GMINA
gminas, w. (Polish gmina). Small unit of rural self-government in Poland.
Ushakov. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Ushakov. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is GMINA in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- GMINA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Polish gmina - parish) the name of an administrative-territorial unit in Poland. Included in… - GMINA in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
(gmina - volost), in Poland in 1815-1954 a grassroots rural administrative-territorial unit that united a number of communities. In 1954, instead of G., ... - GMINA
(Gmina) - this word is identical with the French. commune, German Gemeinde and the community corresponding to the Russian word, penetrated into Poland, throughout ... - GMINA in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
[Polish gmina] the lowest administrative division in ... - GMINA in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
GMINA (Polish gmina - volost), name. adm.-terr. units in Poland. Included in… - GMINA in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron:
(Gmina) ? the word is identical with the French. commune, German Gemeinde and the community corresponding to the Russian word, penetrated into Poland, according to ... - GMINA in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
hmi "on, hmi" us, hmi "us, hmi" n, hmi "not, hmi" us, hmi "well, hmi" us, hmi "noy, hmi" noah, hmi "us, hmi" not, ... - GMINA in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(Polish gmina) the lowest rural administrative-territorial unit in Poland in 1815-1954. and since 1973 (in 1954-1972 ... - GMINA in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[Polish gmina] the lowest rural administrative-territorial unit in Poland in 1815-1954. and since 1973 (in 1954-1972 such ... - GMINA in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
- GMINA in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
gm`ina, ... - GMINA full spelling dictionary Russian language:
gmina, ... - GMINA in the Spelling Dictionary:
gm`ina, ... - GMINA in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
(Polish gmina - volost), the name of an administrative-territorial unit in Poland. Included in… - Bakunin in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia.
- KINGDOM OF POLISH in encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Kr?lewstwo Polskie) - the so-called part of Poland, annexed in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna to Russia. AT recent times This … - PETROKOVSKAYA PROVINCE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
I one of the 10 provinces that make up the Kingdom of Poland, or the Vistula region; formed in 1867 from parts of the provinces of Warsaw, Kalisz ... - COMMUNITY COURTS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
rural courts in the provinces of the Kingdom of Poland. Rural courts existed in Poland almost from the 15th century; they consisted of... - VOIT GMINNY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
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Gmina
It is the primary and most important unit of administrative power.
The leadership of the commune consists of: the council of the commune, elected in the general elections of local self-government, as well as the board, elected by the council of the commune and exercising executive power in the commune. In rural communes, the chairman is called wuit (wo "jt), in small towns - burmistr (burmistrz), and in large towns - president (prezydent).
The issues of the commune include, in particular: primary schools, kindergartens, libraries, community centers, local transport, commune roads, market management, healthcare.
The commune is responsible for order and security on its territory, it is in charge of roads local importance, organization of communal services, etc. As a result of the latest reform, financial resources are now also within the competence of the commune.
Poviat
The responsibilities of the poviats include all local issues that go beyond the boundaries of the commune. In particular: public order and general security, fire and flood protection, warning natural Disasters and the elimination of their consequences, the maintenance of general hospitals, the fight against unemployment, the construction and maintenance of intercommunal roads.
Poviats can be delegated the rights of voivodships in those matters that can be resolved locally.
Gminas and poviats decide all the administrative issues of their inhabitants. Thus, citizens get rid of the need to travel to the voivodeship center to solve administrative problems.
The poviat has a separate budget, and its income does not depend on the income of gminas.
The powiat does not supervise the activities of communes, cannot take away their rights and interfere in their financial management. A financially autonomous poviat can pursue its own budgetary policy.
The county council is elected in self-government elections.
The poviats are made so small that all their activities could be under the control of the voters. The head of the management council is the headman.
Voivodeship
The voivodship self-government determines the policy of the region. Those. deals with issues that cannot be resolved at the poviat level. First of all, these are: the uniform development of the economy (economy), the use of innovations in regional markets, a rational educational policy up to the level of the university, the creation of attractive conditions for investors (especially considering the entry into the European Union in the future).
The main indicator of the activity of the voivodship is the effectiveness of management, the best use of regional potential. New voivodships should be as large as possible (at least several million inhabitants), have great economic and organizational potential, as well as scientific potential, especially in matters of innovation ( higher schools and scientific and applied institutes), to have cultural and creative potential.
For reference: Initially, it was proposed to divide the country into 12 voivodeships, but later the plan of 1975 (17 voivodeships) was adopted as a basis. And as a result of the 1999 reform, out of 49 voivodships, 16 remained in Poland; many large cities lost the status of voivodeship capitals.
