MBOU "Komsomolskaya secondary school No. 2"

Research

Why are aliases needed?

Who is behind the mask?

Performed:

10-B class student

MBOU "Komsomolskaya secondary school No. 2

Kozlova Julia

Supervisor:

literature

with. Komsomolskoye-2012

1. Introduction. ………………………………………………………….. 2

2. The main part. …………………………………………………….. 3

What is an alias? From the history of pseudonyms. ………….. 3-4

Why are aliases needed? ……………………………………..5-

What are aliases? 4

3. Who is behind the mask?

Kozma Prutkov

M Gorky

4. Conclusion. nine

5. List of references and sources used 10

when preparing the material.

6. Application. 11-14

Introduction.

Every Russian writer

consists of body, soul and alias.

G. Plekhanov.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, almost every young writer invented a pseudonym for himself. Pseudonyms - adjectives - have come into fashion. These are, for example, A. Bely (B. Bugaev), Demyan Bedny (A. Pridvorov), A. Krainiy (Z. Gippius), P. Mirny (A. Rudchenko) and others.

How do you calculate, pseudonyms are a tribute to fashion? For what reasons did many writers and poets take pseudonyms for themselves?

The object of my research is a poetic pseudonym. I decided to take this topic because I always wondered why creative people, that is, writers, poets, artists, artists and singers often take pseudonyms for themselves. It is the field of literature that is close to me, so I decided to try to find out what are the reasons that prompted writers and poets to invent pseudonyms for themselves, what is hidden under the mask of an assumed name?

So, the purpose of my research is to show what is a pseudonym? Why do creative people take pseudonyms for themselves? To trace the most typical cases of the formation and functioning of a pseudonym.

The topic of pseudonyms, it seems to me, has always been relevant, and it is still relevant now, since on the Internet I often come across the same pseudonyms, only they are called differently. These are nicknames and nicknames.

What is an alias? From the history of pseudonyms.

Pseudonym (pseudos - lie, onima - name; Greek) - a fictitious name or conventional sign with which the author signs his work. A pseudonym replaces the real name or surname of the author, sometimes both.

The law does not allow the disclosure of a pseudonym without the consent of the author, except in cases where the pseudonym is used to falsify authorship. The science of pseudonyms is sometimes called pseudoonomastics.

The custom of replacing one's name with another arose long ago, even before the invention of printing. Who was the first writer to use a pseudonym is not known for certain. But nicknames are even older than pseudonyms. Sometimes nicknames became literary names, regardless of the will of their bearers.

The real names of the creators of many wonderful epic works have not come down to us, but we know the nicknames of their authors. So, one of the first Indian poets who wrote the Ramayana (5th century BC) is known as Valmiki, i.e. "anthill" (in Sanskrit). Where does such a strange nickname come from? The legend says that in his youth he was engaged in robbery, and in his old age, having repented and becoming a hermit, he sat so motionless for many years that the ants built their dwelling on him ...

We do not know the real name of the ancient Indian poet, whose drama "Shakuntala" (about the love of a king and a simple girl) gained worldwide fame. We know only the nickname of the author - Kalidasa, that is, the slave of Kali, the goddess who personified the birth and death of all living things.

Some nicknames have been associated with appearance author. So, the first ancient Roman poet, whose works have survived to our time, is known not as Appius Claudius, but as. The name of the famous Roman orator - Cicero - a nickname received for a wart (cicero - pea), the ancient Roman poets Ovid and Horace also had third names that marked the features of their appearance: the first - Nason (nosed); the second - Flakk (lop-eared).

Sometimes the nickname emphasized some trait in the character of the author, his life or work. So, the Roman fabulist, who first introduced the genre of satire into literature, where people were depicted under the guise of animals, was nicknamed Phaedrus (in Greek - cheerful). He lived in the first century AD. e.

In ancient times, when surnames did not yet exist, the names of the authors could coincide, which caused confusion. So, in ancient Greek literature there are as many as four Philostratus, which have to be distinguished by numbers: Philostratus I, Philostratus II, etc.

To avoid confusion, we used various ways. One of them was founded

on the use of the name of the father or grandfather. The famous scientist of the 11th-12th centuries, who lived in Bukhara, went down in history as Ibn-Sina, that is, the son of Sina (in the Latinized form, this name turned into Avicenna). In essence, it was the germ of a family name: after all, the Ivanovs and Petrovs appeared among us because one of the more or less distant ancestors was called Ivan or Peter.

The first pseudonym dictionaries appeared in the 17th century. At the same time, a treatise was written by the Frenchman Andrien Baye, which for the first time described the reasons for the replacement of their names by other writers, as well as the ways in which these replacements were made.

