOMATO - diplomat
DIRECTORO - director
DIRI - to say
DISBATI - to break
DISDONI - distribute
DISIGI - to disconnect
DISKRIDIO - discord
DISKUSSIO - discussion, dispute
DISTINGI - to distinguish
DIURNO - day
DIVERSA - different
DIVESA - rich
DO - so, then
DOLCA - sweet
DOLUSO - deception
DOMO - home
DONACI - to give
DONI - to give
DORLOTI - pamper
DORMI - sleep
DUDITI - to doubt
DUETO - duet
DUM - during, in continuation
DUME - for now
DUONO - half
E
EBLE - maybe
EC - even
ECO quality
EDUKI - to educate
EDZINO - wife
EDZO - husband
EFEKTIVE - really
EFEKTIVIGI - to be carried out
EGE - very
ECOLOGIO - ecology
EKSCII - learn
EKSILI - exile
EKSKURSO – excursion
EXPERIMENTO - experiment
EKSPRESSIA - expressively
EKSTREMA - emergency
EKZAMENO - exam
EKZEMPLO - example
EKZISTI - to exist
EKZOTIKA - exotic
EL - from
ELDONI - publish
ELEGANTA - elegant
ELEKTI - choose
ELEKTRONIKO – electronics
ELPREMI - squeeze
EMA - prone
ENA - internal
ENIRI - enter
ENORMISA - incorrect
ENSEMBLO - Ensemble
ENUO - boredom
ERARO - error
ERONEO - irony
ERUDITTO - education
ESENCO - essence, essence
ESPERO - hope
ESTI - to be
ESTIMI - respect
ESTRARO - management
ETA - small
ETAGO - floor
ETERNE - forever
EVIDENTA - obvious
EVOLUI - evolve
F
FABELO - a fairy tale
FABRIKO - factory, workshop
FACILA - light
FAJRERO - spark
FAJRO - fire
FAKO - specialty
FAKTUMO - action, deed
FAKULO - torch
fali - to fall
FALLO - deceiver
FAMA - famous
FAMESO - hunger
FAMILIO - family
FAMO - rumor, rumor
FANATIKO - fanatic, frenzied
FANTASTIKO - fantasy
FANTAZIO - fantasy
FARACI - to do badly
FARI - to do
FARIGI - to become
FARTI - live
FATUMO - rock, fate
FEBRUARO - February
FELICO - happiness
FERMI - to close
FERUSA - wild, rough
FESTIVALO - festival, show, review
FESTO - holiday
FIA - nasty
FIAFERISTO - swindler
FIANCINO - bride
FIDESO - trust
FILATELIO - philately
FILINO - daughter
FILMO - film
FILO - son
FINAJO - ending
FINALO - final
FINANCO - finance
FIN - FINE - finally
FINISO - border, end
FIODORI - stink
FIRMUSA - strong, durable
FISIKISTO - physicist
FIULO - scoundrel, scoundrel
FIUZI - to abuse
FLAGO - flag
FLAKO - puddle
FLANO - pancake
FLAVA - yellow
FLORO - flower
FLUGI - to fly
FLUKTOSO - wave

FLORO - flower
FLUTO - flute
FOJO - times
FOKUSO - focus
FOLIO - sheet
FOLIUMI - to shine
FOR - away
FORESTI - absent
FORGESI - to forget
FORMO - form
FORTA - strong
FORTUNO - fate, chance, luck
FORUMO - forum
FORVETURI - to leave
FRATINO - sister
FRATO - brother
FRAZO - phrase
FREKVENTI - visit regularly
FREMDA - foreigner
FRENEZA - crazy
FRESA - fresh
FROSTO - frost
FRUA - early
FRUKTO - fruit, fruit
FRUMATENE - early in the morning
FULMO - lightning
FULMOTONDRO - thunderstorm
FUMI - smoke
FUNGO - mushroom
FUTBALO - football
G
GARAJO - garage
GARMONIA - harmonious, slender
GASETO - newspaper, magazine
GASO - gas
GASTO - guest
GASTROLLO - tour
GEEDZOJ - spouses
GEFRATOJ - brother and sister
GEJUNULOJ - youth
GENIA - genius
GEOGRAFIO - geography
GEPATROJ - parents
GERMANIO - Germany
GIMNASIO - gymnasium
GITARO - guitar
GLACIAJO - ice cream
GLASO - glass
Glavo - sword
Gloro - glory
GLUAJO - glue
GRACILISA - slender
GRAMATIKO - grammar
GRAMO - gram
GRANDA - big
GRANDIOZA - grandiose
GRATIO - grace, grace
GRATULI - congratulations
GRAVA is important
GRIPO - influenza
GRIZA - gray
GUSTO - taste
GUSTUMI - to try
GUTO - drop
GVIDANTO - leader
G
GANGALO - jungle
GARDENO - garden
GENTILA - polite
GI - it
GINZO jeans–
GIRAFO - giraffe
GIS! - Bye!
GIS - before
GOJI - rejoice
GUSTE - Exactly
H
HALO - hall
HARAKTERO - character, trait
HARMONIO - harmony
HAROJ - hair
HARPO - harp
HAVI - to have
HAZARDE - by accident
HEBREO - Jew
HEJME - at home
HELA - light
HELPI - to help
HERBO - grass
HIERAU - yesterday
HIMNO - Anthem
HISTORIO - history
HO! - O!
HODIAU – today
HOKEISTO - hockey player
HOMARO - humanity
HOMO - human
HORIZONTALI - horizontally
HORLOGO - watches
HUMORO - mood
HUNDO - dog
HUNGARA - Hungarian
I
IA - some, some
IAM - sometime, someday
IDEALA - perfect, perfect

IDEALISTO - idealist
IDEO - idea
IDO - child
IE - somewhere
IGI - to become
IKEBANO - ikebana
ILI - they
ILIA - their
ILUZIA - illusory
INSTITUTO - institute
INTRIGO - intrigue, machinations
INTUERO - intuition, flair
IMAGO - imagination
IMITI - to imitate
IMPONA - prominent, representative
INDE - worthy
INFANECO - childhood
INFANO - child
INFORMO - information
INGENIERO - engineer
INSIGNO - icon
INSTITUTO - institute
INSTRUISTO - teacher
INSULTI - scold
INTER - between
INTERESIGI - to be interested
INTERESO - interest
INTERNACIA - international
INTERPAROLI - talk
INTERRETO - Internet
INTERRILATOJ - relationships
INVITI - invite
IRI - to go
IU - someone, somebody
J
JA - after all
JAM - already
JANUARO - January
JARO - year
JEN - here
JES - yes
JU - than
JUBILEO - anniversary
JULIO - July
JUNA - young, young
JUNECO - youth
JUNIO - June
JUNULARO - youth
JNULINO - girl
JUNULO - young man
J
JAUDO - Thursday
JETI - throw
JURO - oath
JUS - just now
K
KABINETO - office
KACO - porridge
KAJ - and, but
KAJERO - notebook
KALENDARO - calendar
KALKANO - heel
KALKANUMO - heel
Kalkuli - to count
KALKULILO - Calculator
KAMERO - camera, special room
KAMPO - field
KANTI - to sing
KAPABLA - capable
KAPO - head
KARA - expensive
KARAKTERO - character
KARNAVALO - carnival
KARROUSELO - carousel
KARUSO - cart, wagon
KATEDRO - department
KATERGONO - hard labor
KATIDO - kitten
KATINO - cat
KATO - cat
KE - what (conjunction)
KEFIRO - kefir
KELKE - several
KESTO - drawer
KIA - what
KIALO - reason
KIAM - when
KIE - where
KIEL - how
KIEN - where
KIEVANO - resident of Kiev
KILOGRAMO - kilogram
KINEJO - cinema
KINO - cinema
KIO - what
KIOMA - which (hour)
KIU - who, who
KLAMO - mystery
KLARA - clear
KLASIKA - classic
KLASO - class
KLIMATOSO - climate
KLUBO - club
KNADINO - girl
KNADO - boy
KOKIDO - chicken
KOKINO - chicken
KOKO - rooster
KOKTELO - cocktail
KOLEGO - colleague
KOLEKTI - collect
KOLERO - anger
KOLHOZANO - collective farmer
KOLO - neck
KOLORO - color
KOLUMO - collar
KOMBI - to comb
KOMBILO - comb
KOMENCANTO - beginner
KOMENCI - start
KOMENTI - comment
KOMITATO - committee
KOMPANIO - company
KOMPASSO - compass
Kompati - to regret
KOMPATINDA - unhappy
KOMPETENTA - competent
KOMPLIKA - complex
KOMPOTO - compote
KOMPOZITORO - composer
KOMPRENI - to understand
KOMPUTI - calculate
KOMPUTILO - computer
KOMUNA - general
KOMUNIKA - communicative
KOMUNIKI - to inform
KOMUNUMO - community
KONCENTRIGI - to concentrate
KONCERTO - concert
KONCIDI - fall, perish
KONDICO - condition
KONDUKTORO - conductor
KONGLOBI - collect
CONFLIKTUSO - conflict
KONFUZIO - embarrassment, confusion
KONGRESO - congress
KONI - to be familiar
KONKRETA - concrete
KONKURSUSO - competition
KONSCII - to be aware
KONSIDERI - take into account
KONSISTI - consist (of)
CONSTANTE - constantly
CONTRAU - against
KONTRIBUO - contribution
KONTROLA - control
KOPIO - copy,
KORESPONDI - rewrite
KORO - heart
KORREKTIFO - correction, correction
KOSMETIKAJO - cosmetic
KOSMONAUTO - astronaut
KOSTI - cost
KOVERTO - envelope
KOVRI - to cover
KREADO - creativity
KREDI - to believe
KREI ​​- to create
KROKODILO - crocodile
KRURO - leg
KRUTO - cool
KTP - etc.
KUIRI - cooks food
KUIRISTO - chef
KULPO - wines
KULTURO - culture
KUN - with
KUNE - together
KUNPRENI - take with you
KUNVENO - collection
KURACI - to heal
KURAGA - bold
KURI - to run
KURIERO - courier
KURSO - course
KURTA - short
KUTIMA - habitual
kusi - lie down
KVADRATO - square
KVANKAM - though
KVANTO - quantum, quantity
KVARONO - quarter
KVASO - kvass
L
LABILISO - labile, changeable
LABOREJO – office, workplace
LABOREMA - industrious
LABORO - work
LAGO - lake
LAKTO - milk
LAMA - lame
LAMENTORI - to sob
LAMPO - lamp
LANDO - country
LARGA - wide
LASI - leave
LASTA - last
LAU - according to...
LAUDI - to praise
LAUDINDE - commendable
LAUREATO - Laureate
Lauro - laurel
LAUTE - loud
lavi - to wash
LECIONO - lesson
LEGANTO - reader
legi - read
LEGOMO - vegetable
LEKCIO - lecture
LERNANTO - student
LERNEJO - school
LERNI - to learn (sya)
LERNOLIBRO - textbook
LERTA - skillful, dexterous
LETERO - letter
LEVISA - light
LI - he
LIA - his
LIBERO - freedom
LIBRO - book
LIGNO - wood
LIGO - communication
LIKVIDI - to destroy
LIMO - border
LINGUISTIKO – linguistics
LINGVO - language
LITO - open
LITRO - liter
LOGI - to live
LOGIKO - logic
LOKO - place
LOKOMOTIVO - locomotive
LONGA - long
LUDI - play
LUDILO - toy
LUDUSO - game, spectacle
LUKSA - luxurious
LUNDO - Monday
LUNO - the moon
M
MACI - chew
MAGAZINO - shop
MAGISTO - boss, mentor
MAGISTRALISO - highway
MAGNETOFONO - tape recorder
MAJO - May
MALAMI - to hate
MALAMIKO - enemy
MALANTAU - behind, behind
MALBONE - bad
MALDEKSTRA - left
MALDILEGENTULO - loafer-nickname
MALE - vice versa
MALFERMI - open
MALFORTA - weak
MALFRUI - to be late
MALGAJA - sad
MALGOJA - sad
MALGRANDA - small
MALHELA - dark
MALHELPI - interfere
MALICO - malice
MALJUNA - elderly
MALJUNULO - old man
MALLONGA - short
MALNECESA - unnecessary
MALNOVA - worn
MALPLEJ - the least
MALPLI - less
MALRAPIDE - slow
MALRICILO - poor man
MALSAGA - stupid
MALSANI - to get sick
MALSATA - sick
MALVARMA - cold
MALVARMUMI - catch a cold
MANGEBLA - edible
MANGEJO - dining room
MANGI - eat (eat)
MANKO - disadvantage
MANO - hand (hand)
MANUSKRIPTO - manuscript
MARDO - Tuesday
MARISTO - sailor
MARO - sea
MARTO - March
MASKARADO - masquerade
MATENMANGI - have breakfast
MATENO - morning
MATERIALO - material
MEDITI - to meditate
MEKANIKISTO - mechanic
MEKANIKO - mechanics
MEM - himself
MEMBRO is a member
MEMORI - remember
MEMSTARA - independent
MERKATORO - merchant, merchant
MERKREDO - Wednesday
MESAGO - message
METI-class
METIO - craft
METODO - method
METRO - meter
MEZA - medium
MEZNOKTO - midnight
MI - I
MIL - thousand
MILIONO - one million
MIMIKOSO - facial expressions
MINUTO - minute
MIRI - to be surprised
MISA - erroneous
MISINFORMI - to misinform
MISTERA - mysterious
MODERATO - moderate
MODERN - modern
MOLLISA - light, gentle
MOMENTO - moment
MONATO - month
MONDO - world
MONERO - coin
MONO - money
MONSTRUM - monster
MONTO - mountain
MONTRI - show
MONUJO - wallet
MORGAU - tomorrow
MORTIGI - to kill
MORTO - death
MOSKVANO - Muscovite
MOTIFO - motif
MOTORCIKLO - motorcycle
MOSTO - highness
MOVADO - movement
MULTE - many
MURO ​​- wall
MUTOSA - silent
MUZEO - museum
MUZIKISTO - musician
MUZIKO - music
N
NACIA - National
NADGI - swim
NAJBARO - neighbor
NATIO - people, country
NATURO - nature
NAVISO - ship
NE - no, no
NECESA - necessary, necessary
NEK…NEK – neither... nor
NEKREDEBLE - incredible
NENIAL - for no reason
NENIES - nobody
NENIU - nobody
NEGERO - snowflake
NEGATIA - negative
NEGO - snow
NEPINO - granddaughter
NEPRE - by all means
NEUTRALA - neutral
NI - we
NIA is our
NIGRA - black
NIHILO - nihilism, nothingness
NOKTO - night
NOMIGI - to be called
NOMO - name
NORMAL - normal
NOVA - new
NOVAJO - news
NOVELLO - short story, literary genre
NOVEMBRO - November
NOVJARA - New Year's
NOVULO - newbie
nu - well
NUDELO - noodles
NUMERO - number
NUN - now
NUNTEMPE - in our time
O
OAZISO - oasis
OBJEKTO - object, subject
OBSERVA - watch, observe
OBSKURANSO - obscurantist, obscurantist
OBSTINA - stubborn
OBSTRUA - to clutter up
ODIOZA - odious, hateful
ODORI - to smell
OFICEJO – office
OFICISTO - employee
OFTE - often
OKAZE DE - for the occasion
OKAZI - to occur
OKCIDENTO - west
OKTOBRO - October
OKULACI - stare
OKULO - eye
OKUPI - to occupy
OKUPIGI - to practice
OL - than (in comparison)
OPERACII - to operate
OPERO (OPUSO) - business, work, labor
OPINIO - opinion
OPORTUNE - convenient
OPULENTA - rich
ORBISO - circle, communication
ORDINARA - ordinary
ORDO - order
ORELO - ear
ORGANIZAJO - organization
ORGANIZMO - organism, living being
ORIENTO - east
ORIGINALA - original
ORKESTRO - orchestra
ORNAMI - to decorate
ORNAMO - pattern
OSKULUMO - kiss
OVAJO - scrambled eggs
OVO - egg
P
PACIFISTO - pacifist
PACJO - dad
PACO - world
PAFI - to shoot
PAFOSO - pathos, feeling, passion
PAGARO website
PAGI - pay
PAGO - page
PAJLO - straw
RAKTUMO - contract
PAKUETO - package, bundle, packaging
PALA - pale
PALACO - palace
PANAZEO - panacea, all-healer
PANERO - breadcrumbs
PANIKO - panic
PANJO - mother
PANO - bread
PARADOKSO - paradox, surprise, strangeness
PARALELE - in parallel
PARASUTO - parachute
PARDONI - to forgive
PARITASO - parity, equality
PARIZO - Paris
paroli - to speak
PARTO - part
PARTOPRENI - to take part
PASI - pass
PASIO - passion
PASPORTO - passport
RASKA - shed
PASSIO - passive, inactive
PASO - step
PASTISTO - shepherd
PATRINO - mother
PATRO - father
PAUPERO - poor man
PEDAGOGO - teacher
PEDESO - pedestrian
PELMENOJ - dumplings
PENSI - to think
PENSIULO - pensioner
PENTRI - draw
PER - through
PERANTO - intermediary
PERCEPTI - perceive
PERDI - lose
PERFECT - excellent
PERPETA - permanent, eternal
PERSONO - person, personality
PERTURBATO - confusion
PETI - to ask
PETROSELO - parsley
PILAFO - pilaf
PILKO - ball
PISKORI - catches fish
PLACO - area
PLADO - dish
PLANETO - planet

