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Introduction
Borrowing words from other languages is a powerful factor in the development of a language, one of the most important ways to replenish its lexical composition.
S.K. Bulich
The development of almost every natural language is characterized by the process of borrowing words from other languages. This is a natural and inevitable process due to trade, scientific, cultural contacts between peoples. Any closed national culture usually loses in its development.
Our native language is Russian. From the fifth grade we began to study German. The German language seemed to us something similar to the Russian language, perhaps due to a certain similarity in conjugation and declension of the corresponding parts of speech, the number of tenses of verbs, the sound of some words. And in the future, we gradually began to compare the German and Russian languages. It was very interesting.
Such a "searching" for German words in Russian is a very useful thing. Firstly, it relieves stress when learning German, and, secondly, it deepens the knowledge of the Russian language at the same time.
Relevance of the work: the issues of interaction between the Russian and German languages are not familiar enough for today's youth. (Appendix 1). Since the German influence on the Russian language is obvious and occupies a leading position in relation to the penetration of vocabulary into the Russian language system, the study of the versatile aspects of the problem of Russian-German language contact is objectively very relevant. Object of study: the process of entering borrowed German words into the Russian language, their use by young people.
Subject of study: lexical borrowings from the German language in Russian graphic design.
The purpose of my work: on the basis of the study to reveal the meaning of German borrowings for the Russian language. Tasks:
Examine the literature on the research topic.
To study the cultural, economic, historical prerequisites that contribute to the penetration of foreign vocabulary into the Russian language.
Find out the reasons for borrowing words in modern Russian.
Classify the vocabulary of German origin by spheres of human activity.
To identify the attitude of students to the problem of borrowing and to determine the degree of use of borrowed words by young people.
The practical value of my work is that borrowing studies contribute to:
correct use of "foreign" words in the language;
development of language culture;
increase in the vocabulary of native speakers.
As research methods presented:
systematization and study of literature;
comparative-contrastive (to establish similarities and differences in lexical borrowings);
empirical: questioning.
Hypothesis: borrowing of words occurs as a result of established socio-historical and cultural ties and is a natural process of language enrichment. Scientific novelty research work is as follows: 1. a classification of vocabulary of German origin in Russian is proposed; 2. studied the changes and phonetic transformation of German borrowings into Russian
3. The attitude of young people to the problem of borrowing words was revealed. Project Plan
1 week: Acquaintance with the topic of the project. Formation of goals and objectives.
2.3 weeks: Search for answers to the questions raised, collection and systematization of the information received.
Week 4: Formation of performance results with the help of telecommunication technologies.
Week 5: Protection and evaluation of the project.
Work structure. The work consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part includes the questions: “From Germany to Russia and back”, “Ways and reasons for borrowing”, “Types of borrowing”, “Germanisms in Russian”. borrowings. Appendix No. 2 "Historical figures and historical places associated with the borrowing of words."
Appendix No. 3 “Diagram. Areas of using borrowed vocabulary from the German language. Appendix No. 6 "German borrowing words in fiction." Appendix No. 4 "Dictionary of words borrowed from the German language."
Appendix No. 5 "Results of a survey on the use of borrowed words by students."
In the footsteps of the German language.
From Germany to Russia and back.
When a Russian person gets to know Germany today, he discovers certain similarities between our countries. Especially striking is a large number of linguistic similarities (in the form of identical words or expressions, or in the form of speech expressions and proverbs). Why are they so similar in both languages? Through research, we found out that this Long story, which is associated with the Germans in Russia, and last but not least, with the kings of German origin who ruled Russia.
Germans and Russians are not very similar. They don't even look alike. There is a Russian proverb: “What is good for a Russian is death for a German.” That's how different we are. But our peoples are very strongly connected with each other. A long time ago, in those lands where Germany is now, the Slavs lived - the ancestors of many peoples, including the Russian. They had their own cities, but the Germans did not yet have. But peoples moved, mixed, forced out and conquered each other. So, on the site of the Slavic city of Lipsk, the German Leipzig grew up. The Slavic settlement of Radogoshch (named after the god Radogost) turned into the German city of Radegast. The settlement of Poddubami became Potsdam. Dresden became the city of the Slavic tribe of the Drevlyans Drazhdyan (“inhabitants of the swampy forest”). Only one small area remained for the Slavs - Luzhitsa (in German - Lausitz). Slavs still live there - Lusatians (Lusatian Serbs). This is the smallest Slavic people. There are no more than 100 thousand people of Luzhatsk, and their life is not easy. After all, everyone around speaks German, and they try so that their children do not forget their native language, go to national schools and theaters, read books in the Lusatian language. After all, if language and culture disappear, there will be no people. (Annex 2)
Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta Anhalt - Tserbskaya - the future Russian Empress Catherine II, was born in these parts. (appendix 2) In general, Russian princes took their wives from Germany. Because there were many princesses in Germany, although they were poor. German princesses took root well in cold but rich Russia. And some became empresses and ruled the country well, like Catherine the Great, for example.
During the reign of Peter I, the Germans made up a significant layer of the Russian ruling elite. The Germans brought new arts, sciences and technologies to Russia. German specialists who lived in the German Quarter near Moscow had a beneficial effect on the formation of the views and personality of the young Peter I. Subsequently, he actively invited German engineers, doctors, and officers to serve in Russia. In 1764 Catherine II issued a Manifesto, according to which settlers (as they were then called - colonists) from European countries could come to Russia to develop the Volga region. The colonists were distinguished by a high culture of life and a culture of agricultural production. The Russians who lived in the neighborhood adopted a lot from them, including words related to lifestyle and production activities. Before the revolution of 1917, the Germans made up the largest percentage of the inhabitants of St. Petersburg. The Germans were the Minister of Finance of Russia Sergei Witte, the navigator Ivan Krusenstern, the writer Denis Fonvizin, the Decembrist Pavel Pestel had German roots. Great-grandmother A.S. Pushkin was German. And the mother of the creator of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Dictionary, V.I. Dalya, is also German. And many other famous and ordinary people in Russia are the descendants of teachers, doctors, engineers, merchants, architects, scientists from Germany, whom the Russian tsars invited to serve. (Annex 2)
The Russians not only invited the Germans to their place, but also went to Germany themselves. Students from Russia went to study at German universities. One of the first was Mikhail Lomonosov. He studied at the University of Marburg. At the time of Lomonosov, there were only 122 students at the university, three of them were Russians. In Germany, the scientist married the daughter of a church elder, Elisabeth Zilch. (Annex 2) Russian poets and writers traveled to Germany on vacation. The poet Zhukovsky liked Baden-Baden so much that he stayed in Germany forever. Gogol wrote the first chapters of Dead Souls in the same city. Goncharov, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Tolstoy and many other famous Russian writers lived for a long time in hospitable Saxony. (Annex 2) The later lexical influence of European languages on Russian began to be felt in the 16th-17th centuries. and especially intensified in the Petrine era, in the XVIII century. The transformation of all aspects of Russian life under Peter I, his administrative and military reforms, the success of education, the development of science - all this contributed to the enrichment of Russian vocabulary with foreign words. These were numerous names of then new household items, military and naval terms, words from the field of science and art. The following words were borrowed from the German language: sandwich, tie, decanter, hat, office, package, price list, percentage, accountant, bill, share, agent, camp, headquarters, commander, junker, corporal, gun carriage, cartridge belt, workbench, jointer, nickel, quartz, saltpeter, tungsten, potatoes, onions.
2. Reasons for borrowing words in modern Russian
The main reasons for borrowing, according to the researchers of this problem, are as follows:
historical contacts of peoples;
the need to nominate new objects and concepts;
innovation of the nation in any particular field of activity;
a historically determined increase in certain social strata accepting a new word.
All these are extralinguistic reasons.
Intra-linguistic reasons include:
the absence in the native language of an equivalent word for a new subject or concept: player, impeachment, etc.). In our opinion, this reason is the main reason for borrowing;
tendency to use one loan word instead of a descriptive phrase, for example: a hotel for car tourists - motel, a short press conference for journalists - briefing, figure skiing - freestyle or sniper instead of a marksman, tour instead of traveling on a circular route, sprint instead of sprinting, etc.
Depending on the degree of assimilation of borrowed vocabulary by the Russian language, it can be divided into several groups that differ significantly in stylistic terms.
Words that have lost any signs of non-Russian origin: picture, bed, chair, notebook, school.
Words that retain some external signs of foreign origin: consonances not characteristic of the Russian language (veil, jury, jazz); non-Russian suffixes (technical school, student, director); non-Russian prefixes ( translation, antibiotics); some of these words are not inflected ( cinema, coat, coffee).
Common words from the field of science, politics, culture, art, known not only in Russian, but also in other European languages. Such words are called Europeanisms, or internationalisms: telegraph, telephone. A sign of the times is their stylistic neutralization. The borrowed words of the considered groups do not have Russian synonyms and belong to interstyle, emotionally-expressive neutral vocabulary. They are used in speech without any restrictions.
The development of Russian military terminology is largely determined by the centuries-old German-Russian cooperation in the field of military affairs, starting from the first contacts of the Germanic and Slavic tribes and further, especially during the reigns of Ivan III, Peter I, Catherine II and Alexander I in Russia. Part of German lexical borrowings remains relevant today flank, headquarters), some of them became historicisms and archaisms ( recruit, ramrod, aiguillettes).
Separate German borrowings have clearly preserved traces of their origin and are perceived by Russian speakers as obvious borrowings ( paramedic). Other words have largely undergone transformations both in phonetic and morphological plans ( howitzer, helmet). Of interest are also semantic shifts in the transfer of words from one language system to another. So the word " guardhouse" means in Russian a room for keeping military personnel under arrest. The original meaning of this word, which came from the German language, was associated with the designation of the guardroom.
Enriching the vocabulary of a language by borrowing words from other languages is a process that accompanies the cultural, economic, political, scientific and technological development of the native people. given language. It is the nature, degree of intensity, duration of lexical borrowings that often serve as a starting point, an indicator in historical research. In turn, in solving purely linguistic problems of studying borrowings, it is impossible to do without historical data.
3. Types of borrowings.
In the process of working on the distribution of Germanisms according to the principle of their use in various fields of activity, it became obvious to me that they “took root” in different ways in the Russian language. Some of them are almost indistinguishable from Russian words, others are still very reminiscent of German. Turning to a textbook on the style of the Russian language, I found out that there is a classification of borrowed words according to the degree of their development by the Russian language, and I tried to consider Germanisms from this point of view.
Borrowed vocabulary that has an unlimited scope of use in modern Russian. According to the degree of assimilation by the language, these borrowings can be divided into three groups:
1. Words that have lost any signs of non-Russian origin: lawyer, bandage, bolt, bay, gnome, gloss, group, concert, compass, clover, avalanche, manganese, waste paper, minute, poster, knapsack, plywood. Such words do not stand out against the background of Russian vocabulary, their "foreign language" does not have any effect on their use in speech.
2. Words that retain some external signs of a foreign language origin:
Suffixes [ep] - hairdresser, klopfer, junker; [spruce] - stack, schnitzel, stamp; [et] - shtaket, package, faculty.
Sound combinations unusual for the Russian language: "shp" - spatula, hairpin, veneer, espionage; "pcs" - stack, headquarters, stamp, plug; "shn" - schnitzel, auger, schnitt, snorkel; "ah" - watch, mine, collapse; "au" - a barrier, a Mauser, a storehouse; "hey" - time trouble, shichtmeister, foreman.
Composition without connecting vowels: choreographer, sideburns, dial, cabinet of curiosities, Bundesbank, stockwork.
Internationalisms are commonly used words, known not only in Russian, but also in other European languages: subscriber, auction, parliament, banker, lawyer.
3. Borrowed vocabulary of limited use.
Exoticisms are borrowed words that characterize the specific national features of the life of different peoples and are used in describing non-Russian reality. This includes such words as: Reichstag, Bundeswehr, Wehrmacht, Bundestag, Bundeschancellor, Bundesbank, Bundesgericht, Bundesrat.