In Russia, this issue was studied somewhat later. In 1874, the "List of Russians" was born anonymous books with the names of their authors and translators", compiled by N. Golitsyn.

- Orest Golovnin. Under this name, the professor of philology issued in 1910. book of his fables.
- Uluro Ado (Yukaghir name)
R. Jacobson - alYagrov

Presence of namesakes

Quite an objective reason for changing the name.

- Burnet. The poet of the 19th century, who did not dare to keep the famous name of the author of "Svetlana"
- Lev Losev
V. Nabokov - Sirin
- the son of the poet Sluchevsky, whom we have already mentioned, who inherited not only the same surname, but also a first name with a patronymic, served in the Navy and also wrote poetry.

There were also so-called literary namesakes. In Masanov's dictionary, for example, 10 Seasoned, 11 Gadflies and 30 Philistines are mentioned (of course, not only poets are mentioned in this case).

Irregularity and routine.

Once Chekhov was offered to read the poems of the lyric poet Gusochkin. He refused: “What kind of surname is this for a lyric poet - Gusochkin ?! I won't read it!"

surname, or he was guided by other considerations. After all, in

certain periods of time (the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century) it was simply fashionable. And yet I offer my list of names, which, first of all, included the so-called pretentious pseudonyms.

B. Gordeev - Bozhidar
- Eduard Bagritsky
Lezhankin - Petr Neznamov
-Tarshis - Ry Nikonov
- Demyan Poor
Yakov Satunovsky - Yan Satunovsky
V. Sidorov - Vadim Bayan
- Allegro
- Fedor Sologub
- Tatyana Vechorka certain associations.

Pseudonyms of this kind are intended to emphasize the spiritual closeness of the poet to something. They can also be called "speaking pseudonyms". This group is very broad. Let's break it down into subcategories.

a) geographic:

- Shiryaevets. This funny-sounding pseudonym in modern times comes from the name of the village of Shiryaevo, the poet's homeland.
V. Zagoryansky - real name unknown (from Zagoryanka station near Moscow
V. Makhnin - Sayanov (born at the foot of the Sayan Mountains).
-Sitnianovich - Simeon of Polotsk. The famous monk was a native of Polotsk and served in the monastery there.

b) national:

- Uluro Ado (Yukaghir name)
G. Lisin - G. Aigi (from the Chuvash "haykhi" - "that's the one")
P. Stepanov - Lamutsy (Even poet, Lamuts - the former name of the Evens)

c) ideological:

Almost all proletarian poets fall here.

- Eduard Bagritsky
- Demyan Poor

There is also an opposite example - when the real name evokes negative associations and it has to be encrypted:

- Dmitry C.

comic effect.

Pseudonyms, the purpose of which was to create a comic effect, are called paizonyms (from the Greek paizein - to joke). As a rule, they were temporary and arose not so much to hide the real name as a joke, or to emphasize the satirical nature of the work.

- Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, Chairman of the Commission on

4) Churmen 5) Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.
- 1) Fedor Konyukh 2) 3). Hoax.

Kozma Prutkov is the collective pseudonym of the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers and A. Tolstoy.
- 1) I. 2) Belkin
– Niruzam

Internet influence.

On this reason, as on the least studied, we will dwell in more detail.

The owner of the nickname, Christoph Lindenberg (“Internet. Browser”), states: “Soon there will be no names. There will be emails and nicknames. People will gain real freedom. In the world of portals and e-shopping, you don't need a real name." Freedom in choosing a name, character, biography on the Internet is really not limited, and we are with you, and millions of people like us are used to this freedom and willingly use it. However, in the case of network poets (by those we mean those who received their first recognition on the Internet), rather, the opposite trend is observed - most of them do not see any need to hide their name. True, for simplicity and convenience when communicating in guest books or on forums, they often use nicknames:

Alexey Andreev - Lexa

Diana Efendieva - Dee

Igor Petrov - Labas
Mikhail Baru - Minya

Galya Anni - Fita, Ezhinka

Mikhail Sazonov - Michel
Sergey Boychenko - sergio
Olga Rodionova (Dashkevich) - Verochka, Wolf, Annabelle Lee
Evgenia Chuprina - FEM

The real names of the poets of the second group are unknown to the general public, these are pseudonyms of pure water. But to consider the temptation of the Internet (creating your own virtual mask) as the reason for this choice would not be entirely true. I presume that the main reasons lie outside the network: the first attempt at writing, the unwillingness to "shine" in front of off-line acquaintances and in front of their superiors, the commonness or apparent dissonance of their own name, that is, everything that we talked about above.