PLANO - plan
PLACI - to like
PLASTIKO - plastic
PLEJ is the most
PLEJADO - Pleiades, constellation
PLENA - complete
PLENUMI - perform
PLEZURO - pleasure
PLI - more
PLI-MALPLI - more or less
PLU - further, more, more
PLUKI - pluck (flowers)
PLUVO - rain
PO - by
POEMO - poetic work
POENO - execution, punishment
POETO - poet
POLITIKO - politics
POLO - Pole
POMO - apple
POMUJO - apple tree
POPOLO - people
POPULARA - popular
POR - for
PORDEGO - gates
PORDETO - gate
PORDO - door
PORTI - to wear
PORTO - gate, door
POSEDI - to possess
POST - after, through
POSTMORGAU - the day after tomorrow
ROTENTIA - strength, power
POSO - pocket
POSTEJO - mail
POSTELEFONO - mobile phone
POSTKARTO - postcard
POSTO - mail
POVI - to be able
POZITIVO - positive
PRAEFEKTO - chief
PRAKTIKO – practice
PREFERI - to prefer
PREFIKSO - prefix
PREMI - press, press
PRENI - take
PREPARI - to cook
PRESENTI - present
PRESIDANTO - chairman
PRESKAU - almost
PRESTIGO - prestige
PRETA - ready
PRETENZIO - claim, demand
PRETER - past
PRETERI - pass by
PRETERLASI - skip
PREZIZA - Precise
PRI - oh, about
PRIMITIA - primitive, simplified
PRINZIPLO - principle, conviction
PRIORITETO - priority, superiority
PRIVATUSA - private
PRO - because of, for a reason
PROBLEMO - problem
PRODI - give out, betray
PRODUKTO - products
PROFESIO - profession
PROFUGUSA - fleeing, exiled
PROGPAMO - program
PROGRESANTO - continuing
PROGRESO - progress
PROJEKTO - project
PROKRASTI - delay
PROKSIMA - close
PROKSIMUME - approximately
PROMENI - to walk
PROMESI - to promise
PROMETI - to promise
PRONOMO - pronoun
PROPONI - to offer
PROPORTIO - proportion, proportionality
PROPRA - own
PROSPEKTO - view
PROTESTO - protest
PROTEZO - prosthesis
PROVERDO - proverb
PROVLUDO - rehearsal
PROVOKATERO - provocateur, instigator
PROZA - prose
PRUDENTO - prudence
PRUNTEDONI - to lend
PRUVI - to prove
PSIKOLOGIO - psychology
PUBLIKO - public
PUDENDUSA - shameful
PULSUMI - push
PULVISO - dust
PURA - pure
PUSI - push
R
RADIARO - radio
RAJTI - to have the right

RAKONTI - tell
RANDO - edge
RAPIDE - fast
RAPORTI - to report
RAPTUSO - robbery
RARA - rare
RAVA - delicious
razi - shave
REA - reverse
REALIO - real, valid
REBRILO - reflection
RECIPKOKE - mutually
REGO is king
REDONI - to give
REDUKTI - reduce
REE - again
REGALI - to treat
REGREDIO - go back
REGULI - regularly
REGULO - rule
RELEGI - reread
RELIGIO - religion
REMEMORI - to remember REMONTO - repair
RENKONTI - meet
REMONTO - repair
REPERTOIRO - RETO repertoire - network

RETURNI - turn over, rotate
REVENI - to return
REVI - to dream

REISONO - reason, argument, meaning
RELEGI - reread
RELIGIA - religion
REMEMORI - remember
REMISSIO – relaxation
REMONTO - repair REPERTOIRO - repertoire
REPETITIO - rehearsal
REPLIKO - replica REPUTATIO - reputation
RESANIGI - to recover RESISTI - to resist
RESKRIBI - rewrite
RESPONDECO - responsibility
RESPONDO - answer
RESTAURATIO - RESTI restoration - stay
REVISIO - revision, revision
REVUO - magazine
REZERVO - reserve, reserve
RICEVI - receive
RIDO - laughter
RIGA - rich
RIGARDI - watch
RIGARDO - look
RIGORIZMO - rigorism, firmness, severity
RILATO - attitude
RIMARKI - to notice
RIPETI - repeat
RIPOZI - to rest
RITERO - knight
RITMO - rhythm
RIVERO - river
ROBO - dress
ROGI - ask, ask
ROJALO - piano
ROLO - role
ROMANO - novel
ROMANTIZMO - romanticism
RONDO - circle
ROZO - rose
RUBINO - ruby
RUBLO - ruble
RUGA - red
RUINO - ruin
RUKZAKO - backpack
RUSA - Russian
RUTINA - regular
RUZA - cunning
S
SABATO - Saturday
SABLO - sand
SAKO - bag
SALATO - salad
SALONO - salon
SALTI - to jump
SALUTO - hello
SAMA is the same
SAMIDEANO - like-minded
SAMKLASANO - classmate
SAMKURSANO - classmate
SAMLANDANO - countryman
SAMOVAO - samovar
SAGA - smart
SANO - health
SAPIENSO - reasonable
SATO - full
SCAENO - scene
SCIENCO - science
SCII - to know
SCIPOVI - to be able
SE - if
SED - but
SEDINO - chair, bench
SEKA - dry
SEKO - check, coupon
SEKRETARII - to secretary
SEKVI - to follow
SELENO - armchair
SELEO - silence
SEMAJNFINO - end of the week
SEMAJNO - week
SEMINARIO - seminar
SEN - without
SENCO - meaning
SENDAJO - package
SENDI - to send
SENSENCA - meaningless
SENTENIO - opinion, thought SENTO - feeling
SEPTEMBRO - September
SERIOZA - serious
SERPENSO - snake
SERVO - service
SI - if
SIDI - sit
SIGNALO - signal
SIGNIFI - to mean
SILENTO - silence
SIMBOLO symbol
SIMILI - to resemble
SIMIO - monkey
SIMPATII - to sympathize
SIMPLA - simple
SIMPLECO - Simplicity
SIMULI - pretend
SINJORO - Mr.
SINTENO - behavior
SISTEMO - system
SITUACIO - situation
SITUI - to be located
SKANDALO - scandal
SKARLATA - scarlet
SKATOLO - box
SKEMO - scheme
SKII - to ski
SKIZO - sketch
SKRIBAJO - note
SKRIBI - write
SKRIBILO - pen
SLAVA - Slavic
SOCIO - society
SOIFO - thirst
SOLA - the only, lonely
SOLITUDO - loneliness
SOLVI - decide
SOMERO - summer
SONGO - dream (dream) SONI - sound
SPECIALE - especially, especially
SPECO - grade
SREKTI - to watch (spectacle)
SPERTA - Experienced
SPIRITO - breath
SPORTEJO - gym
SPORTO - sport
SPURO - footprint
STAСIDOMO - railway station
STARI - stand
STATISTIKO - statistics
STELO - star
STILO - style
STRANGA - strange
STRUI - build, create
STULTA - stupid
STULTILO - fool
SUBITE - unexpectedly
SUDO - south
SUFERO - suffering
SUFICE - enough SUFIKSO - suffix
SUKCESO - success
SUKELPREMILO - juicer
SUKERO - sugar
SUKO - juice
SUNO - the sun
SUPER - over
SUPERFLUA - superfluous
SUPERI - to surpass
SUPO - soup
SUR - on (surface, above)
SURMETI - put on
SURPRIZO - surprise
SUSPEKTI - to suspect
SVATI - to woo
SVELTA - slender

S
SAFARO - flock
SAFO - sheep
SAJNI - to seem
SAKISTINO - chess player
SAKLUDI - play chess
SANSO - Chance
SATI - appreciate, love
Sersi - to joke
SI - she
SIA is her
SIRI - tear
SLOSI - to lock
SLOSILO is the key
SMIRAJO - ointment
SMIRI - smear
SRANKO - cabinet
STATA - state
STOFO - fabric
SUOJ - shoes