Foreign inclusions are called words and phrases, which are a kind of cliche, idiomatic expressions. They do not belong to the system of the language that used them, they do not function as units associated with the lexical and grammatical structure of this language.
The most common and famous here are: danke, bitte, frau, auffiderzein. Among the new inclusions can be called: dasistfantastic!, dasistthomas!
4. Germanisms in Russian.
Studying the dictionary of borrowed words, I wrote down many Germanisms when the word went through a number of languages before it got into our Russian language. Words such as: "pheasant" came to us through German from Greek; "faculty", "university" through German from Latin; "apron" through Polish from German.
A distinction is made between direct borrowing and indirect borrowing. For example, the words tie (Nalstuch - neckerchief), accountant (Buchhalter - literally "book holder") were created in German. These words were borrowed from German by the Russian language at the beginning of the 18th century.
People say: “You don’t go to a foreign monastery with your charter.” So it is with words: it got into a foreign language, adapt to it. The system of a foreign language puts pressure on the word, it can change its sound image, meaning, gender, for example: the German letter "Н" is pronounced in Russian as "g": Нepzog - duke, Нetmann - hetman, Нofmarschall - chamberlain, Нaspel - gaspile, Нantel - dumbbells. The diphthong "ei" in Russian is pronounced like "her": Reiber - reyber. The German "eu" is pronounced in Russian as "her" or "yu": Kreuzer - cruiser, Feuerwerk - fireworks, Schleuse - gateway. The German "S" is pronounced like "s" and is reduced to "e": Reise - flight, Subkultur - subculture.
Softening of consonants in Russian: backpack - Rucksack, kluft - Kluft, form - Formular.
Stunning voiced consonants at the end of words: Kulturbund, Glanzgold, Вundestag, Вord, Anschlag.
Replacing consonants or dropping them out of German words: Flügel - weather vane, Pfand - fant, Kunststück - kunshtuk.
The stress does not match (in German, the stress falls on the first syllable, and in Russian on the second): Abriß is an outline, Anschlag is a full house, Kronstein is a bracket.
Many Germanisms do not have the same gender of nouns in Russian: Die Landschaft - landscape, die Rolle - role, das Diktat - dictate, das Horn-horn, die Reise- flight.
Some Russian words are used only in plural, and German words in the singular: dunes - die Düne, slots - der Schlitz, buns - die Buhne, sideburns - der Backenbart.
German words ending in "e" in Russian take "a" or have no endings at all: Rakete - rocket, Linze - lens, Marke - brand, Tabelle - report card, Tusche - ink, Strafe - fine. And vice versa, the German word, which has no endings, acquires it in Russian: Der Schirm - screen, der Schacht - mine, der Jahrmarkt - fair.
The German "ch" turns into "f", and "v" turns into "v": Kachel - tile, Kerbel - chervil.
Sometimes, by analogy with Russians, a suffix from the Russian language is added to borrowed words: doll - Rurre, meatball - Frikadelle, discount - Rabatte.
Borrowed words are usually devoid of figurativeness, they do not realize the inner meaning or, as linguists say, the inner form. This gives rise to fantasy. Children - young linguists strive to get to the bottom of the meaning in incomprehensible words, and such pearls are obtained: a vertilator, a knocker, a semi-clinic, etc. K. I. Chukovsky gives many examples of such creativity in the book “from two to five”. This phenomenon can also be observed in German, for example: easel (Malbrett), case (Futterall).
The names of plants in Russian usually end in - and: begonia, abelia, acacia, according to this principle, German words also end in - iya: fuchsia - Füchsie, cochia - Koshie, funkia - Funkie, as well as neuter nouns in German: gymnasium - Gymnasium harmonium - Fisharmonium, anniversary - Jubileum, museum - Museum, lyceum - Lizeum.
So, words are borrowed from the German language for various reasons: for the names of borrowed objects, concepts; to clarify the names of similar objects, tools, machines. When borrowing German words in Russian, they undergo phonetic, semantic, morphological changes, as well as changes in the composition of the word.
The history of our people was reflected in the borrowing of German words by the Russian language. Economic, political and cultural ties, military relations have left their mark on the development of the language. We are convinced that contacts between Russia and Germany have existed since ancient times. They can be traced already from the 10th - 12th centuries, when Russian and German merchants had an active trade relationship. When moving from a foreign language to Russian, the process of mastering takes place: graphic, phonetic, grammatical, lexical. Rarely the word was assimilated by the Russian language in the form in which it existed in the source language. Many borrowed words from the German language have become so firmly established in everyday Russian speech that it seems that they have always been Russian.
This can be seen from examples of the use of German borrowings in Russian fiction. (Appendix No. 6)
We conclude that the process of borrowing in the language is uninterrupted, as the Russian people continue to live in economic, political, cultural, scientific and technical contact with the peoples of other countries. And, if you use a borrowed word to the place, reasonably, then it enriches our speech, makes it accurate and expressive. As we can see, over the course of several centuries, German-language words penetrated into the Russian language. What place do they occupy in the language now, how have they changed, how have they “taken root”, where are they used?
To find answers to these questions, I analyzed the vocabulary in the "Newest Dictionary of Foreign Words and Expressions", which includes over 60,000 foreign words and expressions, in order to identify Germanisms. I managed to find about 395 words of German origin, which is about 1% of the total number of foreign words collected in this dictionary. I think it's not too much.
I have distributed all the words according to the areas of human activity in which they are used. The most numerous was the area "Military Affairs" (59 words): blitzkrieg, Bundeswehr, soldier, rocket, guardhouse, outpost. Further, in descending order, follow "Mining" (49 words): slag, cement, zinc, coke, mine surveyor; “Music, recreation, sports” (49 words): “Technology, tools” (46 words): drill, crane, terminal, grab, scooter; "History" (33 words): mast, hose, cabin boy, storm, bay; "Typography" (27 words): paragraph, font, flyleaf, fold, ribbed; "Architecture" (11 words): outbuilding, spire, plywood, panel, warehouse; "Finance" (14 words): accountant, bill, broker, stamp, gesheft; "Nature" (26 words): landscape, dunes, reef, northwest, southwest; "Food" (19 words): sandwich, marzipan, icing, brawn, chocolate. As well as borrowings on the topics “Medicine” (3 words), “Measure of weight and counting” (13 words), “Mythology” (5 words). (Annex 4)
Having carried out this classification, I was able to make sure that the scope of Germanisms is quite wide.
Let's try to replace some borrowed words from German with synonyms from Russian and find out which words are used more and whether we can do without foreign words.
To do this, we will make a table of calculations (Appendix 5).
It can be seen from the calculations that such borrowed words as auction, scale, choreographer, pretzel, hacker, hit, curtain, child prodigy, sandwich exceed their Russian synonyms in use. Our research has shown that students in their speech very often use borrowed words from the German language, without suspecting it themselves.
The attitude towards borrowed words in society is changing. There are times when they are quite tolerant, but in other eras they are evaluated negatively. Nevertheless, despite this or that reaction of society, one part of the borrowed words enters the language, and the other is rejected by it.
Conclusion
As a result of research work, I found out that the historical destinies of the German and Russian people are very closely intertwined. The history of our people was reflected in the borrowing of German words by the Russian language. Economic, political and cultural ties, military relations have left their mark on the development of the language. The popularity and importance of the German language is steadily increasing from year to year. Over 120 million people speak German. Knowledge of the German language will allow you to study, work, communicate with colleagues and business partners, travel to such European countries as: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein. You will be understood in Belgium, Holland, Northern Italy, Eastern France.
A foreign language is a new source of information and new knowledge. A foreign language teaches respect for other peoples, their customs, traditions, brings up a tolerant attitude towards representatives of other peoples. Learning a foreign language develops many human abilities: it improves memory, develops logical thinking, increases the speed of reaction, enriches the native language, develops fantasy, imagination, cultivates the habit of creative mental work. As the great Goethe said, “He who does not know a foreign language does not know his own.”
The German language is very rich and expressive, it perfectly characterizes the culture of society and the mentality of the nation. And since the culture of the German-speaking society is also very widely represented in literature, music, theater, cinema, sports, architecture, painting, as well as other types of modern, and not only, art, everyone who is somehow interested in the deeper aspects of everything what is happening in Germany, it is simply necessary to learn the German language, because it is with its help that a real opportunity arises to study and analyze this richest European culture in detail.
As we have seen, in the Russian language, along with native words, there are a large number of borrowings from German. The areas of application of borrowing words are very diverse. In this work, we note 16 of them, which include 395 words. Many borrowed words from the German language have become so firmly established in everyday Russian speech that it seems that they have always been Russian.
What I have read helps me in learning German. The research work helped the development of linguistic observation, linguistic flair.
Thus, I believe that knowing languages means being open to the world. I want to learn to be proud of my culture and at the same time be literate in all respects. The study of the German language, all its facets, helps me in this. With the help of the German language, I can show the possibilities of adaptation in the complex world of human relationships.
It can be concluded that the process of borrowing in the language is continuous, as the Russian people continue to live in economic, political, cultural, scientific and technical contact with the peoples of other countries. And, if you use a borrowed word to the place, reasonably, then it enriches our speech, makes it accurate and expressive.
List of used literature
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Arsiry A. T. "Entertaining materials on the Russian language", M. "Enlightenment", 1995.
Alexandrovich N. F. "Entertaining grammar", 1965.
Volina V. "Where did the words come from", M. AST-PRESS, 1996.
Vartanyan E. V. "Journey into the Word", M. "Enlightenment", 1987
Gorky M. Collected works: In 10 volumes. M., 1961.
Grigoryan L. T. "My language is my friend", M. "Enlightenment", 1976
Kaverin V. Collected works. in 8 volumes, Publisher: Khudozhestvennaya literatury, 1980
Komlev N.G. "Foreign words and expressions". - M. Sovremennik, 1999 (Student Dictionaries)
Kuprin A.I. Sobr. soch., M., Publisher: Pravda, 1964
Lebedeva G.A. Dictionary of foreign words for schoolchildren. M. "Slavic book house", 2001
Leontiev A. A. "What is a language?", M. "Pedagogy"
Lekhin I.V., Lokshina S.M. "Dictionary of foreign words". Edition 6, from the "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1964.
Leping A.A. and Strakhova N.P. "German - Russian Dictionary". Edition. 7th, stereotype, M., "Russian language", 1976
Ivanov V.V. “School Dictionary of Foreign Words”, M., “Enlightenment”, 1990
Lustrova Z. N., Skvortsov L. I. “To Friends of the Russian Language”, M. “Knowledge”, 1982
Miloslavsky I. G. “How to disassemble and assemble a word”, M. “Enlightenment”, 1993
Maksimov V. I. "To the secrets of word formation" M. "Enlightenment", 1980
Otkupshchikov Yu. V. “To the origins of the word”, M. “Enlightenment”, 1973
Pashkov B. G. "Rus, Russia, Russian Empire", M. 1999.
Petrov F. M. "Dictionary of foreign words", M. Gosizdat, 1995.
Podgaetskaya I. M. "The immense world of the word", M. "Enlightenment", 1973
Pushkin A.S. Collected works in 10 volumes. M.: GIHL, 1959-1962.
Reformatsky A. A. "Introduction to Linguistics", M. "Enlightenment", 1967.
Sergeev V. N. "New meanings of old words", M. "Enlightenment", 1979
Tolstoy A.N. Collected works: B10 vol. M., 1961
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Shansky N. M. "In the world of words", M. "Enlightenment", 1985
Shansky N. M., “Russian language. Vocabulary. Word formation "M. 1975
Shansky N. M., Shanskaya T. V. “A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, M. “Enlightenment”, 1971
Shkatova L. A. “How the word will respond”, “South Ural publishing house”, 1986
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Appendix 1.
62 students of grades 7-11 of MKOU "Shutikhinskaya secondary school" took part in the survey. The results are visible in the charts.
Do you know what word borrowing is?
What words borrowed from German do you know? List.
|
a sandwich |
|
Do you use borrowed words from German?
