Description

The official name is the Plurinational State of Bolivia. The country is named after the liberators of South America from the colonial yoke, the name of the main one - Simon Bolivar. The capital is Sucre.
Bolivia is a living example of the revival of pre-Columbian culture and a manifestation of the people's ability to preserve the rich ethnographic heritage, as well as the ecological diversity of nature, available on its territory from the Amazon tropics to the Andes mountains.

Introduction
Theoretical part
1.1 General information about the country
1.2 Geographic location
1.3 Political structure
1.4 Main historical stages
1.5 Population (languages, peoples, ethnic groups, religions)
1.6 Visas, customs, currency
2. Analytical part
2.1Natural and recreational conditions for the development of tourism
2.1.1 Climate
2.1.2 Terrain
2.1.3 Land and coastal waters of the oceans
2.1.4 Natural areas
2.2 Tourism infrastructure
2.2.1 Transport industry
2.2.2 Accommodation industry
2.2.3 Food industry
2.2.4 Entertainment and leisure industry
2.2.5 Sports industry
2.2.6 Health industry
2.2.7 Education industry
2.2.8 Crafts and crafts
2.2.9 Tourism-related agricultural sectors
2.3 Historical and cultural heritage
2.3.1 Museums, galleries, exhibition halls
2.3.2 Cult monuments
2.3.3 Monuments of secular architecture
3. Practical part
Conclusion
Bibliographic list
Applications

The work consists of 1 file

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Russian State University of Tourism and Service"

(FGOU VPO "RGUTiS")

Institute of Tourism and Hospitality (branch) (Moscow)

Department of Tourism

COURSE WORK

in the discipline "Country Studies"

on the topic "Characteristics of the main factors and conditions for the development of tourism in Bolivia"

Made by Vyatkina Tatyana

Group T3-3

Checked by Associate Professor Adashova T.A.

Moscow

2011

Introduction

1. Theoretical part

1.1 General information about the country

1.2 Geographic location

1.3 Political structure

1.5 Population (languages, peoples, ethnic groups, religions)

• 1.6 Visas, customs, currency
• 2. Analytical part
• 2.1Natural and recreational conditions for the development of tourism
• 2.1.1 Climate
• 2.1.2 Terrain
• 2.1.3 Land and coastal waters of the oceans
• 2.1.4 Natural areas
• 2.2 Tourism infrastructure
• 2.2.1 Transport industry
• 2.2.2 Accommodation industry
• 2.2.3 Food industry
• 2.2.4 Entertainment and leisure industry
• 2.2.5 Sports industry
• 2.2.6 Health industry
• 2.2.7 Education industry
• 2.2.8 Crafts and crafts
• 2.2.9 Tourism-related agricultural sectors
• 2.3 Historical and cultural heritage
• 2.3.1 Museums, galleries, exhibition halls
• 2.3.2 Cult monuments
• 2.3.3 Monuments of secular architecture
• 3. Practical part

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Applications

Introduction

The official name is the Plurinational State of Bolivia. The country is named after the liberators of South America from the colonial yoke, the name of the main one - Simon Bolivar. The capital is Sucre.

Bolivia is a living example of the revival of pre-Columbian culture and a manifestation of the people's ability to preserve the rich ethnographic heritage, as well as the ecological diversity of nature, available on its territory from the Amazon tropics to the Andes mountains.

Bolivia is a unique country. She has the richest natural resources which is the most important condition for the development of tourism.

Bolivia has the second largest natural gas reserves in South America after Venezuela and is rich in other minerals. For the development of Bolivia big influence rendered the culture and customs of the ancient disappeared peoples of the Urus, Callauayas.

On the territory of the country there are many attractions that keep a great and mysterious history. Some of them are on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.


Bolivia has wonderful poets, historians, writers, it is also proud of its representatives of theater and cinema. Given the size of the population of this small country, it is considered one of the few countries where such a large number of books per capita.

It is impossible to overestimate the fact that Bolivia has the richest original folklore in Latin America.

Bolivian music is being distributed around the world under the general name of "Andean music", which, in many cases, has allowed other neighboring countries to try to appropriate it.

The cultural heritage of the Bolivian nation consists of all cultural, spiritual and material goods found or created in the country by individuals or groups of people, which is evidence of spiritual or material human creativity: scientific, archaeological, technical, etc.


One of the main functions of the Bolivian state is to preserve this cultural heritage of all the peoples living on its territory and to promote its recognition, rescue and preservation, to make it accessible to all and the right of the Bolivians to distribute it.

This topic is relevant at the moment, explaining that tourism in the territory of the country represented is developing rapidly, and the geography of tourism is expanding. At this stage, relations between Russia and Latin America are gaining new and new momentum, therefore, in the presented scientific work, Bolivia acts as an object of study, as one of the key countries in Latin America, promising for the development of tourism.

The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the small amount of theoretical information and practical skills and knowledge. There is a lack of awareness in the field of tourism, namely, such topics as: the country's recreational resources, the tourism potential of Bolivia, the prospects for the development of tourism and the hotel services sector, as well as the socio-cultural relations between Russia and Bolivia, are little touched upon.

Bolivia is a unique country, both in terms of climate, recreational resources, as well as in terms of culture and traditions. For Russia, it is also attractive because South America is not as explored by tourists as the same European countries.

Target scientific work: conduct a comprehensive study of the tourism potential of Bolivia.

The work consists of a theoretical part, which provides basic information about the country and its capital, an analytical part, which provides information about the tourist infrastructure and a practical part, which provides an analysis of the existing natural-recreational, socio-economic and cultural-historical features of the country and their impact on tourism.
When writing the work used methods of comparative geographical, statistical, cartographic.

Theoretical part

1. General information about the country

Bolivia is well covered in educational and scientific literature, periodicals ("GEO", "Around the World") and Internet resources.

In the north, the country borders with Brazil, in the southeast - with Paraguay, in the south - with Argentina, in the east - with Peru and Chile.

On the territory of modern Bolivia, until the 10th century AD, there was one of the oldest great civilizations of the Andes, created by the tribes of the Tiahuanac Indians.

Later, the territory of Bolivia was part of the Aymara state, and in the 15th century it became part of the Inca empire.

In the 30s of the 16th century, the Spaniards conquered the Incas and laid the foundation for two centuries of Spanish rule. In 1825, during the struggle for independence, the state of Bolivia was formed on these lands. As a result of the war with Chile (1879-1883) and Paraguay (1932-1935), Bolivia lost almost 2/3 of its original territory.

1. Geographical position

Bolivia is located in the central part of South America, between the meridians 57º 26´ and 69º 38´ East longitude GMT and parallels 9º 38´ y 22º 53´ South latitude, occupying more than 13º.

In the north, the country borders with Brazil, in the southeast - with Paraguay, in the south - with Argentina, in the east - with Peru and Chile.

The area of ​​Bolivia is 1,098,580 km². It ranks 27th in the list of countries by area after Ethiopia and the fifth largest after Brazil, Argentina, Peru. Bolivia has been landlocked since 1879, when it lost the coastal region of Antofagasta in the Pacific War with Chile. However, Bolivia has access to the Atlantic Ocean - along the Paraguay River. Bolivia has a huge variety of ecological zones. The western highlands of the country are located in the Andes, including the Altiplano plateau. The eastern low plains include large areas of the Amazonian rainforest and the Chaco. The most high point countries - an extinct volcano Sahama (6542 m), located in the department of Oruro. Lake Titicaca is located on the border of Bolivia and Peru. The Uyuni salt marsh, the largest in the world, is located in the southwestern part of the country, in the department of Potosi.

Most big cities Bolivia: La Paz, El Alto, Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba.

Fig.2 Geographic location

1.3 Political structure

Republic. The head of state and government is the president, elected by the population for one 5-year term. Since January 22, 2006 - Juan Evo Morales. The president heads the government, approves the composition of the cabinet of ministers, and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

A candidate who receives a simple majority of votes (more than 50% of the votes) is considered elected. If the winner is not determined, Parliament, in a joint meeting of both houses, elects a president from two candidates who receive a simple majority of votes.

Bicameral parliament - 36 senators and 130 deputies, elected for a 5-year term.

On December 18, 2005, presidential elections were held, in which the left-wing radical candidate Evo Morales, who leads the Movement towards Socialism, won. The gap between Evo Morales and closest rival Jorge Quiroga was more than 15%. At the same time, elections were held for 27 senators and 150 deputies to the national congress.

Evo Morales - a native of peasants, a representative of the Aymara, one of the largest Indian tribes in South America, a friend of Fidel Castro and Hugo Chavez, built his election campaign on patriotic slogans, speaking out with sharp criticism of "American imperialism and neoliberalism."

1.4 Main historical stages

ancient period

In the 40th - 13th centuries. BC e. in the north of Bolivia (province of Mojas) there was an original hydraulic culture of embankments, whose inhabitants waited out floods on a large number of artificial embankments and were engaged in agriculture. Later, a number of other cultures arose - Chiripa, Vankarani, etc.

In the 6th century BC, the Tiwanaku civilization arose on the shores of Lake Titicaca, about which very little is known.

In the XIV century, the territory was captured by the Incas. The Inca Empire was created with its capital in Cusco /

colonial period

Bolivia in the colonial period (early 16th - early 19th centuries). In 1538, the territory of the Inca Empire was conquered by Hernando Pizarro, brother of the conqueror of Peru. For almost 300 years, the territory of Bolivia was an integral part of the Spanish colonial empire. The Indians fought stubbornly against colonial enslavement. The largest was the uprising of 1780-81 led by the Katari brothers, but it, like other actions of the Indians, was brutally suppressed.

Bolivia during the War of Independence (1809-25).

In May 1809 there was an uprising in Chuquisac, which was put down.

On December 9, 1824, the army of General Antonio José de Sucre defeated the Spaniards in the battle of Ayacucho and liberated the territory of Bolivia.

An important revolutionary stage in the history of Bolivia was the War of Independence (see War for the Independence of the Spanish Colonies in America 1810-26).

In December 1824, the liberation army under the command of General Sucre, an associate of S. Bolívar, won a decisive victory at Ayacucho and defeated the Spanish troops.

In August 1825, the congress in Chuquisaca proclaimed the creation of an independent independent republic of Bolivia (named after Bolivar).

period of independence

19th century

On August 6, 1825, the Constituent Assembly of all the provinces declared the independence of the province of Upper Peru. The state was named Bolivia in honor of Simon Bolivar, with whose support the territory of the country was liberated, and the capital of the state was named after the liberator general Sucre.

20th century

In 1899, the development of rich deposits of tin began, in the production of which Bolivia became one of the world leaders. This industry was of great interest to Great Britain and the United States, which actually took it under their control.

During the years of the 1st World War 1914-18 Bolivia remained neutral

XXI Century

In January 2006, Juan Evo Morales became president. In the same year, he announced the nationalization of the oil and gas industry.

Name of the people	Area (s) of residence in the country	Population (in million people)	Share of the total number (in%)	Prevailing religion and religious denominations	National language
Aymara	Department of La Paz and Oruro	2.25 million people (2006)	25 %	Catholicism	Aymara
Quechua	Departments of Oruro, Potosi, Cochabamba and the northern part of Chuquisaca	3.821.820 million people	37,1 %	Catholicism	Quechua, Spanish
Bolivians	the departments of Santa Cruz, Tarija, Pando, Beni and the southern part of the department of Chuquisaca.	9.7 million people	39,5%	Catholicism	Spanish

1.5 Population

Population - 9.9 million (July 2010 estimate).

Annual increase - 1.7% (fertility - 3.1 births per woman).

The average life expectancy is 64 years for men, 70 years for women.

Ethno-racial composition - Indians 55% (mainly Quechua and Aymara), mestizos 30%, whites 15%.

Languages ​​- 3 official languages: Spanish 60.7%, Quechua 21.2%, Aymara 14.6%; other languages ​​3.6% (2001 census).

Religions - Catholics 59%, Protestants (Evangelical Methodists) 11%, Atheists and Agnostics 12%, Incanism 15%, Buddhism and others 3%.

Literacy - 93% of men, 80% of women (according to the 2001 census).