Some of the examples:

Shmubzik
Sap-Sa-De
Eter Comte de Pagny
Piggy
Scaramouche (Cruiser, Brad, Junk, Gena)
Ftsuk
Tibul Kamchatsky

What are aliases?

Above, we analyzed the general reasons for choosing a pseudonym, that is, we tried to answer the question “why?” Now let's dwell on the other side of the problem - “how? how? ”, i.e. what is the meaning of this or that pseudonym and how is it formed?

According to the method of formation, the following groups of aliases can be distinguished:

- Sasha Cherny

2. Antonyms- emphasize nationality

- Uluro Ado (Yukaghir name)
3. Pseudo-antonyms- an imaginary antonym is chosen

Derzhavin - Tatar Murza, who has long settled in Moscow, and lives on business in St. Petersburg.

4. Geonyms- indicate the place of birth or residence

-Sitnianovich - Simeon Polotsky
- Igor Severyanin

5. Frenonims(phren - mind, Greek) - from one or another trait of character or creativity

- Sergey Sad
- Nicola Sadness
- Gorky (as we see, Peshkov was not the first Gorky)
- Lonely
- Sorrowful Poet
- Boritskaya (revolutionary, published in Zvezda and Pravda)
I. Krivenko - Ivan Grave
D. Minaev - 1) Accusatory poet 2) Modern satirist
- New Poet
- Andrei Skorbny
- Unsociable (poet-"pravdist")

6. Titlonims- indicate the occupation, rank or social position.

- 1) Poet-soldier 2) Poet-proletarian
- Peasant

7. Allonyms or heteronyms- the name of a real person (often deceased) is chosen as a signature.

- (so he signed his early revolutionary poems)

- (under the name of the deceased Venevitinov, Semevsky published a denunciatory poem "Russia")
Vl. Sidorov - Vadim Bayan (from the old Russian poet Boyan)

In some cases, the real name was preceded by the initial letter of the name of the real author:

Vl. Gippius - 1) Vl. Bestuzhev 2) Vl. Neledinsky (both surnames were found in Russian literature)
(Korney Chukovsky) - N. Radishchev

8.Geronyms- the names of literary and mythological heroes, emphasizing the ideological closeness of this character to the author.

- Vladimir Lensky (under the same pseudonym he was going to publish his youthful poems)
- Aduev ( main character Goncharov's novel "An Ordinary Story")
- Demyan Bedny (in this case, the hero created by the author himself served as the prototype)

9. Latinisms- formed from Latin words.

(A. Bely) - also used the pseudonyms Alter Ego (second self), Cunctator (slow), Spiritus (spirit), Taciturno (silent)

10. Chromatonyms - from the names of paints

(Olympov) - Akaki Orange (signed humorous poems like this)

N. Shor - Anatoly Fioletov

11.Phytonyms- from the names of plants and trees

Lotarev (I. Severyanin) - Mimosa

12.Zoonyms- from the names of animals

- 1) Deev-Khomyakovsky (born in the village of Khomyakovsky) 2) Hamster

13. Anagrams- permutation of letters in the real name

- Aurelius (an anagram of his name Valery)
A. Kantemir - Khariton Maketin (this is how his "Letter containing the rules of Russian versification" is signed, 1743)

A variation of an anagram is an anagram-shifter (palinonym):

I. Krylov - Navi Volyrk (in "Pleasant and useful pastime")
- Nurizam (book "Strophes of Nurizam", 1901)

14. Woman under male name, male - under female

E. Bagritsky - Nina Voskresenskaya

V. Bryusov - Nelly
Z. Gippius - A. Extreme
- L. Shelgunova
Vl. Khodasevich - Elena Arbatskaya

15. Factonyms- from biographical facts

1) Arz. 2) Art. are. (in his youth he was a member of the literary circle "Arzamasets") 3) St ... h. k (from his lyceum nickname "Cricket") 4) Krs (abbreviated palinonym for "Cricket")

16. Collective aliases

Elizabeth and Maria Moskvin - Mrs. *** (under the book of poems "Aonia", 1802)
The Zhemchuzhnikov brothers and A. Tolstoy - Kozma Prutkov
Group of poets "Literaturnaya Gazeta" - Yevgeny Sazonov

Husband and wife Tkhorzhevsky - Ivan da Marya (under translations of Beranger's songs and own poems).

Who is behind the mask?

Pseudonyms of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.