Should borrowed words be avoided in speech?
Application No. 2
Leipzig - Leipzig
Dresden - Dresden
Princess Sophia Frederico Augusto of Anhalt-Zerbskaya, abbreviated as Fike -
Prinzessin Sophie Friederike August von Anhalt-Tserbskaya abgekürzt Fike
Russian Empress Catherine II - Russische Zarin Katharina II
Ivan Fedorovich (Johann Anton)
Kruzenshtern
Ivan Fedorov (Johann Anton) Krusenstern
Sergei Yulievich Witte
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly
Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin
M. Lomonosov and E. Tsilhe
M. Lomonosov and E. Zielke
The house where Lomonosov lived in Marburg - Das Haus, in dem er in Marburg Lomonosov gelebt
Saxony-Sachsen
Baden-Baden- Baden Baden
Application №3
Scopes of borrowed words
Der Umfang derLehnwörter
Appendix 4
Dictionary of words borrowed from the German language.
Font, typography.
Paragraph (der Absatz) - indentation in the initial line of text
Ablaut - (der Ablaut) - vowel alternation
Apperception - (Die Apperzeption) - dependence of perception on experience
Gelerter (der Gelehrte) - a person with book learning
Dekel (der Deckel) - a metal frame in a manual printing press
Size (der Kegel) - the size of the printed font
Korn (das Korn) - metal
Kornpapier (das Kornpapier) - paper with a granular surface structure
Leitmotiv (das Leitmotiv) - motive, thought
Slogan (die Losung) - call
Mittel (das Mittel) - font
Ost (der Ost) - East
Squeegee (die Rakel) - steel plate
Real (das Real) - table - cabinet
Reiber (der Reiber) - print from the printing plate on paper
Roll (die Rolle) - machine for grinding paper pulp
Tangier (die Tangier) - polygraphic gelatin film
Tenakl (der Tenakel) - stand for strengthening pages
Crucible (der Tiegel) - typewriter
Tiefdruck (der Tiefdruck) - intaglio printing
Umlaut (der Umlaut) - rewording
Falz (der Falz) - printing fold
Falzbein (das Falzbein) - trowel
Fold (falzen) - bend paper
Bookend (der Vorsatz) - a double sheet of paper, a book endpaper
Font (die Schrift) - lettering
Ersatz (der Ersatz) - an inferior substitute
Warfare.
Aglets (der Achselband) - shoulder cords
Bereiter (der Bereiter) - a specialist who teaches horseback riding
Blitzkrieg (der Blitzkrieg) - lightning war
Blockhaus (das Blockhaus) - defensive building
Bruderschaft (die Bruderschaft) - drink, consolidate friendship
Brustwehr (die Brustwehr) - earth embankment
Bund (der Bund) - General Jewish workers' union in Lithuania, Poland and
Bundeswehr (die Bundeswehr) - the armed forces of Germany
The Bundesrat is the upper house of parliament in Germany.
Bundestag (der Bundestag) - the lower house of parliament in Germany
Wehrmacht (die Wehrmacht) - the armed forces of Nazi Germany
Howitzer (die Haubitze) - a kind of artillery gun
Guardhouse (die Hauptwache) - a room for the maintenance of military personnel
under arrest
Heraldry (die Heraldik) - heraldry
Gestapo (die Gestapo) - one of the main terrorist institutions
Grenade (die Granate) - artillery shell
Diktat (das Diktat) - an unequal international treaty
Dunst: (der Dunst) - the smallest shot caliber
Jaeger (der Jäger) - a soldier of special rifle units
Quartermaster (der Quartiermeister) - a person who surrenders the deployment of troops
by apartment
Quartieriers (der Quartierherr) - military personnel looking for apartments
Kittel (der Kittel) - a military-style uniform jacket
need
Carriage (die Lafette) - combat machine
Nazi (die Nazi) - the nickname of the National Socialists
Nazism (der Nazismus) - German fascism
Ober (der Ober) - chief, senior
Platz (der Platz) - an area for military training, parades, reviews
Rocket (die Rakete) - a projectile moving under the influence of reactive force
jets of hot gases
Reichswehr (die Reichswehr) - the armed forces of Germany after the first
world war
Reich Chancellor (der Reichskanzler) - State Chancellor, head of rights - wa
Germany before 1945
Reichsrat (der Reichsrat) - German Federal Council
Table of ranks (die Tabelle) - table of ranks
Route (die Trasse) - a smoky trail left by a bullet
Mourning (der Trauer) - sadness
Non-commissioned officer (der Unteroffizier) - the rank of junior command staff
Field Marshal (der Feldmarschall) - the highest military rank in some armies
Feldwebel (der Feldwebel) - non-commissioned officer rank in some armies
Courier (der Feldjäger) - a military courier delivering secret
Flag (die Flagge) - a cloth attached to a cord, often with emblems
putsch (der Putsch) - a coup d'état carried out by a group
conspirators
Outpost (der Vorposten) - forward position
Fuhrer (der Führer) - leader
Zeughaus (das Zeughaus) - a warehouse of weapons or uniforms
Trench (die Schanze) - earthen trench
Schwermer (der Schwärmer) - a firework rocket that leaves a fiery
Schneller (der Schneller) - adaptation to the trigger mechanism in
about firearms
Spy (der Spion) - one who engages in espionage
Espionage (die Spionage) is a criminal activity consisting in a secret
collecting information
Headquarters (der Stab) - command and control body of troops
State (der Staat) - self-governing state. territorial unit
Stathalter (der Staathalter) - governor, ruler of a region, province
A fine (die Strafe) is an administrative or judicial punishment in the form of
monetary recovery
Strikebreaker (der Streikbrecher) - a traitor, a traitor to class interests
Sturm (der Sturm) - a decisive attack on a fortification or stronghold
enemy
To storm (der Sturm) - to take by storm, decisively master something
Ephesus (das Gefäß) - bladed weapon handle
Architecture.
Outline (der Abriß) — plan, drawing
Arkatura (die Arkatur) - a series of small arches used for decoration
Firewall (die Brandmauer) - fire-resistant blank wall
Hip (die Walm) - triangular slope
Warehouse (das Packhaus) - closed storage room for storage
cargo at customs
Panel (das Paneel) - a large element of the wall
Rabatka (die Rabatte) - an ornamental plant
Plywood (das Furnier) - thin wood sheet
Outbuilding (der Flügel) - side extension to the house
Spire (der Spill) - the pointed completion of the building
Bay window (der Erker) - lantern - a semicircular ledge in the wall
Minerals, rocks, mine.
Anschlif (der Anschliff) - preparation of a mineral or mineral aggregate
Abzug (der Abzug) - slag obtained by isolation from gold, silver Aluminizing (alitieren) - saturation of the surface layer of steel and cast iron products with aluminum
Bandwagen (der Bandwagen) - belt conveyor
Blayweiss (das Bleiweiß) - white lead
Blende (die Blende) - a lantern for lighting the mine
Yoke (der Bügel) - a ring made of strip steel
Vandrut (die Wandrute) - a run in the form of a bar in a mine
Cashguard (der Waschherd) - the simplest apparatus for washing ores or
gold sand
Werkbley (das Werkblei) - an intermediate product obtained by smelting
lead ores
Bismuth (die Wismutin) - bismuth sulfide
Hartblei (das Hartblei) - lit. hard lead or lead-antimony alloy
Gesenk (das Gesenk) - vertical underground working
Goethite (das Goethit) - a mineral, acicular iron ore (named after him.
poet Goethe)
Glätte is the technical name for lead oxide.
Gneiss (der Gneis) - rock
Glanzgoll (das Glanzgold) - "liquid gold", a viscous brown liquid,
Glanzsilber (das Glanzsilber) - "liquid silver", a liquid containing
Grat (der Grat) - excess metal, burr
Greisen (der Greisen) - a rock consisting of quartz and light micas
Zilberglet (die Silberglätte) - yellow lead litharge
Sumpf (der Sumpf) - a box for collecting slag when washing ores
Kylo (der Keil) - a manual mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks
Kern (der Körner) - rock sample
Klyuft (die Kluft) - mountain emptiness between vein and side rock
Coke (der Koks) - solid rocky carbon mass
Kupferstein (der Kupferstein) - an alloy of iron sulfide and copper sulfide
Loess (das Löß) - porous, fine-grained loose rock
Markscheider (der Markscheider) - mining engineer
Mine surveying (die Markscheiderei) - a branch of mining science
Mergel (der Mergel) - rock
Mertel (der Mörtel) - a mixture of sand and slaked lime
Nickel silver (das Neusilber) - nickel brass - an alloy of copper, nickel and zinc
Neutraltinte (die Neutraltinte) - black mineral paint
Opt (der Ort) - place
Mother of pearl (die Perlmutter) - the inner layer of mollusk shells,
pearl oysters
Perlweiss (das Perlweiß) - lead white tinted with blue
Planherd (der Planherd) - a table with a moving surface for
enrichment of ore material
Tras (der Traß) - a rock from the group of volcanic tuffs
Tripel (der Tripel) - after the name of the city of Tripoli, a rock for
thermal insulation, purification of oils and oil
Rohstein (der Rohstein) - raw stone
Feldspatides (der Feldspat) are a group of rock-forming minerals with
small amount of silica
Forshacht (der Vorschacht) - an extended mouth of the mine
Cement (das Zement) - broken stone
Zinc it (das Zinkit) - mineral, red zinc ore (zinc oxide)
Zircon (das Zirkon) - mineral, zirconium silicate
Slag (die Schlacke) - coal ash
Sludge (der Schlamm) - finely ground ore containing valuable
Stuff (die Stufe) - a piece of rock intended for research or
for collections
Earth, nature, phenomena.
Allod (der Allod) - full ownership of the land
Brander (der Brander) - a ship loaded with combustible substances
West (der West) - west, west wind
Glacier (der Gletscher) - natural accumulations of masses of ice on the earth
surfaces flowing down
Horst (der Horst) - an elevated area of the earth's crust
Graben (der Graben) - ditch, ditch
Dunes (die Düne) - sandy hills or ridges that occur under the influence of
Sanders (der Sander) - sandy - pebble plains
Inzucht (die Inzucht) - closely related crossing of plants by
self-pollination
Kar (das Kar) - a natural bowl-shaped depression
Crown (die Krone) - the upper part of a tree or shrub
Avalanche (die Lawine) - a mass of snow falling from the mountains with destructive
Föhn (der Föhn) - warm dry wind
Landkarta (die Landkarte) - geographical map
Landscape (die Landschaft) - a picture depicting nature
Maars (das Maar) - a funnel-shaped depression on the earth's surface
Scale (der Maßstab) - the ratio of the length of the line on the plan, map
Passatwind (der Passatwind) - northeast wind
Pomeranian (der Pomeranze) - an evergreen tree of the rue family
Rabatka (die Rabatte) - a bed with ornamental plants along the paths
Reef (der Riff) - underwater rocks
Talweg (der Talweg) - the bottom of the valley
Peat (der Torf) - a dense mass of the remains of swamp plants
Route (die Trasse) - roads, canals, power lines
Firn (der Firn) - dense packed snow (eternal snow)
Calm (die Stille) - calm
Music, recreation, sports.