1.6 Visa, customs, currency

Visa formalities: A tourist visa for Bolivia is issued at the Consular Section of the Embassy of Bolivia.

Documents required for obtaining a tourist visa to Bolivia:

international passport valid for at least 6 months;

Round-trip air tickets;

certificate from the place of work;

confirmation of hotel reservation or invitation;

completed application form and one 3x3 photo;

certificate of vaccination against yellow fever.

Customs control: In Bolivia, when passing through customs control, a customs declaration is filled out.

Duty-free import is allowed in Bolivia: tobacco products - up to 500 g (400 cigarettes or 50 cigars), alcoholic beverages - 5 liters.

It is forbidden to import into Bolivia: medicines and medicines that are not registered in the country, as well as food products animal origin, fruits and seeds, as well as foreign lottery tickets. It is not allowed to export live wild animals of birds and coca leaves.

Foreigners entering the country are required to have a yellow fever vaccination certificate. When importing animals, a veterinary certificate with a mark of vaccination against rabies.

The country's main currency is the Boliviano.

Boliviano (Bs. 1. = 100 centavos).

Banknotes Bs. 5, 10, 20.50, 100 y 200.

Coins Bs. 1 y 2. 10,20,50 centavos.

Exchange rate against the US dollar: $1 = 6.51 Bs.

Valid credit cards: American Express, Visa, Master Card and Eurocard. avktravel.

You can exchange currency in all Bolivian banks, in Bolivian hotels and large shopping centers, as well as in specialized exchange offices, as well as at street money changers, but you have to be extremely careful - not all money changers are honest people.

2. Analytical part

2.1 Natural and recreational conditions for the development of tourism

2.1.1 Climate and natural areas

Despite the fact that the entire territory of Bolivia is located in the Tropic of Capricorn, the country's climate is very diverse. If its topography were only low plains, then the climate would be relatively uniform. However, the air temperature in Bolivia is determined not only by latitude, but also by altitude, that is, at a higher altitude the temperature is lower, and at a lower one it is higher. Starting from sea level and as it rises, the air temperature drops by 0.55ºC every 100 m. Thus, in the Cordillera Real or Eastern and Western or Volcanic zone towards the west of the country, the climate is regulated by altitude. This explains that at the same latitude there are peaks with eternal snow and polar cold and plains with a hot, tropical climate. Tropical and subequatorial on the plains, sharply continental in mountainous areas. Weather and climatic conditions in Bolivia are highly dependent on the height of the place above sea level. Average monthly temperatures in summer (December-February) range from +21-24 C above the flat areas to +3 C on the slopes of the Cordillera. In winter (May-August), the average temperature is from +19 to -1 C, respectively. At the same time, in mountainous areas, frost is possible at any time of the year. Due to the proximity to the equator, the seasons are rather weakly expressed - the difference between summer and winter temperatures is less than 10 C in the flat areas, but in mountainous areas it can reach 30 C. At the same time, the temperature in the mountains in winter can drop to -20 C.

Precipitation falls from 150 to 2000 mm per year, the rainy season lasts from October-November to March. Dry season from April to September. Precipitation is uneven in mountainous areas. On the eastern slopes of the mountains, up to 1500-200 mm of rain falls, while some isolated intermountain valleys and western slopes, as well as the Llanos plains, receive no more than 300 mm of precipitation per year. At the same time, in areas that are sometimes separated from each other in a straight line at a distance of no more than 10 km, weather conditions can differ dramatically. Strong katabatic winds from the mountains are frequent, as well as powerful winds carrying clouds of dust coming to the flat areas of the country from the Amazon basin. The most favorable time to visit the country is from late June to early September.

Bolivia has three hydrographic systems:

Northern basin or Amazon: From east to west, the main rivers are Madre de Dios, Orton, Abuna, Beni, Yata, Mamore and Itenes or Guapore.

Central basin or lacustrine: Consists of lakes Titicaca and Poopo, as well as the Desaguadero River and giant salt pans - Coipas and Uyuni.

South Basin or de la Plata: Consists mainly of the Paraguay, Pilcomayo and Bermejo rivers.

2.1.2 Terrain

Western mountainous region of Bolivia, one of the most populated areas world, is the heart of the country. The Andes reach here the greatest width and complexity. In the west, along the borders of Chile - the Western Cordillera, which contain a large number of active volcanoes and are crowned with the greatest peak of the republic - Mount Sayama, with a height of more than 24,400 feet (6,523 kilometers) above sea level To the east is the Cordillera Oriental, whose magnificent northern section near La Paz is called the Cordillera Real (royal chain). breadth, lying at an elevation of ~12,250 feet. The surface of this vast plateau, composed largely of water- and wind-eroded rock deposits, slopes gently towards the South; its smoothness is softened by occasional hills and mountain ranges. The borders of the Altiplano are characterized by large escarpments.

2.1.3 Land and coastal waters of the oceans

The waters of Bolivia are divided into 3 parts - the Amazon basin in the northeast, the Rio da la Plateau basin in the extreme southeast, and the basin of Lake Titicaca in the Altiplano. The vast swampy plains along the Beni and Mamore rivers that belong to the Amazon basin include lakes and lagoons, some of them quite large, such as Lake Rogoaguado. In the vicinity of the Paraguay River (which runs parallel to the eastern border of Bolivia and is part of the La Plata basin) there are several small lakes, of which the largest are Kakerez, Mandiore. To the north are the large swamps of Kharayes. This area, like the northeast, is prone to flooding during the summer. The third water system is located in the Altiplano - this is the largest region of inland waters in South America. One of the highest mountain lakes, Lake Tikikaka, is located here. The Desaguadero River flows from it; Lake Poopo, into which this river flows. Also in the Altiplano are shallow salt lakes. The water system of Bolivia is landlocked and therefore all excess liquid evaporates intensively and is absorbed by dry soils. Lake Titicaca occupies ~8500 square kilometers. It is the largest alpine lake in South America. It is located at an altitude of ~12,500 (3,810 km) feet and is 120 miles long and no more than 50 miles wide. Its maximum depth is over 900 feet (~300 meters). There are many islands on the surface of the lake. The lake is freshwater.

2.1.4 Natural areas

On the territory of Bolivia, 3 main geographical zones are distinguished: the Andean zone, the Subandan zone, and the flat zone.

The Andean zone covers a quarter of the national territory. It is spread over an area of ​​approximately 274.645 km2. In the Andean zone, the Western or Volcanic Cordillera and the Eastern Cordillera are distinguished. Between these two mountain ranges is the Altiplano plateau. The departments of La Paz, Oruro and Potosi are located in this zone. The lowest temperatures in the country are recorded here (they can reach -20C). The Altiplano plateau is located at an altitude of approximately 3555 m above sea level.

The more temperate Subanda zone covers about 16% of the territory - approximately 175.772 sq. km. km. These are fertile flat lands. Here are the departments of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Tarija and part of the department of Santa Cruz. This zone is located between 1000 and 3000 m above sea level in the central part of the country

At the foot of the Eastern (or Royal) Cordillera on the northeast side on an area of ​​659.149 sq. km (254.516 sq. miles) stretches the eastern plains with a tropical climate. They cover 60% of the territory in the northwest, west and southwest of the country. Here the average annual temperature is kept at the level of 22-25C. This zone includes the north of the department of La Paz, the eastern part of the department of Cochabamba, as well as the departments of Santa Cruz, Beni and Pando.

Table 3. The role of the main natural objects in tourism activities

Name of natural object, location	Role in tourism activities
The historic city of Sucre in the Department of Chuquisaca (In the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites).	- hiking
Archaeological site of Fuerte de Samaipata. Department of Santa Cruz. (In the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites).	- ecological tourism Hiking
Noel-Kempff-Mercado National Park. Department of Santa Cruz. .(In the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites).	- excursion and educational Hiking Ecological
The ancient city of Tiahuanaco: the spiritual and political center of the pre-Hispanic Indian culture. Department of La Paz VIII - V centuries BC. e. .(In the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites).	hiking Excursion-cognitive
Lake Titicaca is the highest navigable lake in the world.	- excursion and educational Ecological
The largest dry salt lake on Earth, Solar de Uyuni (total area of ​​about 12,000 sq. km).	- excursion and educational Ecological
Chakatalya is the highest mountain ski resort (5486 m). The restaurant of the Chacaltaya ski resort is the highest mountain restaurant on the planet (5340 m).	-ecological Extreme
The most dangerous road in the world is Camino de la Muerte (Death Road).	-extreme
Incalhta, "City of the Incas" is one of the most important archaeological sites in Bolivia. It is located 130 km east of Cochabamba at an altitude of 2950 m above sea level in the municipality of Pocona.	- hiking Excursion-cognitive
Sajama National Park. On the territory of the Western Cordillera in the district of Oruro, Bolivia. Bordered by Lauca National Park in Chil	- hiking Excursion-cognitive
Sajama - an extinct stratovolcano in Bolivia, in the Pune of the Central Andes, is the highest peak in the country (6780 m). Is located in national park Sajama in the southwest of Bolivia, 16-24 km from the border with Chile	- excursion and educational Ecological
Puma Punku is a megalithic complex of buildings located next to the more famous megalithic complex - Tiwanaku, in Bolivia, 72 km from La Paz near the eastern shore of Lake Titicaca.	- hiking Excursion-cognitive

Bolivia is a godsend for lovers of rich excursions, outdoor activities (including skiing), extreme entertainment, ecological, educational and adventure tourism. It combines well with Peru and Chile, unlike it, and also allows you to explore all the natural areas of South America without leaving your territory - from high-mountainous snow-covered regions to dense impenetrable selva.

2.2 Tourism infrastructure

Tourism in Bolivia emerges as the number one non-traditional source of income. Over the past decade, the country's tourism industry has grown by more than 50%, thus allowing the "smoke-free industry" to become the first non-traditional source of income in the country's economy, behind only the oil and mining sector.

Bolivia is a poor country, and international tourism is one of the main sectors of the economy.

IN post-war years The leisure and tourism industry throughout South America has grown rapidly. More and more countries were involved in tourism management.

The Bolivian government has approved a new plan for the development of national tourism, which provides for the distribution of $ 200 million for the development of the tourism industry over 5 years. It is planned to involve unemployed citizens in the training and maintenance of tourist facilities, which would help solve two problems in Bolivia - the underdevelopment of tourism infrastructure and unemployment.

Bolivian Tourism Minister Ricardo Cox says the plan is to develop both domestic and international tourism.

12 main directions have been formed that combine cultural and natural values.

The mining wealth of Bolivia is unique. Almost here is the entire periodic table. There is especially a lot of tin, lithium, tungsten, and other rare earth metals that are in demand due to scientific and technological progress. Therefore, now a stream of interested business representatives from around the world has poured in here with proposals for the joint mining of these metals. Bolivia has rich natural resources - tin, gas, oil, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower resources. At the same time, Bolivia remains one of the poorest and least economically developed countries in Latin America.

GDP per capita in 2010 - 4.8 thousand dollars (150th place in the world). Unemployment - 8.5% (in 2009), below the poverty level - 60% of the population (in 2006).

Agriculture (11% of GDP, 40% of employees) - soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes; logging.

Animal husbandry: cattle, sheep breeding

Industry (37% of GDP, 17% of employees) - tin and oil mining, food industry, tobacco, handicrafts, clothing.

Service sector - 52% of GDP, 43% of employees.

2.2.1 Transport industry

Road traffic: car rental:

In order to rent a car, you must have an international driver's license, a credit card and be over 25 years old.

Taxi is one of the main ways to move around the city. It is better to agree on the price in advance.

Bus service in Bolivia is very poorly developed.

Airports (Bolivia): Cochabamba (Jorge Wilsterman), La Paz (El Alto), Oruro (Oruro), Santa Cruz (El Trompillo)

Airlines:

American Airlines Gold

The railway communication includes only two railway lines - in the west and in the east. Local trains rarely have sleeping cars and are quite slow. If you are going to travel long distances, it is better to use the services of local airlines. River transport is well developed in the east of the country.

