Most words with the letter "Ф" in Russian are borrowed. Pushkin was proud that in The Tale of Tsar Saltan there was only one word with the letter "f" - the fleet. There are only 74 words in Russian that begin with the letter Y. But most of us remember only “iodine, yogi” and the city of “Yoshkar-Ola”. In Russian, there are words for "Y". These are the titles Russian cities and rivers: Ygyatta, Ylymakh, Ynakhsyt, Ynykchansky, Ytyk-kyul. The only words in Russian with three letters “e” in a row are long-necked (and others on the neck, for example, crooked, short-) and “zmeeeed”. In Russian, there is a word with a unique prefix for the language - ko- - zakuulok. The only word in the Russian language that does not have a root is take out. It is believed that in this word the so-called zero root, which is in alternation with the root -im- (take out-im-at). Previously, until about the 17th century, this verb looked like to take out, and it had a material root, the same as in remove, hug, understand (cf. shoot, hug, understand), but subsequently the root -nya- was rethought as a suffix - well- (as in poke, puff). The only one-syllable adjective in Russian is evil. In Russian there are words with prefixes unique for the language i-, - total and total and a- - maybe (outdated and eight “and eight will not be lucky”), formed from unions and and a. The words bull and bee are the same root. In the works of ancient Russian literature, the word bee was written as "b'chela". The alternation of vowels ъ / ы is explained by the origin of both sounds from the same Indo-European sound U. If we recall the dialect verb to roar, buzz, buzz and is etymologically related to the words bee, insect and bull, it becomes clear what it was general meaning of these words. Until the 14th century in Russia, all indecent words were called "absurd verbs." In the 1993 Guinness Book of Records, the longest word in the Russian language is called “roentgenoelectrocardiographic”, in the 2003 edition, “highly contemplating”. In the Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language A.A. Zaliznyak of the 2003 edition, the longest (in letters) common noun in the dictionary form is the adjective “private entrepreneurial”. Consists of 25 letters. The longest verbs are “re-examine”, “substantialize” and “internationalize” (all - 24 letters; word forms -with and -with 25 letters each); The longest nouns are “misanthropy” and “high excellency” (24 letters each; word forms -ami - 26 letters each, however, “misanthropy” is practically not used in plural); The longest animate nouns are “eleventh-grader” and “clerk” (21 letters each, word forms -ami - 23 letters each); The longest adverb recorded by the dictionary is “unsatisfactory” (19 letters); However, it should be noted that the overwhelming majority quality adjectives on the -th / -th adverbs are formed on -o / -e, which are far from always fixed by the dictionary; The longest interjection included in grammar dictionary- "physical education-hello" (15 or 14 letters, depending on the status of the hyphen); The word "respectively" is the longest preposition and the longest conjunction at the same time. It consists of 14 letters. The longest particle "exclusively" is one letter shorter. Insufficient verbs. Sometimes the verb does not have any form, and this is due to the laws of euphony. For example: "win". He wins, you win, I... win? will I run? win? Philologists suggest using replacement constructions “I will win” or “I will become a winner”. Because the first person singular absent, the verb is insufficient.
MOST WORDS WITH THE LETTER "F" IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ARE BORROWED
Pushkin was proud that in The Tale of Tsar Saltan there was only one word with the letter "f" - the fleet.
There are only 74 words in Russian that begin with the letter Y. But most of us only remember iodine, yogi" and the city of "Yoshkar-Ola".
In Russian, there are words for "Y". These are the names of Russian cities and rivers: Ygyatta, Ylymakh, Ynakhsyt, Ynykchansky, Ytyk-kyul.
The only words in Russian with three letters “e” in a row are long-necked (and others on the neck, for example, crooked, short-) and “zmeeeed”.
In Russian, there is a word with a unique prefix for the language - ko- - zakuulok.