T
TABAKO - tobacco
TABLO - table
TABULO - table
TAGMANGI - to have lunch
TAGO - day
TAGORDO - daily routine
TALENTA - talented
TAMEN - however
TANGI - touch, touch TANZO - dance
TARO - dictionary
TASKO - task, task
TAUDI - to approach
TEATRO - theater
TEKSILO - loom
TEKSTO - text
TELEFONO - telephone
TELEGRAFO - telegraph
TELEVIDILO - TV
TEMO - theme
TEMPO - time
TEMPERAMENTO - temperament
TEMPERATURO - temperature tour
TEMPERO - paints
TEMPO - time
TENDARO - camp
TENDI - pull
TENDO - tent
TENI - keep
TENISI - to play tennis
TENORO - tenor
TEO - tea
TEORIO - theory
TERRASSO - terrace
TERMA - warm
TIA is like this
TIAL - so
TIAM - then
TIE - there
TIE CI (CI TIE) – here
TIEN - there
TIMEMA - fearful
TIMI - to be afraid
TIO CI (CI TIO) is
TIRI - pull
TITULO - title
TIU - that
TIU CI (CI TIO) - this
TOLERI - endure
TONDI - cut (paper)
TONDILO - scissors
TONDRO - thunder
TONO - tone
TONUSO - tone
TORTO - cake
TRA - through, through
TRAGEDIO - tragedy
TRADICIA - traditional
TRADUKI - translate
TRAJNO - train
TRAKTORO - tractor
TRAMO - tram
TRANKVILE - calmly
TRANSDONI - to transmit
TRANCI - cut (vegetables)
TRANCILO - knife
TRAVIDEBLA - transparent
TRE - very
TREJNADO - training
TRIKAJO - knitted item
TRIKI - knit
TRIKOLORA - tricolor
TRINKAJO - drink
TRINKI - to drink
TRIO - troika
TROMPANTO - deceiver
TROVI - find
TRUIZM is a well-known truth
TUJ - now (immediately)
TORBI - stir up
TURMENTI - to torment
TURNO - turn
TUSI - to touch
TUSO - cough
TUTA - whole, whole
T-CEMIZO - t-shirt
U
UJO - vessel, container
ULTIMA - last, extreme
UNIVERSALA - universal
UNIE - first
UNU - one
UNUECO - Unity
URBO - city
USONA - American
UTIL - useful
UTOPIA - utopian
UZI - use
UZINO - plant
V
VAGANTO - wandering, wandering
VAGONARO - train, composition
VALUDA - strong, healthy
VAGONO - wagon
VALUTO - price, value
Varme - warmth
VASTA - extensive
VAZARO - tableware
VEKI - wake up
VENDEJO - shop
VENDI - to sell
VENDREDEO - Friday
VENI - to arrive, to arrive
VENKI - win
VENTO - wind
VERBO - verb
VERDA - green
VERDAJO - greenery
VERDIRE - to be honest
VERE - really
VERITASO - truth, truth
VERKO - essay
VERMICELO - vermicelli
VERSAJO - poem VERSAJNE - probably
VERSO - verse
VERTIKALE - vertical
VESPERMANGI - to have dinner
VESPERO - evening
VERSAJNE – probably
VESTO - clothes
VETERO - weather
VETURI - to go
VI - you, you
VIA - yours, yours
VIANDO - meat
VIDELICETA - obviously
VIDI - to see
VIGLE - lively
VILAGO - village
VINDEROJ - grapes
VINTRO - winter
VILONO - violin
VIOLENTO - cruelty
VIRINO - woman
VIRO - man
VITRO - glass
VIVO - life
VIZAGO - face
VIZITANTO - visitor
VIZITI - visit
VOCDONI - vote
VOCO - voice
VOJAGI - to travel
VOJO - road, path
VOKO - call
VOLI - wish, want
VOLONTE - willingly
VORTELEMENTO - part of a word
VORTO - word
VULPO - fox
Z
ZEBRO - zebra
ZENITO - zenith
ZIPO - zipper
ZIRUMI - zip up
ZODIAKO - zodiac
ZONO - space, territory
ZORGO - care

The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Pinocchio.
Alexey Tolstoy

Ora shlosileto, au Aventuroj de Buratino.
Aleksej Tolstoj

FOREWORD

When I was little - a very, very long time ago - I read one book: it was called "Pinocchio, or the Adventures of a Wooden Doll" (wooden doll in Italian - Pinocchio).

I often told my comrades, girls and boys, the entertaining adventures of Pinocchio. But since the book was lost, I told each time in a different way, inventing such adventures that were not in the book at all.

Now, after many, many years, I remembered my old friend Pinocchio and decided to tell you, girls and boys, an extraordinary story about this wooden man.
Alexey Tolstoy

Kiam mi estis malgranda, - antau tre, tre longe, - mi legis unu libron: ghi titolis "Pinokkio, au Aventuroj de ligna pupo" (ligna pupo en itala lingvo nomighas "buratino").

Mi ofte rakontadis al miaj kamaradoj, knabinoj kaj knaboj, la amuzajn aventurojn de Buratino. Sed, char la libro perdighis, mi chiufoje rakontadis alimaniere, elpensadis tiajn aventurojn, kiuj en la libro tute ne estis.

Nun, post multaj-multaj jaroj, mi rememoris mian malnovan amikon Buratino kaj decidis rakonti al vi, knabinoj kaj knaboj, neordinaran historion pri tiu ligna hometo.

Aleksej Tolstoj

The carpenter Giuseppe came across a log that squeaked with a human voice
Charpenisto Ghuzeppe trovas shtipon, kiu pepas per homa vocho
Giuseppe gives a talking log to his friend Carlo
Ghuzeppe donacas la parolantan shtipon al sia amiko Karlo
Carlo makes a wooden doll and calls her Pinocchio
Karlo faras lignan pupon kaj nomas ghin Buratino
The talking cricket gives Pinocchio wise advice
Parolanta grilo donas al Buratino saghan konsilon
Pinocchio almost dies due to his own frivolity. Papa Carlo glues him clothes from colored paper and buys the alphabet
Buratino apenau ne pereas pro propra facilanimeco. Pachjo Karlo faras al li veston el kolora papero kaj achetas abocolibron
Pinocchio sells the alphabet and buys a ticket to the puppet theater
Buratino vendas la abocolibron kaj achetas bileton por pup-teatro
During the performance of the comedy, the dolls recognize Pinocchio
Dum komedia teatrajho pupoj rekonas Buratinon
Signor Karabas Barabas, instead of burning Pinocchio, gives him five gold coins and lets him go home
Sinjoro Karabaso-Barabaso, anstatau forbruligi Buratinon, donas al li kvin orajn monerojn kaj forlasas hejmen
On the way home Pinocchio meets two beggars - the cat Basilio and the fox Alice
Survoje al hejmo Buratino renkontas du almozulojn - katon Bazilio kaj vulpinon Alisa
In the tavern "Three Minnows"
En taverno "Tri gobioj"
Robbers attack Pinocchio
Buratino estas atakata de rabistoj
Robbers hang Pinocchio on a tree
Rabistoj pendigas Buratinon sur arbon
Girl with blue hair brings Pinocchio back to life
Knabino kun bluaj haroj savas Buratinon
Girl with blue hair wants to educate Pinocchio
La knabino kun bluaj haroj volas eduki Buratinon
Pinocchio enters the country of fools
Buratino trafas en Stultul-landon
The police grab Pinocchio and do not let him say a single word in his defense
Politistoj kaptas Buratinon kaj ne lasas al li diri ech unu vorton por pravigi sin
Pinocchio meets the inhabitants of the pond, finds out about the loss of four gold coins and receives a golden key from the turtle Tortila
Buratino konatighas kun loghantoj de la lago, ekscias pri perdigho de kvar oraj moneroj kaj ricevas de testudo Tortila oran shlosileton
Pinocchio flees from the country of fools and meets a friend in misfortune
Buratinon eskapas el Stultul-lando kaj renkontas sam-malbonshanculon
Pierrot tells how he, riding a hare, got into the country of fools
Piero rakontas, kiel li, rajdante leporon, trafis en Stultul-landon
Pinocchio and Pierrot come to Malvina, but they immediately have to run away with Malvina and the poodle Artemon
Buratino kaj Piero venas al Malvina, sed or tuj estas devigataj fughi kune kun Malvina kaj shia pudelo Artemono
Terrible fight at the edge of the forest
Terura batalo che rando de la arbaro
In a cave
en caverno
Despite everything, Pinocchio decides to find out from Karabas Barabas the secret of the golden key
Spite al chio, Buratino decidas ekscii de Karabaso-Barabaso sekreton de la ora shlosileto
Pinocchio learns the secret of the golden key
Buratino ekscias la sekreton de la ora shlosileto
Pinocchio for the first time in his life comes to despair, but everything ends happily
Buratino unuafoje dum sia vivo malesperighas, sed chio finighas bone
Pinocchio finally returns home with his father Carlo, Malvina, Piero and Artemon
Buratino fine revenas hejmen kune kun pachjo Karlo, Malvina, Piero kaj Artemono
Karabas Barabas breaks into the closet under the stairs
Karabaso-Barabaso enshirighas en la subshtuparan chambreton
What did they find behind the secret door
Kion or trovis malantau la sekreta pordo
New puppet theater gives first performance
Nova pup-teatro donas unuan spektaklon

AJDOLORO. CHUKOVSKIJ

Bondoktoro Ajdolor′!
Sidas li sub sikomor.
Por kurac vizitu lin
Kaj bovino, kaj lupin',
kaj scarabo,
same krabo,
Kaj ursino ankau!
Chiu restos sen dolor!
Post vizito al Doctor'!

Por sanighi alkuris jen vulp′:
"Mordis vespo min sen mia kulp′!"
Venis hundo kun lauta ve-boj′:
"Koko bekis la nazon! Oj, oj!"

Kaj vizitis nun Doktoron papili':
"La flugilon per kandel′ brulvundis mi.
Donu helpon, donu helpon, Ajdolor',
Che l' flugilo tre turmentas min dolor'!"
"Ne malghoju, papili'!
Sekvos tuj operaci':
Alkudros mi alian,
El silko, gracian,
Tute novan, rapidmovan
Flugilon!
Jen bobeno
kun fadeno,
Kelkaj kudroj-
Pretas chio,
Sanas jam la papilio.
Al herbej' kun ghoja rid'
Ghi ekflugas kun rapid,
Kaj nun ludas kun abeloj,
Kokcineloj kaj libeloj.
Kaj la gaja Ajdolor'
Postparolas kun favor':
"Bone, ludu kun abeloj,
Kokcineloj
Kaj libeloj,
Sed vin gardu pri kandeloj!"

Alkuris lepora patrino
Kaj eklamentis: "Ve, ve!
Sub tram' al la filo - pere'!
Al mia fileto sub tramo - pere'!
Li dum tramvojaj trakuroj
Restis hodiau sen kruroj,
Nun ploras pro lam′ kaj malsan′
La eta lepora infan!"
Kaj respondas Ajdolor′: "Sen lament′!
Lin alportu al mi post moment!
Estos tuj alkudritaj la kruroj,
Kuri povos li ech en konkuroj!"
La lepora infano tre ploris,
Li kushis sur lito senmove,
Kudril' de l' doktor' eklaboris
Kaj kuras la bebo denove.
Pro l' sukcesa de l' fil' resanigh'
Dancas salte l'patrin' en felich'.
Shi krias kun ghoj′ en la kor′:
"Tre dankas mi vin, Ajdolor'!"

Kaj subite - jen: shakal'
Fulme venas sur cheval':
"De hipopotamo
Estas telegramo!"
"Afrikon, Doktoro,
Venu por infanoj,
Kaj ilin, Doktoro,
Savu de malsanoj!"
"Jen novajho! Chu en vero
San' de l'idoj en danghero?"
"Jes! Che or skarlatino,
Variolo kajangino,
Difterit', appendicitis',
Malario kaj bronkit'!
Chie - ploro pro doloro,
Tuj do venu, Bondoktoro!"
"Bone, tuj la beboyn mi
Savos de l'epidemi'.
Kia estas la adres'?
Monta pint' au marcha mez'?"
"Loghas ni en Zanzibaro,
kalaharo kaj Saharo,
Apud mont' Fernando-Po,
Kie naghas Hipopo'
Sur larghega Lipopo'!"

Kaj levighis Doktor', kaj ekkuris Doktor'
Tra arbaroj, tra kampoj, al la ekvator',
Kaj nur unu vorteton ripetas Doktor':

Kontraubatas lin hajlo, kaj negh', kaj vent',
"Hej, retrovenu, Doktor', sen atend'!"
Kaj pro laco li falis kaj kushas sen mov':
"Che mi mankas pluiri la pov′!"
Chi-momente al li de post pino
Kure venas por helpi lupino:
"Sidighu, Doktoro, sur min,
Mi portos vin ghis la vojfin'!"
La lupinon ekrajdis Doktor',

"Limpopo', Limpopo', Limpopo'!"

Or venis jam al oceano,
Surghi furiozas huragano.
Sur la oceano altegas la ond',
Doktoron tuj glutos de l'akvo la mont'!
"Pro tiu chi forta ciklon'
Eble min trafos fordron!

Se en ondoj atingos min mort'!"
Alnaghas balen′ al la bord′:
"Vi povos navigi en ord′
Sur mi al la land' ekvatora,
Kvazau per shipo vapora".
La balenon ekrajdas Doktor',
Kaj resonas la vort' por memor':
"Limpopo', Limpopo', Limpopo'!"

Doktoro survoje ekvidas montaron,
Doktoro komencas surgrimpi la baron,
Sed chiam pli krutas, pli altas la mont',
Kvazau strebante al nuborenkont'.
"Eble min trafos fiasco,
Ne plenumighos la tasko!
La bestidojn plorigos la sort',
Se chi tie atingos min mort'!"
Post moment' de sur alta rokar'
Alflugis al li aglopar:
"Ekrajdu sur nia sel',
Vi venos tuj al la cel'!"
Sur la aglo ekrajdis Doktor',
Kaj resonas la vort' por memor':
"Limpopo', Limpopo', Limpopo'!"

En Afriko,
En Afriko,
Apud nigga
Limpopo',
Sidas, larmas en Afrik'
Malgaja Hipopo'.
Ghi en Afriko, en Afrik',
Atendas ghi kun plor',
Al mar', sub palmo, en Afrik',
Rigardas de auror',
Chu venos fine per navig'
Doktoro Ajdolor'.
Kaj sur afrika tero
Serchadas rinocero,
Treege ghin chagrenas,
Ke Aldolor' ne venas.
Che hipopotamidoj
En ventro - askaridoj,
La hipopotamidoj
Cheventre captis sin.
Apude-strut-infanoj
Kriegas pro malsanoj,
Kompatas la infanojn
Amanta strutpatrin.
Che or pro bronkit' - dolor',
En gorgh' pro difterit' - dolor',
En ventro pro gastrit' - dolor',
Kaj en la kor'-
Dolor'!
La bestidar deliras,
"Li kial ne aliras?
Li kial ne aliras,
Doktoro Ajdolor′?"
Che bordo, apud barko
jen sharko-dentroarko,
Jen sharko Dentroarko
Pro la idar' - en plor'.
Ah, chiu shark-infano
Ah, chiu sharka beb′
Pro grava dent-malsano
Suferas tagojn sep!
Lokusto kompatinda
farighis preskau blinda,
Ne kuras ghi, ne saltas ghi,
Nur ploras, ploras pli kaj pli,
Kaj vokas kun la plor'
Pri helpo de Doctor':
"Ho, kiam venos li?!"