Ports:

Puerto Aguirre is considered the largest port in Bolivia, the rest of the ports are few. The most convenient way to get to Bolivia is by plane or by bus from one of the South American countries. El Alto International Airport is located in the suburbs of the Bolivian capital, La Paz. This is one of the highest airports in the world - it is located at an altitude of more than four thousand meters above sea level. Bolivia's main airport is the Viru Viru International Airport, which is located in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. A fairly economical and fast option for traveling around the country is domestic air travel. The largest cities in Bolivia are served by AeroSur.

The development of transport infrastructure in the country is significantly complicated by the mountainous terrain. Rail network, with a total length of four thousand seven hundred kilometers and including only two branches, connects industrial cities and large centers where minerals are mined with the ports of Peru and Chile on the Pacific coast, as well as with the railways of Argentina and Brazil. There are practically no sleeping cars in local passenger trains, they travel quite slowly, and if you need to cover a long distance, it is more convenient to use the services of aviation companies.

2.2.2 Accommodation industry

Bolivia, a mountainous country in the heart of South America, will surprise you with its miraculously preserved authenticity. Bolivia, like a small oasis among modern cities, attracts an increasing number of tourists from year to year. This isolated country, the majority of whose inhabitants are indigenous Indians, will amaze you with the indescribable mountainous Andean landscapes and the mysteries of pre-Columbian America.

Hotels in Bolivia are considered quite affordable; when renting a room, you can bargain and get a cozy room for a very reasonable price. Hotels in Bolivia from global operators are located mainly in the capital and provide international quality. If you prefer to immerse yourself in the life of the natives than hotels, it is easy to rent accommodation from local Indians in Bolivia. The villagers willingly provide houses covered with palm leaves for rent to tourists. This will provide an opportunity to get directly acquainted with the lifestyle and culture of the indigenous inhabitants of South America.

The country also has a developed network of hostels. Among the hotels in Bolivia, the “salt hotel” is especially noteworthy, where everything from walls to furniture is made of salt. It is best to book hotels in Bolivia in advance, as international conferences often take place here.

Bolivia, unlike many other neighboring countries, has a highly developed system for classifying places where you can spend the night.

It includes the following types:

Posada - takes an honorable last place in the classification, as a rule it is a bed in some room, without linen, towels, etc. If there is a shower (cold) means lucky. It is extremely rare. The accommodation here is very cheap, 1-1.5 dollars per person.

Alojamiento - there are both good and bad options, but both there and there, as a rule, there is a shared shower with cold water, and in good versions even with a water heater. The general atmosphere is quite dull, but they are already giving sheets. Most of these establishments are not very clean. The average price is $3.5 per person.

Residencia and Hospedaje (Casa de huespedes) - The next two classes respectively. These are already quite decent, but still cheap inns. They are the most popular with the locals. They range from very basic rooms to rooms with private showers and TVs. There is hot water. The cost is approximately 3.5 - 5 dollars per person.

Hostal - almost a hotel, but somehow falls short - or not all rooms have a private bathroom. Sometimes a light breakfast is included. Occasionally there is internet.

Hotel - the very name "hotel" is already a standard. The rooms always have TV, private bathroom, hot water, internet, sometimes wi-fi, often breakfast is included in the price. Happens from two stars and further. Prices from $18 for a double room.

However, it is worth remembering that there are many exceptions to this rule, depending solely on the owners of a particular institution.

The cost of living is given as an average conditional, as a rule, the real level of the institution is reflected in its price.

Also in the country there are luxury hotels: Buganvillas Hotel-Condominium *****; Santa Cruz, Camino Real *****, Santa Cruz; Casa Grande Apart Hotel *****, La Paz; Gran Hotel Santa Cruz *****, Santa Cruz; Ritz All Suites Hotel *****, La Paz; Radisson Plaza Hotel La Paz *****, La Paz. Some belong to the global hotel chains with a high level of service.

2.2.3 Food industry

Bolivian cuisine consists of traditional Indian dishes with a noticeable Spanish influence.

The most popular national dishes are based on meat - selten (pancakes with meat), polos spiedo (chicken fried over an open fire), charque (dried and fried alpaca meat), masaco (mashed bananas or yucca with alpaca meat), shish kebab " pacumutus", as well as fried pork belly with sweet potatoes and fried bananas. Rice and corn are most often found in the diet of local residents of Bolivia as a side dish. Also, spicy sauces "llahua" and "locotos" are also served at the table. Of the fish dishes, you should try fried trout and kingfish.

In the center of large cities there are many places where you can eat tasty and inexpensively:

Don Gerardo

Address: Calle Camarco (Hernando Siles) 757, Sucre

Dishes are simple and delicious. The portion sizes are quite impressive for a fairly modest price.

Of the drinks in the assortment, only lemonades and beer. No tea, coffee or hard alcohol.

The cost of a hearty lunch is 14-20 bolivianos (2-3 dollars)

Type of cuisine: Traditional Bolivian

Caparuch

Address: Av 16 de Julio 1692, La Paz. A simple and inexpensive restaurant in the city center. time (from 12 to 16) only standard set meals are served.

In the evening, all sorts of other dishes are prepared, also tasty and inexpensive.

There is a bar.

The cost of lunch is 12 bolivianos (1.7 dollars)

Burger King Subway

Address: Socabaya / Mercado, La Pas

If it suddenly happens that among the whole variety of local tasty and inexpensive food, you suddenly want fast food irresistibly, then you can go to Burger King or Subway

With an assortment, everything is as always, as elsewhere in the world. Prices are significantly lower than Russian ones, but compared to local prices in ordinary cafes, it seems that it is expensive.

At lunchtime (somewhere from 12 to 14) a strange thing happens, Burger King is occupied by crowds of schoolchildren with food stamps, and there are no empty seats. The rest of the time it's deserted.

The most useful option of the establishment is Wi-Fi, but not too fast. The password must be asked at the counter, and visitors do this so rarely that the staff cannot always remember it right away.

Lake embankment or Central Bazaar

Address:Copacabana, promenade or Market

You can eat delicious freshly caught trout overlooking the lake, there are many cafes (a little more expensive for the view) or at the central bazaar - there is no view, but cheaper. In both cases, you will be grilled with fresh fish caught in the lake that morning.

Price per person:€<10

-Community dining / Comedor Popular

Address: Avaroa / Perez, Copacabana

If you want to eat at a real Bolivian food court, then this is a great choice. Comedor is a large covered area, where there are many tables with Bolivian hostesses ready to cook some food for you.

Price per person:

€<10

Tipping is 5-10% of the bill. Most high-end restaurants and hotels automatically add a 13% service surcharge to the bill, in which case tipping is not required. Doormen also expect tips. In a taxi, it is easiest to negotiate the price of a trip in advance or round the amount up.

In Bolivia, there is a cuisine for every taste, and for little money.

2.2.4 Entertainment industry

Nearly all of Bolivia's festivities are of political or religious origin. The reason to celebrate this or that holiday is either a Christian saint, or an Indian deity, or a revolutionary event or the date of some significant event for this country. Bolivians celebrate holidays with appropriate ceremonies and rituals, music, solemn or dance processions, feasts.

The most revered holiday in Bolivia is the fiesta in honor of Our Lady, celebrated in February and lasting throughout the week.

In the most elite area of ​​La Paz, the so-called Sur Zone, there are the best restaurants, nightclubs, discos and casinos in the city.

Bolivia has a rather low standard of living, but the country is not criminal and peaceful. Despite this, you need to be careful on the streets and in tourist centers, keep an eye on bags, cameras and wallets.

Youth entertainment clubs Las Caporales Music Bar are located in the center of La Paz

Jazz in Sopocachi - jazz club

There are also shops here:

Ayni Bolivia arts and crafts shop

Witches Market Type - Flea/street markets

In Bolivia, you can have a good rest not only sightseeing, but also shopping.

Shops are open on weekdays from 9:30 to 19:30 with a lunch break from 12:30 to 15:00 and on Saturday from 10:00 to 15:00.

2.2.5 Sports industry

Football is the main sport in Bolivia. No other sport can compete with football in Bolivia, which is called Spanish here. Mostly men and boys play, but women are starting to participate little by little.

Bolivia also has many other sports. These are tennis, swimming, horseback riding, golf, gymnastics, motorsport, mountain climbing, trekking, running, and other types of athletics, roller skating, volleyball. In recent years, cycling and mountain biking have become more and more popular. It is impossible not to mention water sports - water skiing, jet skis, rafting and rowing. Until recently, Bolivia had (30 km northeast of La Paz) the highest ski resort in the world - Chacaltaya. Here, tourists were offered more than 10 slopes located between the heights of 4700 and 5400 m, and 8 lifts. The lack of oxygen and the altitude difference made this place one of the most extreme in the world, and skiing in Chacaltaya was suitable only for trained skiers. But, due to global warming, the Chacaltaya glacier began to melt and in 2009 this resort was closed. In general, the ski season in Bolivia lasts from April to June.

In the mountainous parts of Bolivia, of course, mountaineering and rock climbing are common - after all, there are several six-thousanders in the Bolivian Andes! In tropical regions, there are many full-flowing fast rivers, the so-called whitewater, which are very convenient for rafting. And the tropical national parks of Bolivia have equipment for Canopy tours.

If you consider fishing and hunting to be sports, then in Bolivia there are many opportunities to realize yourself in these areas.

2.2.6 Health industry

In terms of key indicators, Bolivia's health ranks almost last among Western Hemisphere countries. Only Haiti scores consistently lower. Bolivia's infant mortality rate of 66 per 1,000 live births is the worst in South America. Proper nutrition is a constant struggle for many Bolivians. Experts estimate that 7 percent of Bolivian children under the age of five and 23 percent of the entire population suffer from malnutrition.

Bolivians living in rural areas do not have adequate sanitation and health services, rendering many helpless against yet powerful diseases such as malaria (in tropical areas) and Chagas disease. Statistics show that only 20 percent of the rural population in Bolivia has access to safe water and sanitation. The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Bolivia appears to be low, around 0.1 percent of the population. Between 1984 and 2002, only 333 cases of AIDS were reported by the United Nations CIA World Factbook officials estimating that number for 2007 as 8,100, with less than 500 deaths.

The main high-risk infectious diseases are:

food or water diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis and typhoid fever.

Bolivia's health care system is in the process of reform, funded in part by international organizations such as the World Bank. The number of doctors practicing in Bolivia has doubled in recent years, to nearly 130 per 100,000 citizens, a comparable ratio in the region. Current priorities include providing basic health care to more women and children, expanding immunizations, and addressing diarrhea and tuberculosis, which are the leading causes of death among children. As a percentage of the national budget, Bolivia's health spending is 4.3 percent, also on parity with regional norms. However, its annual per capita income spending US$145 is lower than most of South America.

2.2.7 Education in Bolivia, like in many other areas of Bolivian life, has a gap between the urban areas of Bolivia and the rural areas. Rural illiteracy remains high as the rest of the country is becoming more literate. This discrepancy is partly due to the fact that many children living in rural areas are forced to contribute economically to their family households and thus attend school much less frequently. On average, children from rural areas attend school for 4.2 years, while children in urban areas receive an average of 9.4 years of schooling. There is also a gender gap. The country's literacy rate overall, 86.7%, is comparatively lower than other South American countries. In addition, the Bolivian Ministry of Education and Culture has set up several hundred adult literacy centers, mostly in urban areas. Expenditure on education is not well organized and most goes towards recurrent costs, leaving little for expansion. About 87% of children attend primary school, but only about 35% make it to secondary school. The dropout rate is very high, especially among the poor. In rural areas, only about 40% of children attend school after the third grade, where many speak Quechua, Aymara or other dialects and have trouble taking classes in Spanish. Private schooling is beyond the reach of most of the population and college entrance examinations, for those who can afford to attend, are highly competitive and difficult. Most upper class families send their children to private Bolivian universities (which are very good) or to Europe, USA, Argentina, Brazil or Chile to study. Education industry

2.2.8 Craft, trades

In Bolivia, local people can make inexpensive products from llama and alpaca wool: ponchos, capes, hats, sweaters, carpets. Ceramic jars and jugs, painted with national patterns, and various amulets are sold in all tourist places, markets and just on the streets.