Like any writer-humorist, Chekhov used dozens of various pseudonyms. Until now, they are far from being fully disclosed, since Chekhov himself could not remember the belongings of all his early stories. The function of the humorist's pseudonym was not so much to hide the true authorship, but to amuse the reader, the desire to intrigue him, hence the variability, deliberate confusion - the reader had to try to guess the authorship of the story himself. Often a pseudonym is a necessary element of the composition of a particular story, part of a literary farce and cannot be correctly revealed outside of its context. In rare cases, the background of this or that Chekhov's pseudonym could be known only to a narrow circle of his acquaintances and required additional decoding.
The first place in the series of pseudonyms he used is undoubtedly occupied by the signature of Antosh Chekhonte (options: Antosha Ch***, A-n Ch-te, Anche, A. Chekhonte, Chekhonte, Don Antonio Chekhonte, Ch. Khonte, etc.). It was with this signature that the young medical student sent his first works to comic magazines. The history of this signature is quite well known: it comes from the “school” witticism of the father-teacher of the Taganrog gymnasium, who used to jokingly change the names of students. This not very witty gymnasium “teaser”, invented “at the dawn of a foggy youth”, became the main pseudonym of Chekhov the humorist. He not only used it in magazines and newspapers, but also put it on the cover of the first two author's collections ("Tales of Melpomene", 1884, and "Colorful Stories", 1886).
The origin of the pseudonym Brother of my brother is due to the fact that since 1883 Chekhov began to be published in the same humorous magazines in which his older brother Alexander began to appear a little earlier. The desire to get away from the "brotherly" confusion forced Chekhov to title page in his book “At Twilight” (1887) to put his last name with corrected initials: “An. P. Chekhov”. The rest of Chekhov's pseudonyms were, as a rule, short-lived and used solely for comic effect: Makar Baldastov, Doctor without Patients, Nut No. 6, Nut No. 9, Nettle, Prose Poet, Ruver, Champagne, etc.
And only the pseudonym Man without a spleen had, in addition to the not quite revealed “comic” sound, a serious semantic component of a “medical” nature. Chekhov used this pseudonym for more than ten years: the first work signed in this way - the article "Hamlet" - was published in January 1882; the last - the story "Fish Love" - ​​in June 1892. In total, under this pseudonym (and its variants: Ch. without s., Ch. B. S., S. B. Ch.) 119 stories and humoresques and 5 articles and feuilletons were published.

Only 42 pseudonyms of the writer are known, below we provide a list of some of them:

Aliases

A. P,

A.P.

An. Ch.

Antosha

Antosha C.

Antosha Chekhonte

G. Baldastov

My brother's brother

doctor without patients

hot man

prose poet

Nut No. 6

Rook

Don Antonio Chekhonte

uncle

Kislyaev

M. Kovrov

Nettle

Laertes

Ruver

Ruver and RevourUlysses

Man without a spleen

Ch. Honte

Chekhov begins to publish his "serious" works under the full name, while continuing the tradition of a literary pseudonym in humorous journalism.

Pseudonyms of Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol.

I have had several aliases. He began his literary career as a poet. At the age of 20, signed by V. Alov, the poem "Hanz Kühelgarten" was published, which received negative reviews from critics. The frustrated author bought all the remaining copies of the poem from the booksellers and destroyed them.
Pletnev advised Gogol to publish the book under a different pseudonym. It is necessary to appear to the public as a new author, so that the wrong impression of his talent does not interfere with the success of the stories. The collection of short stories "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" Gogol signs with another pseudonym. The writer leads the reader by the nose, pretending that these stories were written down by the beekeeper Rudy Panko. The pseudonym itself did not arise from scratch - Gogol had light red hair, and "ore" means red.

Kozma Prutkov.
It is known that the literary personality of Kozma Prutkov was created and developed by three persons, namely: Alexei Mikhailovich and Vladimir Mikhailovich Zhemchuzhnikov
and them cousin Count Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy. Also, the third of the Zhemchuzhnikovs, Alexander Mikhailovich, took part in the work on some poems and comedies. So this is also a unique case of using a collective pseudonym. The name itself was borrowed from a valet who served with the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers.

Maksim Gorky

Real name - Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. Born 16 (28) March 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod, died June 18, 1936 in Gorki, Moscow Region. Russian Soviet writer literary critic and publicist, founder of Soviet literature, active participant revolutionary movement, public figure. One of the most popular authors of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Nickname Aleksey Maksimovich invented himself. Subsequently, he said: "Don't write to me in literature - Peshkov ...".

Maksim Gorky - This alias- phrenon, that isalias referring to main feature character of the author or the main feature of his work.

Characterizes not only his fate, but also the direction of his work. So, the life of young Alyosha Peshkov "in people" was bitter, and he wrote about the bitter fate of the destitute.

