The beginning of the formation of the first Russian state is conditionally considered the year 862, when the Varangian Rurik was called to reign in order to stop the internecine war among the princes. There is another hypothesis, suggesting that Rurik did not come by invitation, but as a conqueror. The identity of Rurik is also controversial. There is nothing surprising. All information about Rurik is taken from the chronicles, which began to be compiled 200 years after his death on the basis of oral tradition so they are all contradictory. However, all chronicles agree that in 862 Rurik sits down to reign in Ladoga. He sends the brothers who arrived with him to reign in Beloozersk - Sineus, in Izborg - Trevor. Their reign was short-lived. For unknown reasons, both die and, starting from 864, Rurik becomes sole ruler. In the same year, he begins to build Novgorod, where he will rule until the end of his life. This is how the Russian princely dynasty of Rurikovich begins. In 879, after the death of Rurik, the throne was inherited by his son Igor, but due to the latter's infancy, the relative and associate of Rurik, Oleg, becomes the actual ruler of the Novgorod land. Having become the ruler, Oleg begins to subordinate the surrounding territories to his power. In 882, having killed the rulers of Kyiv, Askold and Dir, Oleg entered Kyiv and, showing the inhabitants of little Igor, said: "Here is the son of Rurik - your prince." Having united Kyiv with Novgorod under his rule, Oleg laid the foundation for the formation of the Old Russian state. Since Kyiv was in a convenient position in terms of trade routes, Oleg declares it the capital of the new state. Although Oleg was regent under Igor, no one doubted his right to be in power, because he managed to unite and glorify the state. Oleg ruled until 912.

Capital of the first Russian state

If we proceed from the fact that the capital is where the throne is, then the first Russian capital was Ladoga. It is in Ladoga that Rurik begins his reign and declares himself the Grand Duke. According to archaeological excavations, the city of Ladoga existed long before Rurik. It arose no later than 753. The city is located in the lower reaches of the Volkhov River, in the place where the small river Ladozhka flows into it. The founders of the city were representatives of the Slavic tribes, presumably Krivichi and Slovenes. And it is no coincidence that this city originally became the capital. Such a convenient location contributed to prosperity. The Volkhov River was part of the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", and the city of Ladoga was a major center of international trade along this route. It was a port city and an important fortress that protected the northern borders of the young Russian state. Crafts also flourished here. During archaeological sites a jewelry workshop was discovered with jewelry hammers and anvils, as well as women's jewelry, both finished and unfinished. In 1997, during the excavations, a bronze casting workshop was found. And the discovered ship rivets and parts of the rooks indicate that the city was either shipbuilding, or there were shipyards for repairing ships. Ladoga was a serious fortress, but there was a great risk for the princely house in the event of an enemy attack on the city. In addition, as the territories of the Russian state increased, the capital ended up on its outskirts. Perhaps that is why in 864 Rurik moved his residence to Novgorod. Later, for almost 400 years, Kyiv will become the capital, but that will be later, and everything began: and the first Russian state, and the Rurik dynasty here in Ladoga.

The first laws of the Russian state

In a pre-class society, people's behavior was regulated by the customs that existed in a single tribe. Since the tribes lived apart, the customs in different tribes could differ significantly from each other. With the emergence of the state, when several tribes united under one ruler, customs common to all were needed. In addition, the ruling strata of society wanted to protect their privileged position and began to adapt the customs to their interests in order to further sanction and apply them legally. Thus customs were transformed into customary law. It was the first set of laws in the Russian state. It was called "Law Russian" and contained the norms of criminal law, hereditary and family. It was necessary for the princely power to carry out its policy in the conquered lands. IN writing the code of early laws has not reached us, therefore it is generally accepted that the “Russian Law” was oral. The fact of the existence of the "Russian Law" is proved by repeated references to it in the treaties of Russia with Byzantium in 907, 911, 944 and 972.
Presumably in 1016, the first written code of laws appeared - "Russian Truth". The main source of "Russkaya Pravda" was "Russian Law". In the original, "Russian Truth" has not come down to us. Historians have a copy that dates back to 1280.

