1. Let's go on a trip to Russia with archaeologists! Using the text of the textbook, find on the map the location of the Scythian burial mounds on Russian soil. Mark them by sticking deer figurines from the Application.
2. With the help of a large figurine of a deer from the Appendix, designate on the diagram "River of Time" (pp. 40 - 41) the centuries of domination of the Scythians.
Ages of domination of the Scythians from the 7th to the 3rd century BC. e. 
3. Using the tutorial " The world. 4th grade", make a page of the "Calendar anniversaries", dedicated to A.P. Okladnikov.
October 3, 2008 marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Russian archaeologist Alexei Pavlovich Okladnikov. He was born in a small taiga village in the upper reaches of the Siberian river Lena in the family of a rural teacher. As a child, Alyosha loved to listen to his grandmother's tales about the Golden Feathers duck and the Golden Horns deer on long winter evenings and dreamed of seeing them in reality. Here is how he will write later about his dream: "... When my travels in Central Asia began, the romantic image of the deer Golden Horns again appeared before me. He came in his quick run from the Black Sea Scythians to their eastern relatives, the Asian Scythians - Saks, climbed to the heights of the Pamirs, and from there went to the distant Mongolian steppes. I again met the Scythian Sun Deer on the Deer Stones and on the rocks of the sanctuary ... in Mongolia."
From his youth, A.P. Okladnikov had a rare talent - the ability to find ancient monuments. His first independent expedition was in Transbaikalia, in the lower reaches of the Selenga River, which flows to Russia from the mountains of Mongolia. Then on the Angara, on the three Stone Islands, he will open the rock paintings. Dozens of generations of ancient people changed at these rocks and left images of the Solar deer, snakes and other animals. So people tried to understand the structure of the world and their place in it.
A new period in the life of A.P. Okladnikov is associated with his move to Novosibirsk (1961). From 1961 to 1966 He held the positions of Deputy Director of the Institute of Economics and Organization of Industrial Production of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Humanitarian Studies of this Institute. In 1962, he was awarded the title of professor in the specialty "Archaeology", he became the head of the department of general history at Novosibirsk University. In 1964, A.P. Okladnikov was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. After the formation in December 1966 of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, he was appointed its director and remained so until the end of his life. His scientific interests were extensive: from Paleolithic monuments to the study of Russian settlements of the 17th-18th centuries.
His interest in history and archeology manifested itself at an early age. In 1924, 16-year-old Alyosha Okladnikov came to Irkutsk with a bag of Stone Age tools found near his native village. In the circle "Ethnology" under the guidance of Professor B. E. Petri, the future famous anthropologists V. F. Debets and M. M. Gerasimov began that year together with him. The school of B. E. Petri, and then P. P. Efimenko, with whom A. P. Okladnikov studied in graduate school, determined a lot in the fate of the scientist. But the originality of a multifaceted talent and incomprehensible in its intensity work was fundamental. Expeditions, searches, discoveries were the meaning of his life. Egypt, Mongolia, Cuba, the Aleutian Islands - wherever A.P. Okladnikov visited, he discovered previously unknown archaeological sites. In our country, from the Urals to the Kolyma, from the Pamirs to Taimyr, he discovered many thousands of archaeological sites. He paid much attention to the Far East. And world-wide fame was brought to him by a unique find of a Neanderthal boy, whose fossilized remains the scientist unearthed in the Teshik-Tash cave in 1938.
When A. P. Okladnikov, inspired by good luck, returned from Central Asia to Leningrad, he was dumbfounded by the news that there was supposedly a certain ... social democratic bias among young archaeologists. "And what is it? he asked his supervisor. He shrugged his shoulders, but nevertheless advised not to deny it, to agree on everything with a comrade from the authorities who had come from Moscow. “And if he calls me the apostle Paul, will I also agree ?!” - A.P. Okladnikov was indignant.
In a word, when he was called in for a conversation, Alexei Pavlovich passionately and popularly explained that the very concept of "bias" in archeology is sheer absurdity! Convinced.
What did this amazing person not have a chance to experience!
The father of A.P. Okladnikov, a village teacher, was shot by Kolchak soldiers on Baikal, his mother was from peasant family, and the path to science for a guy from the taiga of the Irkutsk hinterland was not littered with crisp merchant banknotes, like Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered the legendary Troy, who, before discovering the “treasures of Tsar Priam”, destroyed during unsystematic excavations the traces of many cities that existed later. Okladnikov, on the other hand, "collected" history carefully, bit by bit, although on an incredible scale.
One expedition along the Amur in 1935 is worth something! Then Okladnikov, who was a postgraduate student in Leningrad, was admonished by the legendary scientist V. G. Tan-Bogoraz, on whose recommendation the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences instructed the young and energetic Siberian to start searching almost alone. ancient cultures the Amur region and to conduct the first systematic excavations there. “The assignment was as responsible as it was not easy,” Alexei Pavlovich later recalled, “but it was also impossible to hesitate. Ahead lay a tempting and mysterious country, a whole world unknown to the archaeologist, about which we still knew so little that each new stone, each shard from there could mean a whole discovery.
And such discoveries were already made in Khabarovsk itself, where Okladnikov and his partner Mikhail Cheremnykh, a descendant of the Ilim explorers, discovered several ancient burials, collected a large collection of ceramics, bone and stone products. Then, having met in a noisy bazaar with a bearded Old Believer who sold fish, they rented a large sailing boat from him, at the same time enlisting the master's teenage son, who grew up on the river from childhood, into the "team".