Subite - rigardu! - jen bird′ en aero,
Jen ghi proksimighas al bestoj sur tero.
Kaj rajdas la birdon li mem, Aldolor',
Chapelon balancas kaj krias Doktor′:
"Saluton, amika, amika bestar′!"
La idoj aklamas pro ghoj-emoci′:
"Li venis! Li venis! Do hura por li!"
La birdoj post kelkaj rond-shveboj
Surighas malsupren, al beboj.
Doktoro al bestoj impetas
Kaj ilin karese frapetas.
Por ilia persvado
donas li chocoladon,

Likuras al tigroj,
Al etaj kolibroj,
Al ghibaj kameloj,
Al belaj gazeloj.
jen al chiu ovoflavon,
Ovoflavon kun sukero,
Kun sukero
kaj butero,
Kun butero
Kaj vinbero
Regalas li.

Kaj estas dek tagojn Doktor′
Sen nutro kaj sen ripozhor.
Kuracas li lau la promises
La bestojn malsanajn sen ches',
Kaj al chiuj termometrojn li metas.

jen sanigis ilin li,
Limpopo'!
De kalkano ghis krani',
Limpopo'!
Or salti ekrapidis,
Limpopo'!
Ekpetolis kaj ekridis,
Limpopo'!
Kaj la sharko-Dentoarko
Naghas gaje chirkau barko
Kun rapido motorcycle,
Kvazau post ektusho tikla.

Kaj etuloj-hipopotamidoj
Captis sin cheventre pro la ridoj.
Ili tiel ridas, ke ekondas mar',
Kverkoj ekskuighas, ektremas montar!
iras hipo, iras popo,
Hipo-popo, Hipo-popo,
Iras, kantas kun fervor.
Iras ghi de Zanzibaro,
Iras al Kilimangaro,
Krias ghi kaj kantas ghi:
"Estu glor"
Al Ajdolor'
Kaj al chiu bondoktor'!"

AIBOLIT. CHUKOVSKY

Good Doctor Aibolit!
He sits under a tree.
Come to him for treatment.
Both the cow and the wolf
And a bug, and a worm,
And a bear!
Heal everyone, heal
Good Doctor Aibolit!

And the fox came to Aibolit:
"Oh, I got bitten by a wasp!"
And the watchdog came to Aibolit:
"A chicken pecked on my nose!"
And the hare came running
And she screamed: "Ay, ay!
My bunny got hit by a tram!
My bunny, my boy
Got hit by a tram!
He ran down the path
And his legs were cut
And now he's sick and lame
My little hare!"
And Aibolit said: "It doesn't matter!
Give it here!
I'll sew him new legs,
He'll run down the path again."
And they brought him a bunny,
Such a sick, lame,
And the doctor sewed on his legs,
And the hare jumps again.
And with him the hare-mother
She also went to dance.
And she laughs and screams:
"Well, thank you, Aibolit!"

Suddenly from somewhere a jackal
Rode on a mare:
"Here's a telegram for you
From Hippo!"
"Come, doctor,
Go to Africa soon
And save me doctor
Our babies!"
"What?
Are your kids sick?
"Yes, yes, yes! They have a sore throat,
scarlet fever, cholera,
diphtheria, appendicitis,
Malaria and bronchitis!
Come soon
Good Doctor Aibolit!"
"Okay, okay, I'll run,
I will help your children.
But where do you live?
On a mountain or in a swamp?
"We live in Zanzibar,
In the Kalahari and the Sahara
On Mount Fernando Po,
Where hippo walks
Along the wide Limpopo".
And Aibolit got up, Aibolit ran,
He runs through the fields, through the forests, through the meadows.
And only one word repeats Aibolit:
"Limpopo, Limpopo, Limpopo!"
And in his face the wind, and snow, and hail:
"Hey, Aibolit, come back!"
And Aibolit fell and lies on the snow:
"I can't go any further."
And now to him because of the Christmas tree
Furry wolves run out:
"Sit down, Aibolit, on horseback,
We'll take you alive!"
And Aibolit galloped forward
And only one word repeats:
"Limpopo, Limpopo, Limpopo!"

But in front of them is the sea
Raging, noisy in space.
And a high wave goes to the sea,
Now she will swallow Aibolit.
"Oh, if I drown
If I go to the bottom

With my forest animals?"
But here comes the whale:
"Sit on me, Aibolit,
And like a big ship
I'll take you forward!"
And sat on the whale Aibolit
And only one word repeats:
"Limpopo, Limpopo, Limpopo!"

And the mountains stand in his way
And he starts to crawl over the mountains,
And the mountains are getting higher, and the mountains are getting steeper,
And the mountains go under the very clouds!
"Oh, if I don't get there,
If I get lost along the way
What will become of them, the sick,
With my forest animals?"
And now from a high cliff
Eagles descended to Aibolit:
"Sit down, Aibolit, on horseback,
We'll take you alive!"
And sat on the eagle Aibolit
And only one word repeats:
"Limpopo, Limpopo, Limpopo!"

And in Africa
And in Africa
On the black Limpopo
Sitting and crying
In Africa
Sad Hippo.
He's in Africa, he's in Africa
Sitting under a palm tree
And on the sea from Africa
Looks without rest:
Doesn't he ride in a boat
Dr. Aibolit?
And roam along the road
Elephants and Rhinos
And they say angrily:
"Well, there is no Aibolit?"
And next to the hippos
Grabbed their tummies:
They, the hippos,
Belly hurts.
And then the ostriches
They squeal like piglets
Oh, sorry, sorry, sorry
Poor ostriches!
And measles, and they have diphtheria,
And smallpox, and bronchitis they have,
And their head hurts
And my throat hurts.
They lie and rave:
"Well, why isn't he going?
Well, why doesn't he go?
Dr. Aibolit?"
And crouched next to
toothy shark,
toothy shark
Lies in the sun.
Oh, her little ones
The poor sharks
It's been twelve days
Teeth hurt!
And a dislocated shoulder
At the poor grasshopper;
He does not jump, he does not jump,
And he weeps bitterly
And the doctor calls:
"Oh, where is the good doctor?
When will he come?"

But look, some bird
Closer and closer through the air rushes
On the bird, look, Aibolit is sitting
And he waves his hat and shouts loudly:
"Long live dear Africa!"
And all the children are happy and happy:
"Arrived, arrived! Hurrah, hurray!"
And the bird is circling above them,
And the bird sits on the ground
And Aibolit runs to the hippos,
And slaps them on the tummies
And all in order
Gives you chocolate
And puts and puts them thermometers!
And to the striped
He runs to the tiger cubs,
And to the poor hunchbacks
sick camels,
And every gogol
Every mogul,
Gogol-mogul,
Gogol-mogul,
He will treat you with mogul-mogul.

Ten nights Aibolit
Doesn't eat, doesn't drink, doesn't sleep
ten nights in a row
He heals the unfortunate animals
And puts and puts them thermometers.

So he cured them
Limpopo!
Here he cured the sick,
Limpopo!
And they went to laugh
Limpopo!
And dance and play
Limpopo!
And Shark Karakula
Right eye winked
And laughs, and laughs,
Like someone is tickling her.

And little hippos
Grabbed by the tummies
And laugh, pour -
So that the oaks are shaken.
Here's Hippo, here's Popo,
Hippo Popo, Hippo Popo!
Here comes the Hippo.
It comes from Zanzibar
He goes to Kilimanjaro -
And he screams, and he sings:
"Glory, glory to Aibolit!
Glory to the good doctors!

Alexander Sharov. History of the flower island

How beautiful he was, Flower Island on the Blue Sea!
It was all overgrown with clover, white and red, so that from the deck of the ship it seemed that a carpet embroidered with silk was spread out in the middle of the sea.
The clover smelled of honey, and it seemed that a huge honey gingerbread was lying in the middle of the sea.
Thousands of bumblebees hummed with low beautiful voices, pulling nectar from clover flowers with their long proboscis, and it seemed that a festive bell was buzzing over the island.
And the clover gnome Cragg and the Meow family lived on the island: Meow Cat, Meow Cat and kitten Meow Baby.
Every evening they went to visit each other. One evening the Meow family to the Cragg clover gnome, and the next day the Cragg gnome to the Meow family.
Cragg treated the guests to clover honey, the most delicious in the world, and told them clover tales. Clover is white like a cloud and scarlet like the sun; and fairy tales were thoughtful, like a cloud, and cheerful, like the sun.
And the Meow family treated Cragg to milk and meowed cat songs to him - thoughtful and cheerful.
Dwarf Cragg worked during the day: he went around the island, pulling out weeds. And the Meow family worked at night: they patrolled the island, preventing mice from rampaging.
Tired, Cragg the dwarf lay down on a flower carpet, breathed honey air, listened to bumblebees and thought: “What a beautiful, best island in the world I live on!”
But all this did not happen, because Cragg that unfortunate evening turned out to be rude, stubborn and angry.
That evening, when there was such a wonderful smell of clover honey and nothing foreshadowed misfortune, Cragg, as always, came to visit the Meow family. Before dinner, Meow the Cat and Meow the Cat and the kitten Meow Baby, as always, sat in a circle in front of the merrily burning stove.
Meow Cat, as always, waved his baton. And the Meow family, as always, meowed very pleasantly.
But Cragg the Dwarf, which had never happened before, jumped up, stamped his foot, and shouted in a rough, angry voice:
- Stop your stupid meowing, I'm tired of it!
“Please don’t shout,” said Meow Cat, “it’s impolite and it’s harmful to the child!”
And Meow Cat asked:
- Did you say "stupid meow" or did I just hear it that way?
- I said what I thought - "stupid meow"!
- Do you have a headache? Or belly? When my head or stomach hurts, I also sometimes say the wrong thing, ”said Meow Cat.
- Nothing hurts me! - shouted the dwarf Cragg and ran out of the cat's house, slamming the door hard.
In fact, he really had a headache and a stomach ache. But, unfortunately...yes, unfortunately, he didn't want to admit it.
Dwarf Cragg did not ask for forgiveness either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
And when his stomach stopped hurting and the headache went away, and when he finally overcame his stubbornness and gathered to visit the Meow family, the doors and windows of the house were boarded up, and a note hung on the doors:
“We are leaving because it is very harmful for kittens to be screamed in front of them, and because we don’t want to bother anyone with “stupid meowing”. Meow Cat, Meow Cat, Meow Baby.

Well, let! said Cragg the dwarf loudly, though his heart was unhappy. - I'll do without the obnoxious Meow family with their stupid cat concerts. I will live alone on this beautiful island, listen to the beautiful singing of bumblebees, and tell myself beautiful clover tales, and treat myself to the most delicious clover honey in the world!
It is not known how many years and months and many more days have passed.
Once, having worked out, Cragg lay down on the grass among the flowering clover to listen to the bumblebee singing. But a strange thing: the island no longer hummed like a holiday bell.
It was quiet.
And the cloud covered the sun, and it became cold.
It was terribly uncomfortable to lie in this cold silence.
Cragg the dwarf got up and looked at the cloud.
It was quite an unusual cloud. All the bumblebees that lived on Flower Island flew into the open sea.
- Where are you going?! shouted Cragg the dwarf after them.
- We're flying away forever - boomed bumblebees. We can no longer live on Flower Island. Since the Meow family has passed away, mice have been ravaging our nests.
- Well, fly! said Cragg the dwarf angrily. “I can do without the stupid bumblebees with their dull buzz, as I do without the obnoxious Meow family.” Silence is good for your health! And now I alone will get all the most delicious clover honey in the world! And--and a hundred years ago I was bitten by that damned, horribly ill-mannered bumblebee that I stepped on. Now no one will ever bite me!
So he said, the very stubborn and vindictive Dwarf Cragg. But his heart was no more cheerful.
It's still unknown how many months and days have passed. One day Cragg the Dwarf went out into the field and saw that all the clover flowers, both very old and young, were standing with bowed heads.
- What are you unhappy? asked the dwarf.
- It's because we're dying. Dying is very sad...
- Don't die! asked Cragg, who this time was alarmed and frightened. - Do not die, because I love the best clover honey in the world!
“We can’t live without bumblebees that carry pollen from flower to flower,” the clover flowers quietly answered.
And they died...

... Recently, my son and I, who went to sea with me for the first time, sailed past the Flower Island.
- You said that the island hums like a holiday bell. Why do I only hear mouse squeaks? - asked the son.
“It used to buzz like a holiday bell,” I said.
- And you said that the island is like a carpet embroidered with white and red silk. Why does it seem to me like a gray rag in the middle of the Blue Sea? - asked the son.
“It used to look like a fine carpet,” I said.
Why has everything changed so much? - asked the son.
“Because Cragg the Dwarf was rude and stubborn and angry that unfortunate evening,” I said.
“Just because on some unfortunate evening some dwarf turned out to be rude, angry and stubborn?” The son smiled incredulously.
Then I remembered and told my son the whole story. And we thought about various differences, very sad ones - there are such.
And the island, meanwhile, disappeared from sight.