Alpenstock (der Alpenstock) - a long stick with a pointed iron
tip
Full house (der Anschlag) - an announcement in the theater, circus that all tickets
Choreographer (der Ballettmeister) - director and choreographer of dances and
mimic movements in ballet
Bedecker (der Bedecker) - a guide for travelers, tourists (on
German name. publisher)
Blitz Tournament (das Blitzturnier) is a sports competition held in
short time
Horn (das Waldhorn) - a brass musical instrument
Waltz (der Walzer) - dance
Hanswurst (die Hanswurst) - jester in the German folk theater
Dumbbell (die Hantel) - a special kettlebell for muscle development
Tour (die Gastrolle) - performance by a visiting actor; theater performance from
another city or country
Horn (das Horn) - a brass signal wind instrument
A tuning fork (der Kammerton) is a steel instrument that makes a sound when struck.
set height, used when tuning musical
tools
Kapeldiner (der Kapelldiener) - checking tickets from visitors and
pointing places
Bowling alley (die Kegelbahn) - a platform for setting skittles and rolling balls and
bowling room
Skittles (der Kegel) - a game, knocking down with a ball of figures placed in a known
Resort (der Kurort) - an area with natural healing
means
Kellner (der Kellner) - a waiter in a pub
Counterpoint (der Kontrapunkt) - several voices forming one
harmonic whole
Kursaal (der Kursaal) - a concert hall in resorts
Kunstkammer (die Kunstkammer) - a random collection of rarities, as well as
premises for such a meeting
Kunststück (das Kunststück) - trick, trick, trick
Easel (das Malbrett) - stand for the work of the artist
Overtones (die Obertöne) - a series of tones that occur when the sound of the main
A reserved seat (die Platzkarte) - a railway receipt for a specific seat in a carriage
Pupsik (die Puppe) - doll (children's toy)
Flight (die Reise) - journey, route of the ship, steamer, boat one way
Backpack (der Rucksack) - a shoulder bag for things
Subculture (die Subkultur) - culture of small groups
Dance class (die Tanzklasse) - dance school, dance class
Troupe (die Truppe) - a group of artists working in a theater or circus
Touch (die Tusche) - a short musical greeting in honor of a person, event
Untertones (die Untertöne) - an additional series of tones that sound simultaneously,
but below the pitch
Triol (die Triole) - rhythmic musical figure
Fis (die Fis) - musical syllabic designation Fa-Diez
Harmonium (das Fisharmonium) is a keyboard instrument resembling
sound organ
Rummelplatz (der Rummelplatz) - a fairground for festivities and
entertainment
Focus (der Hokus-Pokus) - a trick, a clever trick
Grace (der Vorschlag) - a type of melisma, melodic decoration
Hacker (der Hacker) - computer swindler
Zither (die Zither) - a musical instrument with metal stems
Puck (die Scheibe) - a rubber disk for playing hockey
Barbell (die Stange) - a sports equipment in weightlifting
Schlager (der Schlager) - popular pop song
Humoresque (die Humoreske) - a small thin. work imbued with
Middlegame (das Mittelspiel) - the middle of a game of chess
Time trouble (die Zeitnot) - a position in a chess game when a player does not have enough
time to think about the next move
Zugzwang (der Zugzwang) - the position when the need to make a move
leads to unfavorable consequences
Endgame (das Endspiel) - the final stage in a game of chess
Technique, tools,
Bildapparat (der Bildapparat) - an apparatus for transmitting motionless
pictures by telegraph
Boron (der Bohr) - a steel drill used in denture practice
Bormashina (die Bohrmaschine) - drilling machine
Rollers (die Walze) - shaft, cylinder, roller
Valve (das Ventil) - valve
Winkel (der Winkel) - carpenter's square for an angle of 90 degrees
Haspel (die Haspel) - a wooden or concrete tank for washing the skin
Grabstichel (der Grabstichel) - a type of graver
Grab (der Greifer) - lifting device lifting
mechanism
Dorn (der Dorn) - a cylinder on which rubber products are glued
Drill (der Drell) - a mechanism for rotating a drill in wood, metal
Throttle (die Drossel) - electromagnetic coil made of copper wire Dowel (der Dübel) - nail, spike
Dyuz (die Düse) - a nozzle, a device for spraying liquid
Zenzubel (der Simshobel) - planer for planing shaped surfaces
Zenker (der Senker) - metal cutting tool
Kapsel (die Kapsel) - refractory box for firing ceramic products
Trowel (die Kelle) - a hand tool in the form of a spatula with a curved handle
Valve (die Klappe) - a device in the machine for blocking holes Clamp | (die Klemme) - clamp for fixing electrical wires
Crane (der Kran) - lifting and transport machine
Bracket (der Kragstein) - support for the shaft, in the form of a square attached to the wall
Lancet (die Lanzette) - a small knife with a sharp blade
Lens (die Linse) - transparent optical glass
Motor scooter (der Motorroller) - a vehicle
Mushkel (die Muschkeule)
wooden hammer
Needle file (die Nadelfeile) - file 'for muddy work
Rasp (die Raspel) - a file with a large notch
Thickness gauge (das Reißmuß) - a tool for drawing lines parallel to the edge of the product
Reissfeder (die Reißfeder) - a drawing tool
Reisshina (die Reißschiene) - a large drawing ruler
Roller (der Rollgang) - a transport device made of rollers
Turbine (die Turbine) - a rotary motion engine
Washer (die Scheibe) - a part placed under the nut in the form of a ring
Channel (der Schweller) - rolled steel beam
Tire (die Schiene) - a hoop worn on the rim of the wheel; honey. Spatula (der Spatel) - spatula
Spindle (die Spindel) - transmission shaft; spindle
Key (der Span) - a part between the shaft and gears
Syringe (die Spritze) - a device for injecting drugs under the skin, into the muscles
Corkscrew (der Stopper) - a screw rod for uncorking bottles
Fitting (der Stutzer) - a short piece of pipe with threads at the ends
Buzzer (der Summer) - electromagnetic interrupter for automatic current closure
Coupling (die Muffe) - a device for connecting two shafts
Nagel (der Nagel) - nail - connecting element
Hose (die Schlange) - a pipe made of waterproof fabric
Slots (der Schlitz) - slot, cut
Stichel (der Stichel) - steel tool for engraving, cutter
Food.
Bachstein (der Backstein) - a kind of cheese
Bastre (der Baster) - sugar
Sandwich (das Butterbrot) - a slice of bread with butter
Glaze (die Glasur) - a layer of frozen transparent sugar on fruit
Mulled wine (der Glühwein) - hot wine with sugar and spices
Dunst (der Dunst) - a product between cereals and flour
Grunkol (der Grünkohl) - a variety of cabbage with a green color
Wurst (die Wurst) - sausage
Pate (die Pastete) - a pasty dish of meat and fish products
Schnapps (der Schnaps) - vodka
Spinach (der Spinat) - leafy vegetable
Truffle (die Trüffel) - a variety of sweets, mushrooms
Kohlrabi (der Kohlrabi) - a variety of cabbage
Watercress (die Kresse) - lettuce
Marzipan (der / das Marzipan) - doughy mass of grated almonds with
sugar syrup and confectionery products from it
Fennel (der Fenchel) - Voloshsky dill
Meatball (die Frikadelle) - a ball of minced meat or fish,
boiled in broth
Wurst (die Wurst) - sausage, sausage
Schnittluck (der Schnittlauch) - undersized perennial type of onion
Chemistry.
Beets (die Beize) - substances used to clean the surface
metals
Bismuth (das Wismut) - a chemical element
Flask (der Kolben) - a glass vessel with a round or flat bottom
Kron (das Kron) - yellow paint, consisting of lead chromium salt
Brass (das Latun) - chemical element
Manganese (das Margan) - chemical. element
Nickel (das Nickel) - chemical. element
Rhenium (das Rhein) - chemical. element
Flintglas (das Flintglas) - optical glass
Finance.
Accountant (der Buchhalter) - a person who keeps records and financial activities of the enterprise
A bill of exchange (der Wechsel) is a document that requires another person to pay
specified amount
Gesheft (das Geschäft) - business, trade deal
Ledger (das Großbuch) - accounting book
Gastarbeiter (der Gastarbeiter) - a foreign wage worker
Gründerstvo (der Gründer) - founder, founder
Crash (der Krach) - ruin, bankruptcy, failure
Decort (der Dekort) - discount from the price of goods for payment
Broker (der Makler) - an intermediary in the conclusion of transactions
Hofmakler (der Hofmakler) - chief stockbroker
Preislist (die Preisliste) - a guide to prices and products
Rack (die Stellage) - conditional exchange transaction
Stamp (die Stampfe) - seal with the name of the institution
Krone (die Krone) - the monetary unit of a number of countries
Sea.
Bodmerei (die Bodmerei) - a cash loan secured by a ship
Board (der Bord) - side wall, side of the vessel
Buna (die Buhne) - semi-dams, transverse dams
Bay (die Bucht) - a cable laid in circles
Dock (die Decke) - plywood cover
Corals (die Koralle) - marine animals, polyps attached to
Klinket (die Klinke) - wedge crane on ships
Mast (der Mast) - a vertical log on a ship
Snorkel (der Schnorchel) - a device for supplying air
Storm (der Sturm) - a strong storm
Schwerboat (das Schwerboot) - a sailing yacht with a centerboard
Lock (die Schleuse) - a structure for transferring ships from one waterway
space to another
Gateway (schleusen) - to guide ships through the lock
Spire (das Spill) - a gate in the form of a drum for lifting an anchor
Rod (der Stock) - transverse rod of the upper part of the anchor
Hose (der Schlag) - sea. tackle turnover
Jung (der Junge) - a young sailor
Clothes, looks.
Sideburns (der Backenbart) - beard
Lapel (das Lätzchen) - a lapel on the chest of a jacket, coat
Lederin (die Leder) - a fabric that imitates the skin
Clutch (die Muffe) - an accessory of a women's toilet made of fur for
hand warming
Perlon (das Perlon) - a fabric made of synthetic fiber
Plush (der Plüsch) - silk, paper fabric
Raventuh (das Raventuch) - thick linen fabric
Knapsack (der Ranzen) - a student bag worn on the back
Leggings (die Reithosen) - tight trousers tightly fitting the legs for
riding; long knitted pantaloons
Philister (der Philister) - a person with a sanctimonious behavior
Weather vane (der Flügel) - a fickle person
Schlafrock (der Schlafrock) - dressing gown
Train (die Schleife) - a long hem of the dress dragging behind
Slit (der Schlitz) - cut on the dress
Damask (der Stoff) - thick woolen fabric with stains
Story.
Burgomaster (der Bürgermeister) - head of city government
burgher - (der Bürger) townsman, inhabitant, tradesman
Duke (der Herzog) - a large feudal lord, the highest title of nobility in Western Europe
Hetman (der Hetmann) - commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Polish-Lithuanian state
Guild (die Gilde) union of merchants, artisans
Count (der Graf) - royal official
Chamberlain (der Kammerherr) - one of the court titles in tsarist Russia and other monarchical states
Valet (der Kammerdiener) - a servant in a noble house
Neck (der Griff) - saber handle, checker
Kamep - (der Kammerlakai) senior court footman
Chancellor (der Kanzler) - head of the royal chancellery and archives
Knecht (der Knecht) - servant, farm laborer in Germany, Austria
Elector (der Kurfürst) - German sovereign prince
Slogan (die Losung) - a call, a clearly expressed idea; in the old days conditional secret word, password
Landgraf (der Landgraf) - the title of a prince in Germany in the Middle Ages Landsknecht (der Landsknecht) - a mercenary soldier in the Middle Ages
Landtag (der Landtag) - representative assembly
Life Guards (die Leibgarde) - especially privileged guard troops
Len (das Lehen) - land holdings; tribute collected from a fief estate
Mark (die Marke) - a peasant community in medieval Germany Meistersinger (die Meistersinger) - medieval German poets and singers from among the artisans
Minnesingers (die Minnesinger) - court chivalrous poets and singers
Reichsbank (die Reichsbank) - a state-owned bank in Germany until 1945
Reichstag (der Reichstag) - the German Parliament
Police (die Polizei) - bodies that maintain order
Pedel (der Pedell) - court servant in the Middle Ages
Princess (die Prinzessin) is the title of the daughter of a king or the wife of a prince.
Knight (der Ritter) - a person belonging to the nobility;
noble selfless person
Secretary of State (der Staatssekretär) is the name of the highest officials in
cap. countries
Fireworks (der Feuerwerker) - the rank of junior officers
artillery
Workshop (die Zeche) - an organization of artisans engaged in one
craft
Shpilman (der Spielmann) - itinerant singer and musician cf. century
Germany
Schutzbund (der Schutzbund) - an alliance of protection
Schutzmann (der Schutzmann) - a police officer in Germany
A measure of weight, counting.