The skins of animals - llamas and alpacas - are in great demand, but here you need to pay attention to the quality of the dressing.

In the markets you can find the skins of jaguars, pythons, anacondas, and other exotic animals.

Large selection of souvenirs in La Paz at the Witches Market. This is a whole street of shops. Lots of antique utensils, dried glass-eyed toads (for prosperity), stuffed armadillos, figurines of Tiwanaku monoliths.

In Bolivia, silver is still mined, though very little and in an artisanal way. Therefore, it makes sense to bring silver items from here - souvenirs, for example, antique machetes or jewelry - rings, bracelets or earrings with ancient Indian patterns.

2.2.9 Agriculture and industry

The basis of the Bolivian economy is the mining industry (60 thousand people are employed in it) and agriculture. After the nationalization of the tin industry in 1952, the state company Bolivian Minera Corporation (COMIBOL) was established, the leading enterprise in the mining industry in Bolivia, which accounts for 65% of the national production of tin and about 40% of lead, zinc, copper and tungsten. Significant positions are occupied by private national capital, which owns medium and small mines. The mines still employ women and children. Especially tragic is the fate of 10-12-year-old boys who work in narrow adits where adult miners cannot work. Indian women, often with children behind their backs, pick pieces of ore from the waste rock near the mines for a beggarly wage.

Of great importance is the extraction of antimony, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, and bismuth. In the 1970s, new enterprises for the production of concentrates and the smelting of crude metal were built. In the south of Bolivia, in the Preddian depression, oil and natural gas fields are being developed, but due to the reduction of oil reserves, its production has been steadily falling in recent years, and the country is forced to stop exporting it. In 1972, a gas pipeline was launched to the border with Argentina, through which Bolivian gas is supplied to Buenos Aires.

Nearly 66% of Bolivia's labor force is peasant, with seven out of every ten being the poorest landless or landless peasants. The modern Quechua or Aymara peasant uses tools of the same archaic type for cultivating his piece of land, as in the time of the Incas. This is chakitaklya - a narrow shovel with a transverse ledge; taklya—hoe; club for breaking clods of earth; threshing stick and sickle. Wage labor has not received much development in the agriculture of Bolivia. On their small patches of land, the Bolivian peasants lead a purely subsistence economy, which determines, on the whole, the very low marketability of all agriculture. Although the majority of the population is employed in agriculture, it does not satisfy the country's needs for either food or raw materials. About 2/5 of the food consumed is imported (mainly from the USA).

In addition to coffee, cocoa and plantation industrial crops, citrus fruits, bananas, the collection of coca leaves, cinchona bark and rubber are also of export importance. Livestock in Bolivia is based on pastoralism. Cattle breeding is concentrated mainly in the Oriente, small cattle, llamas and alpacas in the Altiplano.

2.3 Historical and cultural heritage

In Bolivia, a huge number of monuments of Indian cultures of pre-Columbian America are concentrated. Such world-famous sites as the ruins of Huancarani, Chiripa, Inca or Tiahuanaco have long become a real place of pilgrimage for both locals who still revere these places, both sacred and for foreign tourists. The famous "Inca Trail" or "Takesi Trail" stretches along the mountains of Los Chicas - a stone-paved road with numerous branches leading to Machu Picchu and beyond, throughout the territory of this once mighty empire.

The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Bolivia includes 6 items (for 2010), which is 0.7% of the total (911 for 2010). 5 objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 1 object - according to natural ones.

In addition, as of 2010, 7 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List, including 4 - cultural, 1 - natural and 2 - mixed criteria.

2.3.1 Museums, galleries, exhibition halls

Bolivia has many museums dedicated to art and history and modernity. In addition, there are state libraries with a large collection of books and many galleries.

The Museum of Modern Art is open in La Paz.

Visitors to the museum may note that the Bolivian craftsmen have long moved away from imitative traditions. No looking back at foreign samples.

The main attractions of the city of Sucre are the house of the De La Ricoleta Art Museum in the building of a former convent, Fort De La Glorieta, the University of Mayor de San Francisco Javier, the National Library of Bolivia, the Museum of De Charcas, the Museum of Modern Art, The Museum of Ethnic Textiles, the rich Museum of Anthropology, the Bolivar Park with reduced copies of the famous.

National Museum of Archeology with a collection of artifacts from the Tiahuanaco culture, Museo del Litoral or Maritime Museum (historical collection of the 1879 war era in which Bolivia lost its sea coast), Museo del Oro (numerous pre-Columbian objects made of precious metals), National museum of ethnography and folklore with an exposition on the customs and art of the Chipaias and Ayoreos ethnic groups, dedicated to the musical instrument of the same name Museo de Charango Museum of Natural History with an extensive exposition dedicated to paleontology, geology and biology of the country, Casa Museo Marina Nuques Museum del Prado, dedicated to the culture and traditions of the Quechua and Aymara tribes with the works of the artist Marina Nuques del Prado, the excellent Museum of National Art in the building of the palace of the Count of Arana (1775) and the Museo de Metales Preciosos Precolumbino, which has a luxurious a collection of silver, gold and copper works from the pre-Columbian cultures of the Americas.

2.3.2 Cult monuments

The world's tallest statue of Christ with viewing eyes is in Cochabamba.

There are several monuments dedicated to miners in the city. The most famous of them is located on Miner's Square.

Another monument to the miner ("Al Minero") is located at the junction of del Maestro, Villazon, Arce y Serrudo streets.

There are very few monuments of sculptural art of the 16th century in the country. The most famous of them is the sculpture of the Dark Mother of God of Titicaca, most revered in Bolivia, in the small town of Copacabana, on the shores of Lake. Titicaca, and Our Lady of Candelaria in La Paz Cathedral. The first is the creation of the wonderful Indian sculptor Francisco Tito Yupanqui, a native of Copacabana, the second was brought from Spain.

2.3.3 Secular architecture

The culture of Bolivia is rich and varied. This can be seen and felt in painting, literature, music, dance. Architectural monuments surprise us with their beauty. So, for example, Tiahuanaku is a religious center, which consists of the Akapana pyramid hill, the Kalasasaya temple complex or, in other words, the "Gate of the Sun", the "Palace of Sarcophagi" and other structures. In Sucre, you can visit and see sights such as churches, monasteries, palaces and administrative buildings. Churches Catedral, San Francisco, La Merced, Casa de Libertad, Palacio de La Palace, De La Ricoleta Art Museum, Fort De La Glorieta and other buildings amaze us with their beauty.

The city of Potosi offers to see the "Crystal Palace", the Church of San Benito, the Church of San Lorenzo, and other buildings. La Paz - its center is Murillo Square, where the Presidential, the Parliament building and the Legislativo Palace are located. It is worth visiting the Museum of Art, the Church of Santo Domingo, museums, palaces. Now let's talk a little about Lake Titicaca, or as the Indians called it "stone puma", with a length of 194 km and a width of 65 km. It contains the islands of Isla Suriki, Uros, Taquile, Isla Calahuta, Isla Incas. An Indian temple was discovered at the bottom of the lake.

Amazing nature, favorable climate and original culture make Bolivia more and more attractive for tourists. This country attracts with its natural attractions. Travelers are attracted by extreme tourism, which is quite well developed in this country. Bolivia has a very big and mysterious history, which is of interest to more and more tourists.

There are good hotels in both big cities and small ones. For young people, a network of hostels with affordable prices has been developed.

The transport industry in the country is well developed. There are both air and rail links.

In restaurants, you can taste wonderful national and European cuisine at affordable prices.

In cities there are places where tourists can relax outside the hotel. There are night clubs, cafes, theaters, parks, etc. here. Fashionistas can spend time doing shopping.

Health care is poorly developed, but the government is trying to correct this situation.

They speak mainly Spanish in this country, but it is quite common to find less common Aymara, Quechua and even Guaran languages. Ethnic diversity allows you to get acquainted even with some Indian tribes. As for religion, Protestants and Catholics mostly live here.

3.Practical part

Tourism in Bolivia emerges as the number one non-traditional source of income. Over the past decade, the country's tourism industry has grown by more than 50%, thus allowing the "smoke-free industry" to become the first non-traditional source of income in the country's economy, behind only the oil and mining sector.

Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in the world. Landlocked and lacking innumerable mineral resources, it has long been the victim of ongoing political conflicts and military coups. But the cultural heritage of the Inca era, majestic landscapes make this country the most unusual and most exciting place on the continent. "America's Tibet", as Bolivia is sometimes called, truly deserves this name - it is the highest and most isolated of Latin American countries, also widely known for its ancient traditions and numerous monuments of lost civilizations of the pre-Columbian era.

The country has great potential for the development of ecological, extreme, hiking and other types of tourism.

Bolivia is not yet particularly touched by modern civilization, which is very attractive for tourists.

Bolivians are one of the poorest nations in the world, because, in fact, there are no developed economic relations in this country. But you definitely need to visit it to see a huge number of attractions and good-natured people.

Conclusion

The purpose of this work is to study the tourism resources of Bolivia and find out which of them influence the development of tourism in the country.

During the analysis of data from the theoretical, analytical and practical parts, the following was revealed:

1. Bolivia has huge natural and recreational resources and cultural and historical heritage, which contribute to the development of tourism.
2. The country has all the conditions for the development of various types of tourism - extreme, educational, hiking, ecological, etc.
3. Bolivia cooperates with international hotel companies.
4. A country in which various ancient cultures with a mysterious history live.
5. Bolivia is an under-researched country with great potential.

Bibliographic list

1. Borovkov, A. N., Bobrovnikov, A. V., Gavrilova, E. Kh. Bolivia: Trends in Economic and Socio-Political Development, 2003

2. Goncharova, Tatyana Viktorovna. Indian America: cities and people, 2003

3. Bolivia - the time of the left-indichenist experiment. ILA RAS, 2009

4. Modern Bolivia, ILA RAS, 2005 2.

5. Sashin G.Z. - Bolivia. Outline of Recent History, 2003

6. Sharonov A.V. - All about the countries of the world. Atlas-reference book, 2007

7. Shchelchkov, Andrey Arkadievich. The regime of "state socialism" in Bolivia, 2000

10. Magazine "Around the World", Telegraph, High Gate of Bolivia, 2008

11. Bolívar, Simon, Around the World Encyclopedia, 2009

12. http://www.emborus.com

13. http://www.christoprudov. tourbina.ru/guide

14. http://luxe.ru

15. http://ru.wikipedia.org/

16. http://countries.turistua.com/ru/boliviya/

17.http://tourism.ru

Attachment 1

Economic and geographical position of Bolivia

Annex 2

Administrative division

Appendix 3

Flag of Bolivia

Coat of arms of Bolivia

Appendix 4

National currency.

Appendix 5

Dried salt lake Uyuni

Appendix 6

Peculiar outfits of the population of Bolivia

Bolivia, bordering Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile and Peru, is landlocked. Territory 1090 thousand km 2. The population (according to an estimate for 1958) is 3311 thousand. The official capital is Sucre, the actual capital is La Paz.

According to the 1945 constitution, which was amended somewhat, Bolivia is a republic. The legislature is a bicameral Congress (the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate). The right to vote is given to men over 21 years of age. The President in Bolivia has been given great powers, especially in foreign relations. In cases of disagreement with Congress, the President has the right to repeatedly return the adopted law to Congress for consideration. The President is also the Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

The Bolivian constitution guarantees private property; in exceptional cases, it may be withdrawn for a "fair" remuneration. Foreigners enjoy the same property rights as Bolivians.

natural conditions

Unlike Peru and Ecuador, the territory of Bolivia is divided into two geographical zones: Sierra and Oriente. The Sierra (western part) is occupied by the Andes. The Andes in Bolivia are the widest for South America - up to 800 km.

The Bolivian Sierra is very diverse in relief, it is replete with canyons, cliffs, valleys, gorges, volcanoes. Most of the Sierra is occupied by mountain ranges and plateaus.

Oriente is a plain, gradually descending to the east.

A geographical feature of Bolivia should be considered the presence of large mountain lakes Titicaca and Poopb, the former with a small part entering Peru.