First Russian Tsar

From the moment the first Russian state arose in 862 and until the appearance of the first Russian tsar, Russia experienced the adoption of Christianity, feudal fragmentation, 240 years old Tatar-Mongol yoke, and finally, the formation of the Moscow principality. The smaller principalities that were part of Moscow Rus were subordinate to the Moscow prince.
The honor of becoming the first Russian, crowned king, fell to Ivan IV, who later received the nickname the Terrible. Ivan IV inherited the throne from his father Basil III in 1533 at the age of three. Until the age of majority of the heir, power was taken over by his mother Glinskaya Elena Vasilievna. In 1538, after five years of reign, she died suddenly, leaving eight-year-old Ivan in the care of guardians who had little interest in the orphan.
Little Ivan was an inquisitive child, with a lively mind and an excellent memory. He possessed many talents that were not destined to be revealed, therefore none of the mentors and guardians burdened themselves with caring for the heir. His childhood was joyless and full of hardships. He grew up in an atmosphere of meanness and hypocrisy, he saw how the boyars went to betrayal and crime for power. This could not but leave its mark on the character of the young sovereign. He grew suspicious, distrustful, saw conspiracies everywhere.
The solemn wedding to the kingdom took place on January 16, 1547. On this day, Ivan IV is the first of the Russian sovereigns to take the title of "Tsar of All Russia".
The young king began his reign with reforms. The reforms affected military service, judicial system, government controlled and church reform. All the reforming activities of the king were aimed at strengthening the armed forces of the state and further centralization of power.
In foreign policy the main task of the king was to eliminate the Tatar threat. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, several independent khanates were formed, which periodically raided Russian lands. This had to be ended. Kazan was taken in 1552. Thousands of Russian people were freed from the khan's slavery. In 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate was conquered. The Volga region was free, Russia gained access to the Volga route. In 1582, the Don Cossacks, led by Yermak, conquered the Siberian Khanate. The development of Siberia began.
The king also had interests in the west. He wanted to expand his borders at the expense of the Baltic states in order to have access to the Baltic Sea. In 1558, the Livonian War began, which lasted 25 years with varying success. In 1583 the war ended with the signing of a peace unfavorable for Russia. Russia did not receive access to the Baltic Sea.
At the same time, terrible changes were taking place inside the country. In 1560, the tsar's wife, Anastasia, dies, with whom the tsar lived for 13 years. In the same year, the Chosen Rada ceased to exist. Now the king began to rule independently, without advisers. Either grief from the loss of a beloved wife, or the sole power that corrupted the king with permissiveness, only from that time began to appear the most worst features his character and vicious inclinations.
In 1565, the tsar establishes an oprichnina, which is accompanied by the destruction of cities, robbery, violence, and thousands of innocent victims. For seven whole years, the country is plunging into the abyss of general fear and oprichnina lawlessness.
The Livonian war, the raids of the Crimean Khan, the oprichnina - all this ruined the country, threw it back a hundred years in terms of economic development.
Ivan the Terrible is an ambiguous figure in history. On the one hand, this is a smart and strong reformer, and on the other hand, he is a tyrant, cruel and suspicious.
Ivan IV died in 1584 after fifty years of rule.

No one can say for sure who founded Ladoga. There are versions that the city was founded by the Scandinavians. However, it is known for certain that the history of this settlement begins in 753, where artisans and merchants lived. Jewelers, tanners, potters and woodcarvers were active here, which was a very profitable occupation, because Ladoga was on the way "from the Varangians to the Greeks." Archaeological excavations have shown that the Normans, the Finno-Ugric peoples, and the Ilmen Slovenes got along with each other here.