Korn (das Korn) - the weight of pure metal in a coin
Doppelzentner (das Doppelzentner) - 100 kilograms
Silbergroschen (der Silbergroschen) - an old Prussian silver coin
Ioch (der Joch) - an old unit of land measure
Carat (das Karat) - a measure of the weight of precious stones
Kreuzer (der Kreuzer) - a small bargaining chip until the 19th century
Gross (das Groß) - a measure of counting equal to 12 dozen
Mark (die Marke) - the monetary unit of the GDR
Morgen (der Morgen) - land measure 0.26-0.36 ha
Reiter (der Reiter) - a piece of wire 0.01 g
Thaler (der Taler) is a German silver coin equal to three marks to
Pfennig (der Pfennig) - German small coin
Report card (die Tabelle) - progress sheet
Diseases.
Schütte (die Schütte) - a fungal disease of pine seedlings
Skorbut (der Skorbut) - scurvy, beriberi
Tripper (der Tripper) - a contagious venereal disease
Mythology.
Valkyries (die Walküre) - warlike maiden-goddesses
Dwarf (der Gnom) - an underground spirit in the form of an ugly dwarf,
guardian of underground treasures
Nixes (die Nixen) - water spirits
Poltergeist (der Poltergeist) - dwarf brownie
Elves (die Elfen) - spirits of nature, gathering in the moonlight for
dances and round dances
Annex 5
Survey on the use of borrowed words by students
Die Studieüber die Verwendung von LehnwörternStudenten
|
Borrowed words |
I use in my speech |
Possible synonyms |
I use in my speech |
|
header |
|||
|
2. Auction |
|||
|
3. Choreographer |
Choreographer |
||
|
Security guard |
|||
|
6. Curtain |
Curtain |
||
|
9. Pretzel |
|||
|
10. Scale |
|||
|
cracker |
|||
|
12. Subculture |
culture |
||
|
13. Schlager |
|||
|
14. Sandwich |
Bread and butter |
||
|
15. Fireworks |
|||
|
16. Prodigy |
gifted child |
The survey involved 62 students of grades 7-11 MKOU "Shutikhinskaya secondary school".
It can be seen from the survey results that such borrowed words as auction, scale, choreographer, pretzel, hacker, hit, curtain, child prodigy, sandwich exceed their Russian synonyms in use. Our research has shown that students in their speech very often use borrowed words from the German language, without suspecting it themselves.
Die Umfrage wurde bei 62 Schülergrade 7-11 "Shutihinskaya Oberschule." Aus den Ergebnissen der Umfrage ist es klar, dass eine solche Lehnwörter: Auktion, Maßstab, Choreograph, Brezel, Hacker, Hit, Vorhänge, Wunderkind, Sandwich ihre Synonyme in der russischen Sprache verwendet überschreiten. Unsere Forschung hat gezeigt, dass die Schüler in seiner Rede sehr oft Wörter aus der deutschen Sprache, ohne es zu wissen.
APPENDIX No. 6
GERMAN BORROWING WORDS IN ART LITERATURE-(German Advokat) - If this petition does not come out, then we will submit it to the highest name. We'll do everything we can. - If only the lawyer was good before ... - she interrupted him. (Tolstoy.)BANKRUPT- (German Bankrott) - My debtors do not pay me, and God forbid that they are not bankrupt at all. (Pushkin.)EXCHANGE- (German Börse) - A merchant gets up, a peddler goes, a cabman goes to the stock exchange. (Pushkin.)RECRUIT(recruiter) - (German werben) - Is it not so that an experienced hussar, recruiting a recruit, brings him a cheerful Bacchus gift. (Pushkin.)DOCUMENT- (German Document) - "Notes of Brigadier Moreau" as an important historical document, which should not be confused with the absurd narrations of foreigners about our fatherland. (Pushkin.)JAGER- (German Jäger) - And you will be the huntsman. Understand? You will guard the game, you will arrange raids, train dogs. (Mamin-Sibiryak.)FIREPLACE- (German Kamin) - How he looked like a poet when he sat alone in the corner, and the fireplace was blazing in front of him. (Pushkin.)SLOGAN- (German Losung) - Our slogans are simple - down with private property, all means of production to the people, all power to the people, labor is obligatory for all. (Bitter.)ROUTE- (German Marschrute) - As a rule, I never dragged out my route until dusk and stopped for a bivouac so that it was possible to put up tents before dark. (Arseniev.)EASEL- (German: Malbrett) - In his studio, on an easel, there was a canvas with a sketch, still only in charcoal, of the scene of Peter I with Tsarevich Alexei. (Repin.)PASTOR- (German: Pastor) - The baron in the sad monastery, however, was pleased with his fate, the pastor with funeral flattery, the coat of arms of a feudal tomb and a bad epitaph. (Pushkin.)POLICE(S)MEISTER- (German Polizeimeister) - The police chief said[Chichikov] something very flattering about city guards. (Gogol.)TRUFFLE- (German Truffel) - Polozov stuffed a piece of fried eggs with truffles into his mouth. (Turgenev.)FALSE- (German Falsh) - ^ The error is not false. (Proverb.) No blush, no whitewash ... no falsehood on a fresh, clean face. (Turgenev.)FIREWORKS- (German Feuerwerk) - Fireworks are set off at ten o'clock in the morning. (Kuprin.)VANE- (German Flugel) - High masts do not bend, weather vanes do not make noise on them. (Lermontov.)FOCUS- (German Hokuspokus) - Having finished the trick with the coins, Garry-Lokhov made various things disappear from the table. (Bitter.)ERSATZ- (German Ersatz) - In six captured[fascist] the trucks turned out to be rifles, ammunition, food and ersatz blankets.
LAWYER- (German Jurust) - I asked if he had been to the district prosecutor, and Mitya said no, because he decided to first consult with a lawyer. (Kaverin.)
A model of a medieval castle made of cardboard is presented. The work was carried out with the aim of immersing in the atmosphere of a medieval castle, for a more figurative perception by students of the life of its inhabitants.
Superstitions (comparative analysis of English, Russian and Vietnamese superstitions)
Superstitions came to us from ancient times and are remnants of the pagan worldview. In the age of scientific discovery, the people around us are superstitious to varying degrees. The purpose of this study is to determine the main causes of superstition and measures to prevent them. The work reveals the similarities and differences of English, Russian and Vietnamese superstitions, presents their classification into groups, and develops recommendations for those who are superstitious.
Dame Vivienne Westwood
Damit die Welt auch morgen noch lebenswert ist, müssen wir heute anfangen, etwas zu tun
The form of work on the project is group work. When forming a group, the level of educational success of students and the nature of interpersonal relationships were taken into account. This project is an integrated combination of two subjects: the German language and the surrounding world. The project deals with environmental problems, human influence on the laws of nature.
Dandelion: Well-known and Mysterious
The main hypothesis of the work is to identify the possibility of using paints based on vegetable dyes obtained empirically, instead of the used paints based on chemical dyes. These dyes are hypoallergenic and could be used in art schools by children prone to allergies, but the industrial production of paints based on vegetable dyes is impossible, because. can lead to the complete disappearance of the plants used.
Dangers in Our Life
The project is made in the form of a presentation and can be used in English lessons when studying the topic "Environmental Protection".
Daphnia magna Straus as a food object and biotest object
The biology of Dafnia magna is described on the basis of literary sources. On the material laboratory experiments the influence of water temperature, stocking density on the biology of reproduction of daphnia was studied: maturation time, number of generations, time interval between litters, number of juveniles in a litter. During the experiments, a positive effect of increasing the water temperature from 18 to 23°C on the fertility of Daphnia was noted.
Das Freilichtmuseum Alte Sarepta
The gymnasium where we study is located not far from the Old Sarepta Museum-Reserve, a unique historical and architectural complex. The presentation will expand students' understanding of the role of Germans in the history of Russia and Russian-German relations.
Das problem des naturalschutzes
The paper talks about environmental problems; about the measures taken by the government and various organizations to eliminate these problems. The work is written in German.
Das Project "Deutsche Gerichte"
The work introduces the results research activities students under the project "Deutsche Gerichte". The contents of the project are rare recipes taken from German classical literature; songs and poems composed by students are presented.
Das schoene Land
The work is a presentation about Germany, in which you can find information about the geographical position of Germany, the political structure, some facts from the history of the country, as well as the work of poets, writers and musicians.
death valley
The project is made in English in the form of a presentation and is an introduction to the geographical realities of the United States.
Deklination der Substantiven
The presented work is a grammar reference and a collection of exercises on the topic "Declination of nouns" (German). The work can be used both directly in the lesson and for the organization of independent work of students.
Den Tschujskij Trakt entlang
Memories of the past summer holidays have turned into a real guide to the Chuisky tract and the beautiful Katun.
Der Futball Deutschlands (Football Germany)
If you look at the history of German football, it becomes clear that he acquired his highest authority only in the post-war years. At the beginning of the last century, few people took the German team seriously, because they could not oppose other teams with something significant and very often lost. Currently, the German national team is the most successful team in the world.
Der Kaukasus
The scenario of the holiday, in which students in English and German talk about the sights of the Caucasian region of the Russian Federation, read poems by A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov in German.
Der Klimawandel
The theme of the work "Der Klimawandel" is revealed deeply. The student coped with a specific goal and tasks: the most important issues of climate protection, climate change around the world were studied; issues of cooperation on this issue with other countries such as China, Egypt and Morocco, Indonesia, Nepal, Kenya were considered; the relevance of the chosen topic is proved. The author showed deep knowledge on this topic, skillfully using additional literature, expressing his point of view and his attitude to this topic.
Der Liedblingserholungsort in Deutschland - der Spreewald
Before the onset of vacation, everyone asks the question: where to spend it? One of the great holiday destinations in Germany, according to the author, is the Spreewald. This material is offered as additional information on the topic: "Travel", which tells about the sights of Germany in a colorful form with many illustrations.
Der Rhine
The work is a presentation that introduces the great German river Rhine. This work will be of interest to anyone who is interested in the German language. It is intended for school students and teachers. You can make an exciting journey along the Rhine.
Der Sommer ist die schonste Zeit
The work tells about how the guys spend their summer holidays in our village, what they do in free time And what are the interests of the guys.
"Der Wolf und das Eichhorn" (das Maerchen fuer Kinder)
This paper presents the translation of the fairy tale in poetic form into German by the Chuvash writer Lydia Sarina. The material can be used in extracurricular activities.
Describing Myself and my Interests
The author describes in English his family, his hobbies, friends, his hometown and the capital of his Motherland, Moscow. One of his hobbies is a love of travel. He describes places he would like to visit.
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Slides captions:
Completed by: students of MBOU Zalesovskaya secondary school Shkarupa V., Roshka P., (grade 7) Fedortsova S., Mikhailenko V. (grade 8) Supervisor: Militsina Anastasia Olegovna Projektarbeit zum Thema: "Liebenfelde Kirche"
Die Geschichte von Mehlauken Liebenfeldekirche Die Friedenskirche (Potsdam) Inhaltsverzeichnis:
Mehlauken ist altes Siedlungsland, aber 15. Jh. wieder neu besiedelt wurde. Der Name des Ortes leitete sich vermutlich ab von dem Flusschen Mehlawa ab. Das Dorf wurde im 1938 in "Liebenfelde" umbenannt und fiel am 20. Januar 1945 in die Hände der Sowjets. In den 1940er Jahren lebten etwa 5.000 Einwohner. 1. Die Geschichte von Mehlauken
einen Bahnhof für Reisen in die nahe und weite Welt, das Amtsgericht, drei Schulen, das Forstrentamt, Es gab hier:
Rechtsanwälte, Ärzte, Apotheke, Hotel, viele Läden und etliche Handwerker.