The only word in the Russian language that does not have a root is take out. It is believed that in this word the so-called zero root, which is in alternation with the root -im- (take out-im-at). Previously, until about the 17th century, this verb looked like to take out, and it had a material root, the same as in remove, hug, understand (cf. shoot, hug, understand), but subsequently the root -nya- was rethought as a suffix - well- (as in poke, puff).
The only one-syllable adjective in Russian is evil.
In Russian there are words with prefixes unique for the language i-, - total and total and a- - maybe (outdated and eight “and eight will not be lucky”), formed from unions and and a.
The words bull and bee are the same root. In the works of ancient Russian literature, the word bee was written as "b'chela". The alternation of vowels ъ / ы is explained by the origin of both sounds from the same Indo-European sound U. If we recall the dialect verb roar, buzz, buzz and is etymologically related to the words bee, insect and bull, it becomes clear what was the common meaning of these words.
Until the 14th century in Russia, all indecent words were called "absurd verbs."
In the 1993 Guinness Book of Records, the longest word in the Russian language is called “roentgenoelectrocardiographic”, in the 2003 edition, “highly contemplating”.
In the Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language A.A. Zaliznyak of the 2003 edition, the longest (in letters) common noun in the dictionary form is the adjective “private entrepreneurial”. Consists of 25 letters.
The longest verbs are “re-examine”, “substantialize” and “internationalize” (all - 24 letters; word forms -with and -with 25 letters each);
The longest nouns are “misanthropy” and “high excellency” (24 letters each; word forms -ami - 26 letters each, however, “misanthropy” is practically not used in plural);
The longest animate nouns are “eleventh-grader” and “clerk” (21 letters each, word forms -ami - 23 letters each);
The longest adverb recorded by the dictionary is “unsatisfactory” (19 letters); however, it should be taken into account that from the vast majority of quality adjectives on -th / -th adverbs are formed on -о / -е, which are far from always recorded in the dictionary;
The longest interjection included in the Grammar Dictionary is "physical education hello" (15 or 14 letters depending on the status of the hyphen);
The word "respectively" is the longest preposition and the longest conjunction at the same time. It consists of 14 letters. The longest particle "exclusively" is one letter shorter.
Insufficient verbs. Sometimes the verb does not have any form, and this is due to the laws of euphony. For example: "win". He wins, you win, I... win? will I run? win? Philologists suggest using replacement constructions “I will win” or “I will become a winner”. Since there is no first person singular form, the verb is deficient.
Where are you, sons of Harmony?..
Here! And bold fingers
Touch the dormant string
Heated by bright rays ...
F. Tyutchev
The letter "F" in Russian is "foreign" and its carriers-words in the language are most often borrowed from foreign words ares. Ukrainians who speak only Ukrainian do not hear at all " f", and they themselves say instead of Philip - Pylypp. This letter does not exist in Lithuanian either. And it's not only we have some features of hearing. The Japanese also do not hear some letters. Here is what V. Otkupshchikov writes about this:
« Sounds and their combinations. Phonetic ( sound) the structure of different languages is not the same. Each of us had the opportunity to verify this when studying foreign languages. For example, in German there are no native words with the sound [g], in English - with the sound [c], in French - with the sound [c] or [h]. None of these languages have words with the sound [ы]. And vice versa - in the Russian language there are no many sounds common to German, English, French and other languages.
In the Slavic languages, there was once no sound [f]. Try to open the dictionary of the Russian language with the letter F and find there at least one ancient native Slavic word. Only borrowed words will start with this letter. You will encounter the same phenomenon in the Lithuanian language, where there are no original words with the sound [f] at all.
Already on the basis of one such sign, one can sometimes come to the conclusion about the foreign origin of the word of interest to us. In other cases, the sound, although common to given language, finds himself in an unusual position for him. For example, the sound [f] in native Latin words occurs only in the initial position: faba[faba] - “bean”, ferrum[ferrum] - “iron”, focus[focus] - “hearth”, etc. That's why words like scrofa[skro:fa] - “pig” and Rufus[ru:fus] - “redhead”, are considered in Latin borrowings."
