High technology at home. Laureate Nobel Prize Konstantin Novoselov told how it is possible to make graphene from improvised materials. In the world of science, he made a splash, and in the future it can be used in everything from cooking to space flights.
To build a stage for a Nobel laureate is, of course, not to invent graphene. The screen for displaying photo and video slides was assembled in just a few minutes. Frame, fasteners and here it is, the magic of minimalism. Equipment for telling the loudest scientific discovery Recently, Konstantin Novoselov brought with him in an ordinary backpack.
There was a laptop inside. The Nobel Prize winner in physics is used to traveling light. The first question from the audience - and immediately the answer that excites the imagination. It turns out that almost everyone can get material that is predicted to have a grandiose future.
"All you need is to buy good graphite. In principle, you can use pencils, but it is better to buy good graphite. You will spend $100 on this. You should spend $20 on silicon wafers, $1 on tape. That's for 121 dollar, I promise you that you will learn how to make amazing graphene," the scientist said.
It is no coincidence that the world of science immediately said about this discovery: everything ingenious is simple. Graphite-based material could revolutionize electronics. We are already accustomed to the fact that modern gadgets are a mobile phone, a computer, and a camera in one device. With graphene, these devices will become much thinner, and also transparent and flexible. Due to the unique features of matter, such an apparatus is not scary to drop.
"It has very interesting electronic properties. It can be used for transistors. And, in particular, many companies are trying to make high-speed transistors from this material to use, for example, in mobile communications," he explained. Nobel laureate.
In the future, according to experts, this material will be able to completely replace the gradually obsolete silicon in all electronic devices. So far, this technique seems like a miracle. However, more recently, the same surprise caused, for example, LCD TVs or the Internet. By the way, the World Wide Web using graphene will become ten times faster. In biology, along with new material, progressive technologies for deciphering the chemical structure of DNA will appear. The use of ultra-light and high-strength graphene will find application in aviation and construction spaceships.
"The material that is the thinnest, the most durable, the most conductive. The most impenetrable, the most elastic. In general, the most, this will be graphene," Novoselov emphasized.
The Nobel Prize in Physics for advanced experiments with graphene was awarded in 2010. This is the first time that a material-turned-product scientific research, is moving so quickly from academic laboratories to industrial production. In Russia, interest in the developments of Konstantin Novoselov is exceptional. The site of the Bookmarket festival and Gorky Park is open to everyone. And cool weather and rain for real science is not a hindrance.
Graphene fibers under a scanning electron microscope. Pure graphene recovered from graphene oxide (GO) in microwave oven. Scale 40 µm (left) and 10 µm (right). Photo: Jieun Yang, Damien Voiry, Jacob Kupferberg / Rutgers University
Graphene is a 2D modification of carbon formed by a layer one carbon atom thick. The material has high strength, high thermal conductivity and unique physical and chemical properties. It exhibits the highest electron mobility of any known material on Earth. This makes graphene practically ideal material in a wide variety of applications, including electronics, catalysts, batteries, composite materials, etc. The point is small - to learn how to obtain high-quality graphene layers on an industrial scale.
Chemists from Rutgers University (USA) have found a simple and fast method production of high-quality graphene by processing graphene oxide in a conventional microwave oven. The method is surprisingly primitive and effective.
Graphite oxide is a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in various proportions, which is formed when graphite is treated with strong oxidizing agents. To get rid of the remaining oxygen in the graphite oxide, and then get pure graphene in two-dimensional sheets, requires considerable effort.
Graphite oxide is mixed with strong alkalis and the material is further reduced. As a result, monomolecular sheets with oxygen residues are obtained. These sheets are commonly referred to as graphene oxide (GO). Chemists have tried different ways to remove excess oxygen from GO ( , , , ), but GO (rGO) reduced by such methods remains a highly disordered material, which is far from real pure graphene obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) .
Even in its disordered form, rGO has the potential to be useful for energy carriers ( , , , , ) and catalysts ( , , , ), but to get the most out of the unique properties of graphene in electronics, you need to learn how to get pure high-quality graphene from GO.
Chemists at Rutgers University propose a simple and fast way reduction of GO to pure graphene using 1-2 second microwave pulses. As can be seen from the graphs, graphene obtained by “microwave reduction” (MW-rGO) is much closer in its properties to the purest graphene obtained using CVD.