Ein Schulhaus gab es in Mehlauken seit 1843. (3 Klasse) Im Jahre 1927 wurde eine siebenklassige Volksschule , später als Mittelschule bezeichnet, eingeweiht. Daneben gab es vor dem Krieg eine Landwirtschaftsfachschule sowie eine Berufsschule. Ab 1935 war ein Internat angegliedert. Die Schule in Mehlauken
Die Schule in Mehlauken
Die Kirche von Mehlauken gehört zu den restlichen wenigen Gotteshäusern, die zwar noch stehen, aber zusehends mehr verfallen (2010). 2. Liebenfeldekirche.
Sie wurde von August Stüler. Ergebaut einer Kirche in 1845/46 in Mehlauken. Friedrich August Stüler (1800 - 1865)
View of the church inside and out
Konig Friedrich Wilhelm IV. war als Kronprinz auf seiner Italienreise besonders beeindruckt von der frühchristlichen Basilika San Clemente in Rom. In diesem Stil dachte er sich eine Kirche in Potsdam und gab seine Skizzen in die Hände von Ludwig Persius . 3.Geschichte Friedenskirche in Potsdam Ludwig Persius (1803-1845)
Der Friedenskirche in Potsdam Die evangelische Friedenskirche im Schlosspark Sanssouci in Potsdam liegt im Marlygarten gleich am Grünen Gitter .
Leaning Tower of Pisa in Rome St. Mark's Basilica in Venice Giotto's Bell Tower in Florence Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence
die Friedenskirche (Potsdam)
The building of the Liebenfelde Church is located in the village of Zalesye and is a monument of the regional level; It is of great importance not only in the history of East Prussia, but also in the history of world architecture (this style was widespread in Italy and Europe); Since 1993, the building has been transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church. Conclusion: Without the past, there is no present.
www.ostpreussen.net www.wikipedie.de Brigitte Stramm, Unser Kreis Labiau 2011, von tohus Dezember 2011, S. 53 Brigitte Stramm, von tohus Juni 2009, S. 91 Marcus Stritzke , 2. 4. 2012 Gerhard Fischer, Rostock, von tohus , Dezember 2013, S. 112 Heimatbuch Labiau , S. 53, von tohus , Juni 2014, S. 72 Pater George Jagodzinski, Die Katholiken in der Stadt und dem Landkreis Labiau nach 1945, in von tohus , Sommer 2016, S. 48 Sources:
Vielen Dank fur die Aufmerksamkeit!
Preview:
MUNICIPAL AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "POLESSKAYA SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL"
Polessk, st. Shevchuk 10.
MUNICIPAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE
"MY FIRST STEPS INTO SCIENCE - 2016"
Project work on the topic: "Liebenfelde Kirche."
Completed:
students of MBOU Zalesovskaya secondary school
Shkarupa V., Roshka P., (Grade 7)
Fedortsova S., Mikhailenko V. (Grade 8)
Scientific supervisor:
German language teacher
MBOU Zalesovskaya secondary school
Militsina A.O.
Polessk, 2016
Introduction
We represent design work on the topic: "Church in the village of Zalesye"
In our work, we want to consider the history of Melyauken (village of Zalesye, Polesye district, Kaliningrad region), as well as the Liebenfelde church, the ruins of which we see next to the school in the center of the village.
In our work, we collected material from German reliable sources about the history of the village of Zalesye, about the church of the village of Liebenfeld (Zalessya), and also made a comparison with the Friedenkirche, which is located in Potsdam in Germany.
We learned from history that the first mention was in 1470. At that time, a man named Pitt handed over for the use of Hans Kremis and Niklas Raschau an area equal to 10 farmsteads, which was located on the Melava River. The settlement of Melauken itself is very old. It was repopulated in the 15th century. In 1938 it was renamed the village of Liebenfelde. January 20, 1945 passed to the USSR. In the forties of the 20th century, about 5,000 people lived here.
There was a railway station, a district court, 3 schools, a management building, law offices, a hospital, a pharmacy, a hotel, and many shops. several factories and craftsmen's yards.
Since 1843, there was a school in Melauken, at first there were three classes. In 1927, a seven-grade folk school was opened, later it was a secondary school.
Before the war, there was also an agricultural technical school and a vocational school that trained specialists in the field of agriculture.
In 1935, a boarding school was opened.
The second chapter is devoted to the Liebenfeldekirche.The church in Melauken is one of the barely preserved architectural monuments that we can still see, but the building is in disrepair (since 2010).
The architect of this project was August Stüller ( 1800 - 1865 ). Years of construction of the church in 1845-46. in Melyauken, which was solemnly opened on October 25, 1846 and which is considered similar to the Postdam Church.
The third chapter is devoted to the Friedenskirche in Potsdam.
King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. was a prince and during a trip to Italy, was particularly impressed by the early Christian basilica of San Clemente in Rome. In this style, he thought of building a church in Potsdam and gave his sketches to Ludwig Persius, which were passed after his death to his successor August Stüler. Stüller took the king's basic idea for the construction of the church in Melauken, which was opened on 25.10. 1846 and the Peace Church is very similar to it. The first stone in the Peace Church was laid on 14.04. 1845, and the completion of construction was in 1854. Thus, the church in Melauken is a dress rehearsal of the Potsdam church: it is made in the arched style, like the Potsdam church, St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, as well as the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Rome, and in the same and in details, only the towers are somewhat different. The Melauken tower is stricter, more compact and not so high.
- Mehlauken (Mehlauken.)
Mehlauken ist altes Siedlungsland , das zwischenzeitlich brach lag, aber 15. Jh. wieder neu besiedelt wurde. So wurde einem Mann namens Pitt 1470 zehn Hufen Land übergeben, die vorher Hans Cremit und Niklas Raschau besessen hatten. Der Name des Ortes leitete sich vermutlich ab von dem Flusschen Mehlawa ab. Der Name "Feld an der Mehlawa" wurde mit "liebes, blaues Feld" übersetzt, weshalb das Dorf 1938 in "Liebenfelde" umbenannt wurde. Die älteste Erwähnung Mehlaukens stamm aus einem Bericht von 1384, in dem der Komtur von Labiau dem Ordensmarschall den Bericht über eine Kriegs-Reise durch die Wildnis zwischen Laukischken und Memel schickte. Bis ins 16 Jh. war Mehlauken von dichtem Wald umgeben.
I'm Zuge der preussischen VerwaltungsreformAnfang 19.Jh. sollte Mehlauken nach dem Schmidtschen Einteilungsplan von 1809 dem geplanten Kreis Tapiau zugeordnet werden, weil die Verbindung nach Labiau in den niederschlagsreichen Jahreszeiten durch den großen Baumwald ziemlich unpassierbar war. Dieser Plan wurde jedoch aufgegeben und statt Tapiau wurde Wehlau Kreisstadt. Trotzdem blieb Mehlauken der Bezugspunkt fur die weitere Umgebung. Es gab hier einen Bahnhof für Reisen in die nahe und weite Welt, das Amtsgericht, drei Schulen, das Forstrentamt, Rechtsanwälte, Ärzte, Apotheke, Hotel, viele Läden und etliche Handwerker. In einem Stallgebäude des früheren Gutes richtete man 1927 eine genossenschaftliche Molkerei ein, die täglich 10 Tonnen Milch verarbeitete, vornehmlich zu Tilsiter Käse. Diese Meierei aus der Vorkriegszeit, die zwischenzeitlich sogar noch Maschinen und sonstige Produktionsmittel aus Sachsen und Schleswig-Holstein erhalten hatte, war 2009 völlig verfallen, die Ausrüstung wurde verkauft. Das Gebäude der Molkerei wurde 2011 renoviert und soll demnächst einen Fleischverarbeitungsbetrieb aufnehmen. Wöchentlich gab es einen Markttag.
Mehlauken wurde 1938 in Liebenfelde umbenannt und fiel am 20. Januar 1945 in die Hände der Sowjets. (Nach der Aussage eines Zeitzeugen ging aber am 21. Januar 1945 noch ein Zug von Mehlauken ab nach Insterburg, sodass der 20. Januar vielleicht nicht richtig ist). In den 1940er Jahren lebten etwa 5.000 Einwohner in Mehlauken.
Ein Schulhaus gab es in Mehlauken seit 1843. Dieses wurde ab 1911 dreiklassig and fasste trotzdem die Schülerzahlen bald nicht mehr. Deshalb wurde 1927 eine siebenklassige Volksschule , später als Mittelschule bezeichnet, eingeweiht. Diese geriet beim Einmarsch der Sowjets unter Beschuss und brannte aus. Aus der Turnhalle, die überlebte, wurde ein Kino- und Tanzsaal gemacht. Letzter Schulleiter war Rektor Emil Stegmann. Daneben gab es vor dem Krieg eine Landwirtschaftsfachschule sowie eine Berufsschule. In der Landwirtschaftsschule wurden für je 25 – 35 Jungen und Mädchen in 2 Wintersemestern landwirtschaftliche, betriebswirtschaftliche und technische Fragen behandelt, um die männlichen Schüler für eine moderne, fortschrittliche Bewirtschaftung ihrer Höfe fit zu machen. Das Schulhaus steht nicht mehr. Für die Mädchen vermittelte man in den Räumen der Mittelschule entsprechende Kenntnisse für die bäuerliche Haushaltsführung. Ab 1935 war ein Internat angegliedert.
2. Liebenfeldekirche.
Die Kirche von Mehlauken gehört zu den restlichen wenigen Gotteshäusern, die zwar noch stehen, aber zusehends mehr verfallen (2010). Sie war als Prototype einVorbild für den Bau der Friedenskirche in Potsdam. Konig Friedrich Wilhelm IV. war als Kronprinz auf seiner Italienreise besonders beeindruckt von der frühchristlichen Basilika San Clemente in Rom. In diesem Stil dachte er sich eine Kirche in Potsdam und gab seine Skizzen in die Hände von Ludwig Persius, die nach dessen Tod von seinem Nachfolger August Stüler verwertet wurden. Stüler nutzte die Grundidee, befördert vom König, für den Bau einer Kirche 1845/46 in Mehlauken, die am 25.10.1846 eingeweiht wurde und die der Friedenskirche ungemein ähnlich sieht. Die Grundsteinlegung für die Friedenskirche erfolgte am 14. 4. 1845, deren Fertigstellung aber erst 1854. Deshalb kann man die Kirche in Mehlauken als Generalprobe für die Potsdamer Kirche ansehen: die Kirchenschiffe gleichen sich auch im Der Mehlauker Turm ist strenger und kompakter und nicht so hoch.
1993 wurde die Kirche der orthodoxen Gemeinde übertragen, die sich mit eigenen Mitteln um die Renovierung vor allem des Kircheninneren bemüht. Im Jahr 2008 war immerhin schon das mit einer metallenen Eindeckung versehen und das Mauerwerk sanierungstechnisch gesichert worden. . Offensichtlich hat aber die orthodoxe Gemeinde die Erhaltung der Kirche nicht bewältigt: 2012 stürzte das Dach ein.
Neben der Kirche steht ein dreistöckiges Gebäude, das wohl mal die Schule war. Ansonsten gibt es keine alten Wohnhäuser mehr in Mehlauken, sondern allenfalls noch Neubauten.
Die Heimatkreisvorsitzende des Kreises Labiau, Frau B. Stramm, schrieb zum Verfall der Mehlauker Kirche: „Leider stimmen die Angaben zur Kirche Mehlauken aktuell 2008 nicht! Die Kirche verfällt in schlimmem Maße. Die russ. orth. haben mit deutscher Hilfe seinerzeit (Anfang/Mitte der 1990-er Jahre) das Dach repariert und das Gebäude durch verschlossene Türen etc. gesichert. Nun ist das Dach kaputt, man kann durch die nicht mehr vorhandenen Seitendächer so in den Himmelschauen. Wahrscheinlich wird das Gebäude in kurzer Zeit auch als "Steinbruch" genutzt werden und dann von der Bildfläche verschwinden. Es ist nicht zu glauben, wie man dort mit hist. Bauten umgeht. Es gibt zwar auch Denkmalschutz, aber wie das dort funktionieren soll, weiß wohl so wirklich niemand.“
Im Jahr 1995 wurde eine kleine neue catholische Kirche gebaut, deren Bauteile aus Deutschland kamen. Seelsorger und Vorsteher der Gemeinde von "Dreimal Wunderbare Mutter" ist Pater Anpras Gauronskas, der aus dem Bistum Telsiai in Litauen hierher wechselte.
