Spiritual culture is science, morality, morality, law, religion, art, education. Material - these are tools and means of labor, equipment and structures, production (agricultural and industrial), ways and means of communication, transport, household items.

Material culture is one of the parts of an integral human culture, the results of creative activity in which a natural object and its material are embodied in objects, properties and qualities and which ensure the existence of a person. Material culture includes a variety of means of production: energy and raw materials, tools, production technology and infrastructure of the human environment, means of communication and transport, buildings and structures for domestic, office and entertainment purposes, various means of consumption, material and subject relations in the field of technology. or the economy.

Spiritual culture is one of the parts of an integral human culture, the total spiritual experience of mankind, intellectual and spiritual activity and its results, which ensure the development of a person as a person. Spiritual culture exists in various forms. Customs, norms, patterns of behavior, values, ideals, ideas, knowledge that have developed in specific historical social conditions are forms of culture. In a developed culture, these components turn into relatively independent spheres of activity and acquire the status of independent social institutions: morality, religion, art, politics, philosophy, science, etc.

Material and spiritual culture exist in close unity. In fact, everything material, obviously, turns out to be the realization of the spiritual, and this spiritual is impossible without some material shell. However, there is a significant difference between material and spiritual culture. First of all, it is a difference in subject matter. It is clear, for example, that tools and, say, musical works are fundamentally different from each other and serve different purposes. The same can be said about the nature of activity in the sphere of material and in the sphere of spiritual culture. In the sphere of material culture, human activity is characterized by a change in the material world, and a person deals with material objects. Activities in the field of spiritual culture involve some work with the system of spiritual values. From this follows the difference in the means of activity and their results in both spheres.

In domestic social science, for a long time, the point of view dominated, according to which material culture is primary, and spiritual culture has a secondary, dependent, "superstructural" character. This approach assumes that a person must first satisfy his so-called "material" needs, in order to then move on to satisfying "spiritual" needs. But already the most elementary "material" human needs, such as food and drink, are fundamentally different from the seemingly exactly the same biological needs of animals. The animal, absorbing food and water, really only satisfies its biological needs. In humans, unlike animals, these actions also perform a symbolic function. There are dishes and drinks that are prestigious, ceremonial, mourning and festive, etc. And this means that the corresponding actions can no longer be considered the satisfaction of purely biological (material) needs. They are an element of socio-cultural symbolism and, therefore, are related to the system of social values ​​and norms, i.e. to spiritual culture.

The same can be said about all other elements of material culture. For example, clothes not only protect the body from adverse weather conditions, but also indicate age and gender characteristics, the place of a person in the community. There are also working, everyday, ritual types of clothing. A human dwelling has a multi-level symbolism. The enumeration can be continued, but the examples given are quite enough to conclude that it is impossible to single out purely biological (material) needs in the human world. Any human action is already a social symbol that has a meaning that is revealed only in the sphere of culture.

And this means that the position on the primacy of material culture cannot be recognized as justified for the simple reason that no material culture in its "pure form" simply exists.

Thus, the material and spiritual components of culture are inextricably linked with each other.

After all, creating the objective world of culture, a person cannot do this without changing and transforming himself, i.e. without creating itself in the process of its own activity.

Culture is not only activity as such, but a way of organizing activity.

Everything that a person does, he does in the end for the sake of solving this problem.

At the same time, the development of a person appears as the improvement of his creative forces, abilities, forms of communication, etc.

Culture, if it is considered in a broad sense, includes both material and spiritual means of human life, which are created by man himself.

Material and spiritual things created by human creative labor are called artifacts.

This approach makes it possible to use the cognitive capabilities of a wide variety of research methods created by representatives of the sciences that study culture and have high heuristics.

— its production, distribution and preservation. In this sense, culture is often understood as the artistic creativity of musicians, writers, actors, and painters; organizing exhibitions and directing performances; museum and library activities, etc. There are even narrower meanings of culture: the degree of development of something (the culture of work or nutrition), the characteristics of a particular era or people (Scythian or Old Russian culture), the level of upbringing (the culture of behavior or speech), etc.

In all these interpretations of culture, we are talking about both material objects (pictures, movies, buildings, books, cars) and intangible products (ideas, values, images, theories, traditions). Material and spiritual values ​​created by man are called, respectively, material and spiritual culture.

material culture

Under material culture usually refers to artificially created objects that allow people to optimally adapt to the natural and social conditions of life.

Items of material culture are created to satisfy the diverse and therefore are considered as values. Speaking about the material culture of a particular people, they traditionally mean such specific items as clothing, weapons, utensils, food, jewelry, housing, and architectural structures. Modern science, exploring such artifacts, is able to reconstruct the lifestyle of even long-disappeared peoples, which are not mentioned in written sources.

With a broader understanding of material culture, three main elements are seen in it.

• Actually object world, created by man - buildings, roads, communications, appliances, objects of art and everyday life. The development of culture is manifested in the constant expansion and complication of the world, "domestication". It is difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without the most complex artificial devices - computers, television, mobile phones, etc., which underlie the modern information culture.
• Technology - means and technical algorithms for creating and using objects of the objective world. Technologies are material because they are embodied in concrete practical methods of activity.
• Technical culture - These are specific skills, abilities, . Culture preserves these skills and abilities along with knowledge, transmitting both theoretical and practical experience from generation to generation. However, in contrast to knowledge, skills and abilities are formed in practical activities, usually by a real example. At each stage of the development of culture, along with the complication of technology, skills also become more complex.

spiritual culture

spiritual culture unlike the material one, it is not embodied in objects. The sphere of her being is not things, but an ideal activity associated with intellect, emotions,.

• Ideal Shapes The existence of a culture does not depend on individual human opinions. These are scientific knowledge, language, established norms of morality, etc. Sometimes this category includes the activities of education and mass communication.
• Integrating forms of the spiritual cultures combine disparate elements of public and personal consciousness into a whole. At the first stages of human development, myths acted as such a regulating and unifying form. In modern times, its place was taken, and to some extent -.
• Subjective spirituality represents a refraction of objective forms in the individual consciousness of each individual person. In this regard, we can talk about the culture of an individual (his baggage of knowledge, ability to make moral choices, religious feelings, culture of behavior, etc.).