His literary name Alexey made the name of his father, whom he loved very much and lost early. By the same name he named his son, whom he also lost very early. There is a version that the name Maxim was borrowed from the criminal who killed Gorky's great-grandfather, Maxim Bashlyk, about whom Alyosha liked to talk about in childhood. It is also worth noting that the stepfather of A. Peshkov had the surname Maksimov. Therefore, be that as it may, Gorky had a lot in life with the name Maxim, and the choice of such a pseudonym is not accidental.

Maksim Gorky- this deeply symbolic signature first appeared under the story "Makar Chudra" in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz" on September 12, 1892. The 24-year-old author then served as a clerk in railway workshops. This was literary debut Alexey Peshkov. Subsequently, he used a number of pseudonyms, but the very first of them brought worldwide fame.

M. Gorky under the notes in Samarskaya Gazeta and Nizhny Novgorod Leaflet (1896) he put Pacatus (peaceful), and in the collection Red Panorama (1928) he signed Unicus (the only one). In Samarskaya Gazeta, the feuilletons Samara in All Relationships, with the subtitle Letters from a Knight-Errant, were signed by Don Quixote (1896). Writer in captions to feuilletons, he often used the incogniton name N. Kh., which should have read: “Someone X”.

A number of notes by Alexei Maksimovich in Samarskaya Gazeta (1895-1896), as well as the story "The Nightingale" were signed by Dvaga, that is, two "G" - Gorky and Gusev (the journalist who gave materials for the notes).

To hide authorship, M. Gorky, in addition to the above pseudonyms, used neutral names (neutronyms- pseudonyms that do not cause any associations), so "The Story of a Novel" (1924) he signed Vasily Sizov.

It happened that Bitter performed under the name of a character in his own work. Once he used the name of a literary hero he created as a pseudonym. One of his feuilletons in "The Eccentric" (1928) was signed by Samokritik Slovotekov. This surname was borne by the character of Gorky's satirical play "Hard worker Slovotekov", written by him in 1920 for the Theater of People's Comedy. About this alias Bitter told the editors of Eccentric the following: “I can hardly find the time to personally contribute to your journal, but allow me to recommend to you my friend, Self-criticist Kirillovich Slovotekov. Self-critic is his true name, given by his parents at birth. He is quite an old man, but a “beginner”. Non-partisan. Attitude towards alcohol is moderate.

To make readers laugh Bitter came up with comic pseudonyms, choosing old names that had long been out of use, combined with an intricate surname. In his youth, in the Samara and Saratov newspapers of the late 90s, Yehudiel Khlamida was signed. Under one of the letters to his 15-year-old son is: Your father Polikarp Unesibozhenozhkin. On the pages of his home hand-written journal Sorrento Pravda (1924), he signed Metranpage Goryachkin, Disabled Muses, Osip Tikhovoyev, Aristid Balyk.

In literary biography Gorky there were also cases of plagiarism, or rather plagiarism “for good”, that is, the desire of an already popular writer to help his novice colleague, without any selfish motives. In 1918, a signed name was published in Novaya Zhizn. M. Gorky story "Lanpochka". But it would be in vain to look for this story in Gorky's collected works. In 1933, he told the editors of Siberian Lights: “The story “Lanpochka”, about which you ask, was not written by me, but by my son Maxim, who was in Siberia in 1918 and saw this light bulb in action.”

eshkov was not the first Russian writer to invent pseudonym Gorky. According to the Russian writer and poet

, the same was one of the poet's early pseudonyms.

Later derivatives of the pseudonym began to appear Maksim Gorky. Maxim Leonov, father of the Soviet writer Leonid Leonov, poet and journalist, a man of difficult fate, signed Maxim Goremyka. In honor of Gorky The outstanding Belarusian poet Maxim Tank (autonym Yevgeny Skurko) also named himself.

It's interesting that when pseudonym Maxim Gorky was supposed to be used with a patronymic, then they used the real name and patronymic - Alexei Maksimovich.

Conclusion.

Thus, as a result of the analysis of the material, we learned how and where pseudonyms arose, for what reasons talented and creative people choose pseudonyms for themselves.

I think it was interesting for you to find out with me what meaning this or that pseudonym carries and how it is formed.

Knowing why the writer chose this or that fictitious name for himself, we, it seems to me, will better understand his life, and his fate, and his work.

List of references and sources used in preparation

project material.

1. "Dictionary of pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and

public figures", M.1956

2., "Hiding their name", M, "Science", 1977

3. . "Invented names", M. "Contemporary", 1986

4. psevdonim.hotsq. info/index. php

5. literus. people. ru/Tables/Literatura/psevdonim. htm
6. www. uic. unn. ru/~zni/pages/people/psevdon. shtml

7. starybarin. ru/b/pseudonym_writers. html

8. ask site. en/?question=41099918&ord=2&sourse=0

Appendix.