And a difficult, many-month-long expedition along the Amur began, which would later be called the most important, milestone in the study of the distant past of the region. Of course, even before Okladnikov, scientists occasionally turned to the study of ancient monuments along the banks of the great river, and the enterprising American B. Laufer even laid eyes on the famous rock paintings in Sikachi Alyan, suggesting ... to cut them out and take them to American museums. But only with Okladnikov began systematic and large-scale research in the Amur region, which opened previously unknown pages of history. The results of that first Amur expedition are amazing: in the most difficult conditions, on a meager budget ration, Okladnikov, who did not yet have a degree, but surprisingly efficient and observant, accomplished a scientific feat, discovering about two hundred archaeological sites from different eras and giving science a hitherto unknown civilization. This expedition will later be compared in importance with the campaigns of Poyarkov and Nevelsky, and the famous Japanese scientist K. Kyuzo will call Okladnikov "the greatest of the peasants and the first of the explorers."
And this strong, tireless Siberian with his colleagues over the years of expeditions literally "shoveled" the Amur and other lands, passing them, as they used to say in the old days, meeting the sun. And since 1953, the North Asian archaeological expedition headed by Okladnikov began to operate, which for more than two decades, in contact with Far Eastern scientific organizations, explored a significant part of the Amur region, Primorye and Transbaikalia, studied the pre-literate history of the Paleo-Asians, Tungus and other peoples, proving that in deep In ancient times, there were original cultures of aborigines who contributed to the development of world civilization.
Over time, Alexey Pavlovich, becoming an academician and heading the Institute of History, Philosophy and Philology of the SB RAS, created his famous scientific school. Okladnikov's students were many now well-known archaeologists. The activities of local history museums also revived, including the Khabarovsk museum, with whose staff Aleksey Pavlovich always willingly collaborated, and provided great methodological assistance in the design of expositions.
In Khabarovsk, he was considered one of their own. Yes, and Okladnikov himself liked to be here. He compared Khabarovsk with ... Ancient Rome because of the steep hills-streets. And as in the "eternal city", he managed to find here traces of several dozen settlements of different eras that existed on the site of the current Amur Boulevard, Central Park, and in other parts of the city. “Khabarovsk is the place where people lived both a thousand and ten thousand years ago,” he repeated more than once. And he made finds where, it would seem, everything had been dug up a long time ago, trampled down. One day, while walking in the park with the director of the museum, local history writer V.P. Sysoev, on one of the paths he discovered a barely noticeable edge of an ancient vessel, which turned out to be ... whole! No wonder there were legends about Okladnikov's powers of observation.
They considered him their own in Primorye. significant place in his scientific activity engaged in archaeological research in the Primorsky Territory. He found and studied monuments of various eras here: the settlements of Osinovka, Ustinovka-1 (Upper Paleolithic), Zaisanovka-1, Rudnaya (Neolithic), Kharinskaya, Kirovsky (Bronze Age), on the Sandy Peninsula, Semipyatnaya (Iron Age) and a number of others . In total, A.P. Okladnikov published more than 100 works on archeology Far East. The works outline a general periodization of the ancient and medieval history, the characteristics of the main archaeological cultures. The correctness of many of the conclusions of A.P. Okladnikov is confirmed by the research of modern archaeologists. For outstanding achievements in the field of archeology, he was awarded State Prizes (1950, 1973).
“Alexey Pavlovich was not a learned gentleman,” recalls an employee of the Khabarovsk Museum of Local Lore. N. I. Grodekova A. A. Ponomareva. - A very open, friendly person, although at times he could be harsh in the interests of business. Very demanding of himself. He never waited to be brought to him, served, he was in a hurry to do everything ... ".
The heavy cart of archeology was hauled by Okladnikov himself, often in defiance of the rapidly changing political situation and always in the interests of truth. Foreign scientists spoke of him with enthusiasm, and supporters of the theory of the northern, Beringian way of settling America generally considered the greatest authority ... A.P. Okladnikov always stood in the position of protecting and protecting archaeological sites.
Okladnikov foresaw the coming barbarism and ruin when, in the last year of his life, already being seriously ill, he appealed to the conscience of the inactive Novosibirsk authorities, trying to protect the territory of the unique open-air museum from unauthorized invaders. On the Amur River, in the village of Sikachi-Alyan, he dreamed of creating a museum of rock paintings. It is difficult to overestimate the role and importance of A.P. Okladnikov: a bright man, a prominent scientist, a true leader, by his very presence he influenced relations in the community of Far Eastern archaeologists.
Many of them warmly remember the outstanding academician, who left a piece of his soul in books, photographs, museum exhibits.
Alexey Pavlovich (September 20, 1908, the village of Konstantinovka, Verkholensky district, Irkutsk province Russian Empire- November 18, 1981, Novosibirsk, RSFSR, USSR) - archaeologist, historian, ethnographer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1968 (corresponding member since 1964), foreign member of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences (1974) and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1976), corresponding member British Academy (1973), laureate Stalin Prize(1950) and the USSR State Prize (1973). Hero Socialist Labor (1978).
encyclopedic reference
Born in the family of a teacher. Even at school, he was fond of history and local history. He spent his childhood in the village of Biryulka, graduated from school in Anga. In 1925 A.P. Okladnikov entered the Irkutsk State University, here he replenished his knowledge in the circle "Ethnology" at the ISU and VSORGO professors, whose participants were T.F. Debets, and others. In 1926 A.P. Okladnikov published the first article "Neolithic sites on the Upper Lena". Two years later he made the first scientific expedition along the Lena River, he discovered the Shishkinsky petroglyphs. While studying at the Irkutsk State University, A.P. Okladnikov simultaneously worked in the Irkutsk Museum of Local Lore as head of the ethnographic department. He organized an anti-religious museum in the premises of the Exaltation of the Cross Church, published a brochure on an anti-religious topic. Almost every season (1932-1934) he participated in excavations on the Angara River in the areas of designing Angara hydroelectric power stations. In 1938 A.P. Okladnikov defended his Ph.D. thesis “Neolithic burial grounds in the valley of the river. ". Primitive art is a special area of scientific creativity. Much was done by him to create a department of primitive art in the Irkutsk Art Museum. In 1947 A.P. Okladnikov defended his doctoral dissertation, in 1949 he headed the Leningrad department of the Institute of History, in 1953-1955 he led large archaeological expeditions - Angarsk, Bratsk and Far East. From 1961 to 1981 he headed the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. The main works of A.P. Okladnikov are devoted to studies of the history of primitive culture, Paleolithic and Neolithic art, the history of Siberia and the Far East.