The diversity of the Bolivian relief causes sharp differences in climate and vegetation. The climate varies from cold on the plateau and the Cordillera to humid tropical in the orient, on the plain.

Barley, vegetables, beans, potatoes, quinoa (a variety of millet) ripen in the lowest areas of the plateau, protected from the wind. On the eastern slopes of the Andes, low-growing evergreen forests begin. Among the trees of these forests, cinchona is very valuable. However, it does not grow south of 18°S. sh. Below, tropical forests begin with many types of palm trees and valuable coca bushes, the foliage of which is used to produce cocaine. Coffee, cocoa, sugar cane, citrus fruits, bananas are also grown here. The orient is dominated by savanna vegetation with sparse forests and shrubs. The rivers of Bolivia in the west have a drain into the Titicaca and Poopb lakes, in the east - into the Amazon and La Plata basins.

Brief historical information

The territory of modern Bolivia was conquered by the Incas and included in their state at the beginning of the 14th century.

After the conquest of the Inca state by the Spaniards, the territory of Upper Peru (as Bolivia was then called) became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, forming the audience of Charcas. Later

Upper Peru became part of the Viceroyalty of La Plata, formed in 1776.

At one time, after the discovery of silver deposits on Mount Potosi, Upper Peru turned into a highly developed economic center. Silver deposits were officially considered to belong to the crown. The owners of the mines had to deduct a fifth of the mined metal to the Spanish king. Often developments were carried out by the crown itself. The labor force for the mines was recruited from among the Indians on the basis of laws on mit (labor service). Mitaios (i.e., people leaving for the departure of the mita) were also used in the construction and repair of roads, in agricultural work, and often as a draft force. Exactly the same ceremonies were performed for the deceased, as for the deceased. Unbearable working conditions in the mines led to the fact that during the Spanish colonial rule, a huge number of Indians died here.

The Indians responded to inhumanly heavy exploitation with uprisings. One of these major uprisings was raised in 1780 under the leadership of the Domaso brothers and Thomas Catari. The rebellion of the Katari brothers soon linked up with the powerful revolutionary movement of the Indians, led by Tupac Amaru II. All these uprisings were suppressed by the Spaniards with brutal cruelty.

In 1809, along with other Spanish colonies in America, an independence movement began in Upper Peru. However, like Peru and Ecuador, Upper Peru was unable to achieve independence from Spain on its own. The reason for this lies in the nature of the movement. While in Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico and other countries of Latin America, wide sections of the population took part in the war for independence, in Peru, Ecuador and Upper Peru, the independence movement was overwhelmingly purely Creole, i.e., landowners participated in it , mine owners, as well as small groups of mestizos. The bulk of the population - the Indians, as a rule, remained aloof from the movement.

Upper Peru, like Peru proper, achieved independence as a result of assistance from the troops of San Martin and Bolivar. In honor of the latter, on the day of the declaration of independence - August 6, 1825 - the new state adopted the name Bolivia.

In 1826, Bolivia concluded a federal treaty with Peru. Federation, and then (from 1836) confederation continued until 1839 inclusive.

The current political and economic situation

The declaration of independence found Bolivia in the position of a backward agricultural country. The famous silver deposits were depleted and the mines fell into disrepair. Agriculture was almost completely subsistence, feudal in nature. A tiny fraction of the country's territory was cultivated. The main crops grown in Bolivia were corn, wheat, potatoes, barley, later rice. From domestic animals, sheep, cattle, horses, mules, donkeys, llamas and alpacas, goats, pigs were bred.

Agricultural productivity was extremely low. The best lands were seized by the landlords, and the process of dispossession of the Indians did not stop. The vast majority of the Indians became tenants of miserable plots of land, gradually falling into the ranks of the Yanakuns, debt slaves. A similar situation in agriculture and in agrarian relations remained without significant changes until 1952.

At the end of the XIX century. the eyes of foreign capital were attracted by the rich deposits of tin. The construction of railways made it possible to export this valuable metal from Bolivia. Since the beginning of the XX century. the extractive industry pushed the already backward agriculture into the background. Following tin, copper, bismuth, antimony, tungsten, and oil began to be mined in the country.

The development of the country's natural resources took place in an atmosphere of sharp contradictions among foreign monopoly companies, mainly British and American. Bolivia has become a raw material appendage of the United States and the imperialist countries of Western Europe. The country's dependence on foreign capital was clearly manifested in the war with Paraguay (1932-1935), in which Bolivia actually fought for the interests of the American company Standard Oil. The largest tin mining companies, Hochschild, Aramayo, Patiño, turned out to be closely associated with foreign financial industries and were only nominally Bolivian.

The first violin in the Bolivian economy was played by North American capital, which already before the Second World War surpassed English capital in terms of investment.

The history of Bolivia is full of repeated performances of the Indians (peasants and miners). In 1952, a major popular uprising broke out, bringing the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement party to power.

The coming to power of this party, the awakening of the broad masses of the people led to significant changes in Bolivian reality (see the section "National revolutionary movements").

Population

Until recent years, population statistics in Bolivia were poorly set. After the 1940 census, by a relative increase, an estimate was made for 1948 (3.8 million people). A census taken in 1950 unexpectedly gave a total population figure of only 3,019,031. One might think that this figure, like the figure of 1958 (3311 thousand people), is underestimated, since the population of the highlands, fearing the imposition of duties, evades the census.

The average population density is about 3 people per 1 km2. The highest density is in the Sierra region, in the western part of the country. Bolivia is one of the highest mountainous countries in the world. Here, more than three quarters of the population lives at a level of 3700-3900 m, and in some places even 4000 m above sea level.

At least 14% of the territory of Bolivia is uninhabited land covered with high cliffs, eternal snows or salt marshes. Huge expanses of the eastern lowlands, the departments of Santa Cruz and especially Beni, remained undeveloped until recent years, were isolated from the rest of the country. They are very sparsely populated (only 5% of the population) by primitive tribes. Bolivia is currently carrying out large-scale measures to develop these areas: highways are being built, conditions are being prepared for the resettlement of highlanders living in extremely difficult conditions in the highlands to the valleys.

By occupation, the population is distributed approximately as follows (in thousands of people):

in agriculture ................................ about 672.2

in the mining industry.......... . . . » 43.0

in the manufacturing industry.... » 100.5

hired workers and employees on the railway » 100.0

domestic servant .................................. » 40.0

workers in small handicraft workshops (artisans) » 200.0

Ethnic composition

The ethnic composition of the population of Bolivia is determined by various sources in different ways, but they all agree that the vast majority are Indians.

The Bolivian Department of Statistics gives the following figures:

Indians.............................. 52.9%

Indo-Metis (called Cholo in Bolivia) 32%

white .................................................. 14.8%

the rest................................. 0.3%

Sources emphasize the conditionality of these figures and indicate that the inclusion of Indians and mestizos in ethnic groups depends more on social status than on race 1 .

The Indians of Bolivia are mostly of the Quechua people; the bulk of the Aymara people live here. The remaining tribes (about 63), in the eastern part of the country, belong to several (about 15) Indian language groups.

According to the Bolivian researcher Astenio Averango Molinedo, in 1950, in terms of language, the population presented the following picture:

Spanish speakers ............................... 35.95%

» in the Quechua language .............................................. .................... 36.52%

» in the Aymara language .............................................. .................24.57%

» in other Amerindian languages ​​of small groups Oriente 2.5%

» in European languages ​​other than Spanish 0.46% 2

In addition to Quechua and Aymara, remnants of almost extinct tribes have survived from the time of the Inca state. These are, for example, the Chipaya of the Puquina language family in the province of Karantas; in 1930 there were only 350 of them left.

Bolivians of European and mixed ancestry closely resemble white Peruvians and Ecuadorians. However, they have features that sharply distinguish white Bolivians from both. First of all, white Bolivians overwhelmingly know two, and sometimes three languages. Along with Spanish, a Bolivian Creole almost always speaks Quechua or Aymara, if not both. But even in the Spanish language itself, there is such an abundance of Indian words and phrases that you can immediately distinguish a Bolivian from a representative of another Latin American country. The Indian influence is also very strongly manifested in the architecture of Bolivia. It is clearly visible, for example, in the design of the facade of the Cathedral of St. Lorenzo in Potosi, one of the brightest, richest and most distinctive monuments of Spanish America. His style is closely related to the style of the monuments of the Peruvian city of Arequipa. There are sirens playing Indian Pan flutes, and archangels in ponchos, and images of the sun, moon and planets, transferred from the Inca pantheon. The frieze replicates the geometric ornamentation found at the Tiwanaku sites, as well as realistic depictions of native plants.

Many dances of the Bolivian Creoles and Mestizos originate from Indian festive and ritual dances. The typically Creole Bolivian dance of the diablada has as its progenitor an Indian ritual dance dedicated to Supah, the patron spirit of the miners.

The Indian influence in Bolivia is also much greater than in Peru or Ecuador, it affected not only food, music, clothing. If the Peruvian aristocrat, foaming at the mouth, is ready to breed his family from purebred Spaniards, then the Bolivian is not averse to talking about the “glorious ancestors of the Incas” or “the builders of Tiwanaku”.

The events of recent years in Bolivia have further strengthened the influence of the Indian element on various aspects of the life and work of the Bolivian creoles and mestizos.

The backward forest Indians of Bolivia were surveyed in 1950 more completely than before. Their number has been established, although rather approximately. The total population in the departments of Beni, Santa Cruz, Pando, Tarija, Chuquisaca and Cochabamba is 87 thousand. 52 tribes with special names have been recorded. Among them, the largest are the following: Siriono from the Guarani family (about 9 thousand) settled along the rivers Rio Grande, Rio Blanco and Rio Guapore, in the departments of Beni and Santa Cruz; Mohos, or Mojos (about 4 thousand), live compactly in the department of Beni, in the province that is called after them; curugua (about 5 thousand) also live compactly in the department of Beni; the same applies to the yansigua living in the department of Santa Cruz (numbering more than 5,000). The Chiriguans are settled in three groups in the departments of Santa Cruz. Tarikha and Chukisaka (their total number is about 5 thousand). Despite the significant events that have taken place in Bolivia in recent years, the way of life of the Bolivian forest Indians has not changed much.

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Research hypothesis:

Bolivia's economic backwardness is the result of the long-term exploitation of its natural and labor resources by foreign monopolies.

Target:

Using the history of Bolivia as an example, show why a country with diverse and valuable natural resources turned out to be "a beggar sitting on a golden throne."

Tasks:

Show general information and information about the country;

Show information about the natural resources of the country;

Reveal points of surprise;

Consider the history of the country;

Consider ethnogenetic processes on the territory of Bolivia.

General information

Republic of Bolivia(Republica de Bolivia) is a landlocked country in South America with an area of ​​424.164 square miles (1,098.581 square kilometers). The country has been landlocked ever since it lost its Pacific coast to Chile in a war from 1879 to 1884. Stretching no more than 950 miles (1,503 kilometers) from north to south and 800 miles from east to west, Bolivia is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, and to the south -west with Chile and Peru. Lake Titicaca, the second largest lake in South America and the first in the world in trade navigation, is shared with Peru. However, the official capital is the city of Sucre, where the Supreme Court is located, but the actual capital is La Paz, where the executive and legislative branches of government function. Although only one third of Bolivia is located in the Andes mountains, it is mostly considered a highland country because it is the most developed and the most densely populated. Part of its territory is in the Andes or near them.

Natural resources

The mineral reserves of Bolivia are the most valuable mineral resources. The country is the main producer of tin; it has reserves of zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, lead, and copper, as well as a small amount of gold. Although tin dominates metal production, Bolivia is a very valuable supplier, comparable to Southeast Asia and therefore particularly vulnerable to global demand for tin. There are a number of oil fields. Gas fields with large reserves are concentrated in the Santa Cruz region. Their volume in 1994 was estimated at 113 billion cubic meters. m. In 1994, 2.1 billion cubic meters were exported. m of gas, which accounted for about a third of total exports. The main part of the produced gas is exported to Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay, while domestic consumption is low. In 1995, natural gas accounted for 9% of exports. Bolivia is also rich in other natural resources, in particular its hydroelectric potential.

