Research work on the secrets of the starry sky. Research work "celestial bodies". Observations on some stars

MUNICIPAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE (FESTIVAL)

SCHOOLCHILDREN "GOLDEN GROWTH. JUNIOR"

Research

"To the stars!"

MOU "Primary general education

school number 000 of the city of Gadzhiyevo "

Scientific adviser:, primary school teacher, class teacher.

ZATO Aleksandrovsk

"To the stars!"

Municipal educational institution

"Initial comprehensive school No. 000"

ANNOTATION.

The history of astronautics is an exciting story about real events with non-fictional characters.

Gaining wings, conquering space and time, penetrating the secrets of the universe remained the innermost dream of man in everything. historical eras. For the sake of approaching this dream, the best representatives of many countries and peoples worked and dared.

Space exploration has occupied the minds of mankind at all times. Especially many discoveries in this area have been made in the last 60 years. Science and space shipbuilding advanced by leaps and bounds.

Stages of work on the project: collecting information, conducting a survey among classmates, showing a presentation, analyzing the answers received after the presentation of information.

As a result of the survey, it turned out that students have incomplete, superficial knowledge about space.

The aim of this work is Scientific research printed and Internet materials on the topic “To the Stars!”, the formation of knowledge among classmates about the development of astronautics, about the first flights into space, about the role of animals in space exploration.

The relevance of the work is tracking the role of animals in space exploration.

The purpose of the work: to trace the development process outer space, learn about the creation of spacecraft.

The significance of this work lies in the development of interest in research activities when working on a project.

google_protectAndRun("render_ads. js::google_render_ad", google_handleError, google_render_ad); Target: to form knowledge among classmates about the development of astronautics, about the first flights into space;

Tasks:

ü To study the history of astronautics (the history of human space exploration).

ü View books about the development of astronautics, about the first flights into space.

ü Ask your parents, other people.

ü To get acquainted with films and television films on this topic of the project

ü Access the global Internet.

Stages:

ü Gathering information

ü Conducting a survey among classmates

ü Show presentation

ü Analysis of responses received after submission of information

The relevance of research:

I was interested in answers to the following questions:

How did man begin to explore outer space?

Who created the first spacecraft?

When was the first satellite launched?

Who was the first to fly into space?

Poll:

In order to find out what the guys know about space, I decided to conduct a survey and asked the following questions:

What do you know about space? Who created the first spacecraft? Who was the first to fly into space? When did man first fly into space?

What do you know about space?

Who created the first spacecraft?

Who was the first to fly into space?

When did man first fly into space?

Conclusion: The survey showed that students have incomplete, superficial knowledge about space.

After man invented the airplane and conquered the sky, people wanted to rise even higher.

October 4, 1957 was a significant date. On this day, the first artificial satellite Earth. started space age. The first satellite of the Earth was a shiny ball of aluminum alloys and was small - 58 cm in diameter, weighing 83.6 kg.

The device had two-meter mustache-antennas, and two radio transmitters were placed inside. The satellite's speed was 28,800 km/h. In an hour and a half, the satellite circled the entire globe, and in a day of flight it made 15 revolutions. There are many satellites currently in orbit around the earth. Some are used for television and radio communication, others are scientific laboratories.

Scientists were faced with the task of putting a living creature into orbit.

The road to space for Yuri Gagarin was paved by ... dogs. Animal testing began as early as 1949. The first "cosmonauts" were recruited in doorways. These were ordinary orphan dogs. They were caught, sent to a nursery and distributed among scientific institutes. This was the first group of dogs. A total of 32 dogs were caught.

They decided to take the dogs as test subjects, because the scientists knew how they behave, understood the structural features of the body. In addition, dogs are not capricious, they are easy to train. And the mongrels were chosen because the doctors believed that from the first day they had to fight for survival, besides, they were unpretentious and very quickly get used to the staff. The dogs had to meet the set standards: no heavier than 6 kilograms and no taller than 35 cm, so that the animals could fit in the rocket cabin. Remembering that the dogs would have to "show off" on the pages of newspapers, they selected prettier, slimmer and with intelligent muzzles. They were trained on a vibration stand, centrifuge, in a pressure chamber: For space travel a pressurized cabin was made, which was attached to the bow of the rocket.