This very accurate presentation of the situation with sound discrepancies in various European languages is taken, as mentioned above, from the book of V. Otkupshchikov, which has already been cited more than once. A few remarks and comments.
So that quotes do not seem to readers absolute truth, - as we are used to with the classics - we will sow a number of fruitful doubts. First, actually sound " S» in European languages is. That is, at least he was. This is indicated by the presence of the letter " Y» in almost all European languages. It was taken from Latin, where it was called "upsilon". In European "moves" it is called " y”, i.e., according to Western grammarians, it means “I-Greek”. What sound should “Y” have in order to express it would require introducing a new sign for “ And» compared to the already existing « I". Grammarians do not yet answer this question, limiting themselves to "examples of sounds" in which "Y" really does not exist. However, if we try to write down some word (for example, Ryzhkov), where the letter “s” already sounds, we will definitely need “ Y»: Ryzhkov. And if we try to read English words, where there is already “y” through “s”, then we will sometimes start to get amazing sounds. English ladies, for example, ( Lady, read - “lady”) will sound like “Frets”. And Ryazan begins to smell sweetly from England. This might seem like a coincidence, if not for the next series with the letter "F".
If the words are borrowed from Latin, then the "correct" sound " F" - This " P". Restoring their original sound (the correct sound is an exit to the parent language, not yet distorted!), We will often get a purely Slavic (Russian) sound that coincides with the meaning of the word:
FLOT[fleet] - RAFT, shutation (emergence, instead of foreign "flotation"), boatmen, plotilia. Generally: "Fly the fan raft planes with your raftmen (fleet - raft)".
FIRST[fe:st] - first, firstborn - FINGER- a finger of the hand, one like a finger.
FLAME[flame] - flame - FLAME
FAKEL - TOW, - needs no comments.
FRESH[fresh] - (Fresh) = FRESH - fresh, - needs no comments.
FILE[file] - saw, file, system, line, file cabinet, list - SAW = SAW, - needs no comments.
FLAT[flat] - flat - Plateau.
You can pick up many such examples, of course, not all words in a row, due to the complexity of the origin of languages, will obey alone rule, but there is no doubt, found general rule for all languages of Indo-European origin, - attempts to "get rid" of someone else's letter F lead to an older layer, lead to the parent language, and these words of the parent language are recorded in the living Slavic languages.
PHOENICIAN FINLAND OR PINK FINISH.
The word "finish", as a designation of a stop, the final stage of the path or, in general, the end, is found in almost all Indo-European, and especially European languages. In most of them, this word is borrowed from Latin, where finis means end, border, stop, goal, “to close within”, “limit by border”, “stop at the border”, “end”. In English final - final. In Slavic languages, in almost all, it is a borrowed word used in a narrow sports sense: “the final limit of a sports competition for speed”, “the final frontier of the competition”. In this narrow sports sense, the word is borrowed from English even by French, from where it was previously taken by the English (Latin from Old French), while in French, in a broader sense - "end, ending", this word already existed in the form " fin».
The correct spelling of this word is according to the first rule of pragramtics is "pin", "pin", if in Latin and French this word is preserved from the parent language, and is not a borrowing from a foreign language, say, South Dravidian.
The Russian language, having in the lexicon of foreign words all the Euroforms of the word with " fin”- from “finish” and “finances” to “date” and “Finland”, each with its own alien unrelated and separate meaning, in this case retained a number of native words of the parent language with the original parent root “pin” - “kick”, “stammer” - stop speech, “stammering”, “kicking”, “punctuation marks”(i.e. in true meaning"finish marks"), with complete preservation of the original semantic meaning and complete coincidence in form, with the exception of the late letter " F».
In Ukrainian - and we can read it at every tram stop - " zupynka”, - the meaning of the proto-language has also been preserved, - and therefore in Old Russian (Common East Slavic). There are a number of derivatives of this root in other Slavic languages.