Physical characteristics of MW-rGO compared to pristine graphene oxide GO, reduced graphene oxide rGO, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene. Shown are typical GO flakes deposited on a silicon substrate (A); X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (B); Raman spectroscopy and the ratio of crystal size (L a) to the peak ratio l 2D /l G in the Raman spectrum for MW-rGO, GO and CVD.
Electronic and electrocatalytic properties of MW-rGO compared to rGO. Illustrations: Rutgers University
The technical process for obtaining MW-rGO consists of several stages.
- Oxidation of graphite by the modified Hummers method and its dissolution to single-layer flakes of graphene oxide in water.
- GO annealing to make the material more susceptible to microwave irradiation.
- Irradiation of GO flakes in a conventional 1000W microwave oven for 1-2 seconds. During this procedure, GO is rapidly heated to a high temperature, desorption of oxygen groups and excellent structuring of the carbon lattice occurs.
Transmission electron microscope images show the structure of graphene sheets with a scale of 1 nm. On the left is a single layer rGO with many defects, including oxygen functional groups (blue arrow) and holes in the carbon layer (red arrow). In the center and on the right is a perfectly structured two-layer and three-layer MW-rGO. Photo: Rutgers University
Gorgeous structural properties MW-rGO, when used in field effect transistors, can increase the maximum electron mobility to about 1500 cm 2 /Vs, which is comparable to the outstanding performance of modern high electron mobility transistors.
In addition to electronics, MW-rGO is useful in the production of catalysts: it has shown exceptionally small value Tafel coefficient when used as a catalyst in the oxygen evolution reaction: about 38 mV per decade. The MW-rGO catalyst also remained stable in the hydrogen evolution reaction, which lasted over 100 hours.
All this suggests an excellent potential for the use of microwave-reduced graphene in industry.
Research Article "High-quality graphene via microwave reduction of solution-exfoliated graphene oxide" published September 1, 2016 in the magazine Science(doi: 10.1126/science.aah3398).
Until last year, the only way known to science to produce graphene was to apply the thinnest layer of graphite on adhesive tape and then remove the base. This technique is called the "scotch tape technique". Recently, however, scientists have discovered that there is a more efficient way to obtain a new material: as a base, they began to use a layer of copper, nickel or silicon, which is then removed by etching (Fig. 2). In this way, rectangular sheets of graphene 76 centimeters wide were created by a team of scientists from Korea, Japan and Singapore. Not only did the researchers set a kind of record for the size of a piece of a single-layer structure of carbon atoms, they also created sensitive screens based on flexible sheets.
Figure 2: Obtaining graphene by etching
For the first time, graphene "flakes" were obtained by physicists only in 2004, when their size was only 10 micrometers. A year ago, the team of Rodney Ruoff at the University of Texas at Austin announced that they had managed to create centimeter-sized "scraps" of graphene.
Ruoff and colleagues deposited carbon atoms on copper foil using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Researchers in the laboratory of Professor Byun Hee Hong from Sunkhyunkhwan University went further and enlarged the sheets to the size of a full-fledged screen. The new “roll” technology (roll-to-roll processing) makes it possible to obtain a long ribbon from graphene (Fig. 3).
Figure 3: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy image of stacked graphene layers.
A layer of an adhesive polymer was placed on top of the graphene sheets of physics, the copper substrates were dissolved, then the polymer film was separated - a single layer of graphene was obtained. To give the sheets greater strength, scientists in the same way "grew up" three more layers of graphene. At the end, the resulting “sandwich” was treated with nitric acid to improve conductivity. A brand new graphene sheet is placed on a polyester substrate and passed between heated rollers (Fig. 4).
Figure 4: Roll technology for obtaining graphene
The resulting structure transmitted 90% of the light and had an electrical resistance lower than that of the standard, but still very expensive, transparent conductor, indium tin oxide (ITO). By the way, using sheets of graphene as the basis of touch displays, the researchers found that their structure is also less fragile.
True, despite all the achievements, the commercialization of technology is still very far away. Transparent films from carbon nanotubes have been trying to oust ITO for quite some time, but manufacturers can't deal with the problem of "dead pixels" that appear on film defects.
The use of graphenes in electrical engineering and electronics
The brightness of pixels in flat panel screens is determined by the voltage between two electrodes, one of which is facing the viewer (Fig. 5). These electrodes must be transparent. Currently, tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) is used to produce transparent electrodes, but ITO is expensive and not the most stable material. Besides, the world will soon exhaust its reserves of indium. Graphene is more transparent and more stable than ITO, and a graphene electrode LCD has already been demonstrated.