The flights were made by dogs: Gypsy, Dezik, Nipper, Fashionista, Boat, Unlucky, Chizhik, Lady, Courageous, Baby, Snowflake, Bear, Ginger, ZIB, Fox, Rita, Bulba, Button, Minda, Albina, Redhead, Joyna, Palma, Courageous, Motley, Pearl, Malek, Fluff, Belyanka, Zhulba, Button, Squirrel, Arrow and Asterisk.

The purpose of the experiment to launch animals into space was to test the effectiveness of life support systems and the study of cosmic radiation on living organisms.

The first dog start took place on July 22, 1951 at the Kapustin Yar training ground - the mongrels Dezik and Gypsy successfully passed it! Gypsy and Dezik climbed 110 km, then the cabin with them fell freely to a height of 7 km. At this mark, the parachute opened, and both "cosmonauts" landed safely. On that day, the fate of the manned astronaut was decided - living beings can fly on rockets!

Most of all, the chief designer Korolev rejoiced. He stroked the animals, treated them to sausages, then put them in his car and took them "home" - to the enclosure where they lived. Alas, the second launch ended in failure: during the second test, Dezik and his partner Lisa died - the parachute did not open. For the entire period of experiments (until the spring of 1961), 29 rockets with animals were launched. In this case, 10 dogs died. Dogs died from cabin depressurization, failure of the parachute system, malfunctions in the life support system.

But there were also funny cases. One evening, on the eve of the flight, the laboratory assistant took the mongrels, who were supposed to fly, for a walk. One of the dogs, Bold, has already been in space. As soon as the laboratory assistant unfastened the leash, the Bold ran away - apparently, he felt that he was about to fly again. No matter how they lured him, he did not go back. And then, instead of the Bold, they sent a mongrel of a suitable size to fly, washed it, cut the hair in places where sensors needed to be applied, and put it on a jumpsuit. The launch went well, the animals returned alive and healthy. But Korolev immediately discovered a substitution. I had to tell you what happened the day before. Then the laboratory assistant reported that the cunning Bold had returned and was sleeping peacefully in his place.

In the early 1950s, 48 dogs went into space. Of these, Ryzhaya and Damka rose to a height of 200 km, Belyanka and Pyostraya - to 473 km. Dog Brave was in space already 4 times.

Since 1952, they began to work out the flights of animals in spacesuits. The suit was made of rubberized fabric in the form of a bag with two closed sleeves for the front paws. A detachable helmet made of transparent plexiglass was attached to it. In addition, they developed an ejection cart, on which a tray with a dog was placed, as well as equipment. This design for high altitude fired from a falling cabin and descended by parachute.

At the beginning of 1956, a new task was set: to prepare a 30-day flight of two dogs. There were many problems: to create a new pressurized cabin, to develop an air regeneration system, to come up with a nutrient mixture and an automatic device for regular feeding of four-legged astronauts, to develop a "space toilet" for dogs. A special automatic conveyor was created for feeding. Once a day, from under the tray in which the dog lay, a new box filled with a pasty mixture was put forward on a tape - this was both food and drink.

After the first artificial Earth satellite was launched into orbit, the Chief Designer decided to send a dog on the second satellite. The second Soviet satellite was launched on November 3, 1957 at half past six in the morning Moscow time. He carried on his board scientific equipment and a small island of life - a pressurized cabin with a dog. It was clear that the dog would not return to Earth: there was no descent vehicle on the ship. Of the three candidates - their names were Albina, Laika and Mukha - they chose the calm and affectionate Laika. Laika was born in 1954. At that time, Laika was about two years old and weighed about 6 kg. It was calculated that the dog would live on board for a week. It was for this period that supplies of food and oxygen were provided. And so that the animal does not suffer after the air runs out, the designers came up with a syringe with which a soporific injection will be made. But the dogs lived in weightlessness for only a few hours, the ship became very hot, and Laika died from stress and overheating.