Hero of Socialist Labor (October 2, 1978). He was also awarded three Orders of Lenin (1967, 1975, 1978), three Orders of the Badge of Honor (1945, 1947, 1954), the Order of Labor (Hungary, 1974), the Order of the Red Banner (Mongolia, 1978), as well as medals. Laureate of the Stalin Prize of the 2nd degree (1950), the State Prize of the USSR (1973).
In honor of A.P. Okladnikov named a cave in Altai.
Compositions
Research
Archeology of North, Central and East Asia. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2003. - ISBN 5-02-029891-3
Ancient shamanistic images from Eastern Siberia// Soviet archeology. T. X. 1948. S. 203-225.
History and culture of Buryatia. - Ulan-Ude: Buryats. book. publishing house, 1976.
To the history of the initial development by man Central Asia// Central Asia and Tibet: Mat. to conf. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1972. C. 15-24.
The cult of the bear among the Neolithic tribes of Eastern Siberia // Soviet archeology. T. XIV. 1950. S. 7-19.
Neolithic and Bronze Age of the Baikal region: in 3 parts. - M.; L.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950-1955.
Neolithic monuments of the Angara. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1974.
Neolithic monuments of the Lower Angara. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1976.
Neolithic monuments of the Middle Angara. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1975.
Essays from the history of the Western Buryat-Mongols (XVII-XVIII centuries). - L .: Sotsekgiz, 1937.
Petroglyphs of Gorny Altai. - Novosibirsk: Science, 1980.
Petroglyphs of Transbaikalia: in 2 parts. - L .: Science, 1969-1970. (Co-authored with V. D. Zaporozhskaya).
Petroglyphs of Mongolia. - L .: Nauka, 1981.
Petroglyphs of the Lower Amur. - L .: Nauka, 1971.
Popular works
Deer golden horns. - Khabarovsk: Khabarovsk book. publishing house, 1989. - ISBN 5-7663-0040-9
Discovery of Siberia. - M.: Young Guard, 1981.
Morning art. - M.; L .: Art, 1967.
Roerich - explorer of Asia // Siberian lights.- 1974. - No. 10 (together with Belikov P.F., Matochkin E.P.)
The phenomenon of culture of small peoples of the North // Decorative art of the USSR. - 1982. - No. 8. - S. 23-28. (Together with L. N. Gumilyov).
Editorial work
Vorobyov M.V. Ancient Korea: historical archaeologist. essay / otv. ed. A. P. Okladnikov. - M.: IVL, 1961.
Vorobyov M.V. Ancient Japan: historical archaeologist. essay / otv. ed. A. P. Okladnikov. - M.: IVL, 1958.
The history of Siberia from ancient times to the present day: in 5 volumes / ch. ed. A. P. Okladnikov, V. I. Shunkov. - L .: Science, 1968-1969.
Maydar D. Monuments of history and culture of Mongolia / otv. ed. A. P. Okladnikov. - M.: Thought, 1981.
Pavlenko N.I. Alexander Danilovich Menshikov / otv. ed. A. P. Okladnikov. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - 198 p.
Appendix. Academician Okladnikov: life spent on expeditions
About Alexei Pavlovich they say that he had a unique capacity for work. The academician did not drink, did not smoke, and in life, except for science, nothing else attracted him. But in archeology, he was a real ace. Only the list of works written by Okladnikov amounted to about 80 pages of the smallest text. However, he cannot be classified as an armchair scientist. The whole life of Alexei Pavlovich was spent on archaeological expeditions, he traveled around the Asian part former USSR up and down and often wrote his books, sitting by the fire.
The scientist who rode the railing
Okladnikov had a rare memory. For example, having met a person after a twenty-year separation, he easily recalled him and, without preamble, could continue the conversation that had once been interrupted. Aleksey Pavlovich knew how to clearly explain even the most intricate scientific concepts. He was understood by both colleagues and people who had nothing to do with science, shepherds and milkmaids. At the same time, his mere presence at international symposiums and congresses enlivened them and completely drove away academic boredom.
In his young and mature years, Okladnikov did not walk, but flew. From the front stairs, he preferred to roll down the railing, which dumbfounded stiff scientists. Academician Okladnikov was always surrounded by a crowd of students who looked at him with admiring eyes and were ready to follow him to the ends of the world.
He made scientific discoveries in passing, that is, he literally discovered them under his feet. For example, in 1949, Alexei Pavlovich was on an excursion next to Egyptian pyramids as part of an international delegation. He, unlike his foreign colleagues who admired the beauty, immediately drew attention to the suspicious stones scattered around the pyramids. These stones had chips that only a man of the Stone Age could make. So he discovered the Egyptian Paleolithic, material evidence of which was searched in vain by scientists all over the world.
In Mongolia, this story repeated itself. The Americans spent huge amounts of money on an archaeological expedition to find traces of their presence there. ancient man. They searched for several years, but to no avail. Aleksey Pavlovich had just managed to get off the plane when he discovered these traces. On the way from the airport to Ulaanbaatar, he collected a suitcase full of stone finds.