The combination of spiritual and material forms common space of culture as a complex interconnected system of elements, constantly passing into each other. So, spiritual culture - ideas, ideas of the artist - can be embodied in material things - books or sculptures, and reading books or observing art objects is accompanied by a reverse transition - from material things to knowledge, emotions, feelings.

The quality of each of these elements, as well as the close relationship between them, determine level moral, aesthetic, intellectual, and in the end - cultural development of any society.

The relationship of material and spiritual culture

material culture- this is the whole area of ​​material and production activity of a person and its results - the artificial environment surrounding a person.

Things- the result of the material and creative activity of man - are the most important form of its existence. Like the human body, a thing simultaneously belongs to two worlds - natural and cultural. As a rule, things are made from natural materials, and become part of the culture after processing by man. This is exactly how our distant ancestors once acted, turning a stone into an axe, a stick into a spear, the skin of a dead animal into clothes. In this case, the thing acquires a very important quality - the ability to satisfy certain human needs, to be useful to a person. It can be said that a useful thing is the initial form of being of a thing in culture.

But things from the very beginning were also carriers of socially significant information, signs and symbols that connected the human world with the world of spirits, texts that store information necessary for the survival of the collective. This was especially characteristic of primitive culture with its syncretism - the integrity, indivisibility of all elements. Therefore, along with practical utility, there was a symbolic utility that made it possible to use things in magical rites and rituals, as well as to give them additional aesthetic properties. In ancient times, another form of things appeared - a toy intended for children, with the help of which they mastered the necessary experience of culture, prepared for adulthood. Most often these were miniature models of real things, sometimes having an additional aesthetic value.

Gradually, over the course of millennia, the utilitarian and value properties of things began to separate, which led to the formation of two classes of things - prosaic, purely material, and things-signs used for ritual purposes, for example, flags and emblems of states, orders, etc. There has never been an insurmountable barrier between these classes. So, in the church, a special font is used for the rite of baptism, but if necessary, it can be replaced with any basin that is suitable in size. Thus, any thing retains its iconic function, being a cultural text. Over time, the aesthetic value of things began to acquire more and more importance, so beauty has long been considered one of their most important characteristics. But in an industrial society, beauty and usefulness began to be separated. Therefore, a lot of useful, but ugly things appear and at the same time beautiful expensive trinkets, emphasizing the wealth of their owner.

It can be said that a material thing becomes a carrier of spiritual meaning, since the image of a person of a particular era, culture, social status, etc. is fixed in it. So, a knight's sword can serve as an image and symbol of a medieval feudal lord, and in modern complex household appliances it is easy to see a man of the beginning of the 21st century. Toys are also portraits of the era. For example, modern technically complex toys, including many models of weapons, quite accurately reflect the face of our time.

Social organizations are also the fruit of human activity, yet another form of material objectivity, material culture. The formation of human society took place in close connection with the development of social structures, without which the existence of culture is impossible. In primitive society, due to the syncretism and homogeneity of primitive culture, there was only one social structure - the tribal organization, which ensured the entire existence of a person, his material and spiritual needs, as well as the transfer of information to the next generations. With the development of society, various social structures began to form, which were responsible for the daily practical life of people (labor, public administration, war) and for satisfying their spiritual needs, primarily religious ones. Already in the Ancient East, the state and the cult are clearly distinguished, at the same time schools appeared as part of pedagogical organizations.

The development of civilization, associated with the improvement of technology and technology, the construction of cities, the formation of classes, required a more efficient organization of social life. As a result, social organizations appeared, in which economic, political, legal, moral relations, technical, scientific, artistic, and sports activities were objectified. In the economic sphere, the first social structure was the medieval workshop, which in modern times was replaced by manufactory, which today has developed into industrial and commercial firms, corporations and banks. In the political sphere, in addition to the state, political parties and public associations appeared. The legal sphere created the court, the prosecutor's office, and the legislature. Religion has formed an extensive church organization. Later there were organizations of scientists, artists, philosophers. All cultural spheres that exist today have a network of social organizations and structures created by them. The role of these structures increases over time, as the importance of the organizational factor in the life of mankind increases. Through these structures, a person exercises control and self-government, will create the basis for the joint life of people, for the preservation and transfer of accumulated experience to the next generations.

Things and social organizations together create a complex structure of material culture, in which several important areas are distinguished: agriculture, buildings, tools, transport, communications, technologies, etc.

Agriculture includes plant varieties and animal breeds bred as a result of breeding, as well as cultivated soils. Human survival is directly related to this area of ​​material culture, since it provides food and raw materials for industrial production. Therefore, man is constantly concerned about breeding new, more productive species of plants and animals. But especially important is proper tillage, which maintains its fertility at a high level - mechanical processing, fertilization with organic and chemical fertilizers, reclamation and crop rotation - the sequence of cultivating different plants on one piece of land.

building- habitats of people with all the variety of their activities and being (housing, premises for management activities, entertainment, educational activities), and construction- the results of construction, changing the conditions of economy and life (premises for production, bridges, dams, etc.). Both buildings and structures are the result of construction. A person must constantly take care of keeping them in order so that they can successfully perform their functions.

Tools, fixtures and equipment designed to provide all types of physical and mental labor of a person. So, tools directly affect the material being processed, devices serve as additions to tools, equipment is a complex of tools and devices located in one place and used for one purpose. They differ depending on the type of activity they serve - agriculture, industry, communications, transport, etc. The history of mankind testifies to the constant improvement of this area of ​​material culture - from a stone ax and a digging stick to modern, most complex machines and mechanisms that ensure the production of everything necessary for human life.

Transport and communication routes ensure the exchange of people and goods between different regions and settlements, contributing to their development. This area of ​​material culture includes: specially equipped means of communication (roads, bridges, embankments, airport runways), buildings and structures necessary for the normal operation of transport (railway stations, airports, ports, harbors, gas stations, etc.), all types of transport (horse, road, rail, air, water, pipeline).