Like many other animals in space, the dog died during the flight. But it was Laika who was the first animal put into Earth's orbit. She circled the Earth three times, and died on the fourth orbit. Laika's heroic mission has made her one of the most famous dogs in the world. Her name is indicated on a commemorative plaque with the names of the dead astronauts, installed in November 1997 in Star City.

The Japanese used the image of our mongrel as a symbol of the year of the Dog. Postage stamps featuring Laika have been issued in many countries. The main year of "dog space" can be considered 1960.

Belka and Strelka are mongrel dogs launched into space on the Soviet ship Sputnik 5 and were there from August 19 to 20, 1960. The launch took place from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 15:44. The next day, the descent vehicle with the animals landed safely in the assigned area.

Belka and Strelka were already real astronauts. Dogs have passed all kinds of tests. They could stay in the cabin for quite a long time without moving, endure large overloads, vibrations. Animals are not afraid, they can sit in their experimental equipment, making it possible to record the biocurrents of the heart, muscles, brain, blood pressure, breathing patterns, etc.

For the first time, Belka and Strelka managed to fly around the planet on a real spaceship for more than a day and return home! For the flight, the dogs were sewn special suits of red and green colors. During the flight, for the first time, scientists were able to observe animals using a television camera. Television showed footage of the flight of Belka and Strelka. It was clearly visible how they tumbled in weightlessness. The arrow was wary of everything, and Belka joyfully “raged” and even barked ...

Belka and Strelka became everyone's favorites. They were taken to kindergartens, schools, orphanages. Journalists were given the opportunity to touch them, but they were warned: no matter how they bit them.

Scientists continued to study and observe dogs on Earth. It was necessary to find out whether the flight into space affected the genetics of the animal. A few months after the flight, Strelka had 6 healthy puppies. The fame of the two outbred dogs was so great that one of Strelka's puppies, fluffy Fluffy, was presented to the daughter of American President Carolyn Kennedy. The arrow twice brought healthy offspring, cute puppies, which everyone would dream of acquiring. But all the puppies were registered, and they were personally responsible for each.

Both dogs lived to a very advanced age. The arrow left behind numerous offspring. Currently, stuffed animals are in the Moscow Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics.

On board spaceship Belka and Strelka were also accompanied by 2 white rats and 40 mice, 28 of which died in orbit.

After the triumphant flight of Belka and Strelka, black stripes began to appear. On October 26, a rocket exploded on the launch pad and burned out. 92 people died in the fire.

December 1, 1960 launched a ship with the dogs Pchelka and Mushka. In total, the dogs stayed in orbit for a day. Everything went smoothly, but when they gave the command to return, there was a failure. Most likely the ship burned down.

On December 22, 1960, Zhemchuzhina and Zhulka took their place in the satellite ship. There's been an accident. The descent vehicle made an emergency landing in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Rats, insects, plants died, but the dogs remained alive. Academician Oleg Gazenko took Zhulka to herself, and she spent the rest of her life in the general's house.

On March 9, 1961 Chernushka went into space. The dog had to make one revolution around the Earth and return - an accurate model of human flight. Everything went smoothly.

On March 25, 1961, Zvyozdochka was launched. She had to complete one revolution around the Earth and land. In addition to the dog, there was an astronaut mannequin in the cockpit, which the future DIV_ADBLOCK237">

"Research work Space Strangers of the Star Completed by: Reznov Nikolai Aleksandrovich, a student of the 3B class of the MBOU "Secondary general education ..."

Research work

Space strangers stars

Completed:

Reznov Nikolai Alexandrovich

3rd grade student

MBOU "Secondary school No. 24"

city of Cherepovets, Vologda region

Supervisor:

Reznova Yulia Rudolfovna

teacher foreign language MBOU "Secondary general education

school number 24 "

Introduction p.2

Conducting and analyzing the survey p.3 2.

Origin and features of stars p.4 3.

The most famous stars p.5 4.

Stargazing p.6 5.

Conclusion. p.7 6.

Literature p.8 7.