Academician without higher education
Alexey Pavlovich Okladnikov was born on October 3, 1908 in the village of Konstantinovshchina (Upper Lena, Znamenskaya volost, Irkutsk province). His father was a rural teacher, his mother was a peasant woman.
Lesha graduated from the Anginskaya secondary school and, under the influence of its director, the passionate local historian Innokenty Zhitov, fell in love with history. An unforgettable impression was made on him by an archaeological expedition that worked on the Upper Lena in the early twenties of the last century. The teenager was surprised to learn from scientists that the land on which he was born is full of historical secrets and mysteries. Therefore, after graduating from the school in 1925, Okladnikov arrived in Irkutsk with a bag of archaeological antiquities collected by him in the vicinity of the village, and with a crust of bread.
From the official version of Okladnikov's biography, adopted in Soviet time, it follows that he first entered the Irkutsk Pedagogical College, and from there he moved to the Pedagogical Institute. In fact, Okladnikov failed to graduate from either a technical school or an institute. In big science, he started without a higher education, and finished as a professor and academician. He was lucky that there were talented mentors and colleagues nearby who helped a gifted young man from the outback to develop his natural abilities. On behalf of his teacher Bernhard Petri Okladnikov began work in the field of archeology, which soon became his life's work.
In 1928, Alexey Pavlovich drew attention to one of the most remarkable monuments of rock art in Siberia - the Shishkinsky rocks, the petroglyphs of which were first mentioned in the 18th century by the traveler Miller, and the artist Lorenius made several sketches. Okladnikov, as it were, rediscovered this monument of ancient art of the peoples of Siberia and spent decades conducting his research there, as a result of which he published two fundamental monographs.
In the 1930s, work began on the identification and study of ancient monuments in the valley of the Angara River, where the construction of a cascade of hydroelectric power stations was planned. Okladnikov led the Angarsk archaeological expedition, which for three years explored the banks of the Angara for 600 kilometers - from Irkutsk to the village. The small funds allocated for the expedition did not allow at that time to launch excavations of any significant scale. Ancient monuments could only be fixed and, at best, briefly examined.
Taiga saved from repression
Alexei Pavlovich drew attention in the capital's scientific circles due to his successful archaeological work. In 1934 he was invited to postgraduate study at the Academy of History material culture. The atmosphere of Leningrad and communication with archaeologists of the academy became an excellent school for the young researcher. From that time on, Okladnikov completely went into practical work and engages in it without interruption and respite. The scope of his research is expanding. There were reasons for this.
Mid-thirties, political repressions. Many scientists are declared enemies of the people, among them Professor Petri, Okladnikov's teacher (later, in 1937, the professor was shot. - Approx. Aut.) Naturally, the student of such a teacher automatically falls under the suspicion of the NKVD. To avoid arrest, Okladnikov tried not to linger in and constantly be on expeditions, and he constantly changed their place of deployment.
In 1935, a small archaeological team led by Okladnikov set out on a special reconnaissance boat trip along the Amur from Khabarovsk to the mouth of the river. For four months of work, Okladnikov discovered numerous sites, settlements, settlements, rock paintings of ancient civilizations here.
1936 Aleksey Pavlovich, not far from the village of Nizhnyaya Buret, in the Dry Pad area, discovered the site of an ancient man. In Buret, as well as in Malta, the remains of dwellings built of stone slabs, bones and horns of animals, female figurines and a sculptural image of a bird, stone and bone tools of mammoth and rhinoceros hunters were unearthed.
1938 Okladnikov moves to Uzbekistan. The greatest success awaited him during the excavation of the grottoes of Teshik-Tash and Amir-Temir. In Teshik-Tash, a burial of an ancient man was discovered, which is still considered a unique find.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War Okladnikov worked in Yakutia. Together with his wife, Vera Dmitrievna Zaporzhskaya, he decided to take a boat down the Lena from the village of Konstantinovshchina and explore 5,000 km of the river valley from its source to the shores of the Arctic Ocean.
In 1945, in addition to archaeological research in Yakutia, Okladnikov, with the assistance and support of the first secretary of the Yakut regional party committee Afanasy Novgorovtsev, began excavation of the remains of the camp of the Russian polar expedition (dated around 1620) on the northern island of Thaddeus and in the region of the Taimyr Peninsula (Sims Bay). The archaeologist managed to reconstruct the picture of the death of the earliest known expedition of Russian industrialists, who went east along the shores of the Arctic Ocean.
Okladnikov's students live all over Russia
In the 1950s, Okladnikov returned to archaeological excavations in the flood zones of the Bratsk and Far East HPPs. The first two expeditions explored the Neolithic settlements on both banks of the Angara - from the Shaman stone to. In parallel with this, Okladnikov participates in excavations in Buryatia, Primorye, Mongolia, Soviet Central Asia and manages to repeatedly return to the Shishkinsky petroglyphs.
For more than half a century, every summer, Okladnikov went on expeditions to search for and study traces of the presence of an ancient man on the territory of our country. He has the honor of discovering a number of remarkable monuments of the distant past: sites and rock carvings, discovered and studied under his leadership on the Lena, Kolyma, Selenga, Amur and Ussuri, for the first time made it possible to accurately and fully present the history of the ancient inhabitants of Siberia and the Far East for many millennia .
In 1961, Okladnikov went to work at the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk, Akdemgorodok). He was appointed director of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy. He worked in this position until his death in 1981. Now Okladnikov's work is continued by his many students who work in every city where there is a history department at the university.
Pavel Migalev, Irkipedia
Literature
Derevianko A.P., Molodin V.I., Yury Khudyakov The significance of the scientific heritage of Academician A.P. Okladnikov for the development of archeology in North and Central Asia (To the 100th anniversary of his birth) // Russian archeology- 2008. - No. 4. - S. 137-143.
