According to the lexical meaning and grammatical features, adjectives are divided into three categories: possessive, relative and qualitative.
Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives- these are words indicating that an object belongs to a person or animal (whose it is, to whom it belongs). Possessive adjectives answer questions: whose? whose? whose? whose?:
Possessive adjectives are formed only from animate nouns with the help of suffixes -II, -OV(-EV), -IN(-YN), -OVSK(-EVSK), -INSK(-YNSK):
fox - fox,
chicken - chicken,
father - fathers, paternal,
mother - mother's, mother - mother's.
phrase noun + possessive adjective can be replaced by the phrase noun + noun, For example:
papa's brother papa's brother,
wolf howl wolf howl.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives- these are words denoting the signs of objects in their relation to other objects or persons. These signs indicate:
- What material is the object made of?
gold ring - gold ring.
- Who is the item for:
kindergarten - kindergarten for children.
- Relation of the object to a certain time:
winter eclipse - eclipse in winter.
- The relation of the object to the place:
mountain peak - top of a mountain.
- Relation of the subject to the field of activity:
sports magazine - sports magazine.
As can be seen from the examples, relative adjectives can be replaced by nouns without losing the meaning of the phrase.
Relative adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, short forms, synonyms and antonyms.
Relative adjectives are formed from nouns using various suffixes:
evening - evening,
tea - tea,
rock - rocky.
If the stem of a noun ends in a consonant G, K, X, T, C- then there may be an alternation of consonants:
friend - friendly, but magic - magical;
tobacco - tobacco, but park - park ovaya;
shepherd - shepherd, but spirit - spirit of sheep;
student - student, but parquet - parquet;
solar e - solar, but lead - lead.
Quality adjectives
quality adjectives- these are words denoting signs of objects that can manifest themselves to a greater or lesser extent. Qualitative adjectives have the following features:
- Combine with adverbs very, extremely, too:
very sweet, too big.
- They have a long and short form:
fast - fast, beautiful - beautiful.
- They have antonyms:
fast - slow, beautiful - scary
Most antonyms can be formed with the prefix not-:
small - big(large), bright - dim(dim).
- Form compound adjectives by repetition:
sweet-sweet, fast-fast.
- They have degrees of comparison:
bright - brighter, brighter, brightest, brightest.
Note: not every quality adjective has all of the listed features at once. An adjective is considered qualitative if it has at least a few of them.
Please note that qualitative adjectives, unlike possessive and relative ones, denote a feature of the subject itself. outside of its relation to other subjects. It can be a characteristic of an object by color ( yellow, white), weight ( light, weightless), size ( small, huge) etc.
Transition of adjectives from one category to another
Possessive, relative and qualitative adjectives can be used in a figurative sense, while possessive adjectives can move into the category of relative and qualitative, relative - into the category of qualitative, qualitative - into the category of relative.
| Adjective | Discharges | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| possessive | relative | qualitative | |
| wolf | wolf howl | wolf(from wolf fur) fur coat | wolf(evil) sight |
| steel | - | steel(of steel) mug | steel(strong) muscles |
| peaceful | - | peaceful(during peace) time | peaceful(calm) character |
| hare | hare paw | hare(from rabbit fur) a cap | hare(cowardly) character |
| alive | - | living flower | hedge |
Possessive adjectives can move into the category of relative and qualitative if they acquire the features of these categories. It can be seen from the examples in the table that wolf and hare, when used as material for an object, go into the category of relative adjectives. When used in a figurative sense, they become qualitative.
Qualitative adjectives can become relative if they begin to denote a permanent property of an object:
sour berry - sour reaction,
crooked hut - crooked line.
How to determine the category of an adjective
Each category of adjectives has a number of characteristic features that other categories do not have:
| quality | relative | Possessive |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
To determine the category of an adjective, you need to look at what features this adjective corresponds to. Consider a few examples:
Example 1
eagle vision.
vision which? aquiline.
which?, therefore, it cannot be possessive. Now let's try to find a synonym:
aquiline means good, excellent.
Since we managed to find a synonym for the adjective, it means that it is of high quality.
Example 2 Determine the category of the adjective:
Foxy burrow.
First, let's ask a question from a noun to an adjective:
Nora whose? fox.
The adjective answers the question whose?, hence it is possessive.
Example 3 Determine the category of the adjective:
observant person.
First, let's ask a question from a noun to an adjective:
Human which? observant.
The adjective answers the question which?, therefore, it cannot be possessive. You can try to find a synonym or see if this feature can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent:
observant means attentive,
observant - more observant, most observant.
The adjective has a synonym for the degree of comparison - a qualitative adjective.