Applications:

Appendix 1. Questionnaire Appendix 2. Types of stars Appendix 3. The result of moving stars Ursa Major Appendix 4. Telescope (photo) Appendix 5. Star Arcturus.

Introduction Everyone loves to look at the stars. Someone simply admires the beauty of the night sky, while someone tries to unravel the mysteries that the cosmos is fraught with. What are stars? How are they arranged? Why are they lit up in the sky? These questions have always worried people. A few years ago, I also became interested in this problem. I believe that this problem is relevant, because people should know the history of the emergence of our Universe, since this knowledge helps to imagine how our planet, our solar system how our solar system will develop further and whether the emergence of a similar system around another star is possible.

The object of study of my work is the stars.

The subject of the study is the history of the development of the star and students' knowledge of space.

The purpose of the work: to study the available material on the origin and development of stars;

find out the level of information proficiency among students in grades 2 and 9;

For this, the following tasks were set:

1. Conduct a questionnaire survey among students in grades 2 and 9

2. Process questionnaires and find out what they already know about the secrets of the stars;

3. Study the literature and select the necessary material;

4. Summarize your own observations of the stars

5.Finish a research paper and a presentation.

In preparing my work, I used such methods as observation, questioning, comparison, study and generalization.

The practical significance of this work lies in the fact that the collected materials can be used by students and teachers for additional classes on the outside world.

Conducting and analyzing the survey One of the stages of this work was the survey of students of our school.

I wanted to know what they know about the stars, and whether they want to know about space at all, whether this topic is interesting to them. Pupils of grades 2c and 9b of our school were asked several questions. (Appendix 1) The survey involved 20 people (10 second graders and 10 ninth graders). The questionnaire consisted of 5 questions.

We got the following results:

The first question was answered correctly by 2 people, 10% (1 out of grade 2 and 1 out of 9). When answering the second question, the guys name such stars as Sirius, the North Star. I note that the majority, when answering this question, named constellations, not stars.

None of the students answered the third question correctly.

The answer to questions 4 and 5 showed that the relevance of this topic is obvious. The guys know little about space, but they want to get this information. My further work was structured in such a way as to generalize some Interesting Facts about the stars and their own observations.

Origin and features of stars.

Our Universe is full of secrets and wonders. Scientists are studying these mysteries. And the farther, the more questions it offers us mysterious space. There are many "inhabitants" in space: planets, comets, meteorites, meteors, black holes, galaxies and probably a lot more that we don't know about. One of the most wonderful phenomena in the universe is the stars. It was they who interested me a long time ago, when I first became interested in astronomy.

The stars are celestial bodies which are made up of gas. The stars twinkling in the sky seem to us like small twinkling grains. In fact, these are hot gas balls, inside which there are constant thermonuclear reactions. Stars vary in size, temperature, mass, chemical composition and much more.

The life of a star lasts billions of years. Stars are born from cosmic accumulations of gas and dust called nebulae. Part of the matter in the nebula begins to condense and forms a gas cloud. Gradually it becomes smaller and denser. A reaction between the substances of this cloud begins and a new star lights up.

Stars are divided into several types: red dwarf, blue giant, yellow dwarf (see Appendix 2). The type of star that belongs to depends on what kind of reaction is going on inside it. And what kind of reaction takes place depends on the age of the star.

Sometimes a faintly luminous star explodes at the end of its life and shines brightly for several weeks. This phenomenon is called a flash. new star, and if the light is very bright, then this is a supernova explosion.

In addition, the stars come in different colors. The color of stars depends on their temperature. The coldest stars are red. Their surface temperature is 3,000 degrees. The temperature of orange stars is 4500, yellow (such as the Sun) - 6 thousand, white - 7500 degrees. The hottest stars can reach temperatures of 35,000 degrees.

There are a lot of stars. If we count all the stars that we see at a certain moment above the horizon line, there will be about 3 thousand. Over time, the appearance of the starry sky changes, but total number remains approximately the same. In addition, different stars are visible in winter and summer.

All stars have names. Many of them are named after ancient Greek and ancient Roman mythical heroes, others are named after Arabic names because they were seen by Arab scientists - astronomers. But proper names have only very bright stars. And small and dim ones are often called the letters of the Greek alphabet, or they are assigned a number. AT recent times it became popular to name newly discovered stars famous people.