Konopatsky A.K. The great pathfinder of the past (Academician A.P. Okladnikov: biography pages). - Novosibirsk: Siberian Chronograph, 2001. - ISBN 5-87550-121-9
Larichev V. E. Embrace the immensity! (To the 90th anniversary of Academician Alexei Pavlovich Okladnikov) // Science in Siberia- 1998. - No. 27. - P.5.
Larichev V. E. Forty years among Siberian antiquities. Materials for the biography of Academician A.P. Okladnikov. Annotated bibliography. - Novosibirsk: Zap.-Sib. book. publishing house, 1970.
Derevyanko E. I. The path of distant millennia.
Abramova Z.A. In memory of a teacher: (to the 90th anniversary of the birth of A.P. Okladnikov) // Archaeological news. - No. 6. - 1999. - S. 498-502.
In 1998 Alexey Pavlovich Okladnikov, one of the brightest representatives of the Russian humanities would be 90 years old. He was born on October 3, 1908 in the remote taiga village of Konstantinovshchina on the river. Irga, a tributary of the Lena, in the Zhigalovsky district of the Irkutsk region, in the family of a rural teacher and a peasant woman. Even in his school years, the boy developed a deep interest in local history, which later led to the formation of a scientist of the broadest profile, perhaps the last of the encyclopedists, who possesses comprehensive knowledge in the field of history, archeology, and ethnography.
The scientific path of A.P. Okladnikov and his significance are reflected in the numerous works of students and associates dedicated to him, who sincerely loved him amazing person and those who keep a grateful memory of him (see Vasilevsky et al. 1981; Boriskovsky 1982). According to his character, A.P. Okladnikov was a field archaeologist with the features of Siberian pioneers, a pioneer who was attracted by uncharted lands. At the same time, he possessed a rare ability to generalize broadly, when holistic pictures of the ancient past were created from disparate facts. His pen belongs great amount works of various subjects, including popular science books and articles intended for a wide range of readers.
Alexey Pavlovich Okladnikov
The main stages of the activity of A.P. Okladnikov are associated with three major scientific centers Russia: Irkutsk, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, which represent successive stages of development: youth, courage and maturity. In Irkutsk in 1926 his first scientific work“Neolithic sites on the Upper Lena”, based on materials collected by him independently in 1925. In subsequent years, archaeological reconnaissance was carried out in the Lena Territory, the Angara region and Transbaikalia, ethnographic data on the history of the Western Buryats and Evenks were collected. Under the guidance of B. E. Petri, A. P. Okladnikov was fully prepared for a scientific career, which allowed him in 1934 to enter the graduate school of GAIMK under P. P. Efimenko. The first years spent in Leningrad turned out to be a good school and significantly broadened the horizons of the young scientist, primarily through new areas of field research, and at the same time showed his brilliant abilities. Along with the continuation of work in the Angara region, in 1935, thanks to the assistance of V. G. Bogoraz, he began to explore the Far East, having carried out reconnaissance in the lower reaches of the Amur from Khabarovsk to the mouth; in 1938, at the invitation of M. E. Masson, he took part for the first time in work on the Stone Age of Uzbekistan, which in the first year led to the discovery of the famous cave Teshik-Tash. In the 1940s, a truly heroic period of widespread development of great territory basin of the Siberian Lena River, as a result of which the monograph “Essays on the History of Yakutia from the Paleolithic to Accession to the Russian State” was written, defended in 1947 at the Leningrad State University for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences. In 1949, studies of the Stone Age of Mongolia began, which are successfully continued at the present time by A.P. Okladnikov’s student A.P. Derevyanko. In 1949, A.P. Okladnikov headed the Leningrad branch of the Institute of the History of Material Culture, since 1951 he was in charge of the institute’s Paleolithic sector, and in 1961, at the invitation of Academician M.A. Lavrentiev, he moved to Novosibirsk, where from 1966 until the end life becomes the director of IIFF SOAN. In 1964, A.P. Okladnikov was elected a corresponding member, and in 1968 a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Under his leadership, a fundamental collective work "History of Siberia" was created in five volumes.
In a short article it is impossible to "embrace the immensity", even briefly touch on the problems raised by A.P. Okladnikov over 55 years of scientific activity. Possessing great erudition, deeply illuminating the milestones of human history from ancient times to the present, A.P. Okladnikov preferred, I would even say, had special feelings for the Paleolithic. He made an immeasurable contribution to the study of the Paleolithic of Russia (especially Siberia and the Far East), as well as Central and East Asia. Everywhere he made remarkable discoveries, and already in the early years of his formation as a scientist, interest in the theoretical issues of the Paleolithic was shown, as evidenced by the detailed review of M. M. Gerasimov's book about Malta published in 1932 (Okladnikov 1932). The discovery in 1936 of Bureti, a settlement completely similar to Malta, made it possible to raise questions that are developed and deepened in further work. Here is the difference between Malta and Buret from the hitherto known “Siberian” Paleolithic, mainly of the Afontovian appearance, and their more early age. The question of the Western origin of these monuments is raised, evidence of the material life of Paleolithic hunters on the Angara is widely covered, a reconstruction of the dwelling is given (the drawing was masterfully made by V. D. Zaporizhskaya, a faithful friend and assistant of Alexei Pavlovich’s life), much attention is paid to the Paleolithic art discovered in Bureti .