Vor dem Krieg gab es ein Adliges Rittergut mit einer Flache von 545 einschl. des Vorwerks Adl.-Geduhnlauken. Besitzer 1913 war ein Gustav Lorenz. Heute gibt es neue Siloanlagen, die den Blick auf sich ziehen, sowie einen neuen Gartenbaubetrieb mit Baumschule.
Das ehemalige Forstrentamt wurde renoviert und sieht gut aus.
Bei Mehlauken/Liebenfelde hat sich ein russischer Ackerbaubetrieb auf 9.000 ha mit Milch- und Rindfleischproduktion etabliert. Es werden 2.400 Milchkühe gehalten, die Milchleistung von 8700 l/Kuh/Jahr erbringen. In der Feldwirtschaft wird der Agrarbetrieb beraten von Prof. Dr. P. Schuhmann aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Fur den Rinderbereich hat man ebenfalls einen deutschen Berater. Die Ställe sind technisch auf der Höhe der Zeit.
Als Besonderheit ist zu vermerken, dass ein Ort im Kreis Labiau nach dem Namen eines jüdischen Mädchens benannt wurde: Hillel Jankel Finkelstein, Besitzer der nach den Befreiungskriegen vom Fiskus verkauften Domäne Mehlauken, gründete 1828 eine Ansiedlung auf zuchen fuschen Land, das iine Fuschen Fisken und das er parzellieren ließ, und gab dieser den Namen „ Minchenwalde “nach seinem Töchterchen Minchen. Dieser Name wurde dann unter den Nazis am 16. 7. 1938 in Lindenhorst umbenannt (heute Zelenovo ). Das Dorf hatte zuletzt 532 deutsche Einwohner, eine dreiklassige Volksschule, einen Bahnhof und zwei Gasthäuser. Die Wohnhäuser gingen zurück auf das ehemalige Vorwerk des Gutes Adl. Mehlauken.. Minchenwalde war daneben ein Ort mit starker Präsenz von Baptisten, die hier sogar eine Kapelle mit 200 Sitzplätzen errichteten, die allerdings 1874 aus nicht näher bekannten Gründen niederbrannte. Bis auf wenige Häuser steht von Minchenwalde nichts mehr. Romanische Elemente der Kirchenarchitektur Italiens und insbesondere Roms. Nach der Grundsteinlegung am 14. April 1845 fand die Weihe des sacralen Gebäudes am 24. September 1848 statt. Die Bauzeit an den Nebenanlagen dauerte bis 1854. Der ganze Komplex ist oberitalienischen Klosterbauten nachempfunden.
Die Kirche wird für Gottesdienste der Evangelischen Friedensgemeinde Potsdam genutzt.
Conclusion
- The building of the Liebenfelde Church is located in the village of Zalesye and is a monument of the regional level;
- It is of great importance not only in the history of East Prussia, but also in the history of world architecture (this style was widespread in Italy and Europe);
- Since 1993, the building has been transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church.
slide 1
We present project work
In the municipal educational institution "Secondary School No. 2" in the village of Belousovo, Zhukovsky District, Kaluga Region, three foreign languages are studied: English, German, French. Naturally, most students would like to learn English because of its popularity. As German teachers, we have to do a lot of work to convince parents and students that the German language needs to be learned. What is being done in our school?
parent meetings
The school holds meetings for parents whose children are just starting to learn foreign languages. German teachers speak to parents. We introduced ourselves, met our parents, talked about the prospects for learning German. The main thing is that we convince and give concrete examples where knowledge of the German language is necessary. It is well known that the Kaluga region is a leader in attracting foreign capital, mostly German, in the industry. Not surprisingly, there are announcements in local and regional print media that employees with knowledge of the German language are required, at least within the framework of the school curriculum. The famous German automobile plant "Volkswagen" and other enterprises with German capital appeared in the Kaluga region, which gave impetus to an increase in interest in the German language. It is gratifying that several graduates have tied their future profession with the automotive industry and German. For example: the specialty "automotive design engineer" and the second specialty "technical translator in German in the field of automotive industry" or "engineer-economist" and the second specialty "translator of German in the field of economics." These meetings, which were specially held for parents, had your result. After the meetings, the parents came up and said: “Please enroll my child in a group of German learners.” The main task of these meetings is to attract parents and students to their side, to show them the positive aspects in learning the German language.
International competitions
The next important factor in the development of interest in the German language is participation in international children's competitions that are held in Germany. One of these competitions is the “Meeting with Eastern Europe” competition. There are many projects in the competition designed for different age categories of students. 4th grade students are always very active. From September to December they worked on a project in the "Art" section, the project was called "My flying Motherland - Russia!". The students depicted a butterfly on a transparent film, drew and pasted cities, rivers, mountains, seas on its wings. To depict their country, they compiled a colorful travel guide in German. We have already achieved some success in the Meeting with Eastern Europe competition. All students who worked on various group and individual projects in 2010 and 2011 were awarded certificates and small gifts from Germany. All this is awarded at the graduation event for the fourth grade, which is held at the end of the school year, in the presence of parents, teachers and school administration. One of the pupils of the eighth grade in the individual project "My City", which she colorfully presented and accompanied by poems about the Motherland in German, won an incentive prize of 100 euros. The material side of projects can also be an incentive to learn German
Individual correspondence, Internet correspondence, SMS messages.
Individual correspondence plays a huge role in the development and formation of interest in the German language. Our students correspond with students from the Herder Gymnasium in the German city of Merseburg. It is known that many students do not like to write letters, they prefer to communicate on the Internet or via SMS. But communication on the Internet involves a certain style of communication, the so-called youth slang: abbreviated words, syllabic words, i.e. consisting of initial syllables, other meanings of words, figurative meaning, nicknames, etc. Students experience a certain fear of such proposals, they are afraid not to understand the meaning of the message, and even more afraid to answer. But the Internet for them in terms of communication remains more attractive than writing letters. Gradually the fear wears off and they respond in their youthful style of German. Sometimes students ask about the meaning of some words and other difficulties. Although most often they communicate in literary German, the language they learn at school. And this communication in "correct-wrong German" also contributes to the development of interest in the German language.
School scientific and practical conference
Every year we have a school scientific-practical conference. During the conference, students of all age groups make presentations on various topics and with various problems. For example: “Human abilities in learning foreign languages”, “Youth fashion in Germany”, “Peculiarities of school education in Germany”, “Berlin Wall. Problems of uniting people”, “Synonymy of verbs of motion in German”, “The role of adjectives in Miriam Presler’s novel “Bitter Chocolate”, “Marlene Dietrich: “I think I have a Russian soul”, “Artistic features of fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm”, “ The culture of writing. Alien words in German”, “Peculiarities of translation of proverbs from German into Russian”, “Stable expressions in German and methods of their translation” and many other reports. The section "Foreign Languages" takes an active part in the school and regional scientific and practical annual conference. This also contributes to the development of interest in a foreign language, including the German language.
Simultaneous study of two languages
Most of the students in the Municipal Educational Institution "SO School No. 2" in the village of Belousovo learn German. Many language-capable children learn German as their main language, and additionally study English with tutors or attend English language courses. It's not surprising when a child learns one foreign language well It's not surprising when he independently learns German or Spanish in addition to English. The students themselves say that the German language is needed, since Russia and Germany have close economic ties. Another reason for learning German is that many people have relatives in Germany and friends.
Foreign language week
Every year in February we hold a week of a foreign language: we give open lessons, we hold various events in German, French and English. Children take an active part: they make presentations, teach and read poetry, sing songs, draw newspapers and much more. For example, the topic of an open lesson in the special course "Dialogue Culture" is "Correspondence with schoolchildren from Germany. The development of written speech, lesson-game for grades 3 “We have a lot to do. Practicing reading skills”, a joke lesson “About love in jest and seriously”, a song lesson with elements of games for 2 grades “Let's get to know each other!”, a lesson in a dialogue form for 4 grades “We can do a lot!”, for senior classes, a poetry lesson “About Love” based on the poems of Heinrich Heine, “The Road of Fairy Tales. Brothers Grimm" for elementary school. Students prepare newspapers by class about the cities of Germany, about the customs and customs of this country, about the great people of Germany, about modern trends in youth music. We watch presentations prepared by students on certain topics, discuss them, discuss them. Students love it..
Pupils in grades 2-4 try very hard, actively participate in everything. High school children read a lot of newspapers and magazines in German, apply the acquired knowledge in holding "Teacher's Day" at school, when they teach with the help of teachers. Foreign Language Week helps children to be responsible and adults.
Regional scientific and practical conference “Interest. Cognition. Creativity”, dedicated to the memory of V.S. Nesterov.
Students take part in this conference with various reports in which problematic issues are raised, topics of concern to all are touched upon. For example, the report of a 10th grade student Maria Konkova “Marlene Dietrich: “I know that I have a Russian soul.” What is the secret of Marlene Dietrich's popularity in our time? How did she become successful? Questions, questions... Children's interest in the German language is manifested not only in learning the language, but also in the desire to know more about Germany, about the outstanding figures of this country, about the people who glorified Germany. Every year, from 10 to 30 students and more take part in this conference from the MOU "SO School No. 2" Belousovo village.
Participation in Olympiads in German
School Olympiads in English, German and French are held annually. Winners of school Olympiads defend the honor of our school in the district Olympiad and in the region.
German language students from our school have repeatedly won prizes in district and regional Olympiads. For the first time, we took part in the 3rd All-Russian Distance Olympiad in German from the Snail Center.
Visiting a cafe with German cuisine and a museum of rural life
You can talk a lot about Germany, but it is better to give specific examples. For example: we are holding an event on German national cuisine, then after it it would be nice to visit a cafe where German national dishes are prepared. There is such a cafe, for example, in the city of Obninsk. It is called "Dear Augustine". We talk about the national costume of Germany and its features, visit the museum of Russian village life in the village of Lyubitsy, Zhukovsky district
Kaluga region. We compare the national costumes of Germany and Russia, draw conclusions. We arrange our visit to the cafe and the museum in the form of a presentation, a newspaper, a message. All this is carried out within the framework of the elective program in German.
The events that are held at school No. 2 in Belousovo village are aimed at stimulating the development of interest in foreign languages, including German. How can children be interested? The main thing is that any of your events in German should have some kind of practical outcome. For example: we watched a presentation about Marlene Dietrich, listened to a message about her life and career, you should definitely watch one of the films with her participation. We held an event on the theme “German National Cuisine”, then you definitely need to cook something, otherwise all meaning is lost. This is all about optional events in the German language. Based on the foregoing, we can add that the more interesting the various lessons and activities are, the more active the children behave. They begin to be interested in various topics about Germany, the peculiarities of the customs and customs of this people, the peculiarities of the dialects and styles of the German language, and much more. The task of German teachers is to constantly maintain and develop students' interest in the language.
Phraseologisms make our speech more vivid and expressive and therefore are widely used in the literary language.
Getting to know some common features that are common to all set phrases will make it easier to understand German speech.
That is why in this work I would like to consider some phraseological units of the German language and compare them with their Russian equivalents.
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Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Bardim Secondary School No. 2"
Research work on the German language on the topic:
"Phraseological features of the German language"
Head: Arziyeva V.V. German language teacher.
1. Introduction …………………………………….. 2-3
2. Main body................................................ 4-5
2.1 Human appearance…………………….. 5
2.1.1 height (high/low)……………….. 5-7
2.1.2 body volume (lean/full)…….. 7-8
2.1.3 appearance and internal qualities……. 8-9
3. Conclusion ………………………………… 10
4. Bibliographic list……………….. 11
5. Application ………………………………... 12
1. Introduction
They are called pearls of speech because
that they add poignancy to the statement,
Expressiveness, a peculiar national color,
Since in phraseological units especially
National specificity is clearly traced,
Inherent in one language or another.
