The Kuzminki district belongs to the South-Eastern administrative district of Moscow. The history of the settlement of this area is very ancient, there were several so-called Kuzminsky settlements, the earliest of which dates back to about the 11th century. This became known thanks to the study of archaeological finds discovered on the territory of Kuzminki and neighboring areas.
In documents, for the first time, this area is found in the "book of the Moscow district of letters and measures of Semyon Vasilyevich Koltovsky and clerk Onisim Ilyin" dated 1623-1624. The lands are described as a wasteland, where the Kuzminskaya mill, which belonged to the Nikolo-Ugreshsky Monastery, was located before the Great Troubles. It is also likely that part of the land belonged to the Simonov Monastery (forest and fish land).
The mill stood on the Goledyanka River. The miller Kuzma built it and named it after himself. Apparently, after some time the mill was restored, since in the sources of 1680 it is again mentioned as the Kuzminka mill. After G.D. Stroganov, his estate, located nearby, also began to be called Melnitsa or Kuzminka.
There is another version of the origin of the village name. According to her, the village was named after the Christian saints Cosmas and Damian, as well as the ancient folk holiday in their honor - Kuzminok.
The mill passed to Stroganov in 1702 for 50 annual rubles of quitrent money. Together with the mill, he also began to manage the pond (now Nizhny Kuzminsky), forest and hay fields. In the same year, the following nearby wastelands also went to him and his family for 24 quitrent rubles a year: Boriskovo (Dubki), Volynkino, Kurovaya and Osteevo Belishche. These lands were cut off from the land of the village of Graivoronovo (or Gravorovo), which previously belonged to the Moscow Simonov Monastery.
When the Church of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God was built in this area (1716-1720), the village received another name - Blachernae.
In the period from 1740 to 1754, a division of family holdings took place, as a result of which A.G. Stroganov became the sole owner of the estate. Under him, dams were erected on the Churilikha River, and a large pond was formed, now known as the Upper Kuzminsky.
In 1757, the eldest daughter of A.G. Stroganova Anna married Prince M.M. Golitsyn, among her dowry was the village of Vlakhernskoye with 518 acres of land. The Golitsyns owned the estate until 1917. During all this time, the estate was not only updated and expanded, there were various works for landscaping. The younger son of the prince Sergei Mikhailovich Golitsyn, due to the systematic acquisition of numerous neighboring plots (the village of Kotelnikovo, the village of Motyakovo, the village of Chagino, 192 acres in the Veshki wasteland), turned his lands into a major (indivisible possession).
After the October Revolution, the fate of the estate changed. There is a military hospital here. On February 19, 1916, a fire broke out in the central building of the palace in Kuzminki, which destroyed both the palace itself and priceless antique furniture, paintings and a large collection of engravings.
In 1918, by decision of the Council of People's Commissars, the Kuzminki estate was transferred to the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, which was evacuated from Petrograd. The Institute was located in the estate until 2001. This period was the saddest for Kuzminok. Buildings and territory fell into decay and desolation. Some of the buildings were rebuilt for the needs of the Institute. A unique set of garden furniture, consisting of cast-iron benches and sofas, as well as metal monuments and cast-iron entrance gates, were sold for scrap. On the site of the burnt palace, the main building of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine was built. The church was closed and rebuilt, the park was partially cut down.
Among other notable objects located in the past on the territory of the modern Kuzminki district, the Military Chemical Testing Ground of the Red Army (later a test station of the Central Military Technical Institute of the Research Institute of Chemical Engineering). This institution was located in Kuzminki from 1918 to 1961. For some time, chemical weapons were tested at the test site, in addition, there were burial places for the waste of four Moscow factories that produced chemical weapons. In the 1930s, research was conducted on animals at the test site, testing biological weapons on them. Back in 1937, work was carried out to clean up and degas the landfill. Despite the fact that in 2001 the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, commissioned by the Moscow government, once again checked the landfill and found no poisonous substances, according to some experts, the former landfill still needs to be decontaminated. In particular, the soil may contain such a dangerous substance as arsenic.
Returning to the history of the development of the region, we can recall that in 1929 the Tekstilshchik state farm was formed. Which in 1936 was renamed the State Farm. Maxim Gorky. This state farm was partly located on the territory of the current Kuzminki district. On the Kuzminsky lands they were engaged in vegetable growing. Including greenhouses.
Approximately at the same time, dacha development appeared in front of the old estate in Kuzminki. Now the estate was called Old Kuzminki, and the holiday village - Novo-Kuzminsky village.
The first five-story houses appeared between Ryazansky Prospekt and Starye Kuzminki in 1957. Kuzminki and Cheryomushki were the first centers of mass construction of Khrushchev houses in Moscow. In 1960, the village of Kuzminki and the forest park adjacent to it became part of Moscow, and in 1966 the first metro station was opened in the area, which was called Kuzminki. The second metro station, Volzhskaya, opened in 1995.
On the territory of the Kuzminki district there are several ponds, as well as the Kuzminki estate. This is one of the largest estates in the Moscow region, on the territory of which there are more than 20 objects. Despite the fact that most of the buildings in the estate are replicas, the original layout of the architectural ensemble has been preserved.
History reference:
1623-1624 – the Kuzma lands are described as a wasteland, where the Kuzma mill was located before the Great Troubles1702 - the Melnitsa estate passed to G.D. Stroganov
1716-1720 - a wooden church of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God was built.