Connection is closely connected with transport and includes post, telegraph, telephone, radio and computer networks. It, like transport, connects people, allowing them to exchange information.

Technology - knowledge and skills in all the above areas of activity. The most important task is not only the further improvement of technologies, but also the transfer to the next generations, which is possible only through a developed system of education, and this indicates a close connection between material and spiritual culture.

Knowledge, values ​​and projects as forms of spiritual culture.Knowledge are a product of human cognitive activity, fixing the information received by a person about the world around him and the person himself, his views on life and behavior. We can say that the level of culture of both an individual and society as a whole is determined by the volume and depth of knowledge. Today, knowledge is acquired by man in all spheres of culture. But gaining knowledge in religion, art, everyday life, etc. is not a top priority. Here, knowledge is always associated with a certain system of values, which they justify and protect: in addition, they are figurative in nature. Only science, as a special sphere of spiritual production, aims to obtain objective knowledge about the surrounding world. It arose in antiquity, when there was a need for generalized knowledge about the surrounding world.

Values ​​- the ideals that a person and society aspire to achieve, as well as objects and their properties that satisfy certain human needs. They are associated with a constant assessment of all objects and phenomena surrounding a person, which he makes according to the principle of good-bad, good-evil, and arose within the framework of primitive culture. In the preservation and transmission of values ​​to the next generations, myths played a special role, thanks to which values ​​became an integral part of rites and rituals, and through them a person became a part of society. As a result of the collapse of the myth with the development of civilization, value orientations began to be fixed in religion, philosophy, art, morality and law.

Projects - plans for future human action. Their creation is connected with the essence of man, his ability to perform conscious purposeful actions to transform the world around him, which is impossible without a preliminary plan. This realizes the creative ability of a person, his ability to freely transform reality: first - in his own mind, then - in practice. In this, a person differs from animals, which are able to act only with those objects and phenomena that exist to the present and are important for them at a given time. Only a person has freedom, for him there is nothing inaccessible and impossible (at least in fantasy).

In primitive times, this ability was fixed at the level of myth. Today, projective activity exists as a specialized activity and is divided according to the projects of which objects should be created - natural, social or human. In this regard, the design is distinguished:

• technical (engineering), inextricably linked with scientific and technological progress, which occupies an increasingly important place in culture. Its result is the world of material things that create the body of modern civilization;
• social in creating models of social phenomena - new forms of government, political and legal systems, ways of managing production, school education, etc.;
• pedagogical to create human models, ideal images of children and students, which are formed by parents and teachers.
• Knowledge, values ​​and projects form the foundation of spiritual culture, which includes, in addition to the above-mentioned results of spiritual activity, the very spiritual activity for the production of spiritual products. They, like the products of material culture, satisfy certain human needs and, above all, the need to ensure the life of people in society. To do this, a person acquires the necessary knowledge about the world, society and himself, for this, systems of values ​​are created that allow a person to realize, choose or create forms of behavior approved by society. This is how the varieties of spiritual culture that exist today were formed - morality, politics, law, art, religion, science, philosophy. Consequently, spiritual culture is a multi-layered formation.

At the same time, spiritual culture is inextricably linked with material culture. Any objects or phenomena of material culture basically have a project, embody certain knowledge and become values, satisfying human needs. In other words, material culture is always the embodiment of a certain part of spiritual culture. But a spiritual culture can exist only if it is reified, objectified, and has received this or that material incarnation. Any book, painting, musical composition, as well as other works of art that are part of spiritual culture, need a material carrier - paper, canvas, paints, musical instruments, etc.

Moreover, it is often difficult to understand what kind of culture - material or spiritual - this or that object or phenomenon belongs to. So, we will most likely attribute any piece of furniture to material culture. But if we are talking about a 300-year-old chest of drawers exhibited in a museum, we should talk about it as an object of spiritual culture. The book - an indisputable object of spiritual culture - can be used to kindle the furnace. But if objects of culture can change their purpose, then criteria must be introduced to distinguish between objects of material and spiritual culture. In this capacity, one can use an assessment of the meaning and purpose of an object: an object or phenomenon that satisfies the primary (biological) needs of a person belongs to material culture, if they satisfy secondary needs associated with the development of human abilities, it is considered the subject of spiritual culture.

Between material and spiritual culture there are transitional forms - signs that represent something different from what they themselves are, although this content does not apply to spiritual culture. The most famous form of the sign is money, as well as various coupons, tokens, receipts, etc., used by people to indicate payment for various services. Thus, money - the universal market equivalent - can be spent on buying food or clothing (material culture) or buying a ticket to a theater or museum (spiritual culture). In other words, money acts as a universal mediator between the objects of material and spiritual culture in modern society. But there is a serious danger in this, since money equalizes these objects, depersonalizing the objects of spiritual culture. At the same time, many people have the illusion that everything has its price, that everything can be bought. In this case, money divides people, belittles the spiritual side of life.

The first contradiction is when the teacher, having mastered the social goals of the subject of teaching, finds their discrepancy with the real conditions of the school. Overcoming this contradiction, the teacher specifies the goal, taking into account real conditions, i.e. bring it into line with reality.

The second contradiction is the inconsistency of the content of training with specific goals and objectives. The goal of education will not be achieved, and the content of education will remain on paper. This contradiction is solved by choosing the optimal content, forms, methods of functioning of the learning process.

The third contradiction is the inconsistency of the plans, intentions of the teacher with the specific conditions that characterize the situation and the moment of the beginning of his didactic interaction with the class, or at a certain stage of the lesson. These contradictions arise between the teacher and the class team: the teacher and a group of students or the teacher and individuals. This contradiction has a different character than the previous ones. It is connected with the discrepancy between the level of development of the educational abilities of schoolchildren to master the subject, on the one hand, and the complexity of the educational material, on the other.

The fourth contradiction may be between the means and methods used by the teacher at a particular stage of the didactic processes, in a single lesson or in its fragment. Didactic processes will not be able to function until the teacher's activities correspond to the state of the students and the conditions under which these processes take place.