Wilhelm Humboldt
Topic of our research:
"Phraseological features of the German language"
The purpose of our study:
comparison of phraseological units of the German language with their Russian equivalents.
Object of study:
phraseological units presented in German and Russian, characterizing a person.
Methods:
theoretical (analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization)
practical (work with dictionaries, reference books)
Hypothesis: phraseological units of the German and Russian languages coincide in meaning and in figurative basis; you can always find suitable equivalents for German phraseological units.
Tasks:
1. Study the literature on this topic.
2. Get information about phraseological units in dictionaries and reference books.
3. Conduct a comparative analysis of phraseological units in both languages.
4. Make competent conclusions.
Relevance of the topicdue to the need to study the phraseological fund of the German language.
Novelty: an attempt to compare the stable expressions of the German and Russian languages.
2. The main part.
Both Russian and German have many short, apt, witty and figurative expressions. Such expressions are called phraseological units, and the section of linguistics that studies them is phraseology.
Phraseology comes from the Greek word Phrasis, which means expression and logic.
Phraseologism is a linguistic unit consisting of two or more significant words, integral in its meaning and stable in its structure.
Phraseologisms are reflections of folk wisdom, many of them have existed in the language for tens and hundreds of years, as people love well-aimed figurative expressions that can be used to convey both cheerful music and malicious mockery.
Phraseological turns are different in their origin. Many of them passed into the literary language from the speech of representatives of various professions. For example,der Zeitungskopf schreiben - write a hat, from printing. Some phraseological turns are based on legends and facts of ancient history. For example,Frau Holle schüttelt ihre Вetten aus - heavy snow.Frau Holle is a character from German mythology. When it snows, they say: Frau Holle fluffs up her downy bed, or nibbles her geese, or spreads out her white dress. According to ancient beliefs, in the days between Christmas and the Day of the Three Kings, Frau Holle comes to the children, who punishes negligent children. Some of the phraseological units came from religious books.Der Judaskuss - kiss of Judas (mean deed).Kissing Christ, he pointed to the teacher and thereby doomed him to death. Phraseology also includes folk proverbs and sayings.
Phraseologisms make our speech more vivid and expressive and therefore are widely used in the literary language.
Getting to know some common features that are common to all set phrases will make it easier to understand German speech.
That is why in this work I would like to consider some phraseological units of the German language and compare them with their Russian equivalents.
For comparison and comparison, I chose such phraseological units that are used only to characterize people. A person can be characterized in many different ways. But in this work, I decided to focus on the appearance of a person.
2.1. Person's appearance.
I want to consider such phraseological units of the German and Russian languages that are used to evaluate especially tall, or vice versa, very short stature, severe thinness, or vice versa, excessive fullness, clumsiness, clumsiness in movements. Such phraseological units are built on a joke, irony, sometimes they even look like nicknames, sometimes funny, sometimes offensive.
2.1.1. Hops-derHopfen and beans, beans-die Bohnen have been grown in German villages for a long time. These are climbing plants. In order for the shoots to rise up, props-dieStangen were placed. It is customary to talk about tall and skinny people hereeine lange (dürre) Hopfenstange or eine lange (dürre) Bohnenstange.The words lang-long and dürr-dry, skinny reinforce the image of the whole expression, evoking the idea of something exorbitantly elongated. Other phraseological units used by the Germans in the meaning of "very high" ein langer Stock (long stick), eine lange Latte (long rail). The word lang in all expressions is a necessary component, since without it the image is destroyed. It is impossible to liken a tall person to just a stick or a rake, since both a stick and a rake can be short. But how can all these German phraseological units be translated into Russian? For turnovers like einelangeHopfenstange or eine lange Bohnenstange the Russian word "pole" in its figurative meaning will do.
East es dein Bruder?
This is your brother?
Na, eine lange Bohnenstange!
Well, bastard!
In Russian, there are two phraseological turns for a playful description of people of very tall stature:fire tower and Kolomna verst.The word long corresponding to the German lang is not included in any of these phraseological units. Why? Here it is necessary to consider the origin of these phraseological units. How were the provincial towns of tsarist Russia depicted before? Low houses, and above them rises a fire tower. Therefore, the phrase “fire tower” has a new figurative meaning “a very tall, lanky man who towers over the rest of the people by a head, two.” The word long turned out to be unnecessary for this phraseological unit: the name “fire tower” already includes such features as elongated upwards, high.
The history of the origin of the Kolomna verst goes back to pre-Petrine times. A verst is not only an ancient measure of length, but also a milestone placed by the road to calculate the distance. Alexei Mikhailovich, father of Peter I, lived in Moscow in winter, and in summer he traveled to the village of Kolomenskoye, the royal summer residence. Apparently, out of special respect for the tsar, especially high milestones (versts) were placed along the road from Moscow to Kolomenskoye. Therefore, they began to talk about a tall man “Kolomenskaya verst”.He was already fifteen years old, stretched out from the Kolomna verst. (A.N. Tolstoy. Peter the Great).The word long would also be superfluous in this phraseological unit.
Are Russian phraseological turns"Fire Tower" and "Versta Kolomna"equivalents for phraseological units of the German language? No, because and eine lange Bohnenstange and eine lange Hopfenstange indicate not one, but two signs in a person's appearance: tall stature and severe thinness. Both phraseological units can also be used with the word dürr - dry, skinny. Russian phraseological units do not indicate the second sign, thinness. Russian phraseological units are used to characterize people who are tall and ungainly.
And now I want to turn to phraseological units that characterize people of small stature. A positive assessment of a person of small stature is expressed by phraseological units"klein, aber fein!", "klein, aber oho!".And in Russian -small spool but precious. However, in relation to people of small stature, both Germans and Russians also have funny and not always harmless jokes. We are talking about people of small stature:from the pot two inches. This is the same pot in which cabbage soup and porridge were cooked in the old days. By itself, it is small, but people say:the pot is small, but the meat is cooked; a small pot, but a saint; let the pot be small, but the big one itself.The pot is small, and the top is even smaller (4.4 cm). However, the people use this expression to characterize a person of small stature. Well, if you put three heads of cheese one on top of the other? Is it higher or lower than two inches from the pot? Approximately the same. The Germans talk about little people not without derision.„kaum drei Käse hoch“. The word der Käse is used here in the sense of "a head of cheese". Both in meaning and in emotional coloring, both phraseological units - German and Russian - correspond to each other.
2.1.2. There are also phraseological units in Russian and German that indicate excessive thinness and, conversely, fullness. Do such phraseological units coincide in meaning and in image? Compare offers.
Weil er nur Haut und Knochen war, sah sein Fuchsgesicht noch spitziger aus.
The officer was long, thin, skin and bones.
Das Mädchen sah wie Blut und Milch aus.
Blood and milk your son.
In the first pair of sentences, the extreme thinness of a person is emphasized by phraseological units HautundKnochen , skin and bones. In the second pair of sentences, the idea that a person has good health is expressed with the help of phraseological units in a figurative form: a blush as bright as blood plays on a white face like milk(Blut and Milch).
And in Russian and German, the figurative basis of these phraseological units is the same. Phraseological units denoting people who are extremely emaciated, deprived of all vitality are also close in meaning and figuratively:eine wandelnde Leiche - living corpse, ein wandelndes Gerippe - living skeleton.
Wandeln means to walk, to wander, to stroll. Literally, these phraseological units can be translated: a walking corpse, a walking skeleton. The figurative basis of these phraseological units in the German and Russian languages is close, but not quite. German phraseological unit einewandelndeLeiche characterizes a person in appearance.
Er sieht wie eine wandelnde Leiche aus! (He looks like a living corpse!)
Russian phraseological unit"living Dead" also has another meaning: "a man who has fallen, morally devastated."
2.1.3. There are also such phraseological units that characterize both the appearance of a person and his inner qualities. In German, there is, for example, the idiom " wieeinbegossenerPudel" . Literally: a poodle that was doused.
This image, hinting at an accident, the unexpectedness of what happened, is associated with the external appearance of a person: he got into an absurd position and looks pitiful and ridiculous, like a poodle that was doused with water, or like a beaten one.
There is a phraseological phrase in Russian"wet chicken"To some extent it corresponds to the German"wieeinbegossenerPudel" , because both phraseological units are united by the meaning "funny, ridiculous, miserable person." However, Russian phraseology"wet chicken" indicates the character of a person: weak-willed, spineless, weakling.
A man is ashamed to be a wet chicken.
Like Russian turnover"wet chicken" , German phraseological units:eine lahme Ente, ein leimer Sack- denote a person who is sluggish, lacking initiative, a mattress.
Phraseologisms "ein frecher Spatz" and "scheu wie ein Reh" used only to characterize very young girls. Both phraseological units simultaneously characterize both the features of the external appearance and the internal qualities of a person. Ein frecher Spatz - a small, but daring and bold, resourceful girl (like a lively sparrow). Ein scheues Reh - a fragile and shy girl (like a shy and graceful roe deer).
There are no phraseological units in Russian that correspond to these German ones.
Conclusion.
Considering phraseological units that are used to characterize people, I came to the conclusion that the figurative basis of German and Russian phraseological turns does not always coincide. But you can find equivalents in Russian and German. This is due, in my opinion, to the fact that any nation gives approximately the same assessment of a person, characterizing his certain qualities. The only exceptions are those phraseological units that arose as a result of some local characteristics of the people.
In conclusion, I want to say that knowing phraseological units, both Russian and German, using them, we can only decorate our speech, give it expressiveness.
Bibliography.
1. Edlichko E. G., Rubinstein A. I. Collection of phraseological expressions in German. M., 1959
2. Reichstein A.D. German set phrases. L., 1971
3. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. M.: Enlightenment, 2008
4. Mokienko V.M. Riddles of Russian phraseology. M. : Vysshayashkola,
1990
5. Duden-Redewendungen und sprichwörtliche Redensarten. Worterbuch der
Deutschen Idiomatik. Dudenverlag, 1992
6. Chernysheva I.I. Phraseology of the modern German language.
M. : Higher school, 1970
Appendix.
Phraseological units of the German and Russian languages.
Man soll den Tag nicht vor dem Abend loben. Erst abwarten, dann Tee trinken. Mit Ach und Krach. Aus dem Augen, aus dem Sinn. Wie der Ochs vorm Berge stehen. Blank sein. Durch dick und dunn gehen. Es faustdick hinter den Ohren haben. Die Flügel hängen lassen. Ins Garngehen. Von allen guten Geistern verlassen sein. Gift und Galle spucken. Wie Gott in Frankreichleben. Ein Ritter ohne Furcht und Tadel. Von der Hand in den Mund leben. Auf den Hund kommen. Der kennt seine Pappenheimer. Alle Hande voll zu tun. Die Felle fort schwimmen sehen. Das Gras wachsen hören. Ein wandelndes Lexikon. Ein alter Hase. Die Eierschalen hinter den Ohren haben. Der Grunschnabel. Den Schwanz zwischen den Beinen nehmen. Ein Wolf im Schafspelz. Kein Wasserchen trüben. Erist nicht auf den Mund gefallen. Kann nicht bis funf zählen. Berge versetzen. Das Pulver nicht erfunden haben. | Do not count your chickens before they are hatched. Wait and see. With sin in half. Out of sight, out of mind. Stare like a ram at the new gate. There is not a penny for the soul. Go through fire and water. Be on your mind. Drop your hands, fall into despair. Get hooked. Lose your mind, lose your mind. Rip and throw. Live like a lord. Knight without fear and reproach. Barely make ends meet. Get down, get down. He knows exactly who he's dealing with. Mouth full of trouble. Lose your last hope. Seven spans in the forehead. Walking encyclopedia. Shot sparrow. Wet behind the ears. Yellow-mouthed chick. Tuck your tail. Wolf in sheep's clothing. The water won't muddy. For a word, it will not climb into your pocket. Can't connect two words. Move mountains. Missing the stars from the sky. |