It remains for us to deal only with the abundant polysemy of the root "fin" -a, in order to once again be convinced of the emerging proto-language vocabulary Russian language and all other Slavic languages.
The easiest way is with "finance" and "financiers". It turned out that this is not a generalized term for the entire abundance of monetary relations, but in the primary sense of their "completion", "stop", "termination" in relation to monetary transactions. Hence, the meaning of the primary meaning " pin"- "stops", "cessations" - retained the root "pin", and this meaning was preserved by the Slavic root under a foreign guise in relation to monetary relations, and then the semantic field expanded to a comprehensive symbol of exchange-money relations and operations. And in this expanded sense, the word returned to the Russian language as a borrowing under a foreign sign of the letter “ F”, and therefore occupied a new separate field of meanings, which is no longer subject to etymologization (study of origin) due to the borrowing of this word from a foreign language. And the field of meanings stored in the root of the proto-language, sadly for the whole army of selfish "PINansietes", is "scam", i.e. the word has the connotation of a sudden "cessation", "stop" of financial relations.
Here we found very important phenomenon- "borrowings are not etymologized" in the new semantic field of the language, which limits the systematic joint study of Indo-European languages. In view of the significance of this fact, let us quote V. Otkupshchikov in detail:
“... the development of principles and methods for studying borrowed words clearly lags behind the corresponding development in the field of etymological study of “own” vocabulary. In any case, etymological dictionaries in articles devoted to borrowed words are often limited to a simple indication of the fact of borrowing, without supporting this statement with any argument.
The Greek philosopher Plato in his dialogue “Cratylus” can find an interesting statement on the issue of borrowings: “If it is completely impossible to achieve any result with the help of the means at his disposal, an etymologist can declare the word of interest to him as a borrowing from the language of the barbarians” (barbarians of the ancient Greeks called all non-Greeks).
There are two points to note in this passage. First, and this is very important! - borrowed words are usually not etymologized on the material of "their" language. This observation of Plato remains in force in our time, being one of the important criteria for the selection of foreign vocabulary.
Secondly, the absence of a reliable "native" etymology for a particular word is considered (since the time of Plato!) A sufficient reason to declare it a foreign language. After that, in some language, the etymologist (usually without much difficulty) finds a word with the same or similar sound and meaning - and the issue of borrowing is considered resolved. Sometimes in our days the authors of various etymological notes do just that.
Meanwhile, the etymologization of borrowed words is not at all such a simple matter. To establish the real (and not imaginary) origin of a foreign word, it is not enough to find in one of the languages some word that is close in sound and meaning. In the presence of a large number different languages, such a word is usually almost always found somewhere. But comparison with this word in most cases still proves nothing. And for a serious confirmation of the alleged etymology, a whole system of evidence is needed. Moreover, the main evidence of the linguistic order can be divided into phonetic, derivational and semantic. It is only necessary to keep in mind that in all these cases the etymologization of borrowed words will differ in some specific features.
Therefore, "for serious confirmation" of the primacy of the meaning of the Russian root " pin"In the whole fan of derived meanings (including borrowed ones), it is necessary to find where the meaning contained in the word" kick”, and also find out how the meanings contained in the words “date”, “Finland”, “Phoenicia” appeared. To do this, let us turn again to Latin, from where Europe borrowed all these words. (By the way, in Latin and Italian there was " pina».)