The fifth, dominant contradiction is the contradiction between the cognitive requirements put forward by the teacher in the form of pedagogical goals and objectives and the ability of students to fulfill them. This contradiction becomes a source of movement in the learning process not always, but only when the learning task, in terms of its complexity, is in the zone of proximal development of schoolchildren, that is, it is not excessively difficult or easy.

The sixth, most complex contradiction, which is called “the central, inherent in the educational process,” is the contradiction between the needs that arose in students under the influence of the teacher in mastering educational material and real opportunities. Students who have emerged, but have not yet consolidated the motives for classes, may be disappointed if the teacher does not take timely measures to resolve this contradiction. The first unsuccessful attempts to perform any action, which led to ridicule from classmates or an inadequate reaction from the teacher, can permanently reduce the desire to study in the classroom. This must be anticipated and preventive measures taken.

2. Organization of educational and cognitive actions of students to master the studied materials. For the organization of educational and cognitive activity, the following is essential: although the mastery of the material being studied occurs under the guidance of a teacher, it is a kind of process of independent “discovery” by the student of the knowledge already available in science.

The teaching requires a certain “recreation of knowledge”, but only in a more reduced form, of those mental and practical operations (actions) that were once performed in the process of scientific research (knowledge) of certain phenomena or objects. From this point of view, as shown in pedagogy, this process includes three interrelated stages (stages).

At the first stage, perception occurs (the essence of perception - students with the help of the senses (hearing, sight, touch and smell)), comprehension and memorization of the material being studied, or the assimilation of theoretical knowledge.

At the second stage, the development of skills and abilities in applying this knowledge in practice is carried out, which requires the organization of special training exercises.

The third stage is associated with further repetition and deepening of knowledge on the material being studied, their consolidation and improvement of practical skills and abilities. In other words, in order for a student to master the material being studied, he needs to carry out a full cycle of educational and cognitive actions: the perception of new material, its initial and subsequent comprehension, memorization, exercise in applying the learned theory in practice and then repetition in order to deepen and more firmly assimilate knowledge, skills and abilities.

Ticket 6.

1. Student-centered learning. A student-centered approach to teaching is the concentration of the teacher's attention on the integral personality of a person, concern for the development of not only his intellect, civic sense of responsibility, but also a spiritual personality with emotional, aesthetic, creative inclinations and development opportunities. The purpose of personality-oriented education is to create conditions for the full development of the following functions of the individual:

human ability to choose;

the ability to reflect, evaluate one's life;

search for the meaning of life, creativity;

the formation of the image of "I";

responsibility (in accordance with the wording “I am responsible for everything”);

autonomy of the individual (as it develops, it is increasingly freed from other factors).

Student-centered education implies a focus on the training, education and development of all students, taking into account their individual characteristics:

age, physiological, psychological, intellectual;

educational needs, orientation to a different level of complexity of the program material available to the student;

allocation of groups of students according to knowledge, abilities;

distribution of students into homogeneous groups: abilities, professional orientation;

treating each child as a unique individual.

.2. Patterns of learning inherent in it as an organic part of education.

For successful learning, it is important to know not only its essence and internal structure, but also those deep patterns on the basis of which it should be carried out. When considering these patterns, it is of great importance, first of all, that education as a means of developing and shaping the personality is an integral part of education, understood in its broadest sense. It follows from this (and this was noted in the chapter on the essence and laws of education) that all the laws on the basis of which education is carried out as a whole are inherent in education. The main ones are the following:

a) the focus of training on solving the problems of the comprehensive and harmonious development of the individual;

b) the activity nature of training;

c) the unity of the need-motivational sphere and educational and cognitive activity of students;

d) showing respect and exactingness to students, strengthening their personal dignity in the learning process;

e) ensuring the joy of success in mastering knowledge;

f) revealing the abilities and creative inclinations of students and relying on their positive properties and qualities in the learning process;

g) taking into account the age and individual characteristics of students in the learning process;

h) increasing the influence of the team on improving the quality of educational work;

i) consistency and unity of the pedagogical efforts of the school, family and community in stimulating the educational and cognitive activity of students.

The nature and ways of implementing these patterns were revealed when it came to the essence of education. Here it should only be emphasized that the skillful implementation of these patterns in the learning process is an important prerequisite for its didactic effectiveness. If, for example, a teacher does not form and develop the need-motivational sphere of students, he is unlikely to be able to support their educational and cognitive activity. In the same way, he will not stimulate this activity if he fails to evoke in his pets the experience of the joy of success in mastering knowledge, if he does not show them respect, sensitivity and tactful exactingness. The same is the case with other laws that are common to both education and training.

APOCALYPSE (1). ? REVELATION. Biblioponym, the name of a religious composition. * The Revelation of John the Theologian, or "Apocalypse" is the last book of the New Testament, which presents Christian eschatology - a description of the end of the earth's existence and the Second Coming of the Messiah.

■ / What heights are above this island, / What fog! / And the Apocalypse was written here / And Pan died! ∕ (III.10).

❖ John the Theologian, following the text of the book, received the revelation of God during his exile on the island of Patmos: testimony of Jesus Christ. (Rev. 1:9).

BARON BRAMBEUS (1). Biblio-poetonym, an indication of a literary work by the pseudonym of its author. "" Osip-Yulian Senkovsky (1800 - 1858) - famous orientalist of the first half of the 19th century, encyclopedist, translator from Arabic and other oriental languages, traveler, author of "Excerpts from travels in Egypt, Nubia and Upper Ethiopia", "Memoirs of Nubia and Syria", which, perhaps, were known to N. Gumilyov. He signed his works with several pseudonyms, Baron Brambeus is only one of them, but probably the most famous. Gumilyov means some work of this author.

And / And do not part with the amulets, / Fortune rolls the wheel, / On the shelf, next to the pistols, / Baron Brambeus and Rousseau. / (11.114).

Benz (1). Pragmapoetonym, the name of the vehicle. " * A brand of car named after the founder of the largest automotive plant, Karl Benz.

F / On the Duxels, I'm on the Benz, - / Riding a cockatoo, / For an evening in Wenzel's house / I always get there. / (P.78).