Figure 5: Brightness of graphene screens as a function of applied voltage
The material also has great potential in other areas of electronics. In April 2008, scientists from Manchester demonstrated the world's smallest graphene transistor. A perfectly correct layer of graphene controls the resistance of the material, turning it into a dielectric. It becomes possible to create a microscopic power switch for a high-speed nano-transistor to control the movement of individual electrons. The smaller transistors in microprocessors, the faster it is, and scientists hope that graphene transistors in computers of the future will be the size of a molecule, given that modern silicon microtransistor technology has almost reached its limit.
Graphene is not only an excellent conductor of electricity. It has the highest thermal conductivity: atomic vibrations easily propagate through the carbon mesh of a cellular structure. Heat dissipation in electronics is a serious problem because there are limits to the high temperatures that electronics can withstand. However, scientists at the University of Illinois have found that graphene-based transistors have an interesting property. They manifest a thermoelectric effect, leading to a decrease in the temperature of the device. This could mean that graphene-based electronics will make heatsinks and fans a thing of the past. Thus, the attractiveness of graphene as a promising material for microcircuits of the future further increases (Fig. 6).
Figure 6: An atomic force microscope probe scanning the surface of a graphene-metal contact to measure temperature.
It was not easy for scientists to measure the thermal conductivity of graphene. They invented an entirely new way to measure its temperature by placing a 3-micron-long graphene film over exactly the same tiny hole in a silicon dioxide crystal. The film was then heated with a laser beam, causing it to vibrate. These vibrations helped to calculate the temperature and thermal conductivity.
The ingenuity of scientists knows no bounds when it comes to using the phenomenal properties of a new substance. In August 2007, the most sensitive of all possible sensors based on it was created. It is able to respond to one gas molecule, which will help to detect the presence of toxins or explosives in a timely manner. Alien molecules peacefully descend into the graphene network, knocking out electrons from it or adding them. As a result, the electrical resistance of the graphene layer changes, which is measured by scientists. Even the smallest molecules are trapped by the strong graphene mesh. In September 2008, scientists from Cornell University in the United States demonstrated how a graphene membrane, like the thinnest balloon, inflates due to a pressure difference of several atmospheres on both sides of it. This feature of graphene can be useful in determining the course of various chemical reactions and in general in studying the behavior of atoms and molecules.
Getting large sheets of pure graphene is still very difficult, but the task can be simplified if the carbon layer is mixed with other elements. At Northwestern University in the United States, graphite was oxidized and dissolved in water. The result was a paper-like material - graphene oxide paper (Fig. 7). It is very tough and quite easy to make. Graphene oxide is suitable as a durable membrane in batteries and fuel cells.
Figure 7: Graphene oxide paper
The graphene membrane is an ideal substrate for objects of study under an electron microscope. Flawless cells merge in images into a uniform gray background, against which other atoms stand out clearly. Until now, it was almost impossible to distinguish the lightest atoms in an electron microscope, but with graphene as a substrate, even small hydrogen atoms can be seen.
The possibilities of using graphene are endless. Recently, physicists at Northwestern University in the US figured out that graphene can be mixed with plastic. The result is a thin, super-strong material that can withstand high temperatures and is impervious to gases and liquids.
The scope of its application is the production of light gas stations, spare parts for cars and aircraft, durable wind turbine blades. Plastic can be used to pack food products, keeping them fresh for a long time.
Graphene is not only the thinnest, but also the most durable material in the world. Scientists at Columbia University in New York have verified this by placing graphene over tiny holes in a silicon crystal. Then, by pressing the thinnest diamond needle, they tried to destroy the graphene layer and measured the pressure force (Fig. 8). It turned out that graphene is 200 times stronger than steel. If you imagine a graphene layer as thick as cling film, it would withstand the pressure of a pencil point, at the opposite end of which an elephant or a car would balance.
Figure 8: Pressure on graphene diamond needle
Graphene fibers under a scanning electron microscope. Pure graphene is recovered from graphene oxide (GO) in a microwave oven. Scale 40 µm (left) and 10 µm (right). Photo: Jieun Yang, Damien Voiry, Jacob Kupferberg / Rutgers University
Graphene is a 2D modification of carbon formed by a layer one carbon atom thick. The material has high strength, high thermal conductivity and unique physical and chemical properties. It exhibits the highest electron mobility of any known material on Earth. This makes graphene an almost ideal material for a wide variety of applications, including electronics, catalysts, batteries, composite materials, etc. The point is small - to learn how to obtain high-quality graphene layers on an industrial scale.