Example 4 Determine the category of the adjective:
Strawberry ice cream.
First, let's ask a question from a noun to an adjective:
ice cream which? strawberry.
The adjective answers the question which?, therefore, it cannot be possessive. Relatively ice cream at the sign strawberry there can be no synonyms and degrees of comparison, since ice cream can not be more or less strawberry. So you can try to pick up a synonymous phrase:
strawberry ice cream - strawberry ice cream.
This phrase indicates the relation of one subject to another, which means that the adjective is relative.
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6th grade.
Russian language.
Teacher: Arushanyan T.P.
Topic: “Ranks of adjectives by meaning. Relative adjectives. Section 42
Lesson Objectives:
Educational : to introduce students to the categories of adjectives by meaning; to form the ability to determine the category of adjectives.
Educational : to develop research, creative activity of students; develop students' communication skills.
Educational: foster a positive attitude towards the process of cognition; interest in the native language.
Planned results:
Subject: know the categories of adjectives, their distinguishing features; be able to distinguish adjectives by meaning.
Metasubject:
Cognitive: to reproduce from memory the information necessary to solve the educational problem; extract information from various sources; define concepts; explain linguistic phenomena; build a reasoning; give examples as evidence; establish causal relationships.
Regulatory: determine and formulate the purpose of the activity; draw up a plan of action, work according to the plan; predict, adjust their activities; put forward versions of decisions; analyze and evaluate their own work.
Communicative: be able to cooperate in a group; take into account different opinions, compare different points of view; express and defend their point of view; negotiate, ask questions on the topic; perform in front of an audience.
Personal: express a positive, conscious attitude to learning; evaluate their own learning activities; apply the rules of cooperation in the group.
Equipment:
Notebooks, textbook.
Lesson type: lesson learning new material.
Method : research, partially - search.
Forms of student work : frontal, individual.
During the classes
Organizing time .
Updating of basic knowledge .
Greetings. Announcement of the topic of the lesson.
What do you guys think, what are the goals for today's lesson? (Students answer)
Indeed, we will get acquainted with one more category of the adjective - with a constant morphological feature, we will learn the distinguishing features of relative adjectives, we will learn to distinguish them from qualitative ones.
Write down the date and topic of the lesson in your notebook.
Spelling exercise.
About a long journey, about a hundred-year-old spruce, because of aching pain, in an odorous liquid, in a neighboring village, in the fresh air, in thorny bushes, about summer heat, to a patio, about a future housewarming, in a blue distance, about a recent incident, to the nearest station, in the nearest cafeteria.
In the last lesson, we studied the categories of adjectives, namely, qualitative adjectives. Let's remember everything we know about them.
1. The adjective denotes a sign of an object; answers the questionwhich? / whose?: big, iron , mother's.
2. Ranks of adjectives:
- quality - an adjective names a feature that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent:kind, kinder, kindest ;
- relative - an adjective names a feature that cannot be expressed to a greater or lesser extent:Golden earrings;
- possessive - an adjective indicates that something belongs to a person or animal:squirrel, mother.
3. Declension of adjectives
Adjectives change:
by cases: red rose, oh red rose etc.;
by numbers; red rose, red flowers;
by birth (only in the singular): red color, red rose, red glow.
Gender, number, case are determined by the noun.
4. Adjective form (only for quality ones):
- complete: cheerful;
- short: oars.
5. Degree of comparison (only at quality):
- comparative: more cheerful, more cheerful;
- superlative degree: cheerful, most cheerful.
6. In a sentence, it can be a definition, a predicate: warm bread. The bread was warm.
quality adjectives (what?): an adjective names a sign,
which can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent:
bright light - brighter.brighter
Relative adjectives ( what?): an adjective names a sign that cannot be expressed to a greater or lesser extent:
computer program, electronic clock
Possessive adjectives ( whose?): an adjective indicates that something belongs to a person or animal:
daddy's papers, fox hole
III . Exploring a new topic.
- Unlike qualitative adjectives, relative adjectives denote such a feature of an object that cannot be manifested to a greater or lesser extent in the object.
Work with the theoretical material of the textbook, pp. 8, 10
"Identifiers of Relative Adjectives".
1. They do not have degrees of comparison.
2. Do not have a short form.
3. Do not combine with the adverb very much.
4. Do not have antonyms.
Designate:
- material (glass wall, sandy shore);
- amount (two-story house, five-year-old daughter);
- location (river port, Moscow resident);
- time (last year's plan, January frosts);
- appointment (washing machine, sports shoes);
- weight, length, measure (hundred-gram weight, meter stick, two-liter jar).