During the work on the Lena, typical Late Paleolithic sites with characteristic inventory and clear stratigraphy were discovered. No less important than the discovery of the northernmost Paleolithic in those years was the unexpected discovery among the numerous petroglyphs of the Shishkinsky rocks of large figures of two horses and a bull, drawn along the contour with red paint, which A.P. Okladnikov considered possible to attribute to the Paleolithic time. Although this attribution was not accepted unconditionally, the very assumption of the presence of Paleolithic rock art in North Asia served as an impetus for further searches, in particular, a group of petroglyphs dated to the Paleolithic was also identified in the Mongolian cave of Khoyt-Tsenker-Agui.
In 1950, the publications of A.P. Okladnikov were published, which became fundamental in understanding critical issues Paleolithic of Siberia. A significant expansion of the source base and the theoretical principles of Soviet archeology of that time made it possible to raise questions in a new way regarding the time and scale of the initial settlement of the Paleolithic man in North Asia and the uniqueness of the Siberian Paleolithic. Fifty years ago, it was not yet possible to consider in detail the chronology of the Paleolithic sites. The Military Hospital in Irkutsk, Malta and Buret stood out as the earliest sites of the Upper Paleolithic of Siberia. Based on a comparison of their materials with Eastern European data, A.P. Okladnikov assumed that the initial human settlement of Siberia went from west to east, from the areas of the “classical”, already long-established “Solutrean” culture of the Arctic hunters of the Russian Plain, where it grew from cultures of the preceding Middle Paleolithic. At the next stage of development, Siberian monuments sharply increase in number and spread far to the east and north. “Such a widespread human settlement ... should have been based on further changes in culture, especially in the way of obtaining food, in technology and economy” (Okladnikov 1950a: 155). The question was raised about the reasons for the unexpectedly sharp difference in the culture of the two chronological groups of sites. It's about, wrote A.P. Okladnikov, not about the arrival of a new race from new culture, but about deep internal changes in the life and culture of the Paleolithic man: sites like Malta-Bureti are connected with the later group not only by such an expressive link as Afontova Gora, but also by a number of natural changes in material culture, house-building, as well as in art and beliefs . A.P. Okladnikov connects the features of the culture of the second chronological group of monuments with the transition from a sedentary to a mobile way of life, the macrolithization of stone tools and the emergence of progressive inlay technology, isolation from the west. The tribes of Siberia and Mongolia formed a special cultural and ethnic region, where historical development followed the same paths on the basis of close mutual ties at the same pace. These constructions have not lost their relevance at the present time.
Having replaced P. P. Efimenko as head of the Paleolithic sector of the Institute of the History of Material Culture (1951-1961), A. P. Okladnikov paid much attention to the general problems of the Old Stone Age. Summing up the results of Paleolithic studies in the USSR over 40 years, he notes that new data continuously pose complex unresolved questions for researchers (Okladnikov 1957: 13). The study of the monuments of the Upper Paleolithic indicates that this era was a time of significant progressive development of the productive forces. ancient mankind, great success in the development of the economy, labor and techniques. Perhaps the most striking feature of the way of life of the Upper Paleolithic time in the near-glacial regions of Eurasia is the emergence of a new type of settlements, when a settled way of life develops with skillfully arranged winter dwellings of various sizes and types. developed way of life The Upper Paleolithic time also corresponded to new features of the spiritual life of ancient man and, above all, unexpected in its expressiveness, essentially realistic art.
A.P. Okladnikov notes that the fate of the Upper Paleolithic population of North Asia developed and proceeded differently than in Eastern Europe. Having carried out exceptionally extensive studies of the Stone Age in various regions of Siberia, Central Asia and Mongolia, he pays great attention problems of connections between these areas, general patterns. His works reflect both the materials of exploration and excavations and the theoretical understanding of the results. New data led A. P. Okladnikov to bright hypotheses, brilliant constructions, sometimes developing and supplementing those previously expressed by him, sometimes contradicting in some way, which is quite natural in connection with the development of science. The fundamental idea of the legitimacy of the path of development of the Siberian Paleolithic, the categorical denial of its backwardness in comparison with the monuments of other large regions, invariably runs through his works.
A. P. Okladnikov was also attracted by Paleolithic art - a mysterious phenomenon of antiquity. Evidence of a deep penetration into the secrets of this unsurpassed source for illuminating the spiritual life of a person of the distant past is a number of articles and especially a book with the title “Morning of Art” (Okladnikov 1967), successfully suggested by A. D. Stolyar. It is significant that A. P. Okladnikov supports many ideas and interpretations with ethnographic examples. Let us note in passing that both foreign and domestic specialists, who deny the legitimacy of such an approach, did not avoid drawing on ethnographic data in their works. Apparently, one should think that these comparisons rather illustrate than explain this or that phenomenon, from which only material remnants have come down to us, which this time have artistic value. Naturally, many of the problems of Paleolithic art continue to be far from being solved, but their formulation and clear formulation, presented by A.P. Okladnikov, attract attention.
First of all, the fundamental theme is about the aesthetic side of this ancient work, about its achievements from a purely artistic point of view. Do we even have the right to call it art, and the creators of wall paintings and figurines - artists? The answer to this question was given by A.P. Okladnikov during the discussion that began in the 1950s and 1960s and has now been forgotten. At that time, opponents of the recognition of Paleolithic art as art, which, in their opinion, was purely utilitarian in nature, revealed complete ignorance and disregard for archaeological material. Unfortunately, this concept is being resurrected in the West today without good reason (see Soffer and Conkey 1997). Prominent American researchers O. Soffsr and M. Konki know the material, but do not see an aesthetic element in it. It seems that they would not develop these views if they were familiar with the book by A.P. Okladnikov.