The advantageous position on the Volkhov River near the place where it flows into Lake Ladoga has always attracted overseas merchants. So, it is known for certain that the Arabs reached Ladoga. Local residents sold furs to southern guests in exchange for silver coins, as evidenced by the found treasures. The Varangians often visited Ladoga, left their boats for repair, and in general were the local masters. The Scandinavian name of the city is Aldeigjuborg. This toponym appears in Scandinavian poems written at the turn of the 10th century.

Ladoga played a big role in the history of Russian statehood, because it was its inhabitants who called Rurik to reign. The “Tale of Bygone Years” from the Ipatiev List tells us about this: “... and having come to the first word, and cutting down the city of Ladoga and here in Ladoz the elder Rurik ...”. Under the leadership of the Varangians, the Ladoga people erected the first wooden-earth fortress in order to defend themselves from the warring tribes. And later, at the turn of the IX-X centuries. ekov, stone fortifications appeared, the ruins of which can be seen to this day. Soon Ladoga turned into a typical old Russian city with an area of ​​twelve hectares and an Orthodox church inside the fortress.

And after Ladoga, Rurik moved to reign in Novgorod, which later united with Kiev thanks to the cunning and perseverance of the Prophetic Oleg. Therefore, there is every reason to assert that it was Ladoga, and not Novgorod, that was the first center of Russia and that Rurik ruled here from 862 to 865. Even on the coat of arms of the city there is a banner of Rurik, depicting a falcon flying down. Nevertheless, there are other versions that prove the opposite: the Varangian originally sat down to reign in the Rurik settlement, that is, in Novgorod. However, this does not prevent the city from celebrating an impressive date this year - 1263 years since the founding of Ladoga.

Ladoga claims not only to be called the first capital Ancient Russia. “In the summer of 6430 (922). Ide Oleg to Novgorod, and from there to Ladoga. Friends say, as if I were going to him across the sea, and I would bite the snake in the foot, and from that I would die; there is a grave of him in Ladoza, ”says the Novgorodian chronicle the end of the XI century about the death of the Prophetic Oleg. Despite the fact that the grave of the legendary prince is located in Kyiv on Mount Schekavitsa, there is a theory that his remains were buried in Ladoga.

Ruins of an ancient fortress in Staraya Ladoga

It is also precisely established that after the grand prince's throne passed to Novgorod, Ladoga fought off overseas invaders. So, the ruler of Norway, Jarl Eirik, regularly went with robberies to Russia, where Vladimir I Svyatoslavovich had already ruled by that time. In 997, the Ladoga fortress, which had stood for a whole century before, was destroyed. But this did not prevent Yaroslav the Wise from giving Ladoga with the adjacent lands as a dowry to his wife Ingigerda, the daughter of the Swedish king. And a Swede named Rögnvald Ulvsson, who was a relative of the wife of the Novgorod prince, became the mayor of the city. Actually, from this dynastic marriage comes a hypothesis about the origin of the name Ingria, similar to the name of a girl. And the so-called Ingermanlandia includes lands near the Neva River from the Gulf of Finland to Lake Ladoga.

The Swedish trace in the history of Ladoga also remained after Alexander Nevsky, when, at his behest, the Nikolsky Monastery was founded in the city in honor of the victory over the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva in 1240. Later, several centuries later, during the Time of Troubles, the same Swedes, having invaded Russia in 1611, stormed this monastery and destroyed it to the ground.

In the future, Ladoga remained on the sidelines of Russian history. Peter the Great founded Novaya Ladoga closer to the lake, and she became known as Staraya. Also, the settlement lost the status of the city, and many Ladoga residents moved to a new place. But the first wife of Emperor Peter Evdokia Lopukhina managed to visit here. In the local Ladoga Assumption Monastery, where she was transferred from Suzdal, the nun was imprisoned for seven years until the death of her husband.