1740-1754 - according to the division with the brothers, A. G. Stroganov became the sole owner of the estate
1757-1917 - Kuzminki belonged to the princes Golitsyn
1757 - the eldest daughter of A.G. Stroganov (from his second marriage) Anna Alexandrovna Stroganova married Prince M.M. Golitsyn
1916 - a fire broke out in the central building of the palace of the Kuzminki estate
1918-2001 - the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine was located in Kuzminki
1918-1961 - in the southeastern part of the forest park Kuzminki was located the Military Chemical Test Site of the Red Army
1937 - cleaning and degassing work was carried out at the military chemical test site in Kuzminki
2001 - The Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, commissioned by the Moscow government, searched for metal objects in the surface layer of the soil on the territory of the former chemical test site
1929 - the Tekstilshchiki state farm was established
1936 - the state farm was renamed the state farm named after Maxim Gorky
1936 - The emergence of the Novo-Kuzminsky village
1957 - Kuzminki became one of the first centers for the mass construction of prefabricated Khrushchev houses
1960 - the Kuzminki area, together with the adjacent forest park, entered the borders of Moscow
1966 - Kuzminki metro station opened
1995 - Volzhskaya metro station was opened
1995 - the official date of formation of the Kuzminki district
The history of the Vlakhernskoe-Kuzminki estate begins in 1702, when Peter the Great awarded his favorite G. Stroganov an estate with a mill for his help in equipping the fleet and the army. Construction on these lands began under his sons.
In 1716, a wooden church was built, consecrated in honor of the Stroganov family icon - the Blachernae Mother of God. It also gave the name to the nearby village. After the death of his father, construction in Kuzminki was carried out by his heir Alexander. Through his efforts in Kuzminki on the river. Churlikha was created a cascade of ponds.
In 1757, the daughter of A. Stroganov married Prince M.M. Golitsyn, having received the estate as a dowry. Until 1917, Kuzminki remained the hereditary estate of the Golitsyn princes. Under Mikhail Mikhailovich, the estate was turned into a country residence of the European type.
Famous artists, sculptors and architects of the 18th-19th centuries took part in the creation of the estate: I. Zherebtsov, A. Voronikhin, I. Egotov, K. Rossi, D. Gilardi, M. Bykovsky, P. Klodt.
Kuzminki reached its peak in the 1st quarter. XIX century, under the son of M. Golitsyn, Sergei Mikhailovich. Under him, the estate was called Moscow Pavlovsk. S. Golitsyn started a large-scale reconstruction of the estate, inviting first-class architects, and later repeatedly rebuilt the estate buildings.
The Swiss architect Domenico Gilardi was the author of projects for the complete reconstruction of the Kuzminki estate and a number of its buildings (1816–23). Under him, the Horse Yard, the Music Pavilion, the Propylaea, the Birch Arbor, the Lion's Quay, the Linden Alley, the suspension bridge, the Bath House, the Kitchen (Egyptian Pavilion), the Orange Orangery, created in the Empire style, appeared. The poultry house, the Animal Farm and partially the main house were overhauled.
At the Ural iron foundries of Golitsyn, cast sculptures and decorations were created for Kuzminki: an obelisk to Peter I, openwork gates, fence details, pedestals with double chains, benches, lanterns and girandoles, monuments to Empress Maria Feodorovna who visited Kuzminki in 1826 and visited the estate in 1835 Nicholas I, figures of lions and griffins on the gate.
The main house and front yard were designed by the architect I. Egotov in 1804–08. At the entrance gate there are cast-iron griffins according to the project. The gate and the fence of the front yard appeared in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. in order to protect private territory from summer residents living in the park area and around the village. The original building of the manor house has not been preserved: it was destroyed by a fire in 1916, and in its place in the 1930s. a new building was built according to the project of S. Toropov.
Near the main house is the Egyptian Pavilion (Kitchen) designed by D. Gilardi. The fascination with antique and Egyptian motifs prevailed in the Empire era, the decor of the building was decided in this style: the portico is decorated with palm-shaped columns and the head of the sphinx, the pilasters are stylized in the Egyptian spirit. Food was stored in the cellars of the pavilion, the kitchen itself was located on the first floor, and the cooks lived on the second. In 1839 the Kitchen was connected to the manor house by a covered gallery.
The most significant creations of Gilardi include the complex of buildings of the Horse Yard and the Musical Pavilion. In the corner pavilions of the fence of the Horse Yard there were living rooms for guests. In the central part of the courtyard fence there is a pavilion in which the fortress horn orchestra performed. In 1846, sculptural groups of horse tamers were installed along the edges of the Musical Pavilion - analogues of the sculptures of the Anichkov Bridge in St. Petersburg (sculptor P. Klodt). In 1978, the building of the Musical Pavilion burned down, other premises of the Horse Yard were abandoned. In the early 2000s The courtyard complex has been restored, exhibition halls have been organized in its premises.
The two-story wooden "House on the Dam" (Mill Wing) separates the Upper and Lower Ponds; it was built in the 1840s. on the basement of the mill according to the project of M. Bykovsky. The Golitsyns used the wing as a guest house, Soviet time it was rented out to summer residents, and in 1976–99. it housed the Veterinary Museum. Now the wing has been restored and a restaurant operates in it.
The poultry yard in the estate has been known since 1765, at first it was wooden, it contained decorative birds. In 1805–06 it was rebuilt in stone according to the project of I. Egotov. In 1812, the aviary was seriously damaged by fire. During the restoration of the estate after the French invasion, D. Gilardi redesigned the ruins of the Poultry House into a Forge: the outbuildings and galleries were dismantled, the dome that adorned the central building was dismantled and replaced with a gable roof. In Soviet times, the Forge was used for housing and was hidden behind numerous outbuildings. Since the 1970s The building was abandoned and dilapidated. By 2008, the ensemble of the Ptichnik-Kuznitsa was restored according to the original project of Egotov.
The Church of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God was rebuilt three times, by 1785 it was rebuilt on the initiative of M. Golitsyn in the style of classicism. The image of the Mother of God, kept in the church in Kuzminki, is a list from the Blachernae icon from the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. In 1929 the church was closed. The drum of the temple and the bell tower with a clock were destroyed, the building was partially rebuilt. In 1992, it was handed over to believers and restored according to existing drawings. Now the church is active.
Opposite the church is the Bath House, or Mylnya, a one-story pavilion originally built by M. Golitsyn. The dilapidated pavilion was demolished in 1804 after the death of the prince, and in its place Gilardi in 1816-17. built a new building in the Empire style, retaining the layout and functions of the first building. The soapbox was repeatedly burned, it was dismantled and rebuilt. In 2008, the building and the lost fountain in front of it were restored.