Aleksandr Sharov. La historio de la Flora Insulo

Kiel ghi belegis, la Flora Insulo en la Blua Maro!
Ghi tuta vepris de trifolio, la blanka kaj rugha, tiel ke de sur la shipa ferdeko shajnis, ke meze de la maro estas sternita tapisho, brodita per silko.
La trifolio odoris je mielo, kaj shajnis, ke meze de la maro kushas grandega mielkuko.
Miloj da burdoj zumis per la belegaj basaj vochoj, tirante per siaj longaj rostretoj nektaron el floroj de la trifolio, kaj shajnis, ke super la insulo sonoris festa sonorilo.
Kaj loghis sur la insulo trifolia gnomo Kregg kaj la familio Miau: Miau Kato, Miau Katino kaj katido Miau Ido.
Chiun vesperon or intergastis. Vespere - la familio Miau che la trifolia gnomo Kregg, kaj morgau - la gnomo Kregg che la familio Miau.
Kregg regalis la gastojn per trifolia mielo, la plej bongusta en la mondo, kaj rakontis al or trifoliajn fabelojn. Trifolio ekzistas blanka kiel nubo, kaj skarlata kiel la suno; do la fabeloj estis melankoliaj kiel nubo kaj gajaj kiel la suno.
Kaj la familio Miau regalis Kregg per lakto kaj miauis al li katajn songojn - la melankoliajn kaj gajajn.
La gnomo Kregg laboris tage: li patrolis la insulon, sarkante trudherbojn. Kaj la familio Miau laboris nokte: ghi patrolis la insulon, ne lasante la musojn banditi.
Lacighinte, la gnomo Kregg kushighadis sur la floran tapishon, spiradis la mielan aeron, auskultadis la burdojn kaj pensis: "Do sur kia belega, la plej bona insulo en la mondo mi loghas!"
Sed chio malaperis pro tio, ke Kregg en tiu malfelicha vespero estis kruda, obstina kaj malica.
Tiun vesperon, kiam tiel mirakle odoris je trifolia mielo kaj nenio antausignis malfelichon, Kregg, kiel kutime, gastovenis al la familio Miau. Antau vespermangho Miau Kato, Miau Katino kaj katido Miau Ido, kiel chiam, eksidis ronde antau la ghoje brulanta forneto.
Miau Kato, kiel chiam, eksvingis la taktobastonon. Kaj la familio Miau, kiel chiam, tre agrable ekmiauis.
Sed la gnomo Kregg (antaue tio neniam okazis) saltlevighis, stamfis kaj ekkriis per kruda, malica vocho:
- Chesigu vian stultan miauadon, tiu min tedis!
- Bonvolu ne krii, - diris Miau Katino, - tio ne estas ghentila kaj malutilas la infanon.
Kaj Miau Kato demandis:
- Chu vi diris "stulta miauado" au mi nur misaudis?
- Mi diris, kion mi pensis - "stulta miauado"!
- Vershajne, via capo doloras? Au la ventro? Kiam doloras mia kapo au ventro, ankau mi iufoje parolas ion tute ne bezonatan, - diris Miau Katino.
- Nenio min doloras! - ekkriis la gnomo Kregg kaj ekkuris el la kata domo, forte batinte per la pordo.
Lin efektive doloris la kapo kaj ventro. Sed malfeliche… jes, malfeliche li ne ekvolis konfesi tion.
La gnomo Kregg petis pardonon nek morgau, nek postmorgau.
Kaj kiam lia ventro chestis dolori kaj pasis la kapdoloro, kaj kiam li fine superfortis sian obstinon kaj audacis viziti la familion Miau, la pordoj kaj fenestroj de la domo estis shlositaj, kaj sur la pordo pendis letereto:
“Ni forveturas, char kriado tre malutilas katidojn, kaj char ni volas neniun tedi per la “stulta miauado”.
Miau Kato, Miau Katino, Miau Ido.

Ech pli bone! - laute diris la gnomo Kregg, kvankam enanime che li estis malghoje. - Mi bone vivos sen la netolerebla familio Miau kun iliaj stultaj kataj koncertoj. Mi sola loghos sur tiu chi belega insulo, auskultos la belegan kantadon de la burdoj, al si mem rakontos belegajn trifoliajn fabelojn, kaj sin mem regalos per la plej bongusta en la mondo trifolia mielo!
Pasis nesciate kiom da jaroj kaj monatoj kaj multaj tagoj plie.
Foje, satlaborinte, Kregg kushighis sur herbon meze de floranta trifolio por auskulti la burdan kantadon. Sed stranga afero: la insulo ne plu sonoris kiel festa sonorilo.
Estis silente.
Kaj nubego kovris la sunon, kaj farighis malvarme.
Estis terure nekomforte kushi en tiu chi malvarma silento.
La gnomo Kregg levighis kaj ekrigardis al la nubego.
Tiu estis tute neoordinara nubego. Chiuj burdoj, kiuj nur loghis sur la Flora Insulo, estis flugantaj en altan maron.
- Kien vi?! - ekkriis al or la gnomo Kregg.
- Ni forflugas por chiam, - ekzumis la burdoj. Ni ne povas plu loghi sur la Flora Insulo. De post malapero de la familio Miau, la musoj ruinigas niajn nestojn.
- Do forflugu! - kolere diris la gnomo Kregg. - Mi bone vivos sen la malsaghaj burdoj kun ilia morna zumado, samkiel mi bonege vivas sen la netolerebla familio Miau. Silento utilas al sano! Kaj nun mi sola ricevos tutan la plej Bantustan en la mondo trifolian mielon! Kaj… kaj antau cent jaroj min ja mordis tiu malbenita, terure needukita burdo, kiun mi surtretis. Do nun min neniu kaj neniam mordos!
Tiel li diris, la tre spitema kaj rankora gnomo Kregg. Sed enanime che li ne farighis pli ghoje.
Pasis nesciate kiom da monatoj kaj tagoj plie.
Foje la gnomo Kregg ekiris en la kampon kaj ekvidis, ke chiuj floroj de la trifolio, kaj tute maljunaj kaj junaj, staras morne klininte la kapojn.
- Kial vi estas malgajaj? - demandis la gnomo.
- Charni mortas. Morti estas tre malgaje…
- Ne mortu! - ekpetis Kregg, kiu chi-foje maltrankvilighis kaj ektimis. - Ne mortu, mi ja tiel shatas la plej bonan en la mondo trifolian mielon!
- Ni ne povas vivi sen burdoj, kiuj portas la polenon de floro al floro, - kviete respondis la floroj de la trifolio.
Kaj mortis…

Antau nelonge mi kun la filo, kiu unuafoje ekiris kun mi en maron, shipis preter la Flora Insulo.
- Vi parolis, ke la insulo sonoras kiel festa sonorilo. Kial do mi audas nur musajn bleketojn? - demandis la filo.
- Antaue ghi sonoris kiel festa sonorilo, - diris mi.
- Vi parolis ankau, ke la insulo similas al tapisho, brodita per blanka kaj rugha silko. Kial do ghi shajnas al mi griza chifono meze de la Blua Maro? - demandis la filo.
- Antaue ghi similis al belega tapisho, - diris mi.
- Pro kio do chio tiel shanghighis? - demandis la filo.
- Pro tio, ke en tiu malfelicha vespero la gnomo Kregg estis kruda, obstina kaj malica.
- Nur pro tio, ke en iu malfelicha vespero iu gnomo estis kruda, malica kaj obstina? - malfide ridetis la filo.
Do mi rememoris kaj rakontis al la filo la tutan historion. Kaj ni enpensighis pri diversaj diversajhoj, la tre malgajaj - tiuj okazas.
Kaj la insulo tiutempe malaperis el la vidpovo.

"THE BREMEN TOWN MUSICIANS"

cartoon song
music by G. Gladkov, lyrics by Y. Entin

There is nothing better in the world
Than friends wander around the wide world!
Those who are friendly are not afraid of anxiety,
Any roads are dear to us!

Our carpet is a flower meadow!
Our walls are giant pines!
Our roof - the sky is blue!
Our happiness is to live such a fate!

We will not forget our calling
We bring laughter and joy to people!
Us palaces tempting vaults
Will never replace freedom!

La la la la la la...

"LA MUZIKISTOJ EL BREMEN"

Kanto el soveta animation filmo
E-teksto de D. Lukjanec

Estas plej belega en la mondo
Vivo de eterna vagabondo,
Por amikoj fremdas la malghojoj,
Kaj por or karas chiuj vojoj. - 2-foje.

Flortapishon kovras la nebuloj,
Muroj estas pinoj - grandeguloj,
La chielo estas la tegmento,
Ni amikas kun la gaja sento. - 2 f.

Nin renkontas gaje chiuj domoj,
Bonhumoron portas ni al homoj.
Logas nin palacoj de la Tero,
Sed superas ilin la libero. - 2 f.

La-la la-la la-la...

"GRASSHOPPER". Nikolai Nosov
(Song of Dunno and his friends)

In the grass Grasshopper sat,
in the grass Grasshopper sat,
just like a cucumber
he was green.

Chorus:

Just like a cucumber.
Imagine, imagine -
He was green.

He only ate grass
he only ate grass
did not touch the goat,
and made friends with flies.

Imagine, imagine -
did not touch the goat.
Imagine, imagine -
and made friends with flies.

But here comes the frog
but here comes the frog,
gluttonous belly,
and ate the blacksmith.

Imagine, imagine -
but here comes the frog.
Imagine, imagine -
and ate the blacksmith.

He did not think, he did not guess
he did not think, he did not guess,
he never expected
such an end.

Imagine, imagine -
he did not think, he did not guess.
Imagine, imagine -
such an end.

LOKUSTO. Nikolaj Nosov

En herb' locusto trilis,
en herb' locusto trilis,
ghi al kukum' similis,
char same verdis ghi.

Refreno:
Imagu vi nur, imagu vi nur -
ghi al kukum' similis.
Imagu vi nur, imagu vi nur -
char same verdis ghi.

Ghi nur la herbon manghis,
ghi nur la herbon manghis,
neniun ghi damaghis,
kun mush' amikis ghi.

Refreno (lau la sama skemo).

Sed rano jen aperis,
sed rano jen aperis,
ghi pro malsat' suferis -
locuston glutis ghi.

Lokuston morto trovis,
locuston morto trovis,
konjekti ghi ne povis
pri tia vivofin.

El la rusa tradukis Mihhail Lineckij
________________________________________

CHUNGA CHANGA

Chunga-changa, blue sky!
Chunga-changa, summer is all year round!
Chunga-changa, we live happily!
Chunga-changa, let's sing a song:

Wonder Island, Wonder Island!
Living on it is easy and simple, (2 p.)
Chunga-changa!
Our happiness is permanent!
Chew coconuts, eat bananas, (2 p.)
Chunga-changa!

Chunga-changa, there is no better place!
Chunga-changa, we don't know trouble!
Chunga-changa, who lived here for an hour,
Chunga-changa, will not leave us!

Miracle Island...etc.

Malproksime en Brilanta mar',
Sub la ora suna radiar
Kushas ter' plej bona en la mond'.
Che la bordo ludas verda ond'.

Ho insulo, charminsulo,
chiu ighas tuj gajulo
sur insulo tiu bela, (2 f.)
Chunga-changa!
Kaj chiamas la felicho
en kokos-banana richo, (2f.)
En kokos-banana ri^co,
Chunga-changa!

Chunga-changa - bela sabla or',
Chunga-changa - flora bonodor',
Flugas chien la sonora vok'-
Chunga-changa - play konvena lok!

Ho insulo, charminsulo,
chiu ighas tuj gajulo........

Old Man Mramor and Grandfather Pooh, Alexander Sharov

Two masters lived in the world. One made everything from stone, and the other from poplar fluff. They were so old that people forgot their real names and called one "Old Man Marble" and the other "Grandfather Pooh."
Old Man Marble stored the stone in severe cold, when weak, fragile stones crack, winds break them off, and they fall from the steepness, and only marble calmly sparkles with a scarlet flame in the icy winter sun. And Grandpa Pooh, of course, stockpiled material in those tender days, when only poplar fluff flies.
Masters lived in the same house, soul to soul. And neighbors - and there will always be neighbors who love to quarrel friends - whispered to Old Man Marble:
- We respect you. You create houses, palaces, statues. Everyone knows that once lava flooded the city you built, but when the red-hot stream subsided, the columns of the palaces towered as before. And when an uncountable army, killing everyone and destroying everything, passed through the earth, only your statues remained on the squares of the burnt cities. And when the barbarians threw statues into the abyss, they rose from the depths of the earth ... We respect your work, the neighbors said. - But old man Pooh ... What can be done from fluff? You blow - and there is none.
- What can be done from fluff? - repeated the Old Man Marble, carving a statue and slowly moving, as if with stone lips. - Oh ... a lot. Silver willow earrings are made from fluff. And the pollen that flies through the forest in spring. And clouds that bring rain. And that invisible fabric that the worthless tailors tried to weave for the king, but only denounced the king to the whole world - that fabric, which, if it really exists, you feel when you carefully touch the green leaf, and the blade of grass, and the hand of the child, and the lips of a loved one. Made from fluff...
- But all this is so short-lived! the neighbors interrupted, surprised that Old Man Marble, who used to barely spit out one word in a thousand years, spoke quickly and ardently, and even with such words. - But all this is so fleeting - a leaf, pollen, a cloud ...
- And what could be more durable than spring?
And the neighbors left with nothing.