in Latin pinus- pine, spruce, cedar, pinia- pine, pineal- pineal, pine-apple- pineapple, so this root should be in many "forest", "coniferous" and "palm" places: "Finland" coniferous, cedar "Phoenicia" and even the "date" itself of the same "coniferous-palm" origin. We have coniferous "Pinega", "Pinsk", "Pinsk swamps", "Pina". And then comes the range of meanings associated with wood products - “pinas”, “pinka” - a seaworthy vessel, “tweezers” (even with the verb “pluck”) - a brush, stick, wood; PINch- chisel, punch, limit, constrain - the circle is closed! The rule worked on the original meaning of the root "PIN" in Russian. Therefore, it can be assumed that "kick" originally meant not only the form of a push, but also a push with a stick - "pin". In the Slavic languages, the meaning of "pin" - a stick in the word "back" (originally - "spine") has been preserved. In Spanish "spina" - a thorn, a splinter, a paper clip, the meaning of a paper clip, there is also a fastening in Slovak, in addition, in Russian there is a meaning of "kick" - to drive and interfere [С-11].
Let's try to formulate the conclusion from the first observation as a kind of rule that should be used when meeting in Indo-European languages with words with the letter " F" as distortion, a deviation from the proto-linguistic ancient correct perfect form, since this form was determined by syllabic writing with a well-defined system of consonants and vowels.
Conclusion from observation. In all Indo-European languages, there is a rule that is characteristic of the Russian language: an older layer of vocabulary is obtained if a borrowed word with a foreign letter "F" or a word of its own vocabulary, deformed by this letter, is restored to correct spelling. It is in this spelling that words take on a form closer to the common Indo-European proto-language, often coinciding with Slavic vocabulary.
Therefore, the rule can serve as an indicator in the analysis of ancient languages in order to determine the absolute time scales in language changes and historical analyzes of the development of nations. And also serve as a guide in intragroup and intergroup historical parallels and comparative language comparisons. The basis for comparison should be Slavic languages, and the resurrection of the common Slavic proto-language becomes a priority.
Ryzhkov L.
“On the antiquities of the Russian language”
It turns out that such a native and close to the Russian heart letter “F” is actually “alien”. And once it simply was not in the Russian alphabet (before the Cyrillic alphabet). It is worth looking into the dictionary of the Russian language and trying to find words with the letter "F", which are of primordially Slavic origin. You don't even have to waste your time, in the dictionary you will only see words borrowed from other languages.....
And almost all words starting with the letter "F" are French ..
Phantom fantôme borrowed from French; fantôme - "ghost, ghost, illusion, chimera"; goes back to Greek. phantasma - "vision, ghost";
Fantômas Fantômas The word "Fantômas" was born, most likely, from the merger of fr. fantôme - "ghost, ghost" and a segment of the word masque - "mask, mask";
headlight phare french - a lighthouse, named after the island of Pharos near Alexandria, famous in antiquity for its lighthouse
farce farce borrowed in the 18th century; French farce "farce" - "joke, prank, trick, farce", as well as "stuffing"; from fr. the verb farcire - "stuff, fill"; hence the word → minced meat
minced farce borrowed in the 18th century from German. through the French French farce "farce" - "filling, mixture"; from the French verb farcire "stuff, fill, fill, stuff"
the façade is borrowed in the 18th century; French façade - literally: front view, front side; from ital. facciata, derived from faccia - "face"
the style of the façon was borrowed from the Petrine era; French façon - "style, cut", " appearance, manners"; goes back to Latin. factionem - "direction, school", "action"
fatalism fatalisme borrowed in the 18th century; French fatalisme is a Latin derivative. fatalis - "destined by fate", derived from fatum "fate"; hence all derivatives → fatal, fatalist