Aubrey Beardsley (1). Ideopoetonym, a work of art named after the author. Aubrey Vincent Beardsley (1872-1898) - English painter, graphic artist, illustrator of the modernist era. During his short life (25 years) O. B. developed his own style of graphics, in which the realism of the image was combined with abstraction and oriental ornamentation. O. B. illustrated The Death of King Arthur by T. Mallory, The Fall of the House of Usher by E. Poe, Salome by O. Wilde, whom O. B. was personally acquainted with.

And / Charmers, now I'm taught, / Try to come and you will find / Perfumes, flowers, an old locket, / Aubrey Beardsley in a strict binding. / (11.54).

GENESIS (1). Biblioponym, the name of a religious composition. The first book of the Bible, which contains traditions about the creation of the world and the life of the first people.

/ And a lot of noise came from below, / Then the bench sang behind the bench, / And there was someone strict in front of them, / Reading the book of GENESIS. ∕ (IV.24).

VERSAILLES (1). Urbaideopoetonym, a monument of landscape gardening art. " » The former residence of the French kings, now - a palace and park complex, protected by UNESCO.

F / Or at the festival of Versailles / At the hour when the earth falls asleep, / The eyes of young men are sad, / I capture the king. ∕ (III.34).

"AROUND THE WORLD" (1). Bibliopoetonim, the name of the journal, - в» The most famous Russian popular science journal published since 1861. The subject of the journal is extremely diverse, but articles of regional studies, ethnographic and historical character prevail.

F / For his complete happiness / One thing was missing: / So that his sister, father and mother / He could be seen here, / Though by the power of magic spells, / Yves “Around the World” about everything / Told the boys later / His beloved Bussenard. ∕(ΠL3).

♦♦♦ The magazine actually printed excerpts or full texts of adventure and fantasy works.

SUNDAY (1). Chronopoetonym, the name of a religious event. * Event of the New Testament, the basis of the Christian faith - the Resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead on the third day after His Crucifixion.

F / And he shouted: "Look, everyone, / How sparks sparkle on the dew, / How languid plants breathe, / And the Sun, a golden fruit, / Floats in the transparent air, / Like an angel with the song of Sunday." /(1.94).

GRAIL (3 / 1). Ecclesiopoetonym, the name of a sacred object. "* Christians have a cup from which Christ drank during the Last Supper and into which Joseph of Arimathea collected drops of the Savior's blood after His crucifixion. G. is mentioned in a number of medieval legends, in particular, in the legends about King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.

F / I remembered an old tale / About the holy grail. / (1.44). / I would like to roam the villages, / Go to the unknown distance, / Approaching distant domains / Of the Enchanted Grail. / (1.44). ∕ / Only the pure are given contemplation / The eternally joyful Grail. / (1.44).

♦♦♦ It is believed that the keepers of the Grail were at first the Cathars (representatives of the Christian movement, recognized as heresy), and then the Templars (Verbitskaya: 174).

Coffin of God (1). Ecclesiopoetonym, the name of a sacred object, O Holy Sepulcher. "* The greatest Christian shrine, the place where Christ was buried after the Crucifixion. It is located in the Church of the Holy Resurrection in Jerusalem.

F / Everyone dreams: “There, at the Tomb of God, / The doors of paradise will open for us, / On Mount Tabor, at the foot, / The promised hour will ring out.” / (1.121).

SOFA (1). Ergopoetonym, the name of a business association of people. The highest authority in the states of Islam.

/ Let the English be the masters here, / Drink wine and play football / And the caliph in a high Divan / The holy arbitrariness is no longer in power. ∕ (IV.6).

HOUSEHOLD (1). Ergopoetonym, the name of a business association of people. "* Heating cooperative in pre-revolutionary Russia.

F / P.S. Besides, in the Domotop office / I always meet an Ethiopian. ∕ (IV.38).

TREE OF KNOWLEDGE (1). Phytomyphopoetonym. * In the Old Testament, the tree in Eden from which Eve ate the forbidden fruit.

F / From dances and songs tired Adam / Fell asleep, unreasonable, at the Tree of Knowledge. / Above it, dazzling fluttering stars, / Purple shadows glide across the meadows / (1.161).

DUX (1). Pragmapoetonym, the name of the vehicle. "* "Duke" is the largest plant in Moscow at the beginning of the 20th century for the manufacture of bicycles, motorcycles, cars, aircraft and airships. Before the revolution, the plant produced all these types of transport, therefore, in Gumilyov's poem, written in 1912, it may mean any of them, although it is most likely that we are talking about a car.

W / On the Dux, or on the Benz, - / Riding a cockatoo, / For an evening in Wenzel's house / I always get there. / (P.78).

GOSPEL (2 / 2). Biblioponym, the name of a religious composition. "* The four main books of the New Testament, which tell about the earthly path and the deeds of Jesus Christ: E. Matthew, Mark, Luke, John.

W / A lion on a column, and brightly / Lion's eyes burn, / Holds the Gospel of Mark, / Like seraphim, winged. / (11.96). / But we forgot that it is radiant / Only the word in the midst of earthly anxieties / And in the Gospel of John / It is said that the word is God. ∕ (IV.29).

♦♦♦ To context 2: IV.29. "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." (John 1:1).

F / He says that the world is not terrible, / That he is the Prince of the Coming Dawn ... / But only the spirits of the dark towers / They listen to those speeches, laughing / (1.25).

"GREEN" (1). Pragmapoetonym, the name of the store. ? In a number of publications that reprinted the text from the Pillar of Fire (Gumilyov 1989, Gumilev 2003), it is written as an appellative - green. "* The outdated name of the shop where they sold greens, fruits and vegetables. W / Signboard ... bloodshot letters / They say-. "Green", - I know, here / Instead of cabbage and instead of swede / Dead heads

sell. ∕ (IV.39).

♦♦♦ A. A. Brudny in his book “Psychological Hermeneutics” wrote about “The Lost Tram” in the following way: “Man is also given a virtual world, a semantic space. It can be free. Freedom is flight. To Asia, to Africa, to the past, to the future.