One day there was a particularly severe winter. In the spring, neither apple trees, nor lilacs, nor poplars bloomed. Grandpa Pooh fell ill - he could not live without work.
“Take a chisel, a hammer and try to sculpt from stone,” suggested the Old Man Marble.
That spring - people remembered it for a long time - catkins appeared on the willows, sparkling even brighter than usual, but so heavy that the branches broke, fell into the water and buried themselves in the silt. And when the time came for the pupae to turn into butterflies, they covered themselves with an invisible fabric, but, having spread their iridescent wings, they could not break through this fabric. After all, it was stone, and everyone knows how durable stone is. And chicks hatched in the nests. They were just like real ones, they even flapped their wings, but they could not rise into the air: after all, they were made of stone, and everyone knows how heavy a stone is.
And in autumn the birds did not reach south. Only one flock of swans managed to rise into the sky. But bird after bird lagged behind, settling among the green parks to freeze forever with outstretched marble wings. They, stone swans, can still be seen in almost every city - motionless, sadly following the flight of living birds.
It was a stone spring, and it has passed. But we must not forget that she was.
"Let's work as before," said Old Man Marble. - I will sculpt from marble, and you ...
- Yes ... yes ... Of course, we must work as before, - Grandpa Pooh answered.

It's been a long time since people have seen Old Man Marble and Grandpa Pooh. Who knows where they are, are they alive? Probably alive. When the time comes, statues appear that are not subject to either evil, or the forces of destruction, or even time itself. And poplar fluff flies, and chicks hatch in nests, pupae turn into butterflies, and swans blow their song, which, once seen, you will not forget for the rest of your life.

Oldulo Marmoro kaj Avchjo Lanugo, Alexander Sharov.

En la mondo vivis du majstroj. La unua faris chion el shtono, kaj la alia - el popla lanugo. Ili estis tiom maljunaj, ke la homoj forgesis iliajn verajn nomojn kaj nomis la unuan "Oldulo Marmoro", kaj la alian - "Avchjo Lanugo".
Oldulo Marmoro rezervadis shtonon dum kruelaj frostoj, kiam feblaj, malfirmaj shtonoj ricevas fendojn, ventoj derompas ilin, kaj ili falas de krutajho, kaj nur marmoro trankvile brilas per skarlata flamo sub la glacia vintra suno. Kaj Avchjo Lanugo, tiu certe rezervis la materialon dum tiuj karesaj tagetoj, kiam chie flugas la popla lanugo.
La majstroj animkonkorde loghis en la sama domo. Sed la najbaroj - ja chiam trovighas najbaroj, emaj malpacigi amikojn, - flustradis al Oldulo Marmoro:
- Vin ni estimas. Vi kreas domojn, palacojn, statuojn. Al chiuj estas konate, ke foje lafo inundis la urbon, masonitan de vi, sed kiam la arda torento regresis, kolonoj de la palacoj altighis same kiel antaue. Kaj kiam nekalkulebla militistaro, chiujn murdante kaj chion neniigante, trapasis la teron, nur viaj statuoj konservighis sur placoj de la bruligitaj urboj. Kaj kiam barbaroj dejhetadis la statuojn en abismojn, or levighis el profundeco de la tero… Ni estimas vian laboron, - parolis la najbaroj. - Sed la oldulacho Lanugo… Kion oni povas fari el lanugo? Ekblovu - kaj ghi ne plu estas.
- Kion oni povas fari el lanugo? - redemandadis Oldulo Marmoro, skulptante statuon kaj lante movante la kvazau shtonajn lipojn. - Ho… tre multe. El lanugo oni faras arghentajn amentojn de salikoj. Kaj la polenon, kiu printempe flugas en arbaro. Kaj la nubojn, kiuj alportas pluvon. Kaj tiun nevideblan shtofon, kiun provis elteksi por la regho la sentaugaj tajloroj, sed nur misfamigis lin en la tuta mondo, - tiun shtofon, kiun, se ghi ekzistas efektive, vi sentas, singarde tushante verdan folion, kaj herbeton, kaj manon de infano kaj lipojn de la amatino. El lanugo oni faras…
- Sed tiuj estas tiom efemeraj! - interrompadis la najbaroj, mirigitaj, ke Oldulo Marmoro, kiu antaue produktis apenau unu vorton dum mil jaroj, ekparolis rapide kaj pasie, kaj ech per tiaj vortoj. - Sed tiuj estas tiel efemeraj - folio, poleno, nubo…
- Sed kio povas esti pli longatempa ol la primavero?
Kaj la najbaroj foriradis sen ajna rezulto.

Foje okazis precipe kruela vintageo. Printempe ekfloris nek pomarboj, nek siringo, nek poploj. Avchjo Lanugo malsanighis - li ne povis vivi sen laboro.
- Prenu la skulptilon, martelon kaj provu skulpti el shtono, - proponis Oldulo Marmoro.
Tiun printempon - homoj memorfiksis ghin por longe - sur salikoj aperis la amentoj, brilantaj ech pli hele ol kutime, sed tiaj pezaj, ke la branchoj rompighis, faladis en akvon kaj profundighis en shlimon. Kaj kiam al krizalidoj ektempis transformighi en papiliojn, or kovrighis per nevidebla shtofo, sed, etendinte la irizajn flugilojn, ne povis trarompi tiun shtofon. Ghi ja estis shtona, kaj chiuj scias, kiel fortikas la shtono. Kaj en nestoj elshelighis birdidoj. Ili estis tute kiel veraj, ech svingetis la flugiletojn, sed ne povis levighi aeren: ili ja estis shtonaj, kaj chiuj scias, kiel pezas la shtono.
Kaj autune birdoj ne ektirighis al la sudo. Nur unu birdareto ekpovis levighi chielen. Sed birdo post birdo chesis la flugon, sidighis ie inter verdaj parkoj por rigidighi poreterne kun la etenditaj marmoraj flugiloj. Ilin, la shtonajn cignojn, oni povas ankau nun vidi preskau en chiu urbo - la nemovighantajn, triste observantajn la flugon de vivaj birdoj.
- Ni laboru kiel antaue, - diris Oldulo Marmoro. - Mi skulptos el marmoro, kaj vi…
- Jes… jes… Certe oni devas labori kiel antaue, - respondis Avchjo Lanugo.

Jam delonge homoj ne vidis Oldulon Marmoro kaj Avchjon Lanugo. Kiu scias, kie or estas, chu or vivas? Vershine, vivas. Ja aperas, kiam venas tempo, la statuoj, cedantaj nek al malico, nek al fortoj de neniigo, nek ech al tempo mem. Kaj flugas la popla lanugo, kaj en nestoj elshelighas birdidoj, krizalidoj transformighas en papiliojn, kaj trumpetas sian kanton cignoj, kiujn foje ekvidinte oni ne forgesos ghis la fino de la vivo.

Instead of a preface..................................3
Lesson 1.............................................. .6
Endings in various parts of speech ... 6
Nouns...................................6
Positives ....................................... 7
Verbs..............................................7
Adverbs..............................................7
Lesson 2................................................... eight
Plural ........................8
Personal pronoun .......................................... 8
Genus................................................. ..eight
Lesson 3.............................................. .nine
Linking verb estas.......................................9
Articles: La, Cu, Gi.............................9
Possessive pronouns ........... 10
Lesson 4..............................................11
Interrogative pronouns ........... 11
Lesson 5..............................................12
Numeral name .............................. 12
Cardinal numbers .......... 12
Ordinal numbers ........................... 12
Fractional numerals..............................12
Collective numerals .......... 12
Lesson 6..............................................12
Prefixes: Mal-, ge-, for-, mis-,
retro-, dis- ........................................13
Lesson 7..............................................13
Suffixes: -in-, -id-, -ist-, -an-, -ej-,
-il-, -es-, -ig-, -um-, -et-, -eg-, -esk-, 14
Session 8 ...............................................14
Participles and gerunds ..................14
Compound forms of verbs ............... 15
Negative pronouns ............... 15
Session 9 ...............................................15
Case endings ........................15
Transitive verbs ..........................16
Intransitive verbs ............................... 16
Adverb.................................................16
Prepositions ........................................16
Lesson 10..............................................17
Unions..................................................17
Esperanto-Russian Dictionary.......................19
"The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Pinocchio",
Alexey Tolstoy .............................................53
"Aibolit", Chukovsky.......................................56
"History of the Flower Island", A. Sharov...........66
"The Bremen Town Musicians", (song from the movie),
Music by G. Gladkov, lyrics by Y. Entin......................72
"Grasshopper", (song of Dunno and his friends),
N. Nosov ............................................... ........73
«Chunga-Changa» .............................................. .75
Old Man Mramor and grandfather Pooh, A. Sharov........76

The city was inhabited by Belarusians, Poles, Russians, Jews, Germans, Lithuanians. People of different nationalities often treated each other with suspicion and even hostility. From his early youth, Zamenhof dreamed of giving people a common, understandable language in order to overcome alienation between peoples. He dedicated his whole life to this idea. While studying languages ​​at the gymnasium, he realized that in any national language there are too many complexities and exceptions that make it difficult to master. In addition, the use as a common language of any one people would give unjustified advantages to this people, infringing on the interests of others.

Zamenhof worked on his project for more than ten years. In 1878, fellow high school students were already enthusiastically singing in the new language “Let the enmity of the peoples fall, the time has come!”. But Zamenhof's father, who worked as a censor, burned his son's work, suspecting something unreliable. He wanted his son to finish university better.

In the alphabet, letters are called like this: consonants - consonant + o, vowels - just a vowel:

• A - a
• B-bo
• C - co

Each letter corresponds to one sound (phonemic letter). The reading of a letter does not depend on the position in the word (in particular, voiced consonants at the end of a word are not stunned, unstressed vowels are not reduced).

The stress in words always falls on the penultimate syllable.

The pronunciation of many letters can be assumed without special training (M, N, K, etc.), the pronunciation of others must be remembered:

• C( co) is pronounced like Russian c: centro, sceno[scene] caro[tsʹro] "king".
• Ĉ ( Geo) is pronounced like Russian h: Cefo"chief", "head"; Ecocolado.
• G( go) is always read as G: groupo, geography[geography].
• Ĝ ( ĝo) - affricate, pronounced as a continuous jj. It does not have an exact match in Russian, but it can be heard in the phrase “daughter would”: due to the voiced b coming after, h pronounced and pronounced like jj. Cardeno[giardeno] - garden, etaco[etajo] "floor".
• H( ho) is pronounced as a dull overtone (eng. h): horizonto, sometimes as Ukrainian or Belarusian "g".
• Ĥ ( eo) is pronounced like Russian x: ameleono, ĥirurgo, aolero.
• J( jo) - as Russian th: jaguaro, jam"already".
• Ĵ ( o) - Russian well: argono, galuzo"jealousy", ĵurnalisto.
• L( lo) - neutral l(the wide boundaries of this phoneme make it possible to pronounce it like the Russian “soft l”).
• Ŝ ( So) - Russian w: ŝi- she is, ŝablono.
• Ŭ ( ŭo) - short y corresponding to English w, Belarusian ў and modern Polish ł; in Russian it is heard in the words "pause", "howitzer": pazo[paўzo], Europo[europo] "Europe". This letter is a semivowel, does not form a syllable, occurs almost exclusively in the combinations "eŭ" and "aŭ".

Most Internet sites (including the Esperanto section of Wikipedia) automatically convert characters with x's typed in postpositions (x is not included in the Esperanto alphabet and can be considered as a service character) into characters with diacritics (for example, from the combination jx it turns out ĵ ). Similar typing systems with diacritics (two consecutively pressed keys type one character) exist in keyboard layouts for other languages ​​as well—for example, in the "Canadian multilingual" layout for typing French diacritics.

You can also use the Alt key and numbers (on the numeric keypad). First, write the corresponding letter (for example, C for Ĉ), then press the Alt key and type 770, and a circumflex appears above the letter. If you dial 774, then the sign for ŭ will appear.

The letter can also be used as a substitute for diacritics. h in post-position (this method is an “official” replacement for diacritics in cases where its use is not possible, since it is presented in the Fundamentals of Esperanto: “ Printing houses that do not have the letters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ may initially use ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, u”), however, this method makes the spelling non-phonemic and makes automatic sorting and transcoding difficult. With the spread of Unicode, this method (as well as others, such as diacritics in postposition - g’o, g^o and the like) is less and less common in Esperanto texts.

Vocabulary

Swadesh list for Esperanto
№	Esperanto	Russian
1	mi	I
2	ci(vi)	you
3	li	is he
4	ni	we
5	vi	you
6	or	they
7	tiu cei	this, this, this
8	tiu	that, that, that
9	tie ci	here
10	tie	there
11	kiu	who
12	kio	what
13	kie	where
14	kiam	when
15	kiel	as
16	ne	not
17	ĉio, ĉiuj	everything, everything
18	multaj, pluraj	many
19	kelkaj, kelke	some
20	nemultaj, nepluraj	few
21	alia	other, different
22	unu	one
23	du	two
24	tri	three
25	kvar	four
26	kvin	five
27	granda	big, great
28	longa	long, long
29	larĝa	wide
30	dika	thick
31	peza	heavy
32	malgranda	little
33	mallonga (kurta)	short, brief
34	mallara	narrow
35	maldika	thin
36	virino	female
37	viro	the male
38	homo	Human
39	infanto	child, child
40	edzino	wife
41	edzo	husband
42	patrino	mother
43	patro	father
44	besto	beast, animal
45	fiŝo	fish
46	birdo	bird, bird
47	hundo	dog, dog
48	pediko	louse
49	serpento	snake, bastard
50	vermo	worm
51	arbo	wood
52	arbaro	forest
53	bastono	stick, rod
54	frukto	fruit, fruit
55	semo	seed, seeds
56	folio	sheet
57	radiko	root
58	ŝelo	bark
59	floro	flower
60	herbo	grass
61	ŝnuro	rope
62	hato	skin, hide
63	viando	meat
64	sango	blood
65	osto	bone
66	graso	fat
67	ovo	egg
68	Korno	horn
69	vosto	tail
70	plumo	feather
71	haroj	hair
72	capo	head
73	orelo	ear
74	okulo	eye, eye
75	nazo	nose
76	buso	mouth, mouth
77	Dento	tooth
78	lango	tongue)
79	ungo	nail
80	piedo	foot, leg
81	gambo	leg
82	Genuo	knee
83	mano	hand, palm
84	flugilo	wing
85	ventro	belly, belly
86	tripo	entrails, intestines
87	goreo	throat, neck
88	dorso	back (backbone)
89	brusto	breast
90	koro	a heart
91	hepato	liver
92	trinki	drink
93	mani	eat, eat
94	Mordi	gnaw, bite
95	sucei	suck
96	kraĉi	spit
97	vomi	tear, vomit
98	blovi	blow
99	spirit	breathe
100	ridi	laugh

Most of the vocabulary consists of Romance and Germanic roots, as well as internationalisms of Latin and Greek origin. There are a small number of stems borrowed from or through the Slavic (Russian and Polish) languages. Borrowed words are adapted to Esperanto phonology and written in the phonemic alphabet (that is, the original spelling of the source language is not preserved).