A marshal is at the head of the voivodeship Sejm, elected in self-government elections. The representative of state power in the voivodship is the voivode, who is on guard of the state interests.
Such diversity in the behavior of communes only emphasizes the main thesis about the complete financial independence of local self-government in Poland from the central government.
Questions can be put to referenda:
· concerning the given community in the sphere of competence of the self-government bodies of the given unit of local self-government;
feedback question legislature or dismissal of a voit, burgomaster, president;
· the issue of self-taxation of residents for public purposes that fall within the competence of the commune;
· on other significant issues relating to social, economic or cultural ties that unite the community.
For example, in 2014, residents of Krakow voted in a referendum against the idea of the authorities to hold Winter Olympic Games 2022 and for redistributing funds to increase the number of bike lanes, support squares and parks, and design the subway.
Another very illustrative example is with rural schools. In Poland, they began to reduce schools with a small number of students, but in order to avoid mass protests, they decided that the subsidy would go not to the school, but to a specific student, and opened up the possibility of creating private schools of different levels. Thus, the number of small municipal schools in Poland has decreased, but people in small villages, where the community so wished, received free private schools, and today there is a competitive struggle between municipal and private schools for students. The average salary of a teacher in Poland is about 1100 euros per month.
The gmina is the main, but not the basic unit of self-government in Poland. Rural communes include soletstvos, and urban communes include dilnytsy.
Soletstva/Dilnytsy perform the function of “heads within walking distance” for members of the community and solve minor domestic issues that the leadership of the commune never gets around to. Provide lighting to a specific yard, pave a pedestrian / bicycle path, put benches in a park, etc. These wishes of citizens are not obligatory for implementation by the leadership of the commune, but if a specific issue was adopted at the general meeting of the community, the leadership of the commune fulfills it.
In the last few years in Poland, a movement to create a so-called. public budgets. The communes allocate insignificant sums for the formation of the budgets of the solettvos/dilnyts. These budgets are spent on the needs of communities. Approval of expenditure items occurs at the general meeting of the community. There are plans to expand the functions and size of public budgets. This experience allows you to ordinary people decision-making and develops civil society.
Powiat is the second level of local government in Poland.
This unit existed in Poland until 1975 and was abolished during the reform. Since January 1, 1999, the poviats have been returned and carry out public tasks that go beyond the boundaries of the gminas in the following areas: education, sanitary education and health care, social assistance, family policy, public transport and roads, culture and the protection of cultural property, physical education and tourism, geodesy, cartography and cadastre, real estate management, landscaping and construction supervision, water management, security environment, agriculture and forestry, river fishing, public order and security of citizens, etc.
In total, there are 316 powiats in Poland, incl. 66 cities as poviats. The number of inhabitants to obtain the status of a poviat must exceed 100 thousand people.
The inhabitants of the county make decisions by popular vote during county elections and referendums or through the bodies of the county. These bodies are: the county council and the county board. The county council elects the head of the county council, the board and the county headman as chairman of the board. The county board is the executive body of the county council and is accountable to it.
A powiat usually covers a territory that is homogeneous in terms of settlement and spatial structure, as well as in terms of socio-economic relations. The powiat is independent in decision-making and is not under the control of other authorities, and, in fact, is a communicator between the gminas included in it.
The county budget consists of 10.25% of the total income tax and 1.4% of corporate tax, income from own activities, as well as grants and subventions from the central budget.
It is not uncommon for the poviat to carry out some work (for example, repairing the road), but he does not have enough money for them this year. Then the headman gathers the heads of the interested gminas and offers them a pool of money to finance this work. Sometimes the communes agree, and sometimes they don't.
The voivodship is the largest level of the self-government system in Poland. There are 16 voivodeships in Poland. They were formed mainly on the basis of the administrative-territorial system that existed before the 1975 reform and roughly reflect the historical structure.
Voivodeship - single unit local self-government, in which there is an official appointed by the Government of Poland - the voivode. The voivode has only representative and control functions and is a representative of the Government of Poland. But even with this status, some appointments of representatives central authorities authorities pass without his participation, for example, in the tax service.
Power in the voivodeship belongs to the voivodship sejmik, which forms the voivodeship board and appoints the marshalek - the head of the board. The sejmik or the voivodship board are in no way supervisory or control bodies in relation to the powiat and gmina, nor are they the highest authority in the administrative hierarchy.