Three-arched and Large (single-arched) grottoes in Kuzminki appeared after the construction of the Front Yard. When the ground was leveled under it, a slope formed on the bank of the pond, where artificial "underwater caves" fit in. In the Big Grotto, amateur theatrical performances were staged with the participation of the owners and guests of the estate. Not far from the grottoes is the Lion's Quay, which was repeatedly rebuilt. In 1830, D. Gilardi redid its upper platform: a forged metal lattice, cast-iron Egyptian lions appeared. In Soviet times, the pier fell into disrepair and collapsed, in the 2000s it was restored.
The orange greenhouse is the only building of the estate where authentic interiors with ancient Egyptian themes have been preserved. Until 2001, it housed the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, which moved into the estate in 1918, and since it left, the building has gradually fallen into disrepair.
Not far from the greenhouse is Slobodka, a complex for servants and domestics. The structure of Slobodka included: a ministerial wing, a clergy house, a laundry wing and a hospital. All these buildings were rebuilt in stone according to the project of Gilardi, they are framed by a common fence, along which the Poplar Alley is planted.
The surviving buildings of the barnyard were erected in the 1840s by D. Gilardi's nephew, Alexander. A one-story brick building with two-story outbuildings forms the letter "P" in plan. Grooms and cattlemen lived in the outbuildings, and there were stalls in the one-story central part. Animal farm was decorated with bronze sculptures of bulls by P. Klodt. In 1889, after the reorganization of the premises, the Animal Farm was transferred to the expanded Blachernae Hospital, founded under S.M. Golitsyn and worked until 1978. The Animal Farm was connected with the pier and propylaea by the Pontoon Bridge (on pontoons, it was installed only in summer).
From the second floor. 19th century dachas were built in the manor park and around it, which later formed a dacha settlement. In 1936, Novo-Kuzminsky settlement appeared next to the estate. The former estate was named Old Kuzminki. In 1960, Kuzminki was included in the borders of Moscow. The estate has become a monument of history and architecture. And in 1976, the Kuzminki Culture and Leisure Park was created. The Museum of Russian Estate Culture has existed on the territory of the former Golitsyn estate since 1999.
The history of the Kuzminki district is closely connected with the history of the estate of the princes Golitsyn "Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki".
The name of the district is associated with the names of the Christian saints Cosmas (Kuzma) and Damian - well-known healers in Russia, patrons of marriage and crafts. However, even if we assume that one of the Kuzma millers was really called Kuzma, this proves absolutely nothing: according to the norms of the Russian language, the name of the settlement, formed on behalf of Kuzma, would be Kuzmino, not Kuzminki. The local toponymy immortalized not the millers, but the place of their work, turning it into the own name of this wasteland.
Sources indicate that in the XVII - early XVIII century. one of the names of Kuzminok was the Mill. There are several settlements with the name Kuzminki, formed from the temples of Cosmas and Damian located in them. The Orthodox Church celebrated the memory of these saints on July 1 and November 1 (according to the old style). These holidays were popularly called Kuzminki. Probably, the temple of Cosmas and Damian was also located on the modern territory of the Kuzminki-Lublino complex. Its location will be specified after appropriate archaeological research.
In the 17th century, these lands belonged to the Moscow Simonov Monastery, where its forest and fishing grounds were located. In 1702, Peter I presented them to the "eminent person" Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov (1656-1715) "for faithful service and assistance in equipping the fleet and army." The heirs of G.D. Stroganov begin the construction of the estate, called "Mills". Dams are erected on the river in several places, a cascade of ponds appears. The park is breaking down.
After the construction of the Church of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God, they began to write in the documents: “the village of Blachernae, the Mill, too.”
In the "epoch" of the Golitsyns, the estate was renovated and improved. It is believed that the main creator of the estate complex was the famous architect Domenico Gilardi, who lived in Russia for many years. But outstanding Russian architects also took part in the construction on the estate. Such well-known masters as the sculptor I.P. Vitali, artist Zh.N. Rauch. Thus, the architectural and park ensemble in Kuzminki is the result of the work of architects, sculptors, artists, gardeners of several generations.
The next stage in the history of the estate and the district dates back to 1917 and is associated with its new owner. Fortunately, the estate of Prince Golitsyn did not share the fate of many noble estates in Russia. The grave of the old prince was not damaged. But this happened later, through the fault of others.
By 1917, Kuzminki managed to acquire country houses. Along Yunykh Lenintsev Street, a row of houses made of timber and logs has grown. Streets were outlined, transforming the area at the cast-iron gates into a large dacha settlement, which after the revolution was transformed into a dacha trust. The bloody year of 1918 has come. The war with Germany continued. At that time, I take into account the possibility of the capture of Petrograd by the enemy, large and responsible enterprises were evacuated to other cities. Among the transformed institutions was the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine. And now he has a new address - Moscow Province, Kuzminki, the former estate of the Golitsyns.
At about the same time, the military leadership took a look at the sandy wasteland on the western side of the Kuzminki estate. The wasteland was very well suited for training the military affairs of the Red Army. They built barracks, a club, wooden models of tanks. Fifteen years later, a vast field was fenced off and a training airfield was created in one part of it. Now on the site of the military camp there is a building of the directorate of the PKiO Kuzminki.
Reference books of the 1930s inform that "the dacha settlement was electrified, there was water supply, communication with Moscow was established via a pay phone. There was a hospital and several grocery stores." The village club was located near the Egyptian pavilion, where the library also worked. There were several shops: in the right wing of the horse yard, in the white house at the beginning of Linden Alley in a specially built wooden house near the outbuildings.
Bus number 11 (later 34) ran from Taganskaya Square. Vlakhersky Prospekt, Linden Alley were named Kuzminskoye Highway, and in 1964 - Kuzminskaya Street.