Zabolotsky's painting "View of Staraya Ladoga", 1833

IN Soviet time Staraya Ladoga was the administrative center of the Staraya Ladoga Village Council of the Volkhov District, which included 17 villages. But the story did not end there, because this area was very fond of Russian artists back in tsarist times.

Staraya Ladoga has always attracted creative people thanks to its romantic views. Aivazovsky, Kiprensky, Venetsianov, Ivanov, Roerich, Serov and many others walked and enjoyed nature here. This tradition was continued by Soviet artists. Paintings painted in Staraya Ladoga got to the largest exhibitions and replenished the collections of museums. Now Ladoga is a village on the picturesque bank of the Volkhov River with a population of no more than two thousand people.

Capitals of Russia were the residences of the great Russian princes, but did not have the official status of the capital.

Ladoga (862-864).

Ladoga is considered by many historians to be the first capital of Ancient Russia. According to " Tales of Bygone Years» Rurik settled in Ladoga and ruled there from 862 to 864 until he moved to Novgorod.

Novgorod (864-882).

The supremacy of Novgorod over the rest of the Russian lands at that time is confirmed even by the Arab chroniclers. After the death of Rurik in 879, Oleg became the Grand Duke and ruled there for another three years, after which he captured Kyiv and moved the capital there. After that, Novgorod remained the second most important among Russian cities.

Kyiv (882-1243).

After the adoption of Christianity Vladimir the Great Kyiv became not only the residence of the prince, but also. It was at this time that Russia began to form concept of "capital"- capital city, capital city. Oleg called Kyiv " mother of Russian cities". The mother of cities is the literal translation of the Greek "metropolis", and essentially means the capital. So Oleg compared Kyiv with Constantinople. The princes of Kiev began to receive the title of "all Russia", and later this title passed to the grand princes of Vladimir and Moscow.

In 1240, Kyiv was destroyed by the Tatar-Mongols, and the struggle for it ceased. The oldest steel Grand Duke Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and Alexander Nevsky. Kyiv passed to them, but Vladimir became the capital, and Kyiv turned into a province for a long time.

Vladimir (1243-1389).

Vladimir was founded Vladimir Monomakh in 1108. Andrey Bogolyubsky rebuilt Vladimir on the model of Kyiv. It began to be considered the capital of Russia officially in 1243, although in fact this happened earlier. By the end of the 14th century, the Moscow and Vladimir principalities practically merged, and Moscow princes began to rule in Vladimir. Vasily I became the last prince to be crowned in Vladimir, and his son Vasily II was already crowned in Moscow, where the capital moved after him. Vladimir finally turned into a provincial town.

Moscow (1389-1712).

During the reign of Ivan III and Vasily III, the unification of Russia with the capital in Moscow was completed. Ivan III then became the first sovereign head when he refused to obey the Khan of the Horde. successor Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III became Ivan IV, who in 1547 took the royal title and became Ivan the Terrible who completed the formation of sovereignty State of the Russian.

Ivan III ends the history of princes and Russian states and the story begins Russian kingdom, and then - Russian Empire.

It has been noticed that, unfortunately, there is a lot of speculation on the topic “the capital of Russia”. For example, in Ukraine, the theory is supported that the main, historical and almost the only legitimate capital of Russia (meaning the borders ancient Russian state, and its modern "heirs": Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) is exclusively Kyiv. There are various arguments for this, the main of which are probably two: Kyiv is the original and original capital of Russia. Kyiv has been the capital for a very long time. Well…

Let's check at least elementary on Wikipedia: Ladoga (862 - 864) is 2 years. Ladoga, which arose in the middle of the VIII century, is called the residence of Rurik in the Ipatiev list of The Tale of Bygone Years. According to this version, Rurik sat in Ladoga until 864, and only after that he founded Veliky Novgorod.