Chemists from Rutgers University (USA) have found a simple and fast method for producing high-quality graphene by processing graphene oxide in a conventional microwave oven. The method is surprisingly primitive and effective.
Graphite oxide is a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in various proportions, which is formed when graphite is treated with strong oxidizing agents. To get rid of the remaining oxygen in the graphite oxide, and then get pure graphene in two-dimensional sheets, requires considerable effort.
Graphite oxide is mixed with strong alkalis and the material is further reduced. As a result, monomolecular sheets with oxygen residues are obtained. These sheets are commonly referred to as graphene oxide (GO). Chemists have tried different ways to remove excess oxygen from GO ( , , , ), but GO (rGO) reduced by such methods remains a highly disordered material, which is far from real pure graphene obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) .
Even in its disordered form, rGO has the potential to be useful for energy carriers ( , , , , ) and catalysts ( , , , ), but to get the most out of the unique properties of graphene in electronics, you need to learn how to get pure high-quality graphene from GO.
Chemists at Rutgers University offer a simple and fast way to reduce GO to pure graphene using 1-2 second microwave pulses. As can be seen from the graphs, graphene obtained by “microwave reduction” (MW-rGO) is much closer in its properties to the purest graphene obtained using CVD.
Physical characteristics of MW-rGO compared to pristine graphene oxide GO, reduced graphene oxide rGO, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene. Shown are typical GO flakes deposited on a silicon substrate (A); X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (B); Raman spectroscopy and the ratio of crystal size (L a) to the peak ratio l 2D /l G in the Raman spectrum for MW-rGO, GO and CVD.
Electronic and electrocatalytic properties of MW-rGO compared to rGO. Illustrations: Rutgers University
The technical process for obtaining MW-rGO consists of several stages.
- Oxidation of graphite by the modified Hummers method and its dissolution to single-layer flakes of graphene oxide in water.
- GO annealing to make the material more susceptible to microwave irradiation.
- Irradiation of GO flakes in a conventional 1000W microwave oven for 1-2 seconds. During this procedure, GO is rapidly heated to a high temperature, desorption of oxygen groups and excellent structuring of the carbon lattice occurs.
Transmission electron microscope images show the structure of graphene sheets with a scale of 1 nm. On the left is a single layer rGO with many defects, including oxygen functional groups (blue arrow) and holes in the carbon layer (red arrow). In the center and on the right is a perfectly structured two-layer and three-layer MW-rGO. Photo: Rutgers University
The excellent structural properties of MW-rGO when used in field effect transistors allow the maximum electron mobility to be increased to about 1500 cm 2 /V·s, which is comparable to the outstanding performance of modern high electron mobility transistors.
In addition to electronics, MW-rGO is useful in the production of catalysts: it showed an exceptionally low value of the Tafel coefficient when used as a catalyst in the oxygen evolution reaction: about 38 mV per decade. The MW-rGO catalyst also remained stable in the hydrogen evolution reaction, which lasted over 100 hours.
All this suggests an excellent potential for the use of microwave-reduced graphene in industry.
Research Article "High-quality graphene via microwave reduction of solution-exfoliated graphene oxide" published September 1, 2016 in the magazine Science(doi: 10.1126/science.aah3398).
Relatively recently, a new field has appeared in science and technology, which is called nanotechnology. The prospects of this discipline are not just extensive. They are grandiose. A particle called "nano" is a value equal to one billionth of a value. Such dimensions can only be compared with the dimensions of atoms and molecules. For example, a nanometer is one billionth of a meter.
The main direction of the new field of science
Nanotechnologies are those that manipulate matter at the level of molecules and atoms. Concerning given area Science is also called molecular technology. What was the impetus for its development? Nanotechnology in modern world appeared thanks to the lecture In it, the scientist proved that there are no obstacles to creating things directly from atoms.
The tool for efficient manipulation of the smallest particles was called assembler. This is a molecular nanomachine with which you can build any structure. For example, a natural assembler can be called a ribosome synthesizing protein in living organisms.