Fantômas is a fictional character created by the imagination of French writers Marcel Allain and Pierre Souvestre. How did director André Hunebelle transform the gloomy atmosphere of the Phantom Masiada in his cult films? And why did the world never see the painting "Fantômas in Moscow"?

One of the most popular characters in French detective history, Fantômas was born in 1911 and appeared in a total of 32 co-written stories. Eleven more stories were released by Alain after Suverst's death. Fantômas has become the main character in many films, television films and comics. In the history of detective fiction, he is presented as the villain of 19th-century Gothic novels, who migrated in the form of a serial killer in our time.

Books and films about Fantomas, released like hot cakes, can be considered a forerunner modern methods production in Hollywood. First, the authors determined the main plot twists, after which they worked independently on alternative chapters. Marcel and Pierre then met each other to connect the two halves of the story in the final chapter. This approach allowed the authors to release one novel almost every month. Secondly, the rights to film adaptation of works were bought out immediately. This system allowed the film industry not to worry about problems with the production of sequels.

Fantomas (or phantom man), hiding his face behind a mask, entered the world stage a few years after the appearance of the famous "gentleman robber" Arsène Lupin (Arsène Lupin). However, if Lupin is in many ways reminiscent of a "noble robber", then Fantômas, without a share of a doubt, is perceived as a sociopath who enjoys the sadistic ways of destroying his victims.

Fantomas is a ruthless and merciless element, ready to do away with even his own children. He is a real master of reincarnation, constantly appearing under false names. Most often, the villain pretends to be a person whom he himself killed. Fantomas uses rather strange and eccentric means and methods to carry out his crimes, be it plague-infected rat packs, giant snakes, or sand-filled rooms.

Fantomas' past remains very vague. His ancestry may have been British and/or French. He was probably born in 1867. The original books say that in 1892, b. someone who later became Fantomas styled himself Archduke Juan North and ran the German principality of Hesse-Weimar. In these parts, his son Vladimir was born from an aristocrat. Under unclear circumstances, the Archduke was under arrest.

In 1895 Fantomas is in India (India). Here, a certain European woman becomes the mother of Helen, probably conceived by Fantômas or by an Indian prince who served as the priest of Fantômas. Helen grows up South Africa(South Africa).

In 1897 Fantomas visited the United States (USA) and Mexico (Mexico). His main mission is to ruin the then business partner Etienne Rambert. In 1899 Fantomas fought in the Second Boer War in South Africa using the name Gurn. He fought in the Transvaal as an artillery sergeant under Lord Roberts. Fantomas received the rank of adjutant to Lord Edward Beltham and fell in love with his young wife, Lady Maud Beltham.

Upon the return of the plot to Europe, shortly before the events of the first Fantomas novel, Lord Edward learns about the connection between Gurn and his wife, having seen them on Lever Street in Paris, where the lovers "made" a love nest. Husband tries to shoot Maud, but Gurn hits him with a hammer and strangles him.

Posing as Etienne Rambert, Fantômas sets up the son of a business partner, young Charles. He tells him to go underground, but the hidden Charles is found by the French police detective Juve, obsessed with capturing Fantômas. Knowing that Juve was set up, the detective hides the young man and helps him change his identity - to the journalist Jerome Fandor, employed in the Capital newspaper.

Juve later arrests Gurn. During the trial, convincing arguments are put forward that Gurn and Fantômas are the same person. On the eve of his execution, Fantômas manages to escape from custody, when instead of himself, in the form of Gurn, he gives out a disguised actor, to whom they cut off his head.

Lady Beltham is constantly torn between passion for Fantômas and horror at his heinous criminal deeds. In 1910, she commits suicide. Journalist Fandor falls in love with Fantomas' daughter, Helene. Despite all the attempts of the villain to separate the lovers, Jerome and Helen play a wedding. In 1911, the malicious son of Fantômas, Vladimir, appears. Vladimir's girlfriend is killed by Fantômas, and Vladimir himself is ultimately eliminated by Juve.

A film trilogy about the "elusive criminal" Fantômas, directed by André Hunebel, achieved particular success in the USSR film distribution (USSR). The main roles were approved by Jean Marais (Jean Marais) and Louis De Funes (Louis de Funes). The gloomy idea of ​​Alain and Suverst was filmed in a comedy style that looked like a parody of phantom and Bond.