IV . Consolidation of the studied material.
Work with the textbook. Page 9, ex. 313, 314
From each group of phrases write out phrases with qualitative, relative adjectives.
New raincoat.., leather raincoat..,.; golden brooch .., dear brooch ..; linen thing .., necessary thing ..; woolen scarf, beautiful scarf; elegant coat, drape coat; expensive boa, fur boa; black coffee, Kenyan coffee.
V . Summary of the lesson. Reflection.
1. Have we completed the tasks that we faced at the beginning of the lesson?
2. What adjectives did you meet today at the lesson?
3. By what identification signs can we identify them?
VI . Homework
Learn the theoretical material § 42 (rules + notebook). Run ex. 315.
Renowned linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality and relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. In Russian, secondary school students are already learning to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.
As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions which? which? which? which?
Which? –small yard, school teacher, bear claw.
Which? –wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.
Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse's hoof.
What kind? – polite students, district competitions, bunny ears.
Each row contains examples. qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As it has already become clear, simply asking a question to an adjective will not give a result, the discharge cannot be determined in this way.
Grammar will come to the rescue semantics(meaning of the word). Consider each category of adjective names by value .
quality adjectives
It is clear from the name that these adjectives mean item quality. What kind of quality could it be? Colour(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), the form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics of living beings (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial signs (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animated object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.
Also, most (but not all!) quality adjectives have a range of grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some sign is suitable for this adjective - in front of you is a quality adjective. So:
1) Qualitative adjectives designate a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the possibility of forming degrees of comparison.
Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – most interesting.
2) form short forms. Long - long, small - small.
3) Compatible with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.
4) From quality adjectives can be formed adverbs in -o (-e) and nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -out-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blueness, blue - blueness, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.
5) It is also possible to form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: evil - furious, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.
6) Can have antonyms: large - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.
As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives no degrees of comparison some do not form abstract nouns, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit in other ways.
For example, the adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but denotes color = item quality, means it quality.
or adjective beautiful. Can't say very lovely, but you can form an adverb wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.
Relative adjectives
designate sign through relation to the subject. What kind of relationships can these signs be? Material from which the object is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone cellar - stone cellar, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal - the scandal that happened today; intercity bus - a bus between cities; moscow region - region of moscow); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, children's shop - shop for children) and etc.
Signs et 
and not temporary, but permanent, That's why all the features inherent in qualitative adjectives do not have relative ones. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(can't say that this house is wooden and that one is more wooden), incompatible with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.
But phrases with relative adjectives can convert, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - villager, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.
We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. And we will talk about possessive adjectives and some traps in the next article.
Good luck in learning Russian!
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- express signs of objects and phenomena. For this, the Russian language has ranks of adjectives by meaning. Each of them has its own lexical and grammatical features - they are easy to remember with the help of tables. But how to determine the category of an adjective if it is used in a figurative sense? To do this, there is a reasoning algorithm that will not make mistakes in the most confusing cases.
In a figurative sense, the category of the adjective changes
What is the lexico-grammatical category of adjectives
In order to choose the right adjective and express the necessary feature of the subject, one must clearly understand what categories adjectives are divided into. There are only three of them in Russian: , relative, . The categories of adjectives have their own lexical (semantic) content and describe the subject in various aspects:
- reflect the perception of the object by our senses;
- relative characterize it in relation to the outside world;
- possessives indicate ownership.
Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives Adjectives from different categories indicate different features of the subject, are not homogeneous members of the sentence, are not separated by a comma. The table shows the analysis of adjective names by meaning in the expressions: "dad's favorite evening show" and "uncle's bulky wooden prosthesis".
| Rank adjectives by meaning | Example with explanation |
|---|---|
| Quality (what? what?) | Darling- the quality of the program in the evaluation of the one who watches it Bulky- prosthesis size |
| Relative (what?) | Evening– ratio of transmission to viewing time Wooden- relation to the material of manufacture of the prosthesis |
| Possessive (whose?) | Daddy's- belonging of the transfer to the sphere of interests of the pope Dyadin- belonging of the prosthesis to the uncle's property |
The category of an adjective with grammatical phenomena peculiar only to it is a kind of calling card, the only morphological feature of this part of speech.
Quality adjectives
The most common adjectives are qualitative, they have the largest set of features:
- Qualitative adjectives express a person's mental reaction to an object, its analysis by our senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste.
- They are primary: their meaning cannot be expressed by other parts of speech.
- The features that express qualitative adjectives have different degrees of severity and are evaluated subjectively. This category of adjectives differs from the rest in a large number of grammatical forms.