Nanotechnology in the modern world is not just a separate field of knowledge. They represent a vast area of research, directly related to many fundamental sciences. Among them are physics, chemistry and biology. According to scientists, it is these sciences that will receive the most powerful impetus for development against the backdrop of the upcoming nanotechnical revolution.
Application area
It is impossible to list all spheres of human activity where nanotechnologies are currently used because of a very impressive list. So, with the help of this field of science are produced:
Devices designed for ultra-dense recording of any information;
- various video equipment;
- sensors, semiconductor transistors;
- information, computing and information technologies;
- nanoimprinting and nanolithography;
- energy storage devices and fuel cells;
- defense, space and aviation applications;
- bioinstrumentation.
Every year more and more funding is allocated to such a scientific field as nanotechnology in Russia, the USA, Japan and a number of European countries. This is due to the broad prospects for the development of this area of research.
Nanotechnologies in Russia are developing according to the target federal program, which involves not only large financial costs, but also a large amount of design and research work. To implement the tasks set, the efforts of various scientific and technological complexes are being combined at the level of national and transnational corporations.
new material
Nanotechnology has allowed scientists to fabricate a carbon plate that is harder than diamond and is only one atom thick. It is made up of graphene. This is the thinnest and most durable material in the entire universe, which transmits electricity much better than the silicon of computer chips.
The discovery of graphene is considered a real revolutionary event that will change a lot in our lives. This material has such unique physical properties that it radically changes a person's understanding of the nature of things and substances.
Discovery history
Graphene is a two-dimensional crystal. Its structure is a hexagonal lattice composed of carbon atoms. Theoretical studies graphene began long before its actual samples were obtained, since this material is the basis for building a three-dimensional graphite crystal.
Back in 1947, P. Wallace pointed out some properties of graphene, proving that its structure is similar to metals, and some characteristics are similar to those possessed by ultrarelativistic particles, neutrinos and massless photons. However, the new material has certain significant differences that make it unique in nature. But confirmation of these conclusions was received only in 2004, when carbon in the free state was obtained for the first time by Konstantin Novoselov. This new substance, which was called graphene, was a major discovery by scientists. You can find this element in a pencil. Its graphite rod is made up of many layers of graphene. How does a pencil leave a mark on paper? The fact is that, despite the strength of the layers that make up the rod, there are very weak bonds between them. They disintegrate very easily on contact with paper, leaving a mark when writing.
Use of new material
According to scientists, sensors based on graphene will be able to analyze the strength and condition of the aircraft, as well as predict earthquakes. But only when a material with such amazing properties leaves the walls of laboratories, it will become clear in which direction the development will go. practical application of this substance. To date, physicists, as well as electronic engineers, have already become interested in the unique capabilities of graphene. After all, just a few grams of this substance can cover an area equal to a football field.
Graphene and its applications are potentially being considered in the production of lightweight satellites and aircraft. In this area, the new material is able to replace the nanosubstance can be used instead of silicon in transistors, and its introduction into plastic will give it electrical conductivity.
Graphene and its applications are also considered in the manufacture of sensors. These devices are based on latest material, will be able to detect the most dangerous molecules. But the use of nanosubstance powder in the production of electric batteries will significantly increase their efficiency.
Graphene and its applications are considered in optoelectronics. The new material will make a very light and durable plastic, containers from which will keep food fresh for several weeks.
The use of graphene is also expected for the manufacture of a transparent conductive coating required for monitors, solar panels and stronger and more resistant to mechanical stress wind turbines.
Based on the nanomaterial, the best sports equipment, medical implants and supercapacitors will be obtained.
Graphene and its application are also relevant for:
High frequency high power electronic devices;
- artificial membranes separating two liquids in a tank;
- improving the conductivity properties of various materials;
- creating a display on organic light-emitting diodes;
- development of new technology of accelerated DNA sequencing;
- improvements to liquid crystal displays;
- creation of ballistic transistors.
Automotive use
According to the researchers, the specific energy consumption of graphene is approaching 65 kWh/kg. This figure is 47 times higher than that of the currently so common lithium-ion batteries. Scientists used this fact to create a new generation of chargers.
A graphene-polymer battery is a device by which electrical energy is retained as efficiently as possible. Currently, work on it is being carried out by researchers from many countries. Spanish scientists have made significant progress in this regard. The graphene-polymer battery created by them has an energy capacity that is hundreds of times higher than that of existing batteries. It is used to equip electric vehicles. The car in which it is installed can drive thousands of kilometers without stopping. It will take no more than 8 minutes to recharge an electric car when the energy resource is exhausted.
