History pages. Economic culture - Knowledge hypermarket Economic culture and its components

The concept of economic culture

The economic culture of a society is a system of values and motives for economic activity, the quality and level of economic knowledge, actions and assessments of a person, as well as traditions and norms that regulate economic relations and behavior.

Economic culture dictates a special attitude to forms of ownership, improves the business environment.

Economic culture is an inseparable unity of consciousness and practical activity, which is decisive in the development of human economic activity and manifests itself in the process of production, distribution and consumption.

Remark 1

The most important elements in the structure of economic culture can be called knowledge and practical skills, norms that regulate the characteristics of human behavior in the economic field, methods of its organization.

Consciousness is the basis of human economic culture. Economic knowledge is a complex of human economic ideas about the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of material goods, about the forms and methods that contribute to the sustainable development of society and the impact on its formation of economic processes.

Economic knowledge is a paramount component of economic culture. They allow us to develop our understanding of the basic laws of the development of the economy of society, about economic relationships in the world around us, develop our economic thinking and practical skills, and allow us to develop economically competent, morally justified behavior.

Economic culture of personality

An important place in the economic culture of the individual is occupied by economic thinking, which makes it possible to cognize the essence of economic phenomena and processes, correctly use the acquired economic concepts, and analyze specific economic situations.

The choice of patterns of behavior in the economy and the effectiveness of solving economic problems largely depend on the socio-psychological qualities of participants in economic activity. The orientation of the personality is characterized by socially significant values and social attitudes.

The economic culture of a person can be seen by considering the complex of his personal properties and qualities, which are the result of his participation in activities. The level of culture of a particular person in the field of economics can be assessed by the totality of all his economic qualities.

In reality, economic culture is always influenced by the way of life, traditions, and mentality that are characteristic of a given people. Therefore, as a model, or even more so as an ideal, one cannot take any foreign model of the functioning of the economy.

Remark 2

For Russia, in all likelihood, the European model of socio-economic development is closest, which is more humane than the American or Japanese one, which is based on the values of European spiritual culture and includes a broad system of social protection of the population.

However, this model can be used only if the trends and features of the development of national Russian culture are taken into account, otherwise it is completely meaningless to talk about economic culture and its role.

Functions of economic culture

Economic culture performs several important functions.

Adaptive function, which is the original. It is she who allows a person to adapt to the socio-economic conditions of society, types and forms of economic behavior, adapt the socio-economic environment to their needs, for example, produce the necessary economic benefits, distribute them by selling, leasing, exchanging, etc. .
Cognitive function, which is coordinated with the adaptive function. The knowledge contained in economic culture, familiarity with its ideals, prohibitions, legal norms enables a person to have a reliable guideline for choosing the content and forms of his economic behavior.
Regulatory function. Economic culture dictates to individuals and social groups certain standards and rules developed by it that affect the way of life of people, their attitudes and value orientations.
A translational function that creates an opportunity for a dialogue between generations and eras, passing on the experience of economic activity from generation to generation.

The origin of the concept of "culture" (from the Latin colo - to cultivate, cultivate the soil) is directly related to material production by agricultural labor. At the initial stages of the development of human society, this concept was identified with the main type of economic activity of that time - agriculture. However, the demarcation of the spiritual and material-industrial spheres of human activity that soon followed created the illusion of their complete autonomy. The concept of "culture" gradually began to be identified only with the phenomena of the spiritual life of society, with the totality of spiritual values. This approach finds its supporters even now. However, along with this, the dominant point of view is the one according to which culture is not limited solely to the phenomena of the spiritual life of society. It is inherent in all types and forms of human activity, including economic.

Economic culture is called the totality of material and spiritual socially developed means of activity, with the help of which the material and production life of people is carried out.

The structure of economic culture is correlated with the structure of economic activity itself, with the sequence of the main phases of social production: production itself, exchange, distribution and consumption. Therefore, it is legitimate to speak of a culture of production, a culture of exchange, a culture of distribution and a culture of consumption. The structure-forming factor of economic culture is human labor activity. It is characteristic of the whole variety of forms, types of material and spiritual production. Each specific level of economic culture of labor characterizes the relationship of a person to a person, a person to nature (it is the awareness of this relationship that is the moment of the birth of economic culture), an individual to his own labor abilities.

Any labor activity of a person is associated with the disclosure of his creative abilities, but the degree of their development is different. Scientists distinguish three levels of these abilities.

The first level is productive_reproductive creative ability, when in the process of labor everything is only repeated, copied, and only as an exception, a new one is accidentally created.