"Green" is an image of the future. The insight of one's own death (not the first in Gumilyov) ”(Brudny: 211).

F / All of you, paladins of the Green Temple, / Over the cloudy sea, following the rhumb, / Gonzalvo and Cook, La Perouse and de Gama, / Dreamer and king, Genoese Columbus! / (1.148).

"KNOWLEDGE" (1). Biblioponym, the name of a periodical. "* Probably, N. Gumilyov is talking about the collections of the Znanie publishing house, established in 1898. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the publishing house's activities have been aimed at the ideological struggle against modernism. Works of a realistic and atheistic orientation were accepted for publication, among the authors of which were I. Bunin, L. Andreev, A. Kuprin, V. Veresaev M. Gorky was the editor of the publishing house for some time.

F / I moved the table to the wall; on the chest of drawers / He put the almanacs "Knowledge" in a row, / Postcards - so that even a Hottentot / Indignation would come to the sacred. / (P.54).

IGDRAZIL (1). Phytomyphopoetonym, the world tree-image of the universe in Scandinavian mythology, about Ygdrasil.

F / Me, who, like the tree Ygdrazil, / Sprouted as the head of the seven universes / And for whose eyes, like dust, / The fields of the earth and the fields of the blessed? ∕ (IV.28).

"ILIADA" (1). Bibliopoetonym, the name of an ancient epic poem, a monument of ancient Greek literature, an epic poem by Homer that tells about the Trojan War, the exploits of great warriors and the deeds of the gods.

/ I closed the Iliad and sat by the window, / The last word trembled on my lips, / Something shone brightly - a lantern or the moon, / And the sentinel's shadow moved slowly. / (11.55).

ISAKI (2 / 2). Ecclesiopoetonym, the name of the temple. "** St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, one of the most important and first (construction began in 1818) Christian churches in the city.

And / How not to bend - oh, grief! - / How did they not leave the places / The cross on the Kazan Cathedral / And the cross on Isakia? ∕ (III.56). / The faithful stronghold of Orthodoxy / Isakiy is embedded in the sky, / There I will serve a prayer service for health / Mashenka and a memorial service for me. / (IV.39).

KAZAN CATHEDRAL (1). Ecclesiopoetonym, the name of the temple. "∙*, Kazan Cathedral on Nevsky Prospekt in St. Petersburg is one of the greatest Christian churches in the city. General M.I. Kutuzov was buried in the cathedral in 1813.

F / How not to bend - oh, woe! - / How did they not leave the places / The cross on the Kazan Cathedral / And the cross on Isakia? / (III.56).

KABA STONE (1). Ecclesiopoetonym, the name of a sacred object, o Kaaba. " » The main Muslim shrine. It is located in Mecca.

F / But he, stamping his foot, shouted: “Women! / Do you know that the black stone of Kaba / Was recognized as fake that week? / (11.102).

"QUIVER" (1). Biblioponym, the name of a collection of poems. "" The fifth printed collection of poetry by N. Gumilyov, published in 1916

F / And, it’s true, the day has caught, gray, / Socrates is again on the table, / But “Enamels and cameos” / With the “Quiver” in the most dusty haze. ∕ (III.49). KORAN (1). Biblioponym, the name of a religious work

Denia. ' * The Holy Book of Muslims.

/ Sheikhs pray, stern and gloomy, / And lies in front of each Koran, / Where are the Persian miniatures, / Like butterflies of fabulous countries. ∕(IV.6).

ROUND TABLE (1). Ergopoetonym, community name. Knights of the Round Table - the legendary community of knights

Characters of the legends about King Arthur.

G / The path has never led here / Peerage of France or the Round Table ∕ (IV.30).

CURTAIN (1). Ergopoetonym, the name of the military camp, o La-

Curtin. Oh Fr. courtine - military-defensive structure, fortress wall. "* The camp of Russian soldiers in France, named after the area of ​​​​its location - the village of La Courtine.

F / Kohl in the first - it means destined: / I will leave this welcome shelter / And move to Camp Cournos / Or to the rebellious Curtain. ∕(ΠI.97).

❖ Upon learning of the revolution in Russia, the soldiers of the Kurtin camp refused to obey the leadership and demanded to return to their homeland. To pacify the rebellion, the Provisional Government sent a delegation led by General Zankevich to the camp. Ensign N. Gumilyov was also a member of the delegation.

"LEDA" (1). Ideopoonym, the name of a painting. ? A short (allegro) form is used from the full "Leda and the Swan" A famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci, written on a mythological plot: Zeus, fascinated by the beauty of the earthly woman Leda, entered her under the guise of a swan. The original painting has been lost, only copies have survived.

F / One, like the skin of a leopard, / Diverse, forever new. / Leonardo's "Leda" perishes there / Among incense and silks. ∕ (11.95). SUMMER GARDEN (2 / 2). Urbaideopoetonym, a monument of landscape gardening art. " * Summer residence of Peter I, located

wife on the island of the same name in St. Petersburg.

F / And our meetings will begin again, / Wandering at random at night, / And our mischievous speeches, / And the Islands, and the Summer Garden?! (IP.49). If the eyes of a beloved girl are / Sweeter than the eyes of the inhabitants of the heights, / More beautiful than Jerusalem on high / The Summer Garden and the greenery of sleepy waters... ∕ (III.55).

FLYING DUTCHMAN (1). Pragmamyphopoetonym, the name of the vehicle. "* The legendary ghost ship, doomed to eternal wanderings across the seas without the ability to land on the shore.

F / There are waves with sparkles and splashes / An incessant dance, / And there flies in sharp jumps / The ship of the Flying Dutchman. / (1.150).

LILY HIRAMA (1). Ideopoonym, the name of a sculpture with a religious symbolic meaning. "* Lily in Freemasonry is a symbol of power and Divine wisdom, the rational structure of the universe. Hiram is the legendary founder of Freemasonry, in the Bible - an employee of King Solomon, the head of the construction of the Jerusalem Temple and the creator of a number of sacred objects

in the temple. In the third book Kings describes the construction by Hiram of two pillars, called Jachin and Boaz and symbolizing birth and death, that is, the earthly world: “And over the pillars he set crowns made like a lily; thus finished the work on the pillars. (1 Kings: 22). Thus, Hiram's lily is a symbol of the Divine mind that governs nature, world history and people's lives.