The action of three paintings is transferred to the 1960s. At the disposal of the characters are all sorts of gadgets and transforming equipment, for example, Fantômas' Cossack turning into an airplane. After the grandiose success of the trilogy in the USSR, the idea arose to shoot the film "Fantômas in Moscow", but the project was not implemented. One of the reasons for the failure was Mare, who played Fantômas and Fandor at the same time, to the green makeup and rubber masks that caused acne on his face.

As minor hero Fantomas appears in many projects. It can be seen in episodes of the Soviet films "Seven Old Men and One Girl" and "Old Robbers". Even in the novel by N. Nosov (Nikolay Nosov) "Dunno on the Moon" one of the cities is called Fantomas.

AT modern world It's no secret how much the media influences the minds of the people. Unfortunately, the current authorities do not hesitate to use this to expand their powers.

They pay representatives of federal channels to show only the “correct” information there. True, there is a means of combating such lawlessness. That medium is YouTube.

Opposition channels are very popular due to the fact that there you can find out the truth about what is happening in the world. One of the most promising in this area is the channel with the intriguing name "To be or ...".

Channel Features

Each video presented on the channel is perfectly processed and edited, and also has an eye-catching cover; the content is very high quality, containing facts and a decent amount of humor (black and not so).

However main feature“To be or…” is that the blogger, the host of the channel, hides his identity. In each video, he appears in front of the audience in a white mask and an all-black suit, but in the second video he made an exception by wearing a white sweatshirt and a black mask.

In one of his videos, he admitted that he wants his mask to become a symbol of resistance to injustice on the part of the authorities, since any of the people who share his point of view can put on the same mask.

The beginning of the way

The channel was registered on YouTube on January 23, 2017. The first 12 videos released between 30.01. to 13.03. 2017, only indirectly related to politics. In them, the masked man discussed a variety of topics from an ethical and philosophical point of view.

In addition to the YouTube channel, there is an official community in social network VKontakte, as well as an Instagram page where the man posted a series of so-called Notes, videos no longer than half a minute in which he probably documents fresh thoughts inspired by the environment.

After a series of Notes and Forewords, the anonymous author began posting video reviews of events taking place in Russia. This is where he began to fully expose the deceit that the authorities are feeding to the common man on the TV screen.

An unfortunate incident

On July 18, 2017, the Be or... channel was removed from YouTube without a reason. Anonymous continued to make videos and post them on the VKontakte social network, and also turned to subscribers and other bloggers with a request to cover this event on the Internet and spread the hashtag #BeOrLive. After a series of protests on the Internet, the channel was restored.

New life

After the restoration, the masked man uploaded a video to the channel in which he expressed gratitude to all the people who supported him. Subsequently, the man himself quite often provided assistance to other bloggers.

For example, when a criminal case was opened against the already mentioned Dmitry Ivanov because of a joke, an anonymous person immediately released a video condemning such an unfair treatment of ordinary people.

For a long time, “To be or ...” was known for releases that did not exceed 30 minutes, but on June 3, 2018, a large-scale (almost an hour) analysis of events taking place in Syria was published.

Enemies and allies

Naturally, the anonymous videos did not go unnoticed by other eminent bloggers. So the channel "To be or ..." acquired a considerable number of new subscribers, after Dmitry Ivanov, better known under the pseudonym kamikadze_d, began to talk about him in a positive way.

But there were also those who did not like the content of the channel. For example, Sergey Pavlov, the creator of the “Antifake” section on the Anna-news channel, Anatoly Shariy from the channel of the same name and Romanov Roman from the PolitRussia channel, in order to prove the anonym wrong, did reviews on some of his releases, but the person-in- Maske always recorded video responses.

True, this does not mean at all that the bloggers had a real enmity - in most cases it was just a way of conducting a constructive argument.

In some issues, the anonymous source refers to the words of Alexei Navalny and confirms his conclusions with evidence found by himself. Also, the masked man always calls for support for rallies organized by a well-known opposition leader.

And after Vladimir Solovyov in one of his interviews openly expressed hostility towards everyone who took to the streets on June 12, 2017 in protest against corruption, an anonymous person published a video in which he stated that he was glad to be among the protesters, even and in the minority.

More than once, the masked man claimed that the authorities took over YouTube and introduced censorship to their own advantage. He also believes that on many of his videos the number of dislikes is increased in order to reduce the rating and authority of a man. By the way, the conclusion is quite justified, since many issues were in the top of the "In Trend" section.

earnings

Like any other person, an anonymous person needs somewhere to raise funds for living. On several occasions, to justify the delay in the release of new issues, he said that his main work takes him a lot of time (he did not say what kind of work it was). In such times, the activity of a blogger helps him a lot.