The most famous stars

The closest star to Earth after the Sun is called Proxima Centauri. It is located in the constellation Centaurus, in the Southern Hemisphere. In Russia, in the northwest, it is, unfortunately, not visible. If you fly at a speed of 40 thousand kilometers per hour (this is the speed of a spaceship), then the path to this star would take almost 114 thousand years. This is 270 thousand times greater than the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

The brightest star in the northern hemisphere is called Arcturus. On the territory of Russia it is visible all year round. It is located near the constellation Ursa Major. In the spring it is visible in the southern part of the sky. The star is a red giant. Arcturus is the first star to be seen during the day with a telescope. This happened a very long time ago, in 1635.

The other brightest star that can be observed in our sky is Sirius. It is 22 times brighter than the Sun. Sirius weighs twice as much. Than the sun. This star is visible in both hemispheres. On the territory of Russia, this star is visible only in autumn and winter. Interestingly, only the Sun, Moon, Mars, Venus and Jupiter are brighter than Sirius.

For the convenience of observations, all stars are grouped into constellations. In fact, stars that are part of the same constellation can be far apart. Almost all stars move. Due to this, the silhouettes of the constellations change over time. For example, Ursa Major looked completely different 100 thousand years ago. And in another 100 thousand years it will already look different. (Appendix 3)

Observations of some stars.

It is best to watch the stars in clear weather, on a new moon, when the light of the moon does not distract or overshadow the light of the stars. You can see the sky with the naked eye. But it is much more interesting to do it with a telescope. After all, this way you can see what the human eye cannot see.

How does a telescope work? In a telescope, light enters through a lens (or concave mirror) called an objective. The second lens is the eyepiece, facing the eye. A lens is glass that has a different thickness in the center and at the edges, so it can collect light rays. The telescope does not enlarge the celestial body, but collects more light from this celestial body.

The larger the lens, the more various celestial bodies can be seen through it.

The telescope I use has a concave mirror. These telescopes are easier to operate and easier to set up. This telescope gives a visual approximation of 200 times. (Appendix 4) How we see a star with the naked eye and how it looks in a telescope is very different. Without a telescope, it looks like a shining point, but in a telescope it is a small pebble that does not shine, but simply releases some glow. This can be illustrated by the example of the star Arcturus.

You can see photos in the app. In the first picture - it's just a starry sky. On the second - this is an image of a star through a telescope (Appendix 5).

Conclusion You can talk about the stars endlessly. Since ancient times, they have helped people. The ancient navigator had no other landmarks than the stars.

The ancient farmer determined the timing of sowing and harvesting by the stars. And you can just admire the beauty of the starry sky. Now astronomers have one very important question: is there a system in the Universe similar to ours, and suitable for life? After all, the center of our system, the Sun, is also a star.

Therefore, it is so important to know how stars are born and develop.

In conclusion, I would like to note that the tasks set before the start of the work have been fulfilled, the goal has been achieved. The materials of this study (applications, presentation) can be used by students and teachers in the lessons of the World around.

– – –

8. T.V. Kadash "Astronomy and space", Moscow, Rosmen, 2011

9. A.V. Kolpakov "Mysteries and secrets of the Universe", Moscow, "Olma Media Group", 2014

10. Louis Stowell "What is astronomy?", Moscow, "Eksmo", 2013

11.V.I. Tsvetkov "Starry sky", Moscow, "Eksmo", 2013

– – –

Please answer the following questions:

What are stars?_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

What stars and constellations do you know?

________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Why do you think stars are needed?

________________________________________________________________________________

What do you think, is it necessary to study them and why?

________________________________________________________________________________

What would you like to know about space?

________________________________________________________________________________

Thanks for participating!

Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 4

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Relevance: The starry sky is mesmerizing! Large and small stars, collected in constellations, like rhinestones strew the blue-black sky. You can see the Milky Way, a light haze in the black void of space. And we will certainly see at least one shooting star... The starry night is addictive and attracts attention, you can sit for hours on the street, just enjoying the starry sky. Many people would be interested to know how certain constellations appeared in the sky, what they mean and why such a name, so the topic of our work is relevant.