The second level is generative creativity, the result of which will be, if not a completely new work, then at least an original variation.

The third level is constructive-innovative activity, the essence of which is the natural appearance of the new. This level of ability in production is manifested in the work of inventors and innovators.

The more creative labor is, the richer the cultural activity of a person, the higher the level of labor culture. The latter ultimately serves as the basis for achieving a higher level of economic culture.

Labor activity in any society is collective, embodied in joint production. Therefore, along with the culture of work, it is necessary to consider the culture of production as an integral system.

Labor culture includes the skills of owning tools of labor, conscious management of the process of creating material and spiritual wealth, the free use of one's abilities, the use of the achievements of science and technology in labor activity.

The culture of production includes the following main elements:

1) the culture of working conditions, representing a complex of components of an economic, scientific, technical, organizational, social and legal nature;
2) the culture of the labor process, which finds expression in the activities of a single employee;
3) socio-psychological climate in the production team;
4) a management culture that organically combines the science and art of management, reveals and implements the creative potential, initiative and enterprise of each participant in the production process.

In modern society, there is a tendency to increase the cultural level of production. It finds its expression in the use of the latest technology and technological processes, advanced methods of labor organization, progressive forms of management and planning, and the achievements of science.

However, the objective nature of the progressive development of economic culture does not mean that it occurs automatically. The direction of this development is determined, on the one hand, by the possibilities contained in the totality of conditions that define the boundaries of economic culture, and, on the other hand, by the degree and methods of realization of these opportunities by representatives of various social groups. Changes in socio-cultural life are made by people, therefore these changes depend on knowledge, will, objectively formed interests of people. Depending on these factors, recessions and stagnations in certain areas and economic culture as a whole are possible within the local historical framework.

Progress in the development of economic culture is determined primarily by the continuity of the methods and forms of activity of generations, the assimilation of those that have proven their effectiveness, and the destruction of inefficient, obsolete ones.

Ultimately, in the course of the development of economic culture, conditions are created that encourage a person to active creative production activity, contribute to his formation as an active subject of economic processes.

The economic culture of modern man, which is part of the general culture, continues to develop and expand its sphere of influence, which is due to the growth of the world economy. In modern times, it is important to consider the moral aspect of economic culture. After all, morality and morality act as a limiter that does not allow the economic aspect of the activity of the human community to lead to a general catastrophe (for example, environmental).

Economic culture is the culture of the appropriated material, formed on the basis of the development of the economic aspect of the objects of the surrounding world (the identification of their economic value). Bearers of various ethnic and religious identities in the course of the national historical process created and implemented a variety of ways of managing. Therefore, the economic culture of the Chinese, Russians, British, Italians, based on Orthodox, Confucian, Protestant, Catholic and other traditions, is so different. Different economic philosophies determined the originality of ethnic management. Ancient traditions, disappearing outwardly, continue to determine the peculiarities of the perception of the economic process by carriers of different cultures. The economic culture of each society is unique, because there is only its own identical way of managing, monetary unit, ways of organizing, conducting and managing economic activities. Although, undoubtedly, the phenomenon of globalization, the international language of communication (English) allowed to internationalize and make clear to many the rules of international business. The existence of such organizations as the WTO, the World Bank says that the economic culture is one, although it is fed from different ethnic and religious traditions, mentality, ways of thinking, is a certain indicator of the globalization of the world. At present, thanks to the phenomenon of globalization, transnationalization, there is an integrative interaction of some economic cultures with others, which has a positive impact and is considered a factor in the growth of the economies of nation states.

The economic culture of a person, society, state evolves as the world economy develops and grows. The economic culture is developing at a faster pace, with the role of the state in the economy decreasing and the non-state sector growing. The denationalization of the economy, the privatization of state property, in order to increase the efficiency of its management - these external measures play a positive role in the development of the economic culture of an individual.

The economic culture of a person determines his thinking, actions, actions in the economic sphere. Economic culture is the basis for the formation and testing of new economic ideas aimed at improving the efficiency of this area. Positive indicators of the state of the economic culture of a person and society testify to their potential opportunities in the field of labor resources and in other economic areas of activity. The achievements of mankind's economic culture are reflected both in material (ultra-modern buildings, corporations, etc.) and in spiritual media (modern know-how, scientific and technical intellectual product).