On the Internet, a man receives money through advertising on the VKontakte social network, in YouTube videos (more recently), and also as donations from subscribers.

Firstly, the anonymous person never tries to convince the viewer that he is right, but only voices own opinion based on logical reasoning. Moreover, the blogger strongly recommends critically checking any information and attaching links to materials taken to prepare the video.

Secondly, a man always thinks about his subscribers, is interested in their opinion. Thirdly, the masked man sincerely loves Russia, but does not recognize the methods by which the current government works. Anonymous is also an atheist, which he often mentions in his videos.

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There is no relationship built on pure sincerity.

Everyone wears masks to a greater or lesser extent, consciously or automatically selecting the most suitable for a particular case.

I want to talk about the share of sincerity in partnerships. Even a small spark of untruth can ignite a considerable conflict between people who love each other.

When and why did one have a desire to tell a lie to another, and what are the partners guided by when building their relationship in this way? What do they want to hide from each other?

Very many, in order to get the location of the person they like, initially show him their best qualities. And it's okay to show your positive qualities. It’s just that some, in order to quickly establish the desired contact, show all their capabilities at once, they want to seem much better than their real ones.

This is the source of the flow of untruth, gradually increasing over time,
and here the first mask is put on, which misleads the interlocutor.

The qualities he demonstrates are indeed inherent in a person, but at the moment he manifests them in hyper-quantity. That is, in everyday life, he shows them less often or extremely rarely.

If the gap between the natural essence of a person and the mask that he demonstrates is very large, then a lot of strength is needed to hold the illusory image he created. This creates tension in him, which the person first directs inward and keeps him there.

But being in tension for a long time is harmful to the body, and the mask cannot outweigh the internal pressure. A person releases it outside in the form of aggression at the source of its appearance, that is, at the one who liked it so much at the beginning. Such moments are very difficult to control, and the way a person manifests himself in them is his essence - what he so carefully hid.

In parallel with revealing his real self, he tries in every possible way to spoil the reputation of his partner., humiliating and devaluing one or another of his qualities, holding in this way near him.

• Why does the other partner stay in such a relationship?
• Why does he suffer mistreatment?

1. He was in contact with best qualities his soul mate and hopes that they will reappear. And they will appear, in his opinion, after he meets the requirements of his partner.

It's an illusion that distorts existing reality. If it is natural for a person to destroy the dignity of another, then he does this not because of the imperfection of his partner, but because, due to his life experience, such behavior is already an integral part of this person. And no matter how ideal qualities another person possesses, no matter how well he behaves, it is not in his power to change the behavior of a partner.

The reason for the occurrence of such behavior lies deep in the person himself under the reliable protection of the protective mechanisms of his psyche to maintain his calmness, the violation of which will cause incredible pain of awareness of his inferiority. And not everyone can handle it.

2. He wants to prove that he is not as bad as he is now perceived, and tries to show this by looking for new opportunities to satisfy the desires of his beloved. Carefully changes and improves himself, waiting for reciprocal approval.

3. They have been together for some time, got used to each other, got used to each other. Thoughts of change are frightened by the uncertainty of the future, and this is already a way out of the comfort zone, which is an additional stress of various sizes and strengths. In a familiar environment, it is calmer, it is sufficiently examined, and in some places it is even very good. Why change the familiar to the unfamiliar? What if it gets worse? Yes, and a lot of effort has been spent to build existing relationships.

4. The presence of such a partner brings various bonuses to him. Some he may list deliberately. This is something definite: appearance, behavior, character traits, lifestyle, temperament ... But if the discomfort from relationships exceeds all the regalia of a loved one taken together, and some kind of unconscious “magnet” does not allow parting, then it would be good to find the nature and purpose this mysterious attraction.

To find answers to your questions, you need to again leave the notorious comfort zone, and you are already familiar with the consequences of this. But the bonuses here will be of a completely different quality. Having determined the properties of the unconscious "magnet", it is possible to weed out its destructive components, but leave the creative ones. The result of the efforts made will either be an automatic change in the behavior of a loved one, or another one will appear, much better than the previous one.

Behind the insincerity of expressing yourself is the fear of being yourself, rejection of one's imperfection. The mask allows you to feel more comfortable in a certain social environment, helps you build relationships with the right people, achieve your goals. These masks are different, and in some situations their presence is very useful. Consciously or not, everyone uses them. Wearing the chosen image can be light, appropriate, or it can destroy a person with its heaviness.

How less man you need to use protective masks, the more beautiful he looks in its naturalness and originality. These are brave and strong people. Their confident movement through life is facilitated by the absence of unnecessary protections, they are open to themselves and to other people.