Trade

The export of metals (mainly tin, but also including zinc, silver, and tungsten) has traditionally dominated Bolivia's trade. With the collapse of the global tin market in the 1980s, natural gas became an export. Minerals and natural gas together account for more than 80 percent of Bolivia's legal export trade. Agricultural exports include coffee, sugar, and timber, along with small amounts of wild rubber, Brazil nuts, hides and skins. Industrial products make up the largest part of all imports; machinery and equipment for industry and transport are among the main categories. Raw materials, consumer goods, and foodstuffs are other important import categories. The biggest trading partners are Argentina and the United States of America, but significant trade also takes place with other South American countries, Great Britain, West Germany, and Japan.

The illicit trade in cocaine has become a significant element in the Bolivian economy. The leaves of the local coca bush have been chewed by Andean Indians for centuries for cold relief and pleasure. A small amount of coca (from Quechua kuka) has also been legally exported for many years for medicinal purposes. An unprecedented expansion of coca cultivation in the Yungas, and especially in the Chapare region (northeast of Cochabamba) began in the 1960s with the sudden growth of the illicit international cocaine market. As the demand for cocaine grew in North America and Europe in the 1970s and 1980s, Bolivian farmers soon found that no other crop could compete with coca in terms of profitability. It has become an ideal cash-generating product - easy to grow, valuable, sustainable and easily transported as dry leaves or concentrate ready to be smuggled out of the country from airstrips scattered throughout the East. At the end of the 20th century, it was estimated that one third of the world's coca crop came from Bolivia, and one quarter from the Chapare region alone. Attempts by the government to replace this crop, or to have the peasants voluntarily reduce their area under coca, have not been successful. Indeed, the area under coca continuously continued to increase. By the 1980s, quantities of cocaine estimated at $5,000,000,000 were leaving Bolivia every year from centers around Cochabamba and outlying parts of the East. Despite its illegal nature, drug trafficking provided a huge addition to the country's gross national product. Because of the large income generated by the government and farmers, and the untold enrichment of illicit dealers, the cocaine trade has become almost impossible to suppress.

ethnic groupsBolivia

The population of Bolivia consists of three groups -

Indians (mainly Quechua and Aymara) - about 60-70% of the total population.

mestizos (descendants of mixed marriages of Indians with Spaniards)

descendants Spaniards.

Mestizos are well represented in offices, crafts, and small businesses in the cities. The traditional minority - the descendants of the Spaniards - have long formed a local aristocracy in small towns and rural areas. Their influence remains, although it has diminished since the 1952 National Revolution.

The Indians mainly comprise two distinct groups - those living in the northern Altiplano who speak the guttural language of the Aymara, and those who speak Quechua, the language of the Incas. A large number of Indians are farmers, miners, factory workers and builders. The Indians working in the mines consume large amounts of coca leaves. Work in deep, poorly equipped mines, in conditions of high atmospheric rarefaction, is extremely difficult. To endure inhuman working conditions, miners chew dry coca leaves almost all the time. Great physical activity in high altitude and rarefied air is difficult to bear. Unbearable work in the mines, actually by hand, with the help of such primitive tools as dynamite cartridges and crushers, in the absence of elementary labor protection, leads to a high incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and silicosis among miners. From hard work and constant drug use, they become disabled already at the age of 30-35, and few of them live to be 40 years old. Infectious diseases, malaria, and dysentery are widespread, from which the Indian population especially suffers, living in unsanitary conditions and constantly undernourished.

Medical service

Medical care in the country is poorly developed. Many rural areas are practically devoid of medical staff, and their residents have to use the services of healers. The cost of treatment is so high that even in the cities a significant part of the population resorts to the services of traditional medicine. Representatives of one of the small Indian tribes - Collahuaia, who lives northeast of Titicaca, from time immemorial were famous as the best healers and were healers even among the Incas. Passing on their knowledge of the medicinal properties of herbs from father to son, they fulfill the role of doctors serving the Indians of Bolivia.

Standard of living

The bulk of the population of Bolivia - workers live in indescribable poverty. The average annual income of most of the population is $80 per capita. The wages of workers are very low, although they work 60-70 and sometimes 80 hours a week. The labor of agricultural laborers is paid especially low. The scourge of the working people of Bolivia is unemployment. Of the country's able-bodied population, about 30% are fully or partially unemployed.

Education

In 1955, a law was proclaimed on universal compulsory and free education for children aged 7 to 14 years and an increase in allocations for improving the education system, most of the inhabitants of Bolivia are still illiterate. Illiteracy is especially high among the Indian population. In Indian areas, more than half of school-age children remain out of school, and about 1% of those who enter high school graduate. There are eight universities in the country: two in Cochabamba and one each in La Paz, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija, Oruro and Sucre, but the number of students is small - only 14 thousand. Bolivian universities have relatively good libraries, which is especially important due to the weakness of the library network in that country. There are large libraries only in La Paz, Cochabamba, Potosi and Sucre. The National Archives of Bolivia, founded in 1836, is located in Sucre. Bolivia's system of scientific institutions reflects a common interest in the social sciences, as opposed to the natural and technical ones, in many Latin American countries. The Academy of Sciences was established in La Paz in 1960.

points of surprise

The most "Indian" country in the world;

· A country rich in natural resources, but with the lowest standard of living in Latin America;

· Bolivia has three official languages, two of which Aymara and Quechua are pre-Columbian;

· the first country in the world to export cocaine;

· the population of Bolivia has retained its identity, combining the culture of the Spanish colonialists with the culture of tribal Indians;

· Bolivia's state system is one of the most unstable in the world. Beginning with the declaration of independence in 1825 and the approval of the first constitution by Simon Bolivar in 1826, about 190 coups d'état took place in the country, and 17 constitutions were in force.

ANDHistory of Bolivia

pre-colonial period.

Bolivian society traces its origins to the advanced pre-Columbian civilizations of South America. The high Bolivian plateau known as the Altiplano was already densely populated for several centuries before being conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century.

Since the 7th century, the empire of Tiahuanaco, the first of the great Andean empires, stretching along the Peruvian coast and highlands, had its center in the Altiplano. By the 11th century, it had reached its apogee and was divided into smaller states ( separation process).

In the centuries that followed the collapse of Tiahuanaco, the Bolivian highland region maintained a population density of high technological development with agricultural irrigation. By the 15th century, the region was mainly controlled by twelve Aymara-speaking Indian tribes. Rivalry with Quechua-speaking tribes from Cusco, which is now Peru, these tribes vied for power in the central Andean highlands. Although the Aymara were eventually pushed out of Cuzco, they nevertheless remained the most important group outside of the Quechua within the expanding Inca Empire; their importance was that they were the only conquered coastal people who managed to preserve the identity of their language and culture to such an extent that their Aymara language survived Spanish rule. But the Aymaras were forced, as a result of the colonial policy of the Incas, to accept a large number of Quechua-speaking emigrants into their midst. This was an early example colonization without assimilation, which gave Bolivia its real linguistic and cultural identity (Bolivia today has two main Indian languages ​​- Quechua and Aymara). These tribes interacted within the Inca Empire, while possessing different languages ​​and customs, which allows us to call this process interethnic integration.

Bolivia during the colonial period . Development of silver mines.

The valleys of the southern Andes and the central plateau in Bolivia, with their density of Amerindian populations, became the core of the entire conquered Spanish Empire after the conquest. In 1538, the territory of the Inca Empire was conquered by Hernando Pizarro, brother of the conqueror of Peru. The Spaniards founded several settlements here ( migration), this area was first called the province of Charcas, and later - Upper Peru. During the colonial period, Indians worked in the silver mines, who repeatedly rebelled against the Spaniards. For almost 300 years, the territory of Bolivia was an integral part of the Spanish colonial empire (from 1542 - as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, from 1776 - the Viceroyalty of La Plata) and was called Upper Peru ( colonization without assimilation). Throughout the colonial period, especially in the 16th and 17th centuries, Upper Peru was one of the main economic centers of the Spanish colonial empire in South America. The silver mines in Potosi were at that time the largest in the world. The Indians who were serving compulsory labor service worked in the mines.

Since the Spanish colonization, the resources of Bolivia have been actively developed and exported to other countries, while exploiting the labor of the indigenous people.

Modern Bolivia was then part of the Vice Kingdom of Peru. The mines of Potosí were located on its territory. The city was founded in 1535, silver was found there in 1547. It was there that coins were minted - and their world circulation began. The mines were owned by the Spanish crown, as well as by several private individuals from England and Holland. Through the Spanish kingdom, the money got to Europe, to Antwerp and London, and from them the East India Company delivered them to Japan and India. By the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century, Potosi was as large and prosperous as London. Most of its inhabitants were Indians. But then the crisis came. All clean mines dried up, silver began to be mined from stone through amalgamation, that is, with the help of mercury, which was supplied from other regions of Latin America. This is a very dangerous, often fatal method. Only Indians worked in the mines. They were recruited from all over the Andean Kingdom of Peru using a special system called mita. This type of labor rent, which was used even in the Inca Empire, was distorted by the Spaniards, turning it into a system of forced labor. The Spaniards had to adapt to the system already known to the Indians for more profitable manipulation. According to historians, over two centuries, work in the mines killed about eight million people. The main causes of death for the miners were mercury poisoning and asphyxia. As soon as the Indians became involved in the mita system, they became the object of missionary work. In general, the colonization of Latin America began with the papal bull of 1537, which put an end to the debate about whether the native Indians were people or not. When slavery was outlawed and the Indians were recognized as having a soul, the missionaries set about converting them to the "righteous" faith while legalizing various types of forced labor.

But due to the peculiarity of the indigenous population - the ability to maintain their identity, in Bolivia, even the Catholic religion has undergone transformations within the culture of the Indians. The art traditions of the Incas and the Spaniards mixed and intertwined. Thus, the god of thunder, traditionally depicted riding a white horse, becomes Santiago of the Smite of the Indians, one of the most popular household saints in Bolivia. The Virgin Mary takes on the features of the goddess of the earth, Pacha Mama. In the image of the Virgin Mary, one can also recognize Sierro Rico, the great mountain of Potosi. Or, for example, at the "Last Supper" they serve not a lamb, but a wild boar.

colonial lane iodine of Bolivia in the XVIII century.

More than half of all the lands in Upper Peru were distributed by the royal government of Spain as encomiendas to the Spanish colonists; the Indians carried numerous duties in favor of the owners of encomiendas - encomenderos. Socio-economic relations in Upper Peru were an interweaving of slave-owning and feudal-serf forms of exploitation. The Indians fought stubbornly against colonial enslavement. They fought for freedom from colonial oppression. The largest was the uprising of 1780-81. under the leadership of the Katari brothers, however, like other actions of the Indians, it was brutally suppressed.

Bolivia during the War of Independence (1809-25).

At the head of the movement for independence were the patriotic circles of the landowning nobility, the emerging merchant bourgeoisie, and the progressive intelligentsia. The beginning of the war for independence on the territory of Upper Peru was an uprising in the city of Chuquisaca, which broke out on May 25, 1809. Anti-Spanish uprisings also took place in the years. Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Potosi, and others. One of the outstanding figures in the liberation movement in Bolivia was P. D. Murillo, chairman of the Revolutionary Junta, who was executed after the defeat of the uprising that began in La Paz in July 1809. The positions of the colonialists were in Upper Peru is stronger than in other regions of the Viceroyalty of La Plata, and it was not until December 1824 that the liberation army under the command of General Sucre, an associate of S. Bolivar, won a decisive victory at Ayacucho and defeated the Spanish troops. In appreciation of Bolívar's support, congressional leaders named the new republic of Bolivia after its liberator and invited Sucre, his chief aide, to be the first president. The liberation movements of the late 19th century were organized not by the indigenous population of Bolivia, but by emigrants - mestizos, descendants of Indians and Spaniards, who formed the cultural intelligentsia. Therefore, until now, the peoples of Bolivia cannot be consolidated into a nation. The name of the country does not coincide with the self-name of the peoples of Bolivia, because they identify themselves as descendants of the pre-Columbian civilization of the Incas.