The tasks of the voivodeship include the fulfillment of tasks that go beyond the level of gminas and poviats: higher education, scientific and applied centers, medical centers, local roads, defense capability. The most important task of the voivodeship is the uniform development of the territory, the creation of attractive conditions for investment and environmental policy. Often, if it is impossible to solve a problem by the own efforts of the gmina and poviat, the voivodeship comes to the rescue.
According to the Constitution of Poland, territorial self-government performs public tasks that are not assigned by the Constitution or laws to bodies of other public authorities. The Constitution defines for local self-government bodies the whole range of tasks or powers that are not explicitly established for other levels of government.
At the same time, local self-government's own tasks are defined as public tasks that serve to satisfy the needs of the self-governing community, and their implementation is ensured by participation in public revenues. The term "public income" is used in the Polish Constitution to refer to any type of income received by local or state budgets.
According to the norms of the Constitution, local self-government bodies, on the basis and within the limits of the powers contained in the law, establish acts of local law that are obligatory in the territory of activity of these bodies.
During the previous administrative reform in the 70s. The desire to equalize urban and rural areas in the levels of services provided, to clarify the entire chain of responsibility for their implementation and to implement governance reforms in this regard, has led to significant changes in the system of jurisdiction and structure of local governments, as well as the role of central institutions and conditions for the provision of local services. Under the influence of the process of these changes, in 1972 the rural structures were strengthened, and in 1975 the number of voivodships was increased (from 22 to 49) and the division into districts (poviats) was eliminated. The implementation of the reform faced a number of difficulties, especially with regard to the transfer of functions from the old administrative divisions to new ones. As a result, the number of administrative units with certain functions, the boundaries of which coincided with the boundaries of the former voivodships and counties, remained unchanged. In addition, eight more intervoivodship "large regions" appeared, the purpose of which was to ensure planning for their development. Although these associations did not have their own representative bodies, they were given the right to make important decisions regarding the implementation of large investments in the development of infrastructure and communication networks.
Real reform territorial division Poland was carried out in two stages: in 1990 at the level of the gmina and in 1998 - at the level of the county and voivodship. Its goal is the democratization and decentralization of governance. This is done by limiting the functions of the government administration at the voivodeship level, acting alongside the voivodeship self-government administration, and introducing the self-government administration at all three levels of territorial division - communes, poviats and voivodships.
Until 1999, Poland was divided into 49 provinces and 2394 communes, 247 cities. In these units there were people's councils, elected every four years through general elections. Voivods were at the head of the voivodship administration, city administration burgomasters or presidents headed the administration of cities and gminas - burgomasters, and the administration of gminas - voits. According to the Constitution of July 22, 1952, people's councils are local organs of state power and the main organs of public self-government of working people in cities and villages.
Vladimir TimoshenkoAt the invitation of colleagues from the Kiev public organization"Institute of Local Self-Government" On June 08-11, as part of a group, I took part in a conference on the basics of the European model of local self-government on the example of the Polish experience and the possibilities of its implementation in Ukraine, which was organized by Fundacja Rozwoju Demokracji Lokalnej - Małopolski Instytutu Samorządu Terytorialnego i Administracji (FRDL MISTiA ). This topic is very relevant in the light of the upcoming amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine regarding administrative reform and decentralization, as well as taking into account the local elections scheduled for October 2015.
The reform of local self-government in Poland was carried out in 3 stages:
1990 - the decision to restore self-government at the level of gminas (the lowest level of institutional self-organization of territorial communities)
1997 - the adoption of a new Constitution, which clearly spelled out the principles state structure and activities of local government
1999 - reform regarding the decentralization of power, the creation of a 3-level structure of local self-government.
Before the start of the reforms, the Poles set themselves clear goals that were to be achieved as a result:
Increasing the manageability of the state by delegating many functions to more low level and the creation of democratic public and state institutions= focus of the central authorities on strategic issues and implementation of the requirement to create a civil society;
Streamlining the territorial division of the country through a bunch of "gmina-powiat-voivodship" within natural and convenient boundaries for citizens;
Changing the public finance management system by creating independent budgets and pursuing a financial and economic policy with a clearly defined area of responsibility at each level of local government;
Adaptation of the territorial organization of the country and the structure of local self-government to the standards of the European Union.
What is the Polish 3-tier system of local government.