In Chapter VII, entitled “According to the Laws of Beauty”, relying on the wealth of monumental paintings and engravings in caves and grottoes, on the abundance of works of small forms in the cultural layers of many Upper Paleolithic sites in Eurasia, A.P. Okladnikov traces a certain artistic tradition that has been passed down for centuries and millennia, from generation to generation. The creative experience accumulated by the predecessors did not disappear without a trace, but was preserved and processed. In the final Paleolithic Magdalenian era, a virtuoso conquest of form, line and color took place, compositions with narrative content arose. Another purely artistic problem is connected with this - the problem of the decorative unity of cave images, aesthetic harmony in the distribution of volumes and color spots. In a qualitatively different form, but with even greater freedom and certainty, the decorative principle appears in small forms, among which a prominent place belongs to personal adornments, the aesthetic nature of which cannot be denied.
In Chapter VIII “The Triumph of Realism”, A.P. Okladnikov examines in detail the significant difference in the application of the terms “realism” and “naturalism” to the most ancient works, identifies two character traits realistic direction: I. conciseness and stinginess in the transfer of details, when the Paleolithic master selected the most important, the most essential, from his point of view, only absolutely necessary (“he was a creator, not a slave of nature”, according to A. P. Okladnikov) ; 2. expressive power of expression, the desire to convey not only the form in statics, but also movement, dynamics. Hence the conclusion: in the Upper Paleolithic a “qualitatively new perception of the world, an aesthetic attitude to reality arose. It is this attitude to the world, the assessment of everything that happens in nature and society according to the laws of beauty, that was one of the the most important properties man as a social being…” (Okladnikov 1967: 114).
Perhaps A.P. Okladnikov understood Paleolithic art so deeply because he was a man himself, with all his being subtly feeling beauty, whether it be the beauty of nature, landscape, tree, simple flower, beauty of the soul, beauty of classical music, to the sounds of which he liked to write. His works are written in magnificent colorful language. And Alexey Pavlovich was a brilliant orator, it was always a pleasure to listen to his bright reports, speeches that bring clarity and animation to any discussion.
A.P. Okladnikov died on November 18, 1981. Over the years, a new generation of scientists has grown up who know him only from publications and have no idea about him as a person. My great happiness in life is to be a student of Alexei Pavlovich and communicate with him for more than 30 years: from the first acquaintance at the defense of his doctoral dissertation to the last unforgettable meeting in mid-May 1981 in Gorny Altai. Alexey Pavlovich possessed a rare human charm, which attracted people of different ages and social status to him, for each he found good word and a welcoming smile. His kindness was effective. Of the many examples that I know, I will give only one. A handwritten letter to the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR was accidentally preserved, in which A.P. Okladnikov, then a doctor of sciences, head of the Paleolithic sector of the Institute of the History of Material Culture, convincingly proves the right of G.V. Parfyonov to a personal pension in connection with his merits in the field of museum construction and archeology of Uzbekistan. And how many letters, recommendations, petitions seeking to help different people, wrote Alexey Pavlovich being an academician! But he was a living person, he could flare up, he acutely perceived criticism (not always fair) of his constructions and for a long time could not forget the offense. Fortunately, such cases were rare. No wonder they were drawn to him, go, he had so many students, so many friends from other fields of science. A. P. Okladnikov’s circle of interests was very wide; not a single scientific publication, even rather remote in subject matter, passed him by. He was simple in everyday life and in getting around, and few could at first glance guess in him a major scientist, professor, and later academician, but respect for him was universal. He was known and loved by the "general public", foreign colleagues knew and loved him.
A feature of the character of A.P. Okladnikov was irrepressible energy, eternal search, constant movement and, at the same time, complete indifference to worldly inconveniences. Aleksei Pavlovich always valued time, his own and that of others, avoided idle talk, did not tolerate whining and idleness. He was courageous man, patiently enduring the hardships of his long-term illness - diabetes, especially during expeditions to sparsely civilized areas. But the expeditions were the life of Alexei Pavlovich, loaded to the limit with scientific and organizational work; he always wanted to break free. He especially loved archaeological explorations with their continuous kaleidoscope of impressions and the joy of discoveries, thanks to intuition and vast experience. A.P. Okladnikov drew inspiration from expeditions and sat down at his desk with renewed vigor. He wrote a lot, easily, and the publications reflect all the versatility of his high talent.
Boriskovsky, P. I. 1982. Alexey Pavlovich Okladnikov // Soviet Archeology 3: 291-296.
Vasilievsky, R. S. et al. 1981. Alexey Pavlovich Okladnikov // USSR Academy of Sciences Materials for the Bibliography of Scientists of the USSR. History series. thirteen ( Introductory article R. S. Vasilevsky. The bibliography was compiled by G. N. Finashina and N. G. Voroshilova). Moscow: Nauka.
Okladnikov, A.P. 1932. For the methodology of dialectical materialism in the history of pre-class society (Regarding the book: M. M. Gerasimov. Malta, Paleolithic site. Irkutsk, 1931) / / Communications of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture 3-4: 66- 70.
1950. Development of Siberia by the Paleolithic man // Materials on the Quaternary period of the USSR 2: 150-158.
1950a. Neolithic and Bronze Age of the Baikal region. Materials and research on the archeology of the USSR 18. 1957. Results and key problems of the study of the Paleolithic in the USSR for 40 years / / Soviet archeology 4: 12-27.
1967. Morning of art. Leningrad: Art Publishing House.
Softer O., M. Konkey. 1997. Studying Ancient Visual Cultures // Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol. Wattis Symposium Series in Anthropology: 1-16. San Francisco, California.
3. A. Abramova. Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences Department of the Paleolithic
On this day:
- Birthdays
- 1820 Was born Alexander Bertrand- French archaeologist, one of the founders of Gallic and Gallo-Roman archeology, founder and first director, for 35 years, of the Museum of National Antiquities; academician, member of the Institute of France.