fauna faune borrowed from French in the 19th century; faune (zool.) - fauna; goes back to Latin. Fauna - "wife of the Faun, goddess of forests and fields", literally - "favorable", derived from the Latins. favere - "favor"
faience faïence borrowed in the first half of the 19th century; French lang. faience-
federation fédération borrowed from French in the 18th century; goes back to Latin. foederatio "association, union", derived from foederare - "make an alliance, enter into an association", derived from foedus - "union
extravaganza féerie borrowed in the 19th century; French féerie - literally: a magical spectacle, the world of the miraculous, derived from fr. fée "fairy, sorceress";
feuilleton feuilleton borrowed in the 19th century; French feuilleton - literally: "a heading, an article on a literary or scientific topic, excerpt", as well as "thick paper", a diminutive derivative of the French feuille - "sheet";
the phenomenon of phénomène is borrowed in the 18th century; French phénomène - literally: "a phenomenon, a miracle of nature, a rare thing»; ascends
feudal féodal borrowed from French in the 19th century; goes back to Latin. feodalis, derived from feodum - "land given by the lord for hereditary use to the vassal"
farm ferme borrowed in the first half of the 19th century; French ferme - farm, farm, manor; from fr. the verb fermer - "lock, close, close, block";
enzyme ferment borrowed from French; ferment - literally: “sourdough, fermented; bacterium that causes fermentation"; goes back to Latin. fermentum - "fermentation, leaven";
festival festival borrowed in the second half of the 19th century; French festival - "holiday, festival"; goes back to Latin. festivus - "festive, cheerful", derived from festa - "holiday"
the fetish fétiche was borrowed in the 18th century; French fétiche - literally: "idol, talisman"; from Portuguese. fetisso - "witchcraft, amulet", dating back to the Latins. facticius - "artificial, made" (i.e. not a nugget!);
felt feutre borrowed from French; feutre - "felt, felt", derived from fr. the verb feutrer - "to roll wool, felt"
fairy fée borrowed in the 19th century; French fée - sorceress; goes back to Latin. fata - "goddess of fate", from fatum - "fate"; → see "fatal"
fillet filet borrowed in the 18th century; French filet - literally: "thread, vein", diminutive formation from fr. fil - "fiber, thread"; fillet proper - "fiber of animal tissue, thin meat tenderloin"
filigree filigrane borrowed in the 18th century; French filigrane - literally: "fine work", "jewelry"; from ital. filigrano - fine work (filo - "thread", grano - "grain")
finale finale borrowed in the first half of the 19th century; French finale - literally: "final syllable, final", from fr. fin - "end, end"; goes back to Middle Latin. finalis, derived from finis - "end"
finances finances borrowed in the 18th century; from the French the verb financer - "to pay, supply with money";
pistache pistache borrowed in the 18th century; French pistache - pistachio; from ital. pistacchio, which goes back to the Greek. pistakion
chip fiche literally: card, piece of paper, kvitochek; borrowed in the first half of the 19th century; French fiche - "chip, peg, card, note", from fr. verb ficher - "to drive in, drive in, drive in"
bottle flacon borrowed in the 19th century; French flacon - "bubble, flask, flask"; from Middle Latin. flasca - "bottle"
flanelle borrowed through the German. Flanell or directly from the French. flanelle; goes back to English. flannel, from Cym. gwlan - "wool"
flaunt flâner borrowed in the second half of the 19th century; French flâner - literally: "to loiter, wander, cool off"; considered Scandinavian (from Norwegian. flana - "to go back and forth");
phlegmatic
phlegmatique
borrowed in the 18th century from French; goes back to Latin. phlegmaticus, which transmits the Greek. phlegmatikos, derived from phlegma - according to Hippocrates - "cold fluid in the body", "inflammation", from the Greek. phlegma - mucus;
fleur
orange blossom fleur d "orange French fleur d" orange - literally "orange flower"; white flowers of an orange tree, in a number of countries - an accessory of a bride's wedding dress; orange blossom was considered a symbol of innocence and eternal youth; and orange flowers are widely used in perfumery, because the compositions in which it is present are always sensual and deep.