In 1936, the inhabitants of the former estate had a neighbor - Novo-Kuzminsky settlement. On the territory between the current Volgogradsky Prospekt and Yunykh Lenintsev Street to Velikaya Patriotic War was a training airfield. In 1941 he was transferred to Lyubertsy, and then near the city of Kubinka. The left side of Volgogradsky Prospekt was allocated for the construction of a new village. Plots of 25x50 m were allocated for the construction of houses. It had its own village council, transferred to a building specially built for this (now the building of the Balakirev Music School) from the Vanny Domik of the former Kuzminki estate, which now bore the name Old Kuzminki.
A polyclinic appeared in the village. Its building was preserved on the street. Fyodor Poletaev. In 1938-1939, the first comprehensive school was built opposite the modern control room 38 tr. Then a sports school was placed in it. In 1940 a school appeared on Zelenodolskaya Street.
Novo-Kuzminsky settlement had no more than 10 streets. The streets were so perfectly straightened that standing at one end of the street, one could see the other. Naturally, the population increased according to statistics in 1926. 500 people lived in Starye Kuzminki. By 1938, both settlements numbered 3.5 thousand people.
In the summer of 1941, the German command concentrated huge forces in the Moscow direction. Residents of Kuzminki near Moscow lived an anxious life, the majority of the population left their homes. The bombing of Kuzminok began a month after the start of the war and was carried out regularly from 11 o'clock. Among the inhabitants of the village, duty was established to protect buildings from incendiary bombs. They dug trenches (a similar trench gaped at the site of the graveyard, between the house and the cemetery).
The shells did not bring devastating damage to the estate. So, for example, even now you can see a pit from a shell not far from the old humpbacked bridge. The second bomb fell near the village of anino, and the third hit the pond without exploding. It was discovered after the war when cleaning the reservoir after the war. Echoes of the war were the pits, reminiscent of the defensive belt, which took place in Kuzminsky Park.
The year 1958, significant for Kuzminki, transformed the village into a huge residential area, which is known as one of the areas of mass development that covered a large area between Ryazansky Prospekt and Starye Kuzminki. This summer, the first construction sites appeared on a wasteland located not far from Kuzminsky Park. In the winter of 1961, car factory workers came to Kuzminki. The first two five-story buildings were built for them in extremely short lines. In 1962, housewarming began. by that time, the apartments were very well equipped - their own bathroom, balcony, kitchens with a stove! But the main thing is hot water, as much as you like.
They built mainly five-story houses, the most economical and did not require elevators. Nine-story houses were built, as a rule, in places requiring accents for compositional reasons. The yards between the houses were landscaped and equipped with playgrounds. A park for recreation was arranged - Yeseninsky Boulevard. Kuzminki metro station was built in 1966. It was a real treat for the locals. Now, to get to the center of Moscow, it was not necessary to travel in a crowded trolleybus.
Slowly, the inhabitants of Kuzminki began to populate the territory of the park and the forest between the estates of Kuzminki and Lyublino. Old-timers recall that the houses were solid and were real wrecks, with earthen floors. In 1968, people began to be evicted from the park to new apartments and rooms. Then the places of the former huts were overgrown with grass. But even today you can walk through abandoned raspberries, try wild strawberries, see the remains of former structures near the Shibaevsky Pond (towards Lyublino) or in the park opposite the Upper Pond (if you turn right before the humpbacked bridge, go up the path towards Lyublino, and turn then left)
The Kuzminki district, together with the adjacent forest park, entered the borders of Moscow in 1960.
In the 70-80s, 9, 12, 16-storey buildings were built in the area, which determined the panorama of the area (alternating small longitudinal buildings interspersed with vertical objects). Today, the nature of the urban landscape is changing - tall buildings (above 16 floors) have appeared.
Since 2001, under the program of reconstruction of the dilapidated five-story housing stock, five-story buildings have been demolished along Yeseninsky and Volzhsky boulevards, Yunykh Lenintsev street, and Okskaya street. In their place, modern housing of prestigious series is being erected, as well as starting houses for the resettlement of residents from demolished five-story buildings. So, on the border of Kuzminki with the Ryazansky district, a whole microdistrict called "Volgogradsky" will appear on Okskaya Street. The microdistrict will be made up of houses of the standard and modified P-3M series, which in 2004 was recognized as one of the best in panel housing construction. New settlers are waiting for beautiful bright houses with optimal areas of apartments and comfortable modern layouts. Simultaneously with the houses, schools, kindergartens, sports grounds and garages will be built. A new house will also be erected on Yeseninsky Boulevard (quarter 117, building 3). New residential buildings appeared on Zelenodolskaya and Fyodor Poletaev streets, Volgogradsky avenue, Yunykh Lenintsev street. Two underground garages have been built in the area, as well as three outdoor parking lots.
The historical and recreational complex "Kuzminki-Lublino" is buried in the greenery of a forest park, a cascade of ponds and natural beauty have turned this area into one of the favorite vacation spots for citizens. Boulevards, an abundance of green spaces in the residential area, numerous flower beds, fountains, developed infrastructure - all this is designed to create comfortable living conditions for citizens.
There are many monuments, memorial places and museums dedicated to historical events, famous compatriots who have become the pride of our country. Streets in the area are named after them. The most striking of them are the monument to the poet Sergei Yesenin, the unique Complex of Hero Cities Soviet Union and many others.
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: ADDRESS. TELEPHONE. HOW TO GET TO
Address: Moscow Topolevaya alley, 6
Phone: +7 495 377-94-57, +7 495 376-76-10, +7 495 657-65-84
Official website: kuzminki-msk.ru
Opening hours: Tue, Wed 10:00–17:30; Thu 13:00–21:00; Fri-Sun 10:00–17:30
The estate "Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki" is a place with a rich history and a difficult fate. Despite the decline recent decades, just a glance at the ancient buildings of the complex suggests the former grandeur of a bygone era. Today, Muscovites living in the neighborhood and tourists come here for leisurely walks, photo shoots against the backdrop of wildlife and excursions that highlight the life of the nobility of the 18th-19th centuries.