Ladoga- not only one of the most ancient cities in, it is also one of the most ancient Slavic outposts, which was constantly attacked by its northern neighbors. The fortress was burned, destroyed, but again and again rose from the ashes, putting up a barrier to the invaders. In the 9th century, the wooden walls of the Ladoga fortress were replaced with stone ones made of local limestone, and Ladoga became the first stone fortress in Russia.

Novgorod (862 - 882)- this is 20 years. According to other chronicles, Veliky Novgorod became the first capital of the Old Russian state. Veliky Novgorod is one of the most ancient and famous Russian cities, first mentioned in the Novgorod Chronicle under 859 in connection with the name of the legendary Prince Rurik, who began advancing to Russia from Ladoga. Already in the first centuries of its existence, Novgorod played an important role in the events that took place on Russian soil, in fact becoming the first capital of Russia. The location of Novgorod was so advantageous geographically (the city stood at the crossroads waterways coming from the Baltic from the north and west to the south and east), that by the middle of the 9th century it had become a major commercial, political and cultural center northwestern lands.

Novgorod did not remain the capital for long. In 882, Prince Oleg made a campaign against Kyiv and moved the capital there. But even after the transfer of the princely residence to Kyiv, Novgorod did not lose its significance. Being in the zone of lively trade contacts with foreign countries, Novgorod was a kind of "window to Europe." Photo: strana.ru Kiev (882 - 1243) is 361 years old. In 882, Rurik's successor, Prince Oleg the Prophet of Novgorod, captured Kyiv, which from that time became the capital of Russia. With the adoption of Christianity by Russia at the end of the 10th century, Kyiv became the residence of the Russian metropolitan. The coincidence of the political and church center, combined with a long period of autocracy Kiev princes led to the formation in Russia of a stable institution of the capital, which was not typical for most European countries of that time.

In ancient Russian literature, the concept of the capital corresponded to the expressions “the oldest table” and the “capital city” and the epithet “first throne” that have retained their meaning to this day. Kyiv received the name "Mothers of Russian cities", which was a tracing-paper from the Greek word "metropolis" and likened the city to Constantinople.

Kyiv did not have its own princely dynasty, control over it was the subject of constant struggle, which, on the one hand, led to a steady decline in its real role, and on the other, made it an object around which the interests of all Russian lands intertwined.

Ancient Kyiv Since 1169, when Andrei Bogolyubsky, having a recognized seniority, for the first time refused to take the Kyiv throne, the connection between the possession of Kiev and the status of the most powerful prince became optional. In the subsequent time, the senior princes of Suzdal and Volyn preferred to transfer Kyiv to their minor relatives, while the Chernigov and Smolensk princes more often ruled personally. Nevertheless, the title of princes of "all Russia" continued to be attached to the princes who had ever visited Kyiv during their lives. Both in ancient Russian sources and in the eyes of foreigners, the city continued to be perceived as a capital.

In 1240, Kyiv was destroyed by the Mongols and fell into decay for a long time. The fight for him is over. The Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1243) and Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (1249) were recognized as the oldest in Russia, and Kyiv was transferred to them. However, they preferred to leave Vladimir as their residence.

In the next era, until the conquest of Kyiv by Lithuania (1362), it was ruled by provincial princes who did not claim all-Russian supremacy. Vladimir (1243 - 1389) is 146 years old.

Vladimir-on-Klyazma, founded in 1108 by Vladimir Monomakh, became the capital of North-Eastern Russia in 1157, when Prince Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky moved his residence here from Suzdal.

The recognition of seniority in the princely family, indeed, turned out to be torn off from the Kiev table, but it was attached to the personality of the prince, and not to his city, and far from always belonged to the Vladimir princes. The time of maximum influence of the principality was the reign of Vsevolod Yuryevich big nest. His supremacy was recognized by the princes of all Russian lands, except for Chernigov and Polotsk, and from now on Vladimir princes began to be called "great". Panorama of Vladimir - Golden Gate and Trinity Church

After Mongol invasion(1237-1240) all Russian lands were under supreme authority The Mongol Empire, subordinate to its western wing - the Ulus of Jochi or the Golden Horde. And it was the Grand Dukes of Vladimir who were nominally recognized in the Horde as the oldest in all of Russia. In 1299, the metropolitan moved his residence to Vladimir. From the beginning In the 14th century, the princes of Vladimir began to bear the title of "great princes of all Russia."