flirt borrowed from German. Flirt, flirten or directly from French. flirt (read "flirt") - "flirting, flirting", from fr. the verb flirter - "to flirt, flirt"; from English. to flirt, goes back to Old French. fleureter - "flutter from flower to flower"
fleet flotte borrowed at the end of the 17th century; French flotte - "fleet"; from fr. the verb flotter - "to float, stay on the surface"; from Spanish flota - fleet;
foyer foyer borrowed in the 19th century; French foyer - literally: "hearth, furnace", "home", as well as "theater, club, yard, hostel"; goes back to Latin. focarium - "hearth", derived from focus - "hearth"
background fond borrowed in the 19th century; French fond - "background, foundation"; from Latin. fondus - foundation
fund fonds borrowed in the Petrine era; French fonds - "soil, earth"; from Latin. fondus - "main part", "foundation, earth"
fondue fondue from the French. fondu - literally: "molten, melted"; from fr. the verb fondre - "melt, melt, melt";
fontaine fountain from narodnolat. fontana; lat. fons - source
forcing
to force the forcer is borrowed in the Petrine era through it. forcieren from French the verb forcer - “to force, force, take by force, strain, strengthen”, from fr. force "strength, fortress";
force is a word meaning "to flaunt, to flaunt", formed on the basis of the French. force - "strength, fortress"
force majeure literally: force majeure, extraordinary circumstance; from fr. words force - "strength" and majeur - "exceptional, main, important";
fort borrowed in the 19th century; French fort - "strong, strong, durable, hard" from the Latins. fortus - "strong, hard";
photograph photographie borrowed in the middle of the 19th century; French photographie - "photography, photographing, filming", eng. photograph, a neologism from 1839 by the physicist and astronomer J. Herschel based on the Greek. phōs, phōtos "light" and graphein "to write"
fragment fragment borrowed in the 18th century; French fragment - literally: "fragment", "fragment, fragment, fragment"; goes back to Latin. fragmentum, derived from frangere - "break, smash"
the phrase phrase is borrowed in the 18th century; French phrase - “phrase, sentence, turn of speech”; from Wed-Latin. phrasis, which transmits the Greek. phrasis - "revolution", derived from phrazō - "I say, I express a thought"
tailcoat frac borrowed from French; frac - "tailcoat" - a kind of frock coat with cut-out front floors
frivolous frivole borrowed in the second half of the 19th century; French frivole - "empty, frivolous, frivolous, frivolous"; goes back to Latin. frivolus - "frivolous, vulgar", "insignificant, insignificant", "brittle", re-registration of friolus, derived from friare - "crush"
meatball fricadelle borrowed from French: fricadelle - meatball; from ital. frittadella - "fried cutlet" (original word - fritto - "fried")
fricassee fricassée borrowed in the 18th century; French fricassée - "meat and poultry stew", from fr. the verb fricasser - "stew, fry"
deep-fried friture literally: frying; melted butter;
Genitive frontis - "front side, forehead"; fronton fronton borrowed from French; fronton - "pediment"; from lat. frons, genitive from frontis - "forehead, front side";
the fougère glass is borrowed at the end of the 19th century; French – fougère - “glass”, comes from the name of its own Fougères - the name of the French city of Fougères, where wine glass was produced
fumigator (fumigation) fumigation borrowed from French; fumigation - "fumigation"; from fr. the verb fumer - “smoke (smoke), smoke, smoke, smoke (sm)”;
funicular funiculaire borrowed in the Soviet era from French; funiculaire - literally "rope";
From the English language the word the finish (the final part of sports competitions)
1) All words that have a letter in their composition f , – borrowed:
buffet, fireworks, shoes
2) All words starting with a letter Yu , – borrowed:
south(old Slav.) - dinner(Russian)
3) All nouns on -and I - borrowed:
army, situation
4) Almost all words that begin with a letter uh , – borrowed:
epilogue, eucalyptus, popsicle
5) Almost all words starting with a letter a, – borrowed:
lamb (old Slav.) - lamb(Russian)
6) Almost all words with double consonants at the root are borrowed:
terrace, tunnel, profession, bisector
7) Many nouns in the root of which two vowels occur in a row are borrowed:
poet, maestro, pavement
8) Many nouns that have the same vowels in adjacent syllables: a, i, u,- borrowed:
drum, barn, visit, lyrics, chest, corn
9) Words with non-vowel combinations in the root: -ra-, -la-, -le-, -re-- borrowed from Old Church Slavonic:
gate - gate scarf - towel milk - milk shore - shore
Specify borrowed words
1) lampshade 2) curtain 3) cold 4) careless 5) anniversary 6) array 7) lecture
8) cockroach 9) jacket 10) tunnel 11) conversation 12) laureate 13) house 14) sign
Copy the text by inserting missing letters and punctuation marks. List borrowed words.