Increasing the indicators of the economic culture of a person, society and the state enhances the degree of competitiveness of economic entities in the economy, improves the quality of goods and services, optimizes the price-quality ratio, increases the purchasing power and welfare of citizens. The growth of the economic culture of the population favorably affects the indicators of the economy, reflecting the expectations of citizens. The centers for cultivating economic culture are undoubtedly institutions of secondary, higher, additional and postgraduate professional education. The younger generation, pouring into society from the student's bench, brings new samples of economic culture, which are then tested in practice, changed, and corrected. An important issue in this sense is the economic identity of a person, society and state. To what extent the formed economic identity meets the challenges of modernity, how progressive, competitive, and strong it is in the sense of traditions.

Bibliographic link

Kargapolov V.E. ECONOMIC CULTURE OF PERSON, SOCIETY AND STATE // Modern problems of science and education. - 2006. - No. 3.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=364 (date of access: 01.02.2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Introduction

There can be many criteria, or grounds, for the typology of cultures, for example: connection with religion; regional affiliation of culture; belonging to the historical type of society; sphere of society or type of activity; connection with the territory, etc.

When it comes to economic and political culture, experts call them either varieties of the culture of the society, or spheres of the culture of the society.

There are various branches, types, types and forms of culture. But there are cultures that do not belong to any of the above items. It is spiritual and material culture. They cannot be attributed either to branches or to forms, types or types of culture, since these phenomena combine all four classification features to varying degrees. It is more correct to consider spiritual and material culture as combined formations standing apart from the general conceptual scheme.

economic culture

Essence and functions

Economic culture includes a culture of production, a culture of distribution, a culture of exchange, a culture of consumption, a culture of management, a culture of work.

Economic culture is an integral and important part of the general culture. A civilized person is, first of all, a person with a highly developed economic culture. All scholars define the essence of economic culture in different ways. But all these definitions come down to one unanimous opinion that economic culture can be considered both in the narrow and in the broad sense of the word.

AT broad sense of the wordeconomic culture - it is a system of material and spiritual means created by society in the course of production activities: cities, buildings, cars, roads, etc.; skills, abilities, economic knowledge and skills, ways and forms of communication between people, economic reason.

In the narrow sense of the wordeconomic culture - this is the same type of economic thinking and activity of a group, people, individuals. With its help, people get used to certain socio-economic conditions of their existence. The economic culture also includes a set of economic values, interests, skills, rules, norms and skills that regulate economic behavior. In other words, economic culture consists of behavioral stereotypes and economic knowledge.

An enterprise that produces defective products is considered an enterprise with a low production culture. When the interests of the consumer in society are ignored, when the buyer cannot return or exchange low-quality goods in the store, or when sellers are rude, they speak of a low culture of consumption. Simply put, economic culture is a kind of tool, a "language" with which people communicate with each other in the process of economic activity.

Each economic era is unique in its level and type of economic culture of the population. Moreover, it is natural to note that various groups of the population have significant differences in levels of economic culture. So, for example, scientists economists have a theoretical economic consciousness. Government officials, managers, directors, entrepreneurs have a culture of practical economic thinking.

In the modern world, economic culture increasingly coincides with the social and civilized society. In it, the leading role is given to taking into account the interests of not only individual, but also group ones. The traditional "ideals" in economic development (quantitative growth, profit) are being replaced by more "human" goals.

Today, the type of a socially oriented and also an economy is assessed from a more different angle - as “puzzled”, “understanding”, “useful”, “expedient”, “reasonable”, more and more similar to the interests of each person. Now the foundations of a new economic culture are being laid, namely: the creation of social conditions that will provide the necessary social orientations for the behavior of business entities in general and separately - the behavior of persons who make decisions; maintaining a mobile communication and information system; improving the level of advertising; organization of the activities of economic and financial institutions (banks, banks, stock exchanges, audit services, insurance companies), etc.

Everything that is happening now should lead to the creation of an information and computer society in which the diverse needs of people, the difference in their interests is the key to the development and success of the entire society, the condition for its improvement. A feature of such a society will be many options for choosing economic decisions based on satisfying the diversity of interests, motives of various economic entities, as well as taking into account the diversity of factors and conditions: social, economic, economic-psychological and technical.

The main functions that economic culture performs:

v cognitive
v applied
v educational, etc.

New knowledge in the economic sphere stimulates a reassessment of the old level of knowledge and an awareness of the trends towards the development of society and the prospect of this development. Concerning application function, then the activity of participants in economic relations depends not only on the level of their economic knowledge, but also from the ability to apply them practically, that is, from economic consciousness of people.