Touch screens
Scientists continue to explore graphene, while creating new and unparalleled things. So, carbon nanomaterial has found its application in production, which produces touch displays with a large diagonal. In the future, a flexible device of this type may also appear.
The scientists obtained a rectangular graphene sheet and turned it into a transparent electrode. It is he who participates in the operation of the touch display, while differing in durability, increased transparency, flexibility, environmental friendliness and low cost.
Obtaining graphene
Since 2004, when the newest nanomaterial was discovered, scientists have mastered a number of methods for its production. However, the most important of them are the methods:
mechanical exfoliation;
- epitaxial growth in vacuum;
- chemical per-phase cooling (CVD-process).
The first of these three methods is the simplest. The production of graphene by mechanical exfoliation is the application of special graphite to the adhesive surface of the insulating tape. After that, the base, like a sheet of paper, begins to bend and unbend, separating the desired material. When using this method, graphene is obtained most High Quality. However, such actions are not suitable for mass production of this nanomaterial.
When using the epitaxial growth method, thin silicon wafers are used, the surface layer of which is silicon carbide. Further, this material is heated at a very high temperature (up to 1000 K). As a result of a chemical reaction, silicon atoms are separated from carbon atoms, the first of which evaporate. As a result, pure graphene remains on the plate. The disadvantage of this method is the need to use very high temperatures at which combustion of carbon atoms can occur.
The most reliable and in a simple way used for the mass production of graphene is the CVD process. It is a method in which chemical reaction between the metal coating-catalyst and hydrocarbon gases.
Where is graphene produced?
To date, the largest company manufacturing the new nanomaterial is located in China. The name of this manufacturer is Ningbo Morsh Technology. Graphene production started in 2012.
The main consumer of the nanomaterial is Chongqing Morsh Technology. It uses graphene to produce conductive transparent films that are inserted into touch displays.
Relatively recently, the well-known company Nokia filed a patent for a photosensitive matrix. This element, which is so necessary for optical devices, contains several layers of graphene. Such material used on camera sensors significantly increases their light sensitivity (up to 1000 times). At the same time, there is also a reduction in electricity consumption. A good smartphone camera will also contain graphene.
Getting at home
Is it possible to make graphene at home? It turns out yes! You just need to take a kitchen blender with a power of at least 400 watts, and follow the methodology developed by Irish physicists.
How to make graphene at home? To do this, pour 500 ml of water into the blender bowl, adding 10-25 milliliters of any detergent and 20-50 grams of crushed lead to the liquid. Next, the device should work from 10 minutes to half an hour, until a suspension of graphene flakes appears. The resulting material will have high conductivity, which will allow it to be used in photocell electrodes. Graphene produced at home can also improve the properties of plastic.
nanomaterial oxides
Scientists are also actively investigating such a structure of graphene, which has attached oxygen-containing functional groups and/or molecules inside or along the edges of the carbon network. It is the oxide of the hardest nanosubstance and is the first two-dimensional material to reach the stage of commercial production. From nano- and microparticles of this structure, scientists made centimeter-sized samples.
Thus, graphene oxide in combination with diophilized carbon was recently obtained by Chinese scientists. This is a very light material, a centimeter cube of which is held on the petals of a small flower. But at the same time, the new substance, which contains graphene oxide, is one of the hardest in the world.
Biomedical Application
Graphene oxide has a unique selectivity property. This will allow this substance to find biomedical applications. So, thanks to the work of scientists, it became possible to use graphene oxide for the diagnosis of cancer. The unique optical and electrical properties nanomaterial.
Graphene oxide also allows targeted delivery of drugs and diagnostics. Based this material sorption biosensors are being created that point to DNA molecules.
Industrial Application
Various sorbents based on graphene oxide can be used for the decontamination of contaminated man-made and natural objects. In addition, this nanomaterial is capable of processing underground and surface water, as well as soils, having cleaned them of radionuclides.
Graphene oxide filters can provide super-clean rooms where electronic components are manufactured special purpose. Unique properties of this material will allow you to penetrate into the subtle technologies of the chemical sphere. In particular, it can be the extraction of radioactive, trace and rare metals. Thus, the use of graphene oxide will make it possible to extract gold from poor ores.