The gmina is the basic unit of local self-government. It occupies a central position among other units of self-government, and it is with the communes that the fulfillment of all the main public tasks assigned to the territorial self-government is connected. In terms of the number of gminas, it can range from 2 thousand (rural areas) to a little less than 2 million ( Big City) Human. Communes have existed in Poland since the times of the communist past, and in the course of the reforms, their number and composition were only optimized for the convenience of citizens from 2121 to 2479.
By type, communes are divided into urban, rural and mixed. The average number of a rural commune is 7 thousand people, and it usually combines a large village and several small villages and farms. A mixed gmina consists of a village/city and several nearby villages.
The management of the commune consists of the president (urban), burgomaster (mixed), voit (rural), board and council. The Council performs a control function and approves the budget. For control, the council creates a control and audit commission. The board is appointed and headed by the head of the commune, who is elected by direct vote. It is worth noting that the gmina is the only authority with a strong, directly elected leader.
The basis of the ability of the commune to solve its own problems is complete financial independence from the central and regional authorities. As a result of the reforms, the communes received a clear list of their property, as well as the right to dispose of it at their discretion.
The commune's budget consists of 39.34% of total income tax and 6.71% of corporate tax, as well as local taxes and fees. At the same time, the Ukrainian practice of “leveling” in Poland is fixed law about incomeunits territorial self-government, which clearly spells out who pays how much and in what cases when income levels are exceeded, and who receives how much when income levels are insufficient. This practice is quite mild (if the average income is exceeded by more than 150%, a tax of 20% of the excess income is paid).
This law very clearly and in detail regulates the entire revenue side of the budgets of all local governments, as well as their relationship with the central government. Income tax is paid to the commune at the place of residence of the payer, and not at the place of work. Rates of local taxes and fees may vary up to a certain level depending on the policy of a particular gmina. The communes independently approve the budget. The central government has the right only to study the budget of the commune for economic reality and compliance with the laws, and in case of comments, the commune is given only recommendations for their elimination, which the commune has the right to reject.
Gminas are responsible for pre-school and secondary education institutions, local healthcare, utilities (including household waste disposal), local infrastructure (including roads), libraries, swimming pools, stadiums, cultural centers, etc. Also, on the basis of gminas, the state performs social protection functions for the population and some others, transferring funds for payments in the form of subsidies and compensating 50% of administrative expenses. At their discretion, wealthy communes can cancel some local taxes and fees, establish various social benefits in the form of free breakfasts and lunches for preschoolers. There are communes that fully subsidize public transport for their residents. In addition, some gminas, who had a significant resource after the sale of property, placed it in a bank in order to receive additional income from the deposit.
Gminas can create their own bodies for the protection of public order, fire service and employment service.
Such diversity in the behavior of communes only emphasizes the main thesis about the complete financial independence of local self-government in Poland from the central government.
Gmina is a legal entity, but, unlike Ukraine, where the legal entity is an administrative body or council, in Poland the legal entity is precisely the community in the original and generally accepted sense - as the population of a particular administrative-territorial unit. Accordingly, the powers of the community are very broad and include the principles of direct democracy in the form of a local referendum.
Questions can be put to referenda:
relating to this community within the competence of the self-government bodies of this local government unit;
the issue of recalling the legislature or dismissal of the voit, burgomaster, president;
the issue of self-taxation of residents for public purposes that fall within the competence of the commune;
on other significant issues relating to social, economic or cultural ties that unite the community.
For example, in 2014, the citizens of Krakow voted in a referendum against the idea of the authorities to hold the Winter Olympic Games in 2022 and in favor of redistributing funds to increase the number of bike lanes, support squares and parks, and design the subway.
Another very illustrative example is with rural schools. In Poland, they began to reduce schools with a small number of students, but in order to avoid mass protests, they decided that the subsidy would go not to the school, but to a specific student, and opened up the possibility of creating private schools of different levels. Thus, the number of small municipal schools in Poland has decreased, but people in small villages, where the community so wished, received free private schools, and today there is a competitive struggle between municipal and private schools for students. The average salary of a teacher in Poland is about 1100 euros per month.
The gmina is the main, but not the basic unit of self-government in Poland. Rural communes include soletstvos, and urban communes include dilnytsy. These self-government bodies exist without the creation of a legal entity, but are endowed with a number of functions and capabilities. The size of the congregation can range from several hundred to a thousand people, depending on the size settlements included in the commune. The Solicitation is headed by a Soltes, and a Solicitation Council may also be formed. Soltes receives a salary, and the council - by decision of the commune. The size of a dilnytsia is equal to several thousand people and is approximately equal to 1 quarter / microdistrict in the city. Dilnytsi is headed by a burgomaster, who receives a salary for his work.