The table presents the entire set of word-formation, grammatical, lexical features, by which a qualitative adjective can be easily distinguished from a relative one.
| Signs of quality adjectives | Examples |
|---|---|
| Indicates the evaluation of an object by the senses | |
| By sight | Green color Size: huge Shape: square |
| by rumor | Quiet, melodic |
| Smell | Fragrant, smelly |
| touch | Thick, prickly, hot |
| taste | Sweet, sour |
| Overall score | Pleasant, disgusting |
| 1. Form a short form (what?) | Heather beaver; quick to deal |
| 2. Have degrees of comparison | Black - blackest - blackest |
| 3. Combine with adverbs of degree and measure | Completely dumb, immeasurably rich |
| 4. Form estimated forms of decrease / increase | Smart - smartest - smartest |
| 5. Form: abstract nouns; verbs with a manifestation of a sign; adverbs in -o/-e | High - height Blue - turn blue Fresh - fresh; sincere - sincerely |
| 6. Have antonyms | Fascinating - boring |
| 7. Replaced with synonyms | Red - scarlet, crimson |
| 8. Used with a particle NOT, which is written together | Slow - immediate |
| 9. Form a compound adjective by repetition | gray-haired |
| Note. In adjectives: barefoot, alive, blind, humpbacked, naked the feature is fully expressed, so they do not form degrees of comparison |
|
| Role in the proposal | |
| Definition | White sail (what?) lonely. |
| Compound nominal predicate | He was lonely. True, children, I was, there is, I will, what?) good? |
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives express a sign of an object, indicating its connection with the phenomena and objects of the outside world. This feature is unchanged, therefore there are no evaluative forms in this category of adjectives. Relative adjectives are easily replaced by noun constructions with prepositions in, from, for:
- forest edge - forest edge in forest;
- paper document - document from paper;
- operating knife knife for operations.
The close connection with the noun is expressed in the fact that in constructions with heterogeneous definitions, relative adjectives always stand next to the noun: delicious wild berry, but not: forest tasty berry.
Relative adjectives are easily distinguished from qualitative adjectives by features. Table. Signs of relative adjectives
| signs | Examples |
|---|---|
| Denotes attitude to the phenomena of the external world | |
| Place | Houseplant, city dweller |
| Time | Maybug, summer heat |
| Material | Silver spoon, water column |
| Units | Stopudovy bell; three-storey house |
| Functions | Reading room; fishing hook; space rocket |
| Lexico-grammatical features | |
| Answers the question what? ( from what, for what is done in than located) | garden vegetable vegetable from the garden |
| Does not have: short form, comparative degrees, other features of quality adjectives | ----- |
| Suffixes of relative adjectives | |
| -an/-yan | Leather en shoes, clay yang th soil |
| -sk/-esk | Kyiv sk th train, baby esk th age |
| -ov/-ev | Banana ov th plantation, bo ev action |
| -n | Kamen n th ax |
| -l | Run l th sound |
| null suffix | golden decoration |
Possessive adjectives
Unlike the previous categories, possessive adjectives answer the specific question for them whose? - and are easily differentiated. They express the belonging of the object to the owner, are used mainly in colloquial speech. In the past, with their help, many surnames and geographical names, set expressions were formed: citizen Petrov, Bering Bay, crocodile tears.
A feature of possessive adjectives is the answer to the question “whose?” Table. Features of possessive adjectives
| signs | Examples |
|---|---|
| Answer the question whose?; indicates that the item belongs to the owner | swallow's Nest Boyish Secrets |
| Formed only from animate objects | sparrow squeak |
| Suffixes for possessive adjectives | |
| -ov/-ev | Grandfather's award, the king's decree |
| -in/-yn | Machine diploma, chicken clucking |
| -th/th | Wolf howl, fox (i = ya) mouth |
| -ovy | filial duty |
| -achy | dog barking |
| -insk | sister post |
Algorithm for distinguishing ranks of adjectives Transition between digits
In determining the category of an adjective, it is not formal features that are of primary importance, but the quality that is expressed by the phrase “noun + adjective”. With a figurative meaning and in stable expressions, possessive and relative adjectives pass into the category of qualitative ones and answer the question which one?, while synonyms are selected. To define relative adjectives, we first exclude the question whose? and then we replace the adjective with the construction “preposition + noun”.