History of the place
1702 - it is from this date that the Golitsyn estate "Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki" counts its existence. Initially, the estate belonged to the Stroganov family, the richest dynasty in Russia. These lands were donated to Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov by Peter the Great for devoted service: the tsar greatly favored merchants belonging to their family.
To better understand the history of this unusual place, it is worth referring to the origin of its name. The first part - "Vlaherna" - was received by the locality in honor of the church, the first building of which was erected under the sons of Grigory Stroganov in 1716 - it contained the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God, donated to Alexei Mikhailovich, dating from the 7th century BC. This image was one of the most revered in Russia, since miraculous properties were attributed to it.
The second part of the name - "Kuzminki" - was given to the village where the miller Kozma lived. In the future, his mill wing, or the House on the Dam, will become one of the important architectural objects of the complex.
After the death of Grigory Stroganov, the arrangement of the estate passed into the hands of his eldest son Alexander - under him, a cascade of four ponds was erected on the territory of the estate, which has survived to this day. In 1754, the Vlakhernskoe-Kuzminki estate officially passed into the possession of the Golitsyn family, no less noble than the Stroganovs: this happened due to the marriage of Grigory Anna's granddaughter and Mikhail Golitsyn. It was under Michael that the area acquired the appearance that has survived to this day.
The estate has experienced periods of decline more than once: for example, during the Patriotic War of 1812, many buildings were damaged in a fire, and in the 20th century the village completely fell into disrepair - almost all the facilities of the complex needed large-scale reconstruction. Restoration began only in the early 2000s and has not yet been completed.
What to see in the estate "Vlakhernskoe-Kuzminki"?
The museum-estate greets guests with an arch with a corresponding sign, flowering flower beds and even English lawns. If you start moving deeper into the park, you can see a lot of interesting things. For example, humpbacked bridges that have come down to us, a restored lion's pier, numerous small architectural forms like obelisks.
The estate itself, unfortunately, is practically inaccessible to the visit - the Lord's house, the Animal Farm, the Poultry House (Forge), the Bathroom House and the Egyptian Pavilion (Kitchen) are in a deplorable state. Numerous visitors to the site hope that soon all these buildings will be restored. In the meantime, you can visit other equally interesting places.
The horse yard and the music pavilion is one of the central buildings of the ensemble, combining stables, carriage sheds and residential outbuildings. Refers to the characteristic representatives of the Russian Empire of the early XIX century. Like many other objects of the Golitsyn estate, the Horse Yard was designed under the supervision of the architect Domenico Gilardi. Unfortunately, at the moment, all expositions in the Horse Yard are closed due to the collapse of the ceiling in the arena building in April 2019.
The Gray Dacha, or the Gardener's House - here is the Museum of Literary Art named after K.G. Paustovsky. The building is classified as an architectural monument of the 18th century. - Over the years of its existence, it has been rebuilt and restored more than once. Now it is a two-story wooden cottage with a balcony and a mezzanine.
The Mill Wing, or the House on the Dam, is one of the most visited places of the Vlakhernskoe-Kuzminki estate. The first building was erected in the 1840s according to the project of I. Gilardi, I. Zherebtsov, I. Egotov and A. Voronikhin - the most prominent and talented architects of that time. However, already in the middle of the next decade, the mill was transformed into a two-storey wooden building in the Renaissance style. The work was carried out under the guidance of M.D. Bykovsky. In the 20th century, there was a Veterinary Museum here, and today the building houses a restaurant for visitors to the park. It is worth noting that the current version of the building is the so-called "remake": the old one burned down in the 90s of the last century.
The servants' wing is another museum on the estate. Here guests can see expositions recreating peasant and landowner life. The museum is a branch of the Museum of the History of Moscow.
For lovers of bees and honey, there is also something to do: on the territory of the estate there is a whole Museum of Honey - a demonstration apiary with 50 beehives - a school of practical beekeeping, as well as a club of honey lovers. Near the museum building there is an unusual monument to a bee. The local population affectionately christened the winged worker Kuzey - in honor of the estate. If you touch the statue, you will always be lucky!
It is worth visiting the Blachernae Church - a stone building that has survived to this day, was built in 1762.
The estate "Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki" is a place that has become cultural center for the nobility of the 19th century, which for almost 150 years was called the "Russian Versailles". Although not much remains of its former grandeur, the park ensemble still attracts people of all ages, conquering with its energy and picturesque landscapes with both wild and cultivated vegetation.