However, the new republic was not as viable as its people fervently hoped. It was economically backward, despite the legendary colonial wealth and advantageous location of the region. In the late 18th century, the decline in the mining industry led to a severe depression as a result of the Wars of Independence. Between 1803 and 1825, Potosi's silver production dropped by more than 80 percent; and by the time of the first national census in 1846, the Republic had more than 10,000 closed mines. The resources were not valuable enough to cover the high costs of transporting them to the coast. The Bolivian Republic, with a small volume of trade that yielded no income from taxes, was forced to rely on direct taxation by a mass of Amerindian villagers, who constituted more than two-thirds of the total population, numbering in 1825 1,100,000. Until the very last quarter of the 19th century, this regressive taxation of the Indians was a great source of revenue for the national government. Compared to the more progressive South American states, which rely almost exclusively on taxes on imports and exports in their ever-expanding international trade, the Bolivian state quickly lost its prominence within the continent and became known as one of the newest republics.

Wars s for resources. Political games

The economic downturn was a reflection of political stagnation. Bolivia's prominence began to rise initially with a series of military dictators, among them Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, president from 1829 to 1839. Gradually transforming the war-ravaged Bolivian economy and financial situation, Santa Cruz was able to unite Bolivia with Peru in the 1830s, successfully overthrowing the regime of local dictator General Agustín Gammar in Lima. The union of Bolivia with Peru is known as the Confederation (from 1836 to 1839). In 1839, after the victory of the Chilean army, the confederation broke up, and President Santa Cruz was expelled from the country. Then came a long period of instability, with frequent changes of presidents and one revolt after another. This association was purely political in nature, which did not leave a serious imprint on the ethnic history of the country; all subsequent wars and political upheavals were carried out in order to improve the economic situation of Bolivia.

After that, a territorial dispute arose with Chile over a part of the Atacama Desert rich in saltpeter. This led to the five-year Pacific War from 1879 to 1884.

In 1904, the Bolivian-Chilean peace treaty was signed, according to which the disputed territory passed to Chile, as a result of which Bolivia lost access to the Pacific Ocean.

In 1899, the development of rich deposits of tin began, in the production of which Bolivia became one of the world leaders. This industry was of great interest to Great Britain and the United States, which actually took it under their control.

In 1932-35, the Chaco War broke out with Paraguay, which arose because of a disputed desert territory, which supposedly had large deposits of oil.

In this war, Bolivia (which was supported by the American corporation Standard Oil and, in general, the United States), in addition to economic gains from the exploitation of deposits, also counted on improving its geostrategic positions, since if Chaco was captured, it would receive a port on the Paraguay River and the possibility of access (and tanker transportation of oil) to the Atlantic Ocean along the La Plata River.

Only in 1935 did Paraguay and Bolivia agree to a truce, and a three-year-long peace conference opened in Buenos Aires. Only in 1938 was the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Borders signed, according to which Paraguay retained 3/4 of the Chaco territory. As a result of the war, Bolivia secured some acquisitions for itself, but not on the scale that was originally intended. The United States generally supported such a settlement, emphasizing the fact that it was reached on a Pan-American basis.

Bolivia in the XX century bolivia economy population educational

Foreign capital, first British and then American, took key positions in the country's economy, and above all in the mining industry. The beginning of the development of rich tin deposits at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, on the one hand, served as an impetus for the accelerated development of capitalism, and on the other hand, gave the economy a one-sided, dependent character from the very beginning of its development. Bolivia, like all Latin American countries, has become a state with an export-oriented economy, characterized by one-sided specialization, an unequal, subordinate position in the system of the international capitalist division of labor. In the early 50s of the XX century. the democratic movement of the progressive forces of Bolivia resulted in an anti-imperialist bourgeois-democratic revolution. A number of bourgeois-democratic reforms were carried out in the country. In 1952, mines owned by monopoly capital were nationalized, and universal suffrage was introduced. In 1953, a law on agrarian reform was adopted, which dealt a significant blow to the land oligarchy, and the public sector was significantly expanded. All these activities contributed to the change in the socio-political structure of Bolivian society. However, the indecisiveness of the ruling party, which represents the interests of the comprador bourgeoisie, and conciliation with the imperialist countries, and above all with the United States, led to an internal crisis and increased political and economic dependence of the country on the United States. In 1964, as a result of a military coup, a military junta came to power, which began to implement a completely different policy - encouraging foreign capital, curtailing the public sector, and repressing democratic forces. In 1969, a left-nationalist government came to power again, carrying out progressive socio-economic transformations. During this period, the Communist Party passed to a legal position. The American oil company Bolivian Gulfoil was nationalized. Further political life in the country is characterized by extreme instability, frequent military coups, a change in governments of right and left forces, each of which pursued a corresponding policy. The growing confrontation between democratic and reactionary forces led to the victory of the left forces in the elections in June 1980, but already in July 1980 a reactionary military coup was again carried out. The terror and repression unleashed by the military junta caused a great resonance throughout Latin America and throughout the world.

A special session of the OAS was convened to consider the Bolivian question. International democratic organizations condemned the actions of the military oligarchy, and some countries suspended the provision of economic assistance to Bolivia, reduced the provision of loans, without which the country's economy could not actually exist. The military junta, worried about the reaction of the world community and under the pressure of mass strikes, tried to create the appearance of some liberalization of political life. Nevertheless, by 1981 all the most influential political parties, as well as the Catholic Church, were in opposition to the junta; the division of forces in the army intensified. As a result, by the summer of 1982, the military government was practically isolated. In October 1982, the military resigned, giving the country's national congress the right to elect a new president. The government of Democratic and Popular Unity came to power - a bloc of left forces, including representatives of parties: the Left Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (LNRM), led by the current president; Revolutionary Movement of the Left (RDL); Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (NRM). Two important posts - the Minister of Labor and the Minister of Mining and Metallurgical Industry were received by members of the Communist Party of Bolivia. The coming to power of a civil government means the restoration of a constitutional form of government. The transition to civilian rule was due to the long and selfless struggle of the working people against the military regime. The transfer of power to a left-wing government has become an act of international solidarity with the struggle of the Bolivian people for democracy. The ceremony was attended by representatives of more than 40 countries. The La Paz Declaration, which was adopted at the meeting of the permanent conference of political parties in Latin America, held at the same time, noted that the coming to power in Bolivia of the government of Democratic Unity is of great importance for all of Latin America. The long stay of the military had a negative impact on the economic situation of the country, led to a deformation of its economic structure, a drop in production in the mining industry, and unlimited attraction of foreign capital. It became the task of the new government to bring the country out of the deep economic crisis. In foreign policy, it adheres to an independent course, actively participates in the Non-Aligned Movement, restored diplomatic relations with Cuba and Nicaragua, and condemns the aggressive US policy in Central America. The reactionary forces are striving to weaken the process of democratization and are engaged in subversive activities and economic sabotage. The government is facing great challenges left by the legacy of the past.

Modern Bolivia

Beginning in the 1940s, Native American culture flourished. In the early 1970s, Indian values ​​and rights were finally restored; Indian music rose to a higher level, artists abandoned the imitation of European styles, and features of Indian culture reappeared in the general lifestyle. The Aymara Language Academy in La Paz deals with the problems of preserving the purity of the Aymara language. Evo Morales, a native of the Aymara people, has now come to power in Bolivia for the first time in its history. Over the past 10 years, there has been a real surge in the Indian identity of the peoples of Bolivia. The indigenous people of Bolivia demanded that the country's authorities dismantle the statues of Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella I of Castile in the capital of La Paz in connection with the 517th anniversary of the discovery of America. During a demonstration on the main street of La Paz, 20 people burned a Columbus doll and a Bible in protest against the colonization of America. Bolivian President Evo Morales himself on Monday, October 12, said that the discovery of America by Columbus for Europeans was an invasion that brought hunger, poverty and disease to the continent. On the Day of the Discovery of America, representatives of the indigenous peoples of many countries of the continent remind themselves of themselves with mass protests. Bolivia is the most "Indian" of all countries in the Americas. Morales became the first president of Bolivia, a representative of the Aymara - the indigenous people of the Andes (a process of consolidation in the face of a common enemy).

Output

After analyzing the political and ethnogenetic history of Bolivia, we can say that the hypothesis that its economic backwardness is the result of long-term exploitation of the local population and the "pumping out" of natural resources by foreign monopolies. At the moment, it turned out that after a long political manipulation, Bolivia turned out to be "a beggar sitting on a golden throne." Many mines are closed, mines are not developed, gas is produced only for export, because of the political games of major powers such as Spain, Great Britain and the United States, the indigenous people of Bolivia are in dire poverty. But despite the long years of colonization and political manipulation of the country by large foreign monopolies, the indigenous population was able to maintain their culture. Absorbing the Spanish influence, the Aymaras and Quechua were able not to change their customs, but to incorporate them into their system of values ​​and customs, thereby developing their unique culture. The modern government will have to make a lot of efforts to overcome economic stagnation and technical backwardness. In which, no doubt, a consolidating nation will help them.

" We are a poor but proud people. And our greatest wealth is the moral stamina of the masses, their determination to fight and work." , - presidentnt

Siles Suaso.

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The Republic of Bolivia (Republica de Bolivia) is a landlocked country in South America with an area of ​​424,164 square miles (1,098,581 square kilometers). The country has been landlocked since losing its Pacific coast to Chile in a war from 1879 to 1884. Stretching no more than an 950 miles (1,503 kilometers) from north to south and 800 miles from east to west, Bolivia is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, and to the southwest from Chile and Peru. Lake Tikikaka, the second largest lake in South America and the first in the world in trade navigation, is shared with Peru. However, the official capital is the city of Sucre, where the Supreme Court is located, but the actual capital is La Paz, where the executive and legislative branches of the state function. authorities.

Although only one third of Bolivia is located in the Andes mountains, it is mostly considered a highland country because it is the most developed and the most densely populated. Part of its territory is in the Andes or near them. The country itself has a rich history: it was once part of the ancient Inca Empire and later became part of the Spanish Vice-Kingdom of Peru, providing the homeland with a huge amount of silver. The official languages ​​are Spanish and Indian Aymara and Quechua. The vast majority of the population are Roman Catholics.

Bolivia, although rich in mineral resources, remains an underdeveloped country whose economic life is based mainly on agriculture and the production of raw materials, natural gas, tin.

Relief of Bolivia

The western mountainous region of Bolivia, one of the most populated areas in the world, forms the heart of the country. The Andes reach their greatest breadth and complexity here.

To the west, along the borders of Chile, are the Western Cordilleras, which contain a large number of active volcanoes and are crowned by the greatest peak of the republic - Mount Sayama, more than 24,400 feet (6,523 kilometers) above sea level. To the east is the Cordillera Oriental, whose magnificent northern part near La Paz is called the Cordillera Real (royal chain). Between the ridges lies the flat, bare terrain of the Altiplano (High Plao). The plateau is a relatively flat depression about 500 miles long and 80 miles wide, lying at an elevation of ~12,250 feet. The surface of this vast plateau, composed chiefly of water- and wind-eroded rock deposits, slopes gently towards the South; its smoothness is softened by occasional hills and ridges. The boundaries of the Altiplano are characterized by large ledges, spurs.

Bolivian water system

The waters of Bolivia are divided into 3 parts - the Amazon basin in the northeast, the Rio da la Plateau basin in the extreme southeast, and the basin of Lake Titicaca in the Altiplano. The vast swampy plains along the Beni and Mamore rivers that belong to the Amazon basin include lakes and lagoons, some of them quite large, such as Lake Rogoaguado. In the vicinity of the Paraguay River (which runs parallel to the eastern border of Bolivia and is part of the La Plata basin) there are several small lakes, of which the largest are Caquerez and Mandiore.

To the north are the large marshes of Kharayes. This area, like the northeast, is prone to flooding during the summer. The third water system is located in the Altiplano - this is the largest region of inland waters in South America. Here is one of the highest mountain lakes - Lake Tikikaka. The Desaguadero River flows from it; Lake Poopo, into which this river flows.