• Borrowings from French: When borrowing from French, regular sound changes occurred in most stems (for example, /sh/ became /h/). Many Esperanto verb stems are taken from French ( iri"go", macei"chew", marŝi"step", kuri"run" promeni"walk", etc.).
• Borrowings from English: at the time of the founding of Esperanto as an international project, the English language did not have its current distribution, so the English vocabulary is rather poorly represented in the main vocabulary of Esperanto ( fajro"the fire", birdo"bird", jes"yes" and some other words). Recently, however, several international anglicisms have entered the Esperanto vocabulary, such as bajto"byte" (but also "bitoko", literally "bit-eight"), blogo"blog", default"default", managerero"manager", etc.
• Borrowings from German: the main vocabulary of Esperanto includes such German stems as Nur"only", danko"gratitude", ŝlosi"lock up" morgatu"tomorrow", tago"day", jaro"year", etc.
• Borrowings from Slavic languages: barakti"flounder", klopodi"to bother" kartavi"burr", krom"except", etc. See below in the section "Influence of the Slavic languages".

On the whole, the Esperanto lexical system manifests itself as autonomous, reluctant to borrow new foundations. For new concepts, a new word is usually created from elements already existing in the language, which is facilitated by the rich possibilities of word formation. A vivid illustration here can be a comparison with the Russian language:

• English site, rus. website, esp. pacaro;
• English printer, rus. Printer, esp. printilo;
• English browser, rus. browser, esp. retumilo, krozilo;
• English internet, rus. the Internet, esp. interreto.

This feature of the language allows you to minimize the number of roots and affixes needed to master Esperanto.

In colloquial Esperanto, there is a tendency to replace words of Latin origin with words formed from Esperanto roots in a descriptive manner (flood - altakvaĵo instead of vocabulary inundo, extra - troa instead of vocabulary superflua, as in the proverb la tria estas troa - third wheel etc.).

In Russian, the most famous are the Esperanto-Russian and Russian-Esperanto dictionaries compiled by the famous Caucasian linguist E. A. Bokarev, and later dictionaries based on it. A large Esperanto-Russian dictionary was prepared in St. Petersburg by Boris Kondratiev and is available on the Internet. There are laid out [ when?] working materials of the Large Russian-Esperanto Dictionary, which is currently being worked on. There is also a project to develop and maintain a version of the dictionary for mobile devices.

Grammar

Verb

There are three tenses in the indicative mood in the Esperanto verb system:

• past (formant -is): mi iris"I walked" li iris"he went";
• the present ( -as): mi iras"I'm going" li iras"he's coming";
• future ( -os): mi iros"I will go, I will go" li iros"He will go, he will go."

In the conditional mood, the verb has only one form ( miirus"I would go"). The imperative mood is formed using the formant -u: iru! "go!" According to the same paradigm, the verb "to be" is conjugated ( esti), which even in some artificial languages ​​is “incorrect” (in general, the conjugation paradigm in Esperanto knows no exceptions).

Cases

There are only two cases in the case system: nominative (nominative) and accusative (accusative). The rest of the relationships are conveyed using a rich system of prepositions with a fixed meaning. The nominative case is not marked with a special ending ( vilagio"village"), an indicator of the accusative case is the ending -n (vilacon"village").

The accusative case (as in Russian) is also used to indicate the direction: en vilaco"in the village", en vilaco n "to the village"; post krado"behind bars", post krado n "behind bars".

Numbers

There are two numbers in Esperanto: singular and plural. The only one not marked infanto- child), and the plural is marked with the multiplicity indicator -j: infanoj - children. The same for adjectives - beautiful - bela, beautiful - belaj. When using the accusative case with the plural at the same time, the plural indicator is placed at the beginning: “beautiful children” - bela jn infanto jn.

Genus

There is no grammatical category of gender in Esperanto. There are pronouns li - he, ŝi - she, ĝi - it (for inanimate nouns, as well as animals in cases where the gender is unknown or unimportant).

Communions

Regarding the Slavic influence at the phonological level, it can be said that there is not a single phoneme in Esperanto that would not exist in Russian or Polish. The Esperanto alphabet resembles the Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovene alphabets (there are no symbols q, w, x, characters with diacritics are actively used: ĉ , ĝ , ĥ , ĵ , ŝ and ŭ ).

In vocabulary, with the exception of words denoting purely Slavic realities ( bareo"borscht", etc.), out of 2612 roots presented in "Universala Vortaro" (), only 29 could be borrowed from Russian or Polish. Explicit Russian borrowings are banto, barakti, gladi, kartavi, krom(Besides), kruta, nepre(of course) rights, vosto(tail) and some others. However, the Slavic influence in vocabulary is manifested in the active use of prepositions as prefixes with a change in meaning (for example, sub"under", aceti"buy" - subaceti"bribe"; aŭskulti"listen" - subatskulti"eavesdrop"). The doubling of the stems is identical to that in Russian: plena-plena cf. "full-full" finfine cf. "eventually". Some Slavicisms of the first years of Esperanto were leveled over time: for example, the verb elrigardi(el-rigard-i) "look" replaced with new - aspect.

In the syntax of some prepositions and conjunctions, the Slavic influence is preserved, which was once even greater ( kvankam teorie… sed en la praktiko…“although in theory… but in practice…”). According to the Slavic model, the coordination of times is also carried out ( Li dir is ke li jam far is tion"He said he already did it" Li dir is, ke li est os tie"He said he would be there."

It can be said that the influence of the Slavic languages ​​(and especially Russian) on Esperanto is much stronger than is commonly believed, and exceeds the influence of the Romance and Germanic languages. Modern Esperanto, after the "Russian" and "French" periods, entered the so-called. the “international” period, when individual ethnic languages ​​no longer have a serious influence on its further development.

Literature on the subject:

carriers

It is difficult to say how many people speak Esperanto today. The well-known site Ethnologue.com estimates the number of Esperanto speakers at 2 million people, and according to the site, for 200-2000 people the language is native (usually these are children from international marriages, where Esperanto serves as the language of intra-family communication). This number was obtained by the American Esperantist Sidney Culbert, who, however, did not disclose the method of obtaining it. Markus Sikoszek found it grossly exaggerated. In his opinion, if there were about a million Esperantists in the world, then in his city, Cologne, there should be at least 180 Esperantists. However, Sikoszek found only 30 Esperanto speakers in that city, and an equally small number of Esperanto speakers in other major cities. He also noted that only 20 thousand people are members of various Esperanto organizations around the world.

According to the Finnish linguist J. Lindstedt, an expert on Esperanto "from birth", for about 1000 people around the world Esperanto is their native language, about 10 thousand more people can speak it fluently, and about 100 thousand can actively use it.

Distribution by country

Most Esperanto speakers live in the European Union, where most Esperanto events take place. Outside of Europe, there is an active Esperanto movement in Brazil, Vietnam, Iran, China, USA, Japan and some other countries. There are practically no Esperantists in Arabic countries and, for example, in Thailand. Since the 1990s, there has been a steady increase in the number of Esperanto speakers in Africa, especially in countries such as Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe and Togo. Hundreds of Esperantists have appeared in Nepal, Philippines, Indonesia, Mongolia and other Asian states.

The World Esperanto Association (UEA) has the largest number of individual members in Brazil, Germany, France, Japan, and the United States, which may be indicative of the activity of Esperanto speakers by country, although it reflects other factors (such as the higher standard of living that allows Esperanto speakers in these countries to pay an annual fee).

Many Esperantists choose not to register with local or international organizations, making it difficult to estimate the total number of speakers.

Practical use

Hundreds of new translated and original books in Esperanto are published every year. Esperanto publishing houses exist in Russia, the Czech Republic, Italy, the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands and other countries. In Russia, at present, the Impeto (Moscow) and Sezonoj (Kaliningrad) publishing houses specialize in publishing literature in and about Esperanto, and literature is periodically published in non-specialized publishing houses. The organ of the Russian Union of Esperantists "Rusia Esperanto-Gazeto" (Russian Esperanto newspaper), the monthly independent magazine "La Ondo de Esperanto" (Esperanto Wave) and a number of less significant publications are published. Among online bookstores, the website of the World Esperanto Organization is the most popular, in the catalog of which in 2010 6510 different products were presented, including 5881 titles of book publications (not counting 1385 second-hand publications) .

The famous science fiction writer Harry Harrison himself spoke Esperanto and actively promoted it in his works. In the future world he describes, the inhabitants of the Galaxy speak mainly Esperanto.

There are also about 250 newspapers and magazines published in Esperanto , and many previously published issues can be downloaded free of charge on a specialized website . Most of the publications are devoted to the activities of the Esperanto organizations that issue them (including special ones - nature lovers, railway workers, nudists, Catholics, gays, etc.). However, there are also socio-political publications (Monato, Sennaciulo, etc.), literary ones (Beletra almanako, Literatura Foiro, etc.).

There is Internet TV in Esperanto. In some cases, we are talking about continuous broadcasting, in others - about a series of videos that the user can select and view. The Esperanto group regularly uploads new videos on YouTube. Since the 1950s, feature films and documentaries in Esperanto have appeared, as well as Esperanto subtitles for many films in national languages. The Brazilian studio Imagu-Filmo has already released two feature films in Esperanto - "Gerda malaperis" and "La Patro".

Several radio stations broadcast in Esperanto: China Radio International (CRI), Radio Havano Kubo, Vatican Radio, Parolu, mondo! (Brazil) and Polish Radio (since 2009 - as an Internet podcast), 3ZZZ (Australia).

In Esperanto, you can read the news, check the weather around the world, get acquainted with the latest in the field of computer technology, choose a hotel in Rotterdam, Rimini and other cities via the Internet, learn to play poker or play various games via the Internet. The International Academy of Sciences in San Marino uses Esperanto as one of its working languages, and it is possible to complete a master's or bachelor's degree using Esperanto. In the Polish city of Bydgoszcz, an educational institution has been operating since 1996, which trains specialists in the field of culture and tourism, and teaching is conducted in Esperanto.

The potential of Esperanto is also used for international business purposes, greatly facilitating communication between its participants. Examples include an Italian coffee supplier and a number of other companies. Since 1985, the International Commercial and Economic Group of the World Esperanto Organization has been active.

With the advent of new Internet technologies such as podcasting, many Esperanto speakers have been able to broadcast themselves on the Internet. One of the most popular Esperanto podcasts is Radio Verda (Green Radio), which has been broadcasting regularly since 1998. Another popular podcast, Radio Esperanto, is being recorded in Kaliningrad (19 episodes per year, 907 plays per episode on average). Esperanto podcasts from other countries are popular: Varsovia Vento from Poland, La NASKa Podkasto from the USA, Radio Aktiva from Uruguay.

Many songs are created in Esperanto, there are musical groups that sing in Esperanto (for example, the Finnish rock band "Dolchamar"). Since 1990, the company Vinilkosmo has been operating, releasing music albums in Esperanto in a variety of styles: from pop music to hard rock and rap. The online project Vikio-kantaro had over 1,000 lyrics in early 2010 and continued to grow. Dozens of video clips of Esperanto performers have been filmed.

There are a number of computer programs specifically written for Esperanto speakers. Many well-known programs have versions for the Esperanto-office application OpenOffice.org, the Mozilla Firefox browser, the SeaMonkey software package and others. The popular search engine Google also has an Esperanto version that allows you to search for information in both Esperanto and other languages. As of February 22, 2012, Esperanto has become the 64th language supported by Google Translate.

Esperantists are open to international and intercultural contacts. Many of them travel to attend conventions and festivals where Esperanto speakers meet old friends and make new ones. Many Esperantists have correspondents around the world and are often willing to host a traveling Esperantist for a few days. The German city of Herzberg (Harz) since 2006 has an official prefix to the name - "Esperanto city". Many signs, signboards and information stands here are bilingual - German and Esperanto. Esperanto blogs exist on many well-known services, especially many (more than 2000) on Ipernity. The famous Internet game Second Life has an Esperanto community that meets regularly at the Esperanto-Lando and Verda Babilejo sites. Esperanto writers and activists perform here, and there are linguistic courses. The popularity of specialized sites that help Esperanto speakers find: a life partner, friends, a job is growing.