Ancient Constellations: Constellations - Memo ancient culture man, his mythology, his first interest in the stars. Some constellations were identified back in the Bronze Age, at a time when our ancestors had just begun to learn about the world around us, to observe the movement of the Sun and Moon.

Ursa Major and Ursa Minor: A large northern constellation, whose seven bright stars form the famous Bucket. Large bucket; middle star the bucket handle is called Mizar, next to it is the faint star Alcor. The constellation is also known as the Little Dipper, called Ursa Minor.

Orion - a holiday of color The name of Orion - a hunter from Greek myth is the most prominent constellation of the winter sky. You can easily find it by the "belt" of three stars. The belt divides the constellation into two parts. Above, on the shoulders of the Orion, the stars Betelgeuse and Bellatrix shine. In the lower part - one of the brightest stars in the sky - Rigel.

Conclusion: The history of the names of the constellations is very interesting. A very long time ago, sky observers combined the brightest and most noticeable groups of stars into constellations and gave them various names. If you look at the old atlases of the starry sky, then the constellations are depicted on them in the form of animals. Dali short description the most famous new constellations and learned how the zodiac constellations appeared in the sky. In this work, we talked about the mythology of some constellations.

Research work Subject: Stars Author: Polina Koshechkina Class: 4D Supervisor: Komagina T. V. G. Podolsk, 2014 1. Stars 2. Space objects 3. Ursa Major constellation 4. Sagittarius constellation 5. Orion constellation 6 .Astrology 7. Research among classmates 8. Conclusion Purpose: - Learn what stars are; - Study celestial objects; - Watch the constellations; - Conduct research among classmates. Tasks: - Learn the science of "Astronomy" - Raise the level of classmates on this topic - Find your constellations in the sky Stars, hot luminous celestial bodies like the Sun. Stars vary in size, temperature, and brightness. In many respects, the Sun is a typical star, although it seems much brighter and larger than all other stars, since it is located much closer to the Earth. Even the nearest star (Proxima Centauri) is 272,000 times farther from the Earth than the Sun, so the stars appear to us as bright points in the sky. Although the stars are scattered throughout the sky, we see them only at night, and during the day they are not visible against the background of bright sunlight scattered in the air. Living on the surface of the Earth, we are at the bottom of the ocean of air, which is constantly agitated and seething, refracting the rays of starlight, which makes them seem to us blinking and trembling. Astronauts in orbit see the stars as colored, unblinking dots. The more massive the stars, the fewer of them in space. Majority stars - red and yellow (like our Sun) dwarfs, on the other hand, massive stars shine much brighter. Most of the dwarfs remain out of our field of view, as they are too dim. Space object - a celestial body (astronomical object) or a spacecraft located outside the earth's atmosphere in outer space. Natural space objects include stars, planets and their natural satellites, asteroids, comets, etc. Artificial space objects - space vehicles, the last stages of launch vehicles and their parts. Space bodies that are part of space systems usually have a common origin, are interconnected by gravitational and electromagnetic fields, and move in space as a whole. My dad knows a lot about the stars, one evening he told me about the Big and Little dipper, and showed them through a telescope. Ursa Major (lat. Ursa Major) - constellation northern hemisphere sky. The seven stars of Ursa Major make up a figure resembling a ladle with a handle. The two brightest stars, Aliot and Dubhe, have magnitudes of 1.8 apparent magnitudes. According to the two extreme stars of this figure (α and β), you can find the Polar Star. The best visibility conditions are in March-April. It can be seen throughout Russia all year round (with the exception of the autumn months in southern Russia, when the Big Dipper descends low to the horizon). At school, we are taught astronomy, this is a very interesting subject, I began not only to study it in class, but also to ask my relatives to buy me books about planets and stars! For example, according to the sign of the zodiac, I am a Sagittarius, here's what I learned: The constellation Sagittarius is the zodiac and is located partially in Milky Way, and partly in the belt of the zodiac. Best of all in the southern part of the horizon, this constellation can be observed at