F / But the one who saw Hiram's lily, / He does not mourn for fabulous gardens, / But piously builds the walls of the temple, / Pleasing to earth and heaven. /(11.98).

MADONNA, pl. (one). ? MOTHER OF GOD, VIRGIN MARY, MADONNA, MARY, MARY, I section. Ideopoztonili, the name of the sculptures. "" Images of the mother of Christ - the Madonna: perhaps they mean the paintings of the "Madonnel" in the niches, of which there are several hundred in Rome. Gumilyov has the "face of the Madonnas" as part of the metonymy as an indication of the unity of the essence, the idea of ​​​​all sculptures.

SULTAN HASSAN MOSQUE (1). Ecclesiopoetonym, the name of the temple. * Mosque of Sultan Gasan (Hasan) - the largest in Cairo, built in the XIV century.

W / Like a colorful Fata Morgana, / The city is visible, there is light above the city; / Above the mosque of Sultan Gassan / A minaret pierces the moon. ∕ (IV.6).

LIGHTS OF SAINT ELMO (1). Depoetonym, the name of a natural phenomenon. "∙⅛ A rare natural phenomenon, which is the appearance of a flickering glow on high-rise or peak-shaped objects of the visible world. It usually occurs before a thunderstorm and a storm, when the electric field strength in the atmosphere rises sharply. The name comes from the name of the Catholic saint, martyr Elmo (Erasmus ) - the patron and protector of sailors.

W / Neither the reef nor the shoal will meet him, / But, a sign of sadness and misfortune, / The fires of St. Elmo shine, / Dotted with his board and gear. / (1.150).

"O VIRGIN ROSE, I AM IN CHAINS" (1). Bibliopoetic name, the title of a poem by A. S. Pushkin.

Ш / “O Maiden Rose, I am in chains”, / I owe twenty thousand, / O sweetness of honey candies, / Food that creates

Shapshal. / But I'm not at all afraid of this, / Your eyes, as before, are not harsh, / I smoke and eat sweets, / "And I'm not ashamed of MY SCREW." ∕(IV.47).

❖ Pushkin's “fetters” are love, affection for his beloved: / So the nightingale in the laurel bushes ∕ / Near a proud and beautiful rose / Lives in sweet captivity / And gently sings songs to her /. Gumilyov uses Pushkin's lines with irony, the "fetters" here are debts, troubles that the lyricist got into. for the sake of pleasure, the hero smokes a cigarette and tastes a honey candy.

"REVELATION" (1). ? APOCALYPSE. Biblioponym, the name of a religious work. See APOCALYPSE.

F / As soon as we hear the cherished sound / In your organ, booming and lingering, / Our pale peace is embarrassed, suddenly / How gloomy the world will reveal and important / John's "Revelation" voice to us / And echoes, it seems, his words. / (P.92).

PADUAN CATHEDRAL 3 ™ (1): P.105. * The Cathedral in the city of Padua, one of the oldest Christian churches in Italy.

PANTHEON (1). Ecclesiopoetonym, the name of the temple. "* The Pantheon in Paris is the church of St. Genevieve, designed by the architect J. Soufflot in the era of classicism. After the revolution and to the present day, P. is the tomb of prominent people of France.

F / And no, not to us, your priests, / Shatter the tablet of the law / And throw a flame at Notre-Dame, / Destroy the walls of the Pantheon. ∕ (I. 57).

A SONG OF LOVE TRUMBLING (1). Bibliopoetic name, title of the story by I. S. Turgenev.

F / Plague, war or revolution, / In the fires of the village, the meadow in the blood! / But only the violin Muzio would sing / The Song of Triumphant Love. / (A.17).

PETROSOYUZ (1). Ergopoetonym, the name of a business association of people. "∙>* The Petrograd Union of Workers of Consumer Societies was formed in 1916.

F / Susa with palm trees, Nefuza in the fire of heaven / Not more seductive than the gifts of the Petrosoyuz, / And the paradise of fire gives us Railesk. ∕(iv.38).

❖ See commentary on NEFUZ, II section.

"LEGION OF HONOR" (1). Pragmapoetonym, the name of a military order. " » The Order of the Legion of Honor was established in France by Napoleon. The insignia is awarded for special military services to the Republic.

F / That one - so sweet in memory of their separation / Bring the "Legion of Honor", / This one - so-so, almost out of boredom, / And among them he was the most courageous! ∕ (III.114).

"PARTING YOU, PARTING" (1). Ideopoonym, the name of the Russian

folk song.

W / A song will be torn out by flour, / So old it is: / “You are separation, separation, / A foreign side!” ∕ (III.5).

RYLESCOM (1). Ergopoetonym, the name of a business association of people. District Forestry Committee in post-revolutionary Russia.

And / To me Susa with palm trees, Nefuza in the fire of heaven / Is not more seductive than the gifts of the Petrosoyuz, / And the paradise of fire gives us Railesk. ∕ (iv.38).

CRUCIFIX (1). Ecclesiopoetonym, the name of a sacred object. ^∙⅛ Cross, a symbol of Christianity, as well as humility and sacrifice.

And / And you left, in a simple and dark dress, / Resembling an ancient Crucifix. /(11.98).

CHRISTMAS (3 / 3). Eortopoetonym, the name of a religious holiday. Christmas is one of the most important Christian holidays, celebrated in the Orthodox tradition on January 7, in the Catholic tradition - on December 25 according to the Gregorian calendar.

F / But, grinning for an answer, / Slightly hiding the triumph, / He exclaimed: “What are you, geta, / Tomorrow will be Christmas /. / (11.67). / Mary holds her Son, / Curly-haired, with a noble blush, / Such children on Christmas night / Probably barren women dream / (11.84). / And golden stars shone, / Invited to the celebration, / Like waxy oranges, / Those that are served at Christmas. / (Sh.90).