Esperanto is the most successful of all artificial languages ​​in terms of distribution and number of users. In 2004, members of the Universala Esperanto-Asocio (World Esperanto Association, UEA) consisted of Esperantists from 114 countries of the world, and the annual Universala Kongreso (World Congress) of Esperantists usually gathers from one and a half to five thousand participants (2209 in Florence in 2006, 1901 in Yokohama in th, about 2000 in Bialystok in th) .

Modifications and descendants

Despite its easy grammar, some features of the Esperanto language have attracted criticism. Throughout the history of Esperanto, people appeared among its supporters who wanted to change the language for the better, in their understanding, side. But since the Fundamento de Esperanto already existed by that time, it was impossible to reform Esperanto - only to create new planned languages ​​on its basis that differed from Esperanto. Such languages ​​are called in interlinguistics Esperantoids(Esperantides). Several dozen such projects are described in the Esperanto Wikipedia: eo:Esperantidoj .

The most notable branch of descendant language projects traces its history back to 1907, when the Ido language was created. The creation of the language gave rise to a split in the Esperanto movement: some of the former Esperantists switched to Ido. However, most Esperanto speakers remained true to their language.

However, Ido itself fell into a similar situation in 1928 after the appearance of an “improved Ido” - the Novial language.

Less noticeable branches are the Neo, Esperantido and other languages, which are currently practically not used in live communication. Esperanto-inspired language projects continue to emerge today.

Problems and prospects of Esperanto

historical background

Postcard with text in Russian and Esperanto, published in 1946

The political upheavals of the 20th century, primarily the creation, development and subsequent collapse of communist regimes in the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe, the establishment of the Nazi regime in Germany, the events of the Second World War, played a major role in the position of Esperanto in society.

The development of the Internet greatly facilitated communication between Esperanto speakers, simplified access to literature, music and films in this language, and contributed to the development of distance learning.

Esperanto problems

The main problems that Esperanto faces are typical of most dispersed communities that do not receive financial assistance from government agencies. The relatively modest funds of Esperanto organizations, which consist mainly of donations, interest on bank deposits, as well as income from certain commercial enterprises (shareholdings, leasing real estate, etc.), do not allow for a wide advertising campaign, informing the public about Esperanto and its possibilities. As a result, even many Europeans do not know about the existence of this language, or rely on inaccurate information, including negative myths. In turn, the relatively small number of Esperanto speakers contributes to the strengthening of ideas about this language as an unsuccessful project that has failed.

The relative small number and dispersed residence of Esperanto speakers determine the relatively small circulation of periodicals and books in this language. The Esperanto magazine, the official organ of the World Esperanto Association (5500 copies) and the socio-political magazine Monato (1900 copies) have the largest circulation. Most Esperanto periodicals are rather modestly designed. At the same time, a number of magazines - such as "La Ondo de Esperanto" , "Beletra almanako" - are distinguished by a high level of printing performance, not inferior to the best national samples. Since the 2000s, many publications have also been distributed in the form of electronic versions - cheaper, faster and more colorfully designed. Some publications are distributed only in this way, including for free (for example, published in Australia "Mirmekobo").

Esperanto book circulations, with rare exceptions, are small, works of art rarely come out with a circulation of more than 200-300 copies, and therefore their authors cannot professionally engage in literary work (in any case, only in Esperanto). In addition, for the vast majority of Esperantists, this language is the second, and the degree of proficiency in it does not always allow one to freely perceive or create complex texts - artistic, scientific, etc.

There are known examples of how works originally created in one national language were translated into another through Esperanto.

Esperanto perspectives

In the Esperanto community, the idea of ​​introducing Esperanto as an auxiliary language of the European Union is especially popular. Proponents of such a decision believe that this will make interlingual communication in Europe more efficient and equal, while solving the problem of European identification. Proposals for a more serious consideration of Esperanto at the European level were made by some European politicians and entire parties, in particular, representatives of the Transnational Radical Party. In addition, there are examples of the use of Esperanto in European politics (for example, the Esperanto version of Le Monde Diplomatic and the newsletter "Conspectus rerum latinus" during the Finnish EU Presidency). A small political party "Europe - Democracy - Esperanto" is participating in elections at the European level, which received 41,000 votes in the 2009 European Parliament elections.

Esperanto enjoys the support of a number of influential international organizations. A special place among them is occupied by UNESCO, which adopted in 1954 the so-called resolution of Montevideo, which expresses support for Esperanto, the goals of which coincide with the goals of this organization, and UN member countries are called for the introduction of teaching Esperanto in secondary and higher educational institutions. UNESCO also adopted a resolution in support of Esperanto in . In August 2009, the President of Brazil, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, expressed his support for Esperanto in his letter and the hope that in time it will be accepted by the world community as a convenient means of communication that does not grant privileges to any of its participants.

As of December 18, 2012, the Esperanto section of Wikipedia contains 173,472 articles (27th place) - more than, for example, sections in Slovak, Bulgarian or Hebrew.

Esperanto and religion

The phenomenon of Esperanto has not been ignored by many religions, both traditional and new. All major sacred books have been translated into Esperanto. The Bible was translated by L. Zamenhof himself (La Sankta Biblio. Londono. ISBN 0-564-00138-4). Published translation of the Koran - La Nobla Korano. Kopenhago 1970. On Buddhism, La Instruoj de Budho. Tokyo. 1983. ISBN 4-89237-029-0. Vatican Radio broadcasts in Esperanto, the International Catholic Association of Esperantists has been active since 1910, and since 1990 a document Norme per la celebrazione della Messa in Esperanto The Holy See has officially authorized the use of Esperanto during worship, the only planned language. On August 14, 1991, Pope John Paul II spoke to more than a million young listeners in Esperanto for the first time. In 1993 he sent his apostolic blessing to the 78th World Esperanto Congress. Since 1994, the Pope of Rome, congratulating Catholics around the world on Easter and Christmas, among other languages, addresses the flock in Esperanto. His successor Benedict XVI continued this tradition.

The Baha'i Faith calls for the use of an auxiliary international language. Some Baha'i followers believe that Esperanto has great potential for this role. Lydia Zamenhof, the youngest daughter of the creator of Esperanto, was a follower of the Baha'i faith and translated into Esperanto the most important works of Baha'u'llah and 'Abdu'l-Bahá.

The main oomoto-kyo theses is the slogan "Unu Dio, Unu Mondo, Unu Interlingvo" ("One God, One World, One Language of Communication"). Esperanto creator Ludwig Zamenhof is considered a kami saint in oomoto. Esperanto was introduced as an official language in oomoto by its co-creator Onisaburo Deguchi. Won Buddhism is a new branch of Buddhism that emerged in South Korea, actively uses Esperanto, participates in international Esperanto sessions, the main sacred texts of Won Buddhism have been translated into Esperanto. Esperanto is also actively used by the Christian spiritualist movement "Goodwill League" and a number of others.

perpetuation

Esperanto-related names of streets, parks, monuments, plaques and other objects are found all over the world. In Russia it is.

Today there are more than 6,000 languages ​​in the world that are still alive and used by people in their speech. One of them is Esperanto - this is an unusual dialect with a very important mission - unification. How can it fulfill it?

Esperanto - what is it?

As already mentioned, this is an unusual language. It is used by people all over the world and, perhaps, has considerable fame. Esperanto is a so-called artificial or planned language. Why artificial? After all, it was not created from time immemorial by entire nations, but only by 1 person - Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof for a fairly short period of time and was presented to him in 1887.

He published the first textbook on this language - "International Language", as Esperanto was first called. This is his purpose.

Why is Esperanto international?

It helps to communicate with each other to people who do not know each other's languages, representatives of different nationalities, including common in international marriages for communication between family members. This means that this type of speech does not apply to any particular people or country, that is, it is a neutral language of communication, the same as sign language, for example. In addition, it has a relatively simple structure and rules, which allows you to overcome it in a short time. It is a "language of reconciliation", which helps to maintain tolerant and respectful relations between representatives of different nationalities and cultures, to maintain mutual understanding - this is its main idea.

Culture and social activities

Esperanto is a fairly popular, albeit young, language. It is used both in speech and in writing. Recently, poets and writers have begun to appear who create their works in this dialect, films, songs, websites are created, conferences and forums, seminars, and rallies are held. Translations are also carried out from many languages ​​of the world into the international language Esperanto. Many popular software companies also release versions of their programs for electronic devices on it.

Worldwide fame and distribution

Scattered around the world are a large number of organizations of Esperantists, that is, people who speak this dialect. Most of them live in Europe, the USA, Japan, Brazil and China, while the rest are scattered in almost 100 more countries of the world.

The number of people who speak artificial languages ​​is not accurate. But according to some reports, Esperantists make up from 100 thousand to several million people. About 1000 of them live in Russia. We even have our own Esperanto street, and at one time the first Esperanto club in Russia was opened in Kazan.

Policies of different governments towards Esperanto

The attitude of the authorities to the use of this language in different countries is far from unambiguous. There are those states where it is widely supported, and there are those where it is ignored by the authorities. As a rule, the latter are countries with low social development. But most international associations, such as the UN and UNESCO, are very good at supporting this movement and helping to spread it. UNESCO even adopted 2 resolutions in defense of Esperanto. Also now this language has become very popular among diplomats of various countries. And the city of Herzberg even received the prefix "Esperanto city" in its name, in order to attract Esperantists of various nationalities here to improve interethnic contacts.

Development and study

In most countries of the world, special Esperanto courses have been created in educational institutions. In some of them, it is even taught on a par with other foreign languages. In addition, he has a huge propaedeutic ability. This means that after learning Esperanto, many other languages ​​come easily. You can learn this language not only in courses, which, by the way, are also held in Russia, but also with the help of resources on the Internet.

Symbolism

Esperantists have their own anthem - La Espero (hope). And also a green flag (it also stands for hope) with a five-pointed green star on a white background, which corresponds to the five continents.

In general, the symbol of hope appears very often in Esperanto. Even the word "Esperanto" means "hoping". Its name comes from the pseudonym of the author. He called himself Doctor Esperanto. At first, the language was called the language of Doctor Esperanto, and then reduced to one word. Ludovic Zamenhof himself never explained why he chose such a pseudonym. The first Russian version of this language was released on July 26, since then this day has been Esperanto's birthday. A whole academy of this language was also created. And almost 30 years after the publication of Zamenhof's book, the first world congress was held.

What is Esperanto made of?

It is based on more than 20 different languages ​​of the world. This is Latin (the alphabet was taken from it), and Romance, and Germanic languages ​​\u200b\u200b(German, French, English), as well as Greek and Slavic.

The Esperanto alphabet consists of 28 Latin letters, each corresponding to one sound. Of these, 21 consonants, 5 vowels and 2 semivowels. Esperanto has a lot of international words, which is why it is easy to learn and can be partially understood on an intuitive level. If there are any difficulties in learning, you can always turn to dictionaries.

Grammar

The peculiarity of the Esperanto language is that it has an extremely simple grammar, consisting of only 16 rules that do not contain any exceptions.

1. Articles. There is no indefinite article in Esperanto. Definite article ( la) is used in the same way as in other languages. It is also possible not to use it at all.
2. Nouns. All nouns end in -o. There are singular and plural, as well as two cases. In case of plural, add -j. The main case (unchanged) is nominative. The second, accusative, is created with -n. For other cases (genitive, dative, etc.), prepositions are used that are chosen according to their meaning. It is noteworthy that the concept of "gender" in Esperanto does not exist at all. This greatly simplifies his grammar.
3. Adjectives. All adjectives end in -a. Case and number are determined by analogy with nouns (using the endings -j, -n and prepositions). Adjectives also have degrees: comparative (the word pli and conjunction ol) and superlative ( plej).
4. Numerals. There are two types of numbers. The first - fundamental (those that do not decline) - two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, one hundred, one thousand. To get hundreds and tens, numbers are simply combined into one word (for example, du is "two", and dek is "ten", so dudek is "twenty"). The second type is ordinal numbers. For them, the ending of the adjective is added. Among the ordinal numbers, there are also plural, fractional and collective.
5. Pronouns. They can be personal - I, you, he, she, it (denotes an object, animal or child), we, they. And also possessive. The latter are obtained by adding the ending -a. Pronouns are declined in the same way as nouns.
6. Verbs. They do not change in person or number. But they distinguish 3 tenses: past, present and future, differ in endings, imperative and conditional mood (also with the addition of endings) and infinitive. There is communion. They are here real and passive, change over time. It uses suffixes, for example -ant, -int, -ont, -at, etc.
7. Adverbs. All adverbs must end in -e and have degrees of comparison, like adjectives (comparative and superlative).
8. Prepositions. Prepositions are used only with nouns and adjectives in the nominative case.
9. Pronunciation and spelling are exactly the same.
10. stress. It is always placed on the penultimate syllable.
11. Word formation. By merging several words, you can form compound words (in this case, the main word is placed at the end).
12. As in English, a negative cannot be used twice in a phrase. For example, you can't say "no one did their job."
13. When a direction is indicated (for example, in a tree, in a kitchen), the accusative ending is used.
14. All prepositions have their own constant meaning. There is also a suggestion je, not having one. It may not be used at all if the accusative case is used.
15. Borrowed words do not change, but they are used following the rules of Esperanto.
16. endings -o(used in nouns) and -a(when in the article la) can be replaced with an apostrophe.

This article could be useful for those who want to get carried away with learning this language or just expand their horizons, it helped to learn a little more about Esperanto, what kind of language it is and where it is used. After all, like all dialects, it also has its own characteristics. For example, the absence of gender in Esperanto - a morphological feature, without which it is impossible to imagine the Russian language. And some other interesting facts. And also, of course, some information about translating from Esperanto and vice versa.