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KUZMINKI, an architectural and park ensemble in Moscow, is the largest manor near Moscow in terms of the number of objects. It is located in the Kuzminsky Forest Park, on both banks of the Churilikha (Ponomarka) River, on which the Kuzminsky Ponds system is arranged (currently it includes the Upper and Lower Kuzminsky, Shibayevsky, and the Chinese or Shchuchy Ponds connected to the Churilikha Canal). For the first time this area is mentioned in the "book of the Moscow district letters and measures of Semyon Vasilyevich Koltovsky and the clerk Onisim Ilyin" 1623-1624. like a wasteland on which was destroyed in the "Time of Troubles" the Kuzminskaya mill, which belonged to the Nikolo-Ugreshsky monastery near Moscow. Over time, the mill was restored and in a document from the 1680s. appears as the Kuzminka mill. In 1702, together with the pond (now Nizhny Kuzminsky, formerly Melnichny), forest and hay meadows, it was transferred to the “eternal possession” of the “eminent person” Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov (1656-1715), for an annual fee of 50 rubles of quitrent money. In the same year, on similar terms for 24 rubles a year, G.D. Stroganov, his wife Maria Yakovlevna, nee Novosiltseva (1678-1734) and sons: Alexander (1698-1754), Nikolai (1700-1758) and Sergei (1707 -1756) the neighboring wastelands were transferred: Boriskovo (Dubki), Volynkino, Kurovaya and Osteevo Belishche, cut off from the land of the village of Graivoronovo, which belonged to the Moscow Simonov Monastery. The name Melnitsa was assigned to the Stroganovs' estate after almost the only building located on its territory, its other name was the own name of the mill - Kuzminka (Kuzminskaya), which eventually transformed into the form - Kuzminki. Not far from the mill, by 1716, when Kuzminki already belonged to the heirs of G.D. Stroganov: his widow Maria Yakovlevna and sons, a yard was built by the "landlords": a wooden estate, consisting of a master's house and outbuildings. Next to the estate were the courtyards of "business people" who were in the service of the Stroganovs. Between 1716 and 1720 in Kuzminki, a wooden church was built, consecrated in honor of the family shrine of the owners - the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God, now located in the funds of the State Tretyakov Gallery. According to the church, the entire estate received another name - Blachernae (later the church burned down and was replaced by another, also wooden). On May 14, 1724, Peter I visited him (the information known from the literature that allegedly for Peter I a special wooden palace was built in Kuzminki is erroneous, in 1844 on the site where this palace was allegedly located, according to the project of the architect M.D. Bykovsky, a monument to Peter I was erected, which was destroyed in the 1920s). In 1740, A.G. Stroganov became the sole owner of the estate in 1740 by dividing it with his brothers. Under him, by setting dams on the Churilikha River, a huge pond was created, now called Upper Kuzminsky. In 1754, after the death of the owner of Kuzminka, his third wife Maria Artamonovna (after Isleniev's first husband), nee Zagryazhskaya (1722-1788) and the eldest daughter (from her second marriage) Anna Alexandrovna Stroganova (1739-1816) inherited. Initially, they owned Kuzminki and other estates together, but in 1757 they made a division of the inheritance, according to which A.A. Stroganova became the sole owner of Kuzminki. Then she married the chamberlain Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1731-1804), who began to deal with all the affairs of Kuzminki. Since 1804, these functions were performed by him younger son Prince Sergei (Sergius) Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1774-1859), later a member of the State Council with the rank of actual Privy Councilor 1st class, philanthropist and philanthropist. Since 1816, he and his older brother Alexander (1772-1821), former ambassador in Italy, inherited Kuzminki from their mother. In 1821, the share of A.M. Golitsyn passed to his sons: Princes Mikhail (1794-1860) and Fyodor (1805-1848) Aleksandrovich Golitsyn, who lived in Europe, so only S.M. Golitsyn was the actual owner of Kuzminok. He reconstructed the estate and expanded the territory of Kuzminki, turned into a majorate, through the gradual acquisition of numerous neighboring lands located to the south and southeast: the village of Kotelnikovo (now the Moscow Region), the village of Motyakovo (Ilyinskoye), the village of Chagino and purchase from a "non-serving nobleman" E.D. Faleeva 192 acres in the wasteland of Veshki. Under him, festivities in Kuzminki on the Day of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God on July 2 (now 15) became very popular, when up to 5 thousand people came to the estate.
Representatives of the reigning dynasty repeatedly visited S.M. Golitsyn in Kuzminki. The widow of Paul I, Empress Maria Fedorovna, lived in Kuzminki from June 26 to July 16, 1826, together with her small court. Subsequently, S.M. Golitsyn in Kuzminki was visited by the sons of Maria Feodorovna: Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich on July 27, 1830 and Emperor Nicholas I in 1835 On July 29, 1837, the heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich (later Emperor Alexander II), arrived in Kuzminki with his retinue, among whom was the poet V.A. Zhukovsky. On August 29, 1858, he again visited Kuzminki, already with his wife, Empress Maria Alexandrovna.
In 1859, after the death of S.M. Golitsyn, who was buried in the church in Kuzminki, his elder nephew M.A. Golitsyn, who was the Russian ambassador to Spain, became the sole owner of the estate. In 1860, Kuzminki was inherited by his son, Prince Sergei Mikhailovich Golitsyn (1843-1915), later colonel of the guard, manager of the Golitsyn hospital, huntsman, vice-president of the Imperial Moscow Racing Society. On August 14, 1866, S.M. Golitsyn received an American delegation in Kuzminki: Assistant Secretary of State for the Naval Ministry and a member of the Washington Cabinet, Admiral Gustavus Fox, the first foreigner who was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow (he arrived in Russia on behalf of the President USA E. Johnson, in order to bring congratulations on behalf of the American people to Emperor Alexander II, who was saved during the assassination attempt on him by D.V. Karakozov). Also in Kuzminki came: Captain John Beaumont (Beaumont) - the commander of the Mayantonomo monitor, on which G. Fox arrived in Russia, Captain Alexander Murray - the commander of the steamer Augusta, which accompanied the Mayantonomo, and the American ambassador to Russia, General Clay. In the summer of 1866, the writer F.M. Dostoevsky visited Kuzminki. Then he rented a dacha in the neighboring Lyublino estate, where he worked on the novel Crime and Punishment. Since 1873, S.M. Golitsyn, having parted with his wife, moved from Kuzminki to his other estate near Moscow Dubrovitsy (Podolsky district, now Podolsky district of the Moscow region). Some of the things from Kuzminki