Soletstva/Dilnytsy perform the function of “heads within walking distance” for members of the community and solve minor domestic issues that the leadership of the commune never gets around to. Provide lighting to a specific yard, pave a pedestrian / bicycle path, put benches in a park, etc. These wishes of citizens are not obligatory for implementation by the leadership of the commune, but if a specific issue was adopted at the general meeting of the community, the leadership of the commune fulfills it.
In the last few years in Poland, a movement to create a so-called. public budgets. The communes allocate insignificant sums for the formation of the budgets of the solettvos/dilnyts. These budgets are spent on the needs of communities. Approval of expenditure items occurs at the general meeting of the community. There are plans to expand the functions and size of public budgets. This experience allows ordinary people to be involved in decision-making and develops civil society.
Powiat is the second level of local government in Poland. This unit existed in Poland until 1975 and was abolished during the reform. Since January 1, 1999, the poviats have been returned and carry out public tasks that go beyond the boundaries of the gminas in the following areas: secondary specialized education, health care at the level of large hospitals, social assistance where the creation of structures in the gmina is impractical, orphanages, assistance disabled people and nursing homes, public transport and roads passing through the territory of several communes, a large employment center, geodesy services, a register, etc.
In total, there are 316 powiats in Poland, incl. 66 cities as poviats. The number of inhabitants to obtain the status of a poviat must exceed 100 thousand people.
The inhabitants of the county make decisions by popular vote during county elections and referendums or through the bodies of the county. These bodies are: the county council and the county board. The county council elects the head of the county council, the board and the county headman as chairman of the board. The county board is the executive body of the county council and is accountable to it.
A powiat usually covers a territory that is homogeneous in terms of settlement and spatial structure, as well as in terms of socio-economic relations. The powiat is independent in decision-making and is not under the control of other authorities, and, in fact, is a communicator between the gminas included in it.
The county budget consists of 10.25% of the total income tax and 1.4% of corporate tax, income from own activities, as well as grants and subventions from the central budget.
It is not uncommon for the poviat to carry out some work (for example, repairing the road), but he does not have enough money for them this year. Then the headman gathers the heads of the interested communes and offers them a pool of money to finance this work. Sometimes the communes agree, and sometimes they don't.
It is also worth noting that cities that have lost the status of the center of the voivodshipafter the reform and reduction of the number of Voivodeships from 49 to 16,in addition to the status of gminas, they also received the status of a poviat without a limit of 100 thousand inhabitants.
The voivodeship is the largest level of the self-government system in Poland. There are 16 voivodeships in Poland. They were formed mainly on the basis of the administrative-territorial system that existed before the 1975 reform and roughly reflect the historical structure.
A voivodship is the only unit of local self-government in which there is an official appointed by the Government of Poland - a voivode. The voivode has only representative and control functions and is a representative of the Government of Poland. But even with this status, some appointments of representatives of the central authorities take place without his participation, for example, in the tax service.
Power in the voivodeship belongs to the voivodeship sejmik, which forms the voivodeship board and appoints the marshalek - the head of the board. The sejmik or the voivodship board are in no way supervisory or control bodies in relation to the powiat and gmina, nor are they the highest authority in the administrative hierarchy.
The tasks of the voivodeship include the fulfillment of tasks that go beyond the level of gminas and powiats: higher education, scientific and applied centers, medical centers, local roads. The most important task of the voivodeship is the uniform development of the territory, the creation of attractive conditions for investment and environmental policy. Often, if it is impossible to solve a problem by the own efforts of the gmina and poviat, the voivodeship comes to the rescue.
The voivodship's budget consists of 1.6% of the total income tax and 15.9% of the total corporation tax, income from its own activities, as well as grants and subventions from the central budget.
Separately, it is worth noting such an item of filling local budgets as investments / grants from EU structures. Many in Ukraine believe that Poland is receiving a golden rain of aid from the EU, but this is not entirely true. Each gmina, powiat and voivodship has a special investment department staffed by a professional who is able to find a specific EU program that suits the needs of his particular community.
Next, the process of agreeing and writing a project begins with a clear justification and budget for the investment for each article. A fully transparent tender procedure is then carried out and the EU allocates, as a rule, 70% of the required amount. On average, small projects take up to a year, large ones - a couple of years. For comparison, in Kyiv, for almost 10 years, 3 "mayors" have been negotiating a grant for the reconstruction of the Bortnitskaya aeration station, and Krakow has negotiated and modernized its station in less than 4 years.