| Example | quality | Relative | Possessive |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crimson | Raspberry beret (color - dark pink) | Raspberry jam (from raspberries) | |
| Amber | Amber shine (color - bright yellow) | Amber pendant (from amber) | |
| Paternal | Fatherly feelings (what? - warm, like a father's) | Father's house (whose?) | |
| Iron | Iron character (what? - hard, like iron) | Iron scrap (from iron) | |
| Twilight | Twilight mood (what? - sad, like twilight) | Twilight lighting (at dusk | |
| lion | Lion character (what? - bold, like a lion) | Lion hunting (for a lion) | Lion's footprint (whose?) |
| Falcon | Hawkeye (what? -sharp, like a falcon) | Falconry (with a falcon; for a falcon) | Falconry (whose?) |
| Feline | Cat's gait (what? - inaudible, like a cat) | Cat food (for a cat) | Cat's paw (whose?) |
How to distinguish a possessive adjective from a qualitative one in a figurative sense Adjective- This independent part of speech, which indicates the attribute of the subject and answers questions "which?", "whose?" (green, bird, cold, kind).
Adjective points to the following signs of the subject:
- item size: narrow, small, low, wide;
- physical properties of an object: hard, cold, liquid, sour;
- the shape and position of the object: top, round, curve;
- abstract properties of an object: smart, cheerful, dreamy, evil;
- spatial characteristics of the subject: southern, Tibetan, Scandinavian;
- temporal characteristics of the subject: early, late, morning, afternoon, winter;
- purpose of the subject: weaving, military, sleeping;
- object material: wood, iron, gold, paper;
- quantitative attribute of an object: double, triple, four-year;
- belonging of the subject: paternal, grandfather, wolf, fish other item characteristics.
Classification of adjectives.
By value adjectives are divided into three categories:
- quality adjectives;
- relative adjectives;
- possessive adjectives.
Morphological features of adjectives.
Adjectives decline for numbers, genders and cases. The initial form of the adjective is the nominative singular masculine.
Adjective It has degrees of comparison, and also has full and short forms.
Adjective always agrees in gender, number and case with the word being defined.
Classes of adjectives.
As mentioned above, adjectives are divided into three categories: qualitative, relative and possessive.
quality adjective indicates a sign of an object that is available for perception by the human senses (sight, touch, hearing, etc.).
There is a range parameters, by which the adjective indicates the attribute of the subject:
- Item size: big, small, huge, wide;
- Item shape: round, square, flat, straight;
- Physical properties of the item: liquid, viscous, crumbly;
- Item color: white, yellow, red;
- The taste of the subject: sour, sweet, bitter, salty;
- Item smell: fragrant, odorous, stinking;
- Item weight: heavy, light, weightless, weighty;
- Subject temperature: cold, hot, cool, warm;
- Item sound: sonorous, deafening, quiet, loud;
- General assessment of the subject: harmful, useful, important and etc.
Features of qualitative adjectives.
quality adjectives have a whole list of features and characteristics, among which are the following:
- The presence of degrees of comparison:
bright - brighter - brightest - brightest.
- Availability of long and short forms:
Cheerful - cheerful, kind - kind, fat - fat, single - single.
Note. Adjectives are not declined for cases in short form.
- Ability to form adverbs ending in -e, -o:
Cheerful - fun, good - good, bad - bad.
- Ability to form abstract nouns:
Cheerful - fun, kind - good, evil - evil, young - youth.
- Ability to form compound adjectives repeat:
Kind-kind, sleepy-sleepy, sad-sad.
Relative adjectives.
relative adjective indicates a sign that indirectly expresses relation to other parameters:
- Face: student a life, children's nutrition.
- Place: underground river, rural road.
- Material: watermelon candy, wooden chair, floral aroma.
- Time: winter hike, evening jog.
- Purpose, action, property: sliding sofa, self-propelled apparatus, ironing board.
There are also many other options that relative adjectives indicate relation to other objects.
Features of relative adjectives:
1. They do not form degrees of comparison: a chair cannot be more or less wooden, or a spoon more or less tin.
2. Relative adjectives can be replaced by synonymous phrases: chicken soup - chicken soup, downy featherbed - downy featherbed.
Possessive adjectives.
possessive adjective indicates belonging to someone and answers the question "whose?"(whose? whose? whose?):
Wolf fur, dog tail, mother's skirt, girl's braid.
Declension of adjectives.
Declension of adjectives- this is a change of adjectives in cases, numbers and genders. As we have already said, the adjective is inextricably linked with the noun, the attribute of which indicates, respectively, is controlled by it. This means that the adjective agrees with the given noun in number, gender and case.
This rule does not apply to short form adjectives - they are not declined by cases, only by numbers and genders.
Adjectives, masculine singular ending in -oy are declined in the same way as adjectives ending in -y:
Dobr th, factory oh- kind wow, factory wow- kind omu, factory omu etc.