were also transported there, and the owner began to rent out the estate in the summer as summer cottages. At various times in the dachas in Kuzminki lived: architect I.E. Bondarenko - one of the leading masters of the neo-Russian style, art critic I.E. Grabar - the initiator of the publication of the multi-volume "History of Russian Art", F.A. Leonhard - wife of the director of the boards of the partnership A .A. Shrader (later the Krasnokholmsky worsted combine) and the Resurrection manufactory, etc. Since May 12, 1882, the artist V.G. In Kuzminki, V.G. Perov was visited by his student M.V. Nesterov. On June 21, 1890, one of the Kuzminsky summer residents, a certain A.O. Osipova, was visited in Kuzminki by Archpriest John of Kronstadt (Sergeev), rector of St. Andrew's Cathedral in Kronstadt; preacher, spiritual writer (now canonized). In the summer of 1894, V.I. Lenin visited Kuzminki, who lived nearby at a dacha in the estate of Veshki (Tolokonnikovo). The last representatives of the Romanov dynasty to visit Kuzminki were the Moscow Governor-General, Grand Duke Sergiy Alexandrovich and his wife, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna. On May 19, 1901, they twice visited Kuzminki on the way to the Nikolo-Ugreshsky Monastery and on the way back from the monastery (in the absence of the owner, they were received by employees of the estate). In 1915, Kuzminki was inherited by the son of S.M. Golitsyn (from his first marriage) - Prince Sergei Sergeevich Golitsyn (1871-1918), the new owner of Kuzminki had the status of an "insolvent debtor" and therefore was removed from management and disposal of the estate, which was on lease the last (fourth in a row) wife of S.M. Golitsyn - Princess Anna Alexandrovna, nee Princess Kugusheva (1869-1950), then living abroad. After the fire on February 19, 1916, which destroyed the manor's house along with the western wing at the Front Yard, the "Administration of the Kuzminki Reserve Estate" was established. In 1918, the Council of People's Commissars handed over Kuzminki to the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine evacuated from Petrograd (withdrawn from the estate in 2001). Because of this, over the next decades, Kuzminki fell into complete desolation and decline, many buildings were rebuilt as laboratories, residential and administrative premises, cast-iron benches and sofas were sold for scrap, which were a one-of-a-kind set of park furniture, all metal monuments and cast-iron the gate that adorned the entrance to Kuzminki, the main building of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine was built on the site of the burned-out manor house, the church was closed and rebuilt, the park was partially cut down, a number of buildings were destroyed, almost all wooden objects burned down, etc. In connection with the construction of the village of Novye Kuzminki in the neighborhood, the estate was named Starye Kuzminki. In 1960, she entered the boundaries of Moscow. Part of the manor buildings, incl. the church, now functioning, was restored or rebuilt in the 1990-2000s. Currently, in Kuzminki, the largest estate near Moscow, there are more than 20 objects. Unfortunately, most of them are replicas. However, despite all the losses and losses, the estate ensemble has retained the uniqueness of its structure and planning integrity.
There are 3 museums on the territory of Kuzminki: since 1987, the Museum-Center of K.G. on Slobodka and in the Horse Yard), the Museum of Vintage Cars and Crews of the Autoreview newspaper (hangar 800 m west of the Horse Yard on the territory of the Center for Military Patriotic Education).
The main items from the historical setting of Kuzminki are currently stored in the Voronezh Regional Museum of Local Lore, the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Historical Museum, the State Museum of Fine Arts. A.S. Pushkin, Saratov State Art Museum. A.N. Radishchev, the Taganrog Art Gallery and other domestic repositories.
The planning of the estate took shape in the 2nd floor. XVIII century, when the space of the front courtyard, surrounded by a garden, with a direct access alley (Vlakhernsky Prospekt, now Kuzminskaya Street) was allocated. Comp. The Upper Kuzminsky Pond became the center of the ensemble (nowadays, its area is about 250 hectares), along the banks of which manor buildings were located in a huge landscape park. One of the first well-known architects who built in Kuzminki was I.P. Zherebtsov. In the 1750s-1770s. he rebuilt a dilapidated mill, a manor's house and outbuildings, piers, gazebos, built (perhaps according to the project of the architect S.I. Chevakinsky) a stone church of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God with a chapel of Alexander Nevsky in the Baroque style, instead of the former one, which died "from fiery ignition" on the night of November 18, 1758. Without basically changing the already established layout of Kuzminok, I.P. Zherebtsov gave it further development by restructuring and redevelopment of its individual elements. In parallel with I.P. Zherebtsov, a significant share in the creation of the ensemble was made by the princely gardener "foreigner" I.D. Schreider (Schneider), who had worked in Kuzminki since the time of the Stroganovs. In particular, under his leadership in 1765, the "Star" was created (it is also the "Twelve-beam glade", "Grove of 12 prospects" or "Hours") - French, i.e. a regular part of the park, consisting of 12 avenues or "prespects" diverging from one center. One can also note the participation in the development of Kuzminki by the teacher F. de Casie, who lived with the Golitsyns, better known for his work in the Golitsyn estate near Moscow, Pekhra-Yakovlevskaya. In addition, at various times, the serf architects Golitsyn were involved in the production of work on the estate. After I.P. Zherebtsov, the architect in Kuzminki was R.R. Kazakov, who created an ensemble of buildings in the style of classicism. In particular, apparently according to his project, in 1784-1785. the church, rebuilt in the style of classicism, was reconstructed: Tuscan porticos, a round drum with a domed belvedere and a bell tower were built (1829 chapel of Sergius of Radonezh, architect D.I. Gilardi, architect M.D. Bykovsky, 1860s, chapel Alexander Nevsky by artist Chernov, artist I. Artari, 1899–1900 restoration under the supervision of architect K. M. Bykovsky, painting by artist A. A. Tomashka, closed in 1929, the bell tower was dismantled, instead of the dome the 3rd dormitory floor; restored in 1992–95). R.R. Kazakov in 1783 attracted his son-in-law I.V. They at the beginning of the XIX century. the manor's house was reconstructed and the poultry house was built. In the late 1800s I.V. Egotov was replaced by architects from the famous Gilardi family, who came from the Italian part of Switzerland. Initially, only the senior representative of this family, I.D. Zhilardi, took part in them. Soon, the son of D.I. Zhilardi began to help him, who became the main architect of Kuzminok. At the same time, academician A.N. Voronikhin carried out individual orders for the estate by S.M. Golitsyn.