- 1876 Was born Alfred Louis Kroeber- one of the most prominent American anthropologists in the first half of the twentieth century.
- 1906 Was born Lazar Moiseevich Slavin- Soviet and Ukrainian historian and archaeologist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, researcher of Olbia.
- Days of death
- 1925 Died Ivan Boinichich-Kninsky- Croatian historian, archivist, heraldist and archaeologist, professor at the University of Zagreb, Ph.D.
- 1967 Died - archaeologist and ethnographer; researcher of the cultures of the peoples of the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Volga region.
Born on October 3, 1908 in the village of Konstantinovshchina (Upper Lena, Irkutsk province) now Zhigalovsky district of the Irkutsk region in the family of a village teacher. Russian.
While still a schoolboy, summer period he explored the surrounding areas in search of archaeological sites. He experienced an unforgettable feeling when he found shards of pottery near the village. This convinced him that the Lena taiga had been inhabited a long time ago. Passion for history defined him further fate. In 1925, after graduating from the Anginsk secondary school of the Kachugsky district, he entered the Irkutsk Pedagogical College, and in 1929 - at the Faculty of History of the Irkutsk Pedagogical Institute.
In 1929, Okladnikov explored the "piranitsy" on the rocks near the ancient Russian village of Shishkino on the Lena. Primitive man made drawings of animals, birds, and fish thousands of years ago.
These discoveries were global importance, because they showed that not only in Spain, France there are similar masterpieces of primitive creativity.
In 1934, Okladnikov entered graduate school at the State Academy of the History of Material Culture (Leningrad), from which he graduated under the guidance of P.P. Efimenko in 1938, defending his Ph.D. thesis on the topic: "Neolithic burial grounds in the valley of the Angara River."
In 1936, he managed to discover on the banks of the Angara Paleolithic settlements with works of art 20 thousand years old.
In the late 1930s, he worked in Central Asia, where in 1938, in the Teshik-Tash cave (Uzbekistan), he discovered the first burial of a Neanderthal boy in the USSR.
From 1938 to 1961, Okladnikov was an employee of the Leningrad branch of the Institute for the History of Material Culture. From 1949 to 1953 he was the head of this department, in subsequent years he was the head of the Paleolithic sector.
After the Great Patriotic War, Alexei Pavlovich examined the remains of the expedition of Russian polar sailors of the 17th century on Thaddeus Island (off the northeastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, 1945); worked in archaeological expeditions in the steppes of Mongolia, where cave paintings were also discovered. Member of the CPSU since 1946.
In 1947, Okladnikov was awarded the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences for his work "Essays on the history of Yakutia - from the Paleolithic to joining the Russian state."
A new period in Okladnikov's life was associated with his move in 1961 to Novosibirsk.
From 1961 to 1966, Okladnikov served as Deputy Director of the Institute of Economics and Organization of Industrial Production of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and Head of the Humanitarian Research Department of this Institute. In 1962, Alexei Pavlovich Okladnikov was awarded the title of professor in the specialty "Archaeology", he became the head of the department of general history at Novosibirsk State University.
After the formation of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in December 1966, Okladnikov was appointed its director, and remained so until his death on October 11, 1981. At the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, on the initiative of Academician A.P. Okladnikov created a museum of the history and culture of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East. The expositions of the museum illustrate the diversity and continuity in the development of the ancient cultures of Siberia, their interaction with the spiritual riches of the Russian population of the region.
For the first time in the history of Soviet archaeological science, a group of archaeologists from the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed by Academician A.P. Okladnikov took part in a joint Soviet-American expedition to study the ancient sites of primitive man in the Aleutian Islands and Alaska.
Titles A.P. Okladnikova: Corresponding Member in the Department of History since June 26, 1964, Academician in the Department of History since November 26, 1968, Honored Scientist of the Yakut ASSR (1956), RSFSR (1957), Buryat ASSR (1968), professor. Twice winner of the State Prize of the USSR (1950, 1973). The second State Prize of the USSR was awarded to Academician A.P. Okladnikov (Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences) together with Corr. USSR Academy of Sciences V.I. Shunkov (Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) as the chief editor of the 5-volume "History of Siberia from ancient times to the present day" (L.: Nauka, 1968-1969).
He was awarded the Order of Lenin, three other orders, as well as medals. By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 2, 1978, Academician Alexei Pavlovich Okladnikov for great services in the field of archeology and historical science, in the training of scientific personnel and in connection with the 70th anniversary of his birth, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
For more than half a century, every summer, Okladnikov went on expeditions to search for and study traces of the presence of an ancient man on the territory of our country. He has the honor of discovering a number of remarkable monuments of the distant past: sites and rock carvings, discovered and studied under his leadership on the Angara, Lena, Kolyma, Selenga, Amur and Ussuri, for the first time made it possible to accurately and fully present the history of the ancient inhabitants of Siberia and the Far East for many years. millennia.
AT last years he devoted a lot of energy to the study of the Ulalinka site near Gorno-Altaisk, which he considered the oldest in Siberia and the Far East.
He published hundreds of summarizing studies on the history of primitive society and primitive culture, on Paleolithic and Neolithic art, on the history of Siberia, the Far East and the Far North from ancient times to the 18th century.
Based on the results of many years of research on archaeological sites and many phenomenal discoveries, he put forward a sensational hypothesis about Southern Siberia as one of the centers of anthropogenesis and new migration flows of ancient people.
Thanks to the discoveries of sites, ancient cultures in the Altai Mountains and Eastern Siberia, the unexpectedly deep age of mankind in Siberia dates back to Alexei Pavlovich Okladnikov at more than 1.5 million years! The correctness of many of Okladnikov's conclusions is confirmed by the research of modern archaeologists.