night in July and August. Now I know about the most beautiful constellation of Orion. Orion, according to ancient legend, was a brave and beautiful young man, the son of the ruler of the seas, Poseidon. From his father, he inherited the ability to easily move both in the depths of the seas and on land. Orion was a famous and adventurous hunter. The constellation Orion was known three millennia before the dawn of civilization. The inhabitants of Mesopotamia called it "Uru-anna", which translates as "heavenly light". It is not difficult to find it in the southern part of the sky, relatively low above the horizon. Astrology (from other Greek ἄστρον “star” and λόγος “thought, reason”) is a group of predictive practices, traditions and beliefs that postulate the impact of celestial bodies on the earthly world and man (on his temperament, character, actions and future) and, accordingly , the possibility of predicting the future by the movement and location of celestial bodies on the celestial sphere and relative to each other. European and Indian astrology originates from the Sumerian-Babylonian astral myths, in which celestial bodies (the Sun, Moon, planets) and constellations were associated with gods and mythological characters, the influence of the gods on earthly life within the framework of this mythology was transformed into an influence on the life of celestial bodies - symbols of deities. Babylonian astrology was borrowed by the Greeks and then, in the course of contacts with the Hellenistic world, penetrated into India. Questions posed to students of grade 4-D, and answers: There are 29 students in the class 1. Which constellation is the zodiac and partially located in the Milky Way? 29 students Sagittarius Gemini Don't know Don't remember 2. How many stars go to Ursa Major? Students 3 5 7 Don't know 3. Whose son was Orion? Pupils Poseidon Zeus Hades I don't remember 4. Is the sun a star? Pupils Don't know No 0% 0% yes I doubt it 0% 100% 5. Do you like Astronomy as a subject? Pupils Yes No - - - When analyzing the results of the survey, I made the following conclusion: The Sagittarius constellation is common Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, each person can observe without a telescope in the sky, and count how many stars it includes. The history of Astronomy is very interesting, so I think that it is worth studying it not only at school, but also at home. The sun is the most important big star for all the inhabitants of the earth! Like all bodies in nature, stars do not remain unchanged, they are born, evolve, and finally "die". To trace life path stars and to understand how they age, it is necessary to know how they arise. In the past, this seemed like a big mystery; modern astronomers can already describe with great certainty in detail the paths leading to the appearance of bright stars in our night sky. Astronomy is a very interesting and fascinating science. Therefore, I advise you to study this one!!! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. "Variable stars" - V. Wenzel - 2013 "Young astronomer" - Yerpylev N.P - 1012 "Star Islands" - Yu.N. Efremov -2012 "Treasures of the starry sky" - F.Yu. Siegel - 2013 "Your Universe" - E.P. Levitan - 2011 "Why the sky is dark" - Rubin - 2011 "The Universe from A to Z" - V. G. Surdin - 2012 " Big Encyclopedia Astronomy" - 2012 "Planet Earth" - B. Taylor - 2012 "What and how to observe in the sky" - V. P. Tsesevich

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MUNICIPAL BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL №11

RESEARCH

On the topic: "SECRETS OF THE STARRY SKY"

Completed by: student of 2 "A" class

Petizheva Amalia

Head: Eliseeva N.P.

New Urengoy 2012

Introduction……………………………………………………….3

Survey results…………………..…………..……4

Why stars are visible only at night…………………...5
The mystery of the starlight……………………………………5
The birth of stars………………………………………..…6
The color of the stars..……………………………………..………..6

Conclusion…………………………………………………….…7

References……………………………………………….8

Applications………………………………………………………9

Introduction

When the sun disappears below the horizon and night falls, the most amazing picture in the world appears before our eyes: the starry sky. We all love to watch these countless sparkling points that are strewn with the sky - the stars. At first glance, you can count several thousand stars, but in reality there are billions of them.

The mystery of the starry sky is interesting to all the children without exception. Scientists and astronomers have done a lot of research and uncovered many secrets. Many books have been written about the stars, many educational films have been shot, and yet, many children do not know all the secrets of the starry sky.