To the share of D.I. Gilardi in the 1810–1830s. the main work on the restoration of the estate, which suffered during the Patriotic War of 1812, fell out. He brought an empire-style clarity to the composition of the center. parts of the ensemble (the main compositional axis of the estate was created, in the Front Courtyard on the sides of the manor house in 1814-15 2 symmetrical outbuildings with 6-columned porticos were placed (reconstructed together with the manor house in 1830-1835 with the participation of A.O. Gilardi) ; east wing, retained only the frame, having lost details, now restored, west wing, burned down in 1916, restored first in brick in 1952–53, then in wood in the 2000s), retaining the free placement of newly built park facilities: horse yard with muses. pavilion (1819–23, D.I. Gilardi), the Musical Pavilion, which was a stage for a horn orchestra, was recreated after a fire in 1978; its loggia with dorich. columns and a sculptural group of Apollo with the Muses (not preserved) was included in the arch, on the sides of which in 1846 two equestrian groups by Baron P.K. Klodt von Jurgensburg, the same as on the Anichkov bridge in St. Petersburg; bas-reliefs in the form of lion masks above the windows, metopes, possibly by the sculptor G.T. Zamaraeva (now refurbished), Propylaea (garden pavilion-gazebo with 2 rows of Doric columns, 1830 by D.I. Gilardi, dismantled in 1943-1944), Kitchens or Egypt. pavilion (1813–15, D.I. Gilardi, with the possible participation of A.N. Voronikhin; see illustration in the article Egyptian style), pavilion Birch house on the island of Chinese or Pike pond (1820s D.I. .Zhilardi, burned down in 1923) of the piers: located along the axis of the portico of the manor's house, the Lion's Quay, built in 1830. D.I. Zhilardi, 1843, is decorated with figures of lying "Egyptian" lions (recreated in the 2000s) and others. The complex of the service Red Court includes 2-storey buildings of the "prikazchikov" and "human" outbuildings (1808–12, I.D. Zhilardi (?), in 1929-1930 they were united by S.A. Toropov (?) with an insert between them into one building, called "Connection"), cellar building in 1832 (heavily rebuilt), "stable building with sheds and cellars" (1837, A.O. Gilardi). In 1829-1830. next to the church, a round building of the church sacristy was erected (architect D.I. Gilardi). In addition, Poludenovka was built on Shibaevsky Pond - a manor donated by S.M. Golitsyn to his friend Senator P.S. Poludensky (1832-1834, architect A.O. composition of Kuzminki.
Also preserved: the obelisk at the entrance to the estate (late 1830s), the fence of the Front Court, decorated with figures of the lying "Egyptian" lions" and the bridge leading to the Front Court, decorated with floor lamps with lanterns and winged griffins (1811-1812). A. N. Voronikhin, 1815 I. D. Gilardi, 1833-1838 sk. J. A. Colombo), Orange Orangery (1811–15, architect I. D. Gilardi (supervision); 1836 A.O.Gilardi - a tower above the central round 8-sided central hall and its decoration - palm-shaped columns and murals in the Egyptian style), the ensemble "Slobodki" with a hospital building, 2-storey brick buildings: the Large Servant, Laundry, house clergy and a part of the fence between them (1808–37, architects I.D., D.I. and A.O. Gilardi), Aviary (1805–1806, architect I.V. Egotov; rebuilt in late 1810-early 1820s architect D.I. Gilardi), grottoes (between 1811 and 1830), the Horticulture ensemble with the ruins of a greenhouse (1821-1823 architect D.I. Gilardi), garden wings (1840-1841 and 1845-1846 architect A.O. Gilardi), (wooden wing of the garden ka on Horticulture, the so-called Gray cottage 1831, arch. D.I. Gilardi (?), rebuilt in 1851 by architect. M.D. Bykovsky, recreated in 1976-1979). In the Upper Park there is an Animal Farm in neo-Gothic forms (1836-38, A.O. Gilardi; reconstructed in 1889 for the zemstvo hospital, in late Soviet times - a branch of the 12th city hospital, which existed here until 1988). In the 1840s according to the projects of M.D. Bykovsky, in the spirit of eclecticism, the Mill wing or house on the dam was built (1843–44, burned down in 1995, recreated in the 2000s) with a stone bridge (1847–48). The building (the former main building of the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine) existing on the site of the manor's house (burned down in 1916) was built in 1927 (architect S.A. Toropov). The wooden Soap House or Bathhouse (decorated with two columns in ants; 1816–17, D.I. Gilardi), burned down in 1994-1995, recreated in the 2000s. At the same time, a number of previously lost park bridges were recreated, in particular, the Humpback Bridge, next to the Horse Yard (1845, architect M.D. Bykovsky).
The attraction of Kuzminki, which distinguished them from other estates, was the abundance of cast iron products cast at the Arkhangelo-Pashiy Golitsyn factories in the Perm province: the entrance Cast-iron gates (1831 repeated the Nikolaev gates of K.I. they were replaced by the coat of arms of the Golitsyns by artist I.P. Vitali), pedestals and chains on Vlakhernsky Prospekt (recreated in the 2000s), monuments: to Empress Maria Fedorovna (1827 by D.I. Zhilardi, sk. I.P.Vitali, 1852 architect M.D.Bykovsky, at the opening of the monument in Kuzminki came: poet Prince P.I.Shalikov, member State Council, art lover, well-known collector and philanthropist N.B. Yusupov and other guests), Peter I (1844, architect M.D. Bykovsky), Nicholas I (1856 architect M.D. Bykovsky), benches, suspension bridges, pavilions (not preserved), etc. At present, only the cast-iron gratings of the fence of the Front Yard (according to the drawings of A.N. Voronikhin) and floor lamps with lanterns and winged griffins (see about them above) exist.
In 2004, a monument to the 300th anniversary of the estate was erected in Kuzminki - an obelisk, in granite stylizing the forms of the lost monument to Peter I, although this area was documented much earlier in 1623-1624, in addition, among the characters whose images are placed on the obelisk , there is a certain Sumarokov (without initials, i.e. it is not clear which of the representatives of this genus is meant), the writer A.P. Chekhov, who has not been to Kuzminki and the artist V.A. Serov, the author of the painting “The Ruler from Moscow to Kuzminki” ( now in the State Russian Museum), information about the alleged arrival of which to the estate also has no documentary evidence.
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