Moscow 1.(1389 - 1712)- this is 323 years Moscow was first mentioned in the annals in 1147. In 1263, Moscow received an inheritance younger son Alexander Nevsky - Daniil Alexandrovich. Without claiming the great reign of Vladimir, he was able to significantly expand the territory of his principality at the expense of neighboring Smolensk and Ryazan volosts. This allowed Daniel to recruit a large number of service people who formed the basis of the powerful Moscow boyars. IN modern historiography this factor is considered as the most important in the process of the successful rise of Moscow.

In 1325, the metropolitan moved to Moscow from Vladimir. In 1547, Ivan IV assumed the royal title, and Moscow until 1712 became the capital of the kingdom - the Russian State. Moscow became the capital again on March 12, 1918 by the decision of the Soviet government.

St. Petersburg/Petrograd (1712 - 1918)- this is 206 years. In 1712, by the will of Peter I, the capital of Russia was transferred to St. Petersburg, specially founded as a capital city. like any other capital in the history of Russia.

Ladoga Old

There is another city that deserves the attention of historians - Staraya Ladoga. The ancient capital of Russia number two arose in the middle of the eighth century, and in 862 - 864 was the residence of Rurik. According to the chronicles, after that the legendary prince left for Novgorod, a city that in the future received the title "Great". Today you can see the Assumption Cathedral and St. George's Church, built in the second half of the twelfth century.

Staraya Ladoga today is a small village, which is about twelve centuries old. Recent archaeological research suggests that the settlement was founded by people from northern European countries. It was a parking lot where ships were repaired and new ships were built,

Rurik settlement in Novgorod

The capital of Ancient Russia, Ladoga, lost its title, since Rurik left for a new city, located about two kilometers from the central part modern city. Now it attracts with unique architectural monuments of princely times, because it was not touched by the Mongol horde, and, therefore, was not plundered and destroyed. These are Nikolo-Dvorishchensky, St. Sophia, St. George's Cathedrals, St. Anthony's Monastery, the Churches of the Savior, the Nativity of the Virgin, the Annunciation, Peter and Paul, Paraskeva-Pyatnitsa.

The heyday of the city fell on the period of the Novgorod Republic, when all important decisions about the life of the state were made not by the Veche. It existed from 1136 to 1478, and its territory stretched for hundreds of kilometers - from Ural mountains to the Baltic (or Varangian) Sea. Crafts developed in it, lively trade was conducted, stone buildings were built, chronicles and books were written.

Today, Novgorod (the capital of Ancient Russia and the Novgorod Republic) can be safely called the tourist Mecca of Russia, as it has retained its face through the millennium.

Vladimir-on-Klyazma

Another capital of the ancient Russian state is Vladimir, which was the main one in the period 1243-1389. The city was founded by Vladimir Monomakh in 1108, and half a century later Andrei Bogolyubsky transferred his residence to it. The heyday of the settlement fell on the reign of Vsevolod the Big Nest, to which all the lands were subordinate, except for Polotsk and Chernigov. The Golden Gates, Assumption and Dmitrievsky Cathedrals remind of that glorious era in Vladimir.

Conclusion

Under the blows of the nukers of Batu Khan, unfortunately, Ancient Russia ceased to exist. Its capital lost its influence and for many years was in ruins, crafts that were unclaimed in the Golden Horde were forgotten. But the country gradually recovered from a heavy blow, new generations of people grew up, who at first obeyed Mongol yoke and then dropped it. Thus, Russia was reborn again and entered the new time with a new face.