Also in the Altiplano are shallow salt lakes. The water system of Bolivia is landlocked and therefore all excess liquid evaporates intensively and is absorbed by dry soils. Lake Titicaca occupies ~8500 square kilometers. It is the largest alpine lake in South America. It is located at an altitude of ~12,500 feet (3,810 km) and is 120 miles long and no more than 50 miles wide. Its maximum depth is over 900 feet (~300 meters). There are many islands on the surface of the lake. The lake is freshwater. Lake Poopo, unlike Titicaca, is salty and shallow.

Soils of Bolivia

The soils of the Altiplano - mostly clay, sandy and rocky - are dry and infertile. The slopes are destroyed by strong winds and downpours. In the south there are many salt marshes. But in the north there are rich silty soils where the waters of Titicaca receded for centuries.

It is believed that Tiaguanaco, an important ancient city of the Incas, which is now ten miles from the southern shore of Lake Titicaca, was once on the very shore and was a port. In this regard, rich silty soils are located in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthis city.

Climate of Bolivia

Despite the fact that Bolivia is entirely in the tropics, its climate has all the temperature gradations from the heat of the equatorial lowlands to the arctic cold. In the Andes, temperature and precipitation contrasts depend more on altitude than on distance from the Equator.

The temperature difference between summer and winter is small. Precipitation is scarce, mostly in the form of summer showers in December and January. The average temperature is between 7 and 11 degrees Celsius. But winter temperatures are lower. Nights are cold throughout the year.

In the north, Lake Titicaca moderates the climate considerably. The air here is often cloudless and surprisingly clear, providing enchanting views of the Altiplano. And in the Yungas valleys it is damp and cloudy throughout the year. Bolivia's average annual temperature ranges from 17 to 20 degrees Celsius. And precipitation in Bolivia falls more than 1350 millimeters per year, most of which occurs in December, January and February.

Flora of Bolivia

Huge expanses of the southern Altiplano are occupied by salt marshes and deserts. But to the north, tough tuft grass grows, which llamas feed on. The Altiplano is devoid of trees, but eucalyptus trees are successfully cultivated in the valleys around Lake Titicaca. The Yungas are dressed in a luxurious jungle that includes a huge variety of tropical plants. Among them: the china tree, from which quinine is extracted, and the coca bush, the source of cocaine. In the rainy forests of the Amazon (Selva), the rubber tree, Brazil nut and mahogany grow.

Animal world of Bolivia

In the Bolivian highlands, various breeds of camels stand out among animals - llama, alpaca, guanaco; their homeland is the Andes. The Andes are home to the largest predators among birds - condors, which nest at an altitude of ~ 3-4 kilometers. Many small birds and waterfowl - coots, cormorants, ducks, geese, gulls live near Lake Titicaca. And large flocks of flamingos live near Lake Poopo. In the Amazon basin - an abundance of fish and a large number of frogs, toads, lizards, billions of different insects. There are also rare animals such as armadillos, anteaters, wild pigs, cougars, many varieties of rodents and a flightless bird similar to an ostrich, although much smaller in size. Among the rich fauna of the northern forests - jaguar, sloth, tapir, monkeys. Bolivia also has a large number of reptiles. Among them - caiman - a kind of crocodile.

Population of Bolivia

Bolivia is the only country in Latin America where the majority of the population - 55% - are Quechua and Aymara Indians; mestizos (30%), creoles (descendants of the Spaniards) also live. The official languages ​​are Spanish, Quechua and Aymara. St. 88% of believers are Catholics; St. 10% are Protestants. Urban population 61%. The population density is 7.8 people/km2. There are 3 main populated areas in Bolivia - Altiplano, Alles and the Santa Cruz region in Oriente. Altplano, which occupies a tenth of Bolivia, is high-mountainous and cool.

The Incas found the air healthier and more cheerful here than in the hot, damp valleys. The Northern Altiplano remains the most densely populated region of Bolivia. Here lie the cities of La Paz and Oruro. The city of La Paz is the largest and most important city in Bolivia. Little colonial architecture has survived there.

La Paz grew and developed rapidly in the late 19th and early 20th century as a railway center and the de facto capital of the country. The city's industrial districts are located high on the sides of the valley, shopping areas are below them, and middle-class residences are on the lower level. Other Altiplano cities - Oruro, Uyuni, Tupiza - are also railway centers and are connected with the mining industry. Potosi in the east of the Altiplano should be given special attention. In 1545, on the slopes of Mount Potosi (Cerro Rico), the Spaniards found the richest reserves of silver.

In the middle of the seventeenth century, Potosi had 160,000 inhabitants - then it was the largest city in America. Even now, at over 13,000 feet, Potosi is the tallest city of its size in the world. It is one of the few cities in Bolivia that has retained its architectural identity after many years. The most important cities in Valles were founded in the 16th century and include Cochabamba, Sucre, and Tarija. All three of these cities are surrounded by farms, orchards and pastures.

Cochabamba is the largest, busiest, and most accessible of the cities; Tarija is the most isolated - its mountain roads - are not accessible and the city has never been connected to the Bolivian railway system. Unlike the Altiplano, the climate here is temperate, and the lower areas are more tolerable. East is the largest and least populated area. Santa Cruz is the only big city. It is located close to the foot of the Andes, but is mainly located on the plains.

Since the mid-1950s, it has been the country's fastest growing agricultural center and a center for natural gas and oil production. By the 1970s, Santa Cruz had overtaken Cochabamba as Bolivia's second largest city - a unique example of a long-isolated city in the East catching up with the Andean capital. Trinidad is the chief city in the center of the remote, vast, pastoral Beni region, while further north in this Eastern region, only a few small towns still remain along the river banks among the rain forests.

The population of Bolivia consists of three groups - Indians, mestizos (descendants of Indians mixed from marriages with Spaniards), and descendants of Spaniards. After four centuries of mixing, it is virtually impossible to measure the percentage of each of the groups, although Indians still make up about 55 percent of the total population. The largest group of them is the Quechua. The Indians mainly comprise two distinct groups - those living in northern Aliplanio who speak the guttural language of Aymara, and those who speak Quechua, the language of the Incas. Quechua are more widespread in the Andes, especially in the Valles. Remnants of the Plains and Forest Indians persist in the East.

Most Indians are farmers, miners, factory workers and builders. Aymara and Quechua are added to Spanish as the official languages ​​of Bolivia, but there is a growing number of Indians, particularly in cities, trade centers and new settlements, who speak Spanish fluently. Mestizos are well represented in offices, crafts, and small businesses in the cities. The traditional minority - the descendants of the Spaniards have long formed the local aristocracy in small towns and rural areas. Their influence remains, although it has diminished since the 1952 National Revolution.

Few foreigners emigrated to Bolivia. However, a small number of Germans arrived in the late 19th and early 20th century and achieved notable success as commercial agents and entrepreneurs, shopkeepers, and accountants. Japanese farmers were among the most successful colonists in the Santa Cruz area. Arriving in the late 1950s and 1960s as a relatively small but skilled group of pioneers, they made an important contribution to the economy.

The Roman Catholic religion is spread among 95 percent of the total population. At the head of the church hierarchy in Bolivia is a cardinal living Sucre. Churches and cathedrals, most of which were built in colonial times, constitute a national architectural treasure. They are built mainly in the extravagant, ornamental Baroque style, although there are some representatives of the Renaissance style (for example, La Paz Cathedral) or later styles. From the 1940s The Roman Catholic Church assumed an almost exclusive role in matters of social assistance and education.

In the Altiplano Indian communities, some form of pantheistic pre-Columbian religion is still alive. It includes the Sun God, the legendary creation of the first Inca emperor - Maneo Capac and his wife's sister - Mama Oclio on the Island of the Sun in Lake Titicaca. The Roman Catholic religion over the centuries has adopted some aspects of the Indian religion, assimilating them into the religious life of these communities. There are also various Protestant denominations and also a small Jewish community. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Constitution.

What does Bolivia have? White, brown and blue. White clouds and snow caps of six thousand people, the blue of the sky and Lake Titicaca, the brown slopes of the Andes, stretching from north to south of the country and dividing it into two equal parts ...

Location:

Republic of Bolivia, a state in South America. It borders Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west. The official capital of the country is Sucre, but the seat of government is located in the city of La Paz.

History:

The territory of Bolivia is the birthplace of Tiahuanacu, the most significant state of pre-Inca America and one of the oldest cultures in the Andean region. The center of this state was in the city of Tiahuanacu. Tiwanaku flourished until the 10th century AD. By the beginning of the 15th century, it was replaced by the state of the Aymara Indians, and then the Incas captured the area. The Spaniards enslaved the Incas in the 1530s, after which began two centuries of Spanish domination. The Spanish settlers achieved independence from the mother country in 1825 and named their state Bolivia - after the leader of the struggle for the independence of the Spanish colonies in South America, Simon Bolivar. From that moment in the history of Bolivia began a period of wars, unrest and military dictatorships. In the 1880s, Bolivia ceded its only sea coast to Chile, and in the 1930s, most of the Gran Chaco region to Paraguay. Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in South America, and its political instability is largely the result of economic problems.

Culture:

Bolivia is the "most Indian" country on the continent. More than 60% of its population are Indians or descendants of mixed marriages. Therefore, the traditions inherited by the local Indian tribes from the ancient civilizations of America are carefully protected, and their influence on public life is very great. At the same time, there is a rather confusing picture in the country with belonging to one or another ethnic group. Some of the Indians consider themselves direct descendants of the Maya and frankly boast about it, while the other part is more inclined to identify themselves as Spaniards or emphasize kinship with the Indian tribes of Brazil or Uruguay, which creates a rather incomprehensible situation with tribal affiliation. This is especially pronounced in rural areas on the plains of the country - in the villages and towns of the eastern part of the country, you should not call local residents Indians - they consider themselves "campesinos", that is, simply "peasants". The Indian society is quite clearly differentiated by the status of a person, therefore, when communicating with them, certain social procedures should be observed - the Indians appreciate the signs of attention very much, but at the same time they subtly feel the falsity in their manifestation, and often withdraw into themselves, feeling some kind of tension in the behavior of the guest . Unlike many other inhabitants of poor countries, Bolivians are not very intrusive. It is usually enough to say "no" once to get rid of the offered service. Most Bolivian families are very sensitive to the observance of traditions and rituals. Ignorance of local norms usually does not lead to any kind of conflict, but openly disregarding local customs is not recommended - most Bolivians are very proud and have an almost hypertrophied self-esteem, so such violations can lead to sad consequences. And at the same time, they are quite simple-minded and not at all vindictive, which, subject to certain standards, leads to a fairly quick establishment of friendly relations with local residents. Usually, locals dress according to their centuries-old traditions. European-style clothing is common only in cities. But there are no special dress codes for tourists visiting the country. Casual and sportswear is acceptable in most cases, except for those associated with some kind of official events. Photography here is allowed only with the permission of local residents. This is especially true for women. A separate aspect of local traditions that usually causes a lot of controversy is the widespread use of coca leaves. They are chewed, insisted, made into tea and even added to some dishes. Despite the fact that, according to European standards, coca is a source of narcotic substances, in Bolivia it is used as a common tonic, which, given the high altitude of the country and, consequently, the low oxygen content in the air, is quite understandable and even justified. When visiting most of the highlands of the country, usually lying above 3500 meters, coca tincture or tea is simply irreplaceable.

• Bolivia is the highest and most isolated of the Latin American republics.
• The capital of Bolivia is La Paz. It is located at an altitude of 11,910 feet (3,630 m), and is the highest administrative capital in the world.
• Lake Titicaca, at 12,507 feet (3,812 m), is the highest commercially navigable body of water in the world.
• Nearly half of Bolivia's population lives on the Altiplano plateau, with an average elevation of 12,000 feet (3,658 m).
• The languages ​​spoken in Bolivia are Spanish, Quechua and Aymara.
• Bolivia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in Latin America.

When is the best time to go:

The most favorable time to visit the country is from late June to early September.

Attractions:

Among the sights of the country: the National Museum and the Cathedral, accommodating 12 thousand people (built in 1933) in La Paz. In Potosi: 16th century cathedral; mint built in 1572