Bamboo grows unbelievably fast and for su_ki it can blow out a meter. Its young shoots are edible. Young bamboo sometimes breaks through the asphalt because (because) it is very len. Amazing and bamboo forests that look like a lot of columns.
People build houses from bamboo stalks, furnish them with bamboo furniture. And in the Japanese army, there used to be guns with bamboo trunks. Bamboo blooms and bears fruit once in a lifetime - once in a hundred years.
Body position - posture (French) marksman - sniper (English), (French); (Dutch).
Body position - posture (French) marksman - sniper (English), hand movement that accompanies or replaces any statement - a gesture (French); embankment to protect the area from flooding - dam (Dutch).
The word migrated to us from Europe umbrella, consisting of two roots: zon - which means "sun", and dek - "roof". And all together it meant “a roof from the sun”, because an umbrella is protected not only from rain, but also from the scorching sun.
Bread came from the ancient Germanic language.
External reasons for borrowing
1. Together with borrowing a thing or concept. For example, with the advent of such realities as car, conveyor, radio, cinema, TV, laser and many others, their names have also entered the Russian language.
2. Designation with the help of a foreign word of a certain special type of objects. For example, to designate a servant in a hotel in Russian, the French became stronger. word porter, to designate a special kind of jam (in the form of a thick homogeneous mass) - English. jam.
Internal reasons for borrowing
1. Tendency to replace the descriptive name with one-word ones. For example: sniper - instead of marksman, tour - instead of circular route travel, motel - instead of hotel for autotourists, sprint - instead of sprint
2. Strengthening in the language of borrowed words with a certain morphological structure So, in the XIX century. Russian from English were borrowed gentleman and cop. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. added to them sportsman, champion, yachtsman(meaningful person and common element -men).
3. The influence of foreign culture is dictated by the fashion for foreign words. These are the words exclusive, price-sheet, charisma, security, teenager
Old Church Slavonicisms
a) combinations ra, la, re, le in the root or prefix with native Russian combinations oro, olo, ere, olo, For example: hail - Russian city,the country - Russian side,cold - Russian cold;
b) combination railway j: alien - Russian stranger,clothes- now Russian. vernacular-dialect clothes;
c) consonant sound sch in accordance with native Russian h: lighting– Russian candle,burning - Russian hot,power - Russian be able;
d) initial e under native Russian about: single, one, single Russian one, day– ryc. autumn.
In the 90s. the influx of borrowings into the Russian language has greatly increased, which was associated with changes in the sphere of political life, economics, culture and moral orientation of society.
The cultural sphere is being invaded bestsellers, westerns, thrillers, hits, showmen, digests, casting. Everyday speech is changing rapidly with non-Russian names appearing: snickers, twix, hamburger, cheeseburger, sprite, shopping
Borrowings begin to occupy leading positions in the political life of the country: president, parliament, inauguration, speaker, impeachment, electorate, consensus etc.; in the most advanced branches of science and technology: computer, display, file, monitoring, player, pager, fax, as well as in financial and commercial activities: auditor, barter, broker, dealer, investment, conversion, sponsor, trust, holding etc.
Divide the words into groups depending on their origin Tuxedo, headquarters, rally, jacket, adit, postmaster, athlete, genie, stack, Orenburg, fine, spinning, child prodigy, grandmaster, gentleman