The relevance of the topic of the research work lies in the fact that despite the high interest that students show in this topic, the lack of their knowledge in this area has been revealed. The theme chosen takes into account age features students and contribute to their development cognitive activity. The results of the research can be used in the lessons on the subject " The world". Since childhood, we have all been wondering why we cannot reach the stars to touch and count them.

Thus, the purpose of the work is to conduct research, study the secrets of the starry sky, prepare materials for the report and tell classmates about the stars. For this, the following tasks were set:

conduct a questionnaire survey among students of the 2nd grade
process questionnaires and find out what they already know about the secrets of the stars;
study literature, Internet sites and select the necessary material;
make a research paper and presentation.

The methodology for writing a research paper is based on a questionnaire survey, the study of educational, scientific literature, as well as practical materials on this topic.

Survey results

Pupils of the 2nd grade were asked to answer the questions of the questionnaire in order to assess their knowledge on this topic (Appendix 1). The questionnaire included 4 questions, 22 students took part in the survey. After processing the questionnaires, we received the following results:

Only 2 students (9%) answered 1 question of the questionnaire correctly, the rest of the guys either answered incorrectly or found it difficult to answer at all;
Only 1 student (4.5%) correctly answered the 2nd question of the questionnaire;
On the 3rd question, about the birth of stars, all the guys found it difficult to answer;
Question 4 was answered correctly by 2 students (9%).

The results of the survey are visually presented in Appendix 2.

Thus, we can conclude that the relevance of our study is obvious. Therefore, further our research was based on these 4 questions.

Why are stars only visible at night?

Just as during the day you can not see the light of a light bulb or lantern, and in the dark they are clearly distinguishable, the stars sparkle brightly in the darkness of the night and are not visible during the day, because they are overshadowed by sunlight. And that's why they are hard to see on a clear moon. The only star that can be seen during the day is the Sun, but it is so close to the Earth that it cannot be looked at directly, because the intensity of its light is blinding. The sun is not the largest star and does not have more heat than others, but it is closest to the Earth and therefore seems larger than the rest. Stars are very far from Earth, which is why they appear so small.

Mystery of Starlight

Stars are like huge balls of fire, they radiate great amount light - and from Earth we perceive this light as a silvery sheen. This is because stars are formed by burning hydrogen and helium, and these gases emit light and heat when they burn. The brightest stars are many million times brighter than the sun, although there are stars whose luminosity is millions of times less.

The birth of the stars

Stars didn't always exist. Consider how stars are born. Almost all of them evolved in small groups from a relatively cold mass of gas and stardust. This mass was concentrated, that is, particles of cosmic matter united, forming a kind of cloud called a nebula. Perhaps this nebula began to rotate and reached the highest temperatures, about a million degrees centigrade. The nebula, lit up, already becomes a star.

Star color

When we look at the stars, it seems to us that they are all the same color: white-bluish. But it is certain that they all have different colors, which depend on their temperature. The stars that emit the most heat are white and blue, those with an average temperature are yellow and orange, and the red ones have the least heat. The Sun is a medium temperature star, so it is yellow, but when it begins to fade and enters its last phase of activity, it will become a red star and eventually go out.

Conclusion

In the course of the research work, a survey was conducted among pupils of the 2nd grade, on the basis of which the research materials were prepared. As a result of the survey, we found that the level of knowledge of the children on this topic is quite low.

Based on this, the structure of the work was built on the basis of a questionnaire survey. The research materials are also presented in presentation form.

The work consists of an Introduction, 4 paragraphs, Conclusion, References and 2 Appendixes.

In conclusion, it can be noted that the tasks set in the work have been completed, the goal has been achieved. Research materials can be used in the lesson "The world around us".

Bibliography

What? What for? Why? The big Book questions and answers / Translated from Spanish. - M.: EKSMO, 2009
What. Who is: children's encyclopedia. - M: Astrel, 2008
Internet resource - www.astronom.ru

Appendix 1

QUESTIONNAIRE

Please answer the suggested questions!

(Put “V” or “+” next to your chosen answer)