CHRISTMAS 3™(1); 11.67. "∙⅛ See above.

RUSSO (1). Bibliopoonym, an indication of a literary work by the name of its author. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) - an outstanding French thinker and encyclopedist of the Enlightenment. Author of philosophical treatises and the famous sentimental novel in letters "Julia, or New Eloise".

W / And do not part with the amulets, / Fortune rolls the wheel, / On the shelf, next to the pistols, / Baron Brambeus and Rousseau. / (11.114). SAMOTHRACIAN VICTORY (1). Ideopoonym, the name of the sculpture. about Nike of Samothrace. Marble sculpture of a flying Greek goddess of victory. Head and part of the right arm

thuja are absent. Since 1884, the sculpture has been in the Louvre.

F / In the hour of my racing delirium / You appear before my eyes - / Samothrace Victory / With arms outstretched forward. / (III.81).

SAMOTHRACIAN VICTORY 3 ™(1): III.81. "*⅛ See above.

WORD OF GOD (1). Biblioponym, the name of a religious composition, about the Bible, "* The collection of the sacred books of Christians (Old and New Testament), as well as the content of these books, is the basis of the worldview of Christians.

F / In the bazaar, all people, / Muzhiks, gypsies, passers-by - / Buy and sell, / Preach the Word of God. ∕ (III.43). SOVNARKHOZ (1). Ergopoetonym, the name of the business association

niyalyudei.^*⅛ Management body of the national economy in the USSR.

F / Is a slender birch more contemptible than a rose, / Where there is a tree, there is a garden, / Wherever we take them, even from the Economic Council, / They beckon. / (IV.38).

SOCRATES (2 / 1). Biblioponym, an indication of a literary work by the name of the main character. ^∙* Socrates is an outstanding philosopher of ancient Greece, who uses the method of dialectics to prove the truth. Socrates did not leave behind books, but his philosophy was recorded and transmitted by Plato, a student of Socrates, the founder of the idealistic direction of philosophy. Also preserved is a book of memoirs about Socrates, written by Xenophon. Perhaps, N. Gumilyov's "Socrates" means one of the mentioned books or some scientific monograph about the philosopher's life path.

F / What did I read? Are you bored, Leri, / And Socrates lies under the table, / Do you yearn for the ancient faith? / - What a great masquerade! ∕ (III.49). / And, it is true, the day caught, gray, / Socrates is again on the table, / But "Enamels and cameos" / With the "Quiver" in the most dusty haze. ∕ (III.49).

CHRISTMAS EVE (1). Eortopoetonym, the name of a religious holiday. "* In the Christian tradition, S. is called the eve of two great holidays: Christmas (January 6) and Epiphany (January 18). The last S. is also called Epiphany, and on Epiphany days, according to popular beliefs, it is customary to guess.

F / A palmist, a big loafer, / Late in the evening, on Christmas Eve / I predicted-. “Note: / There will be long weeks / White blizzards curl, / Transparent ice turns blue. / (11.68).

THE LAST JUDGMENT (1). ? JUDGMENT DAY. Chronopoetonym, the name of a religious event. In Judeo-Christian and Islamic eschatology, the last day of the existence of the world, when God will judge people for their actions.

Zh I “The darkness of millennia will pass, / And you will fight in a close cage, / Before the Last Judgment comes, / The Son will come and the Spirit of Heaven will come / (III.94).

JUDGMENT DAY (1). ? TERRIBLE JUDGMENT. Chronopoetonym, the name of a religious event. * » TERRIBLE JUDGMENT.

F / Embittered by the Holy Schemas, / I accepted the world, both sad and difficult, / But a heavy chain lay on my chest, / I see the light ... then the Day of Judgment is coming. / (1.138).

SPHINX (1). Ideopoonym, the name of the sculpture. *∙⅛ A monument of ancient Egyptian civilization, a huge statue with a lion's body and a human head guarding the pyramids of Giza.

/ The Sphinx lay down on guard of the shrine / And looks from above with a smile, / Waiting for guests from the desert, / About whom you do not know. ∕ (IV.6).

CHURCH OF SAINT PETER (1). Ecclesiopoetonym, the name of the temple. "∙⅛ St. Peter's Basilica is the largest building of the Vatican, the construction of which at different times worked the greatest sculptors of Italy, including Raphael, Michelangelo and Bernini.

/ And the inspired face of the Madonnas, / And the church of St. Peter, / As long as there is invariably / Your hole gapes / (11.80).

SUNDAY OF CHRIST (1). ≈ SUNDAY. Eortopoetonym, the name of a religious holiday, O Easter. " » The Feast of the Resurrection of Christ is the most important in the Orthodox tradition. Orthodox Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the spring equinox.

F / On my best, brightest day, / On that day of Christ's Resurrection, / I suddenly had a flash of redemption, / Which I was looking for everywhere. ∕(III.23).

"MAN" (1). Bibliochrono-poetonym, representation of a period of history as a literary work. * » In N. Gumilyov - the name of the period of time - XIX century. - the era of romanticism and realism, when the inner world of a person and his experiences were at the center of philosophical and artistic comprehension.

F / Tragicomedy - the name "Man" - / Was the nineteenth funny and terrible century ∕ (IV.72).

❖ An allusion to the story of E. According to “Ligeia”: on the night of her death, the beloved of the hero asks to read the poems that he once wrote. In these verses, the world is presented as a theater created by God, whose actors - people - fight for survival, until one day the gluttonous Worm - death, fate - comes and devours people: / And the angels, pale and straight, / Shout, throwing off their cloak, /

That "Man" is the name of the drama, / That "Worm" is its hero! / (Trans.

V. Bryusova).

SHAPSHAL (1). Pragmapoetonym, the name of the factory. * * The Shapshal Brothers tobacco factory was founded in 1873 in St. Petersburg by the merchant Shapshal Yufuda Moiseevich (1837 - 1902). At the end of the XIX century. and the beginning of the 20th century, the word "shapshal" in the northern capital meant cigarettes, tobacco produced by this factory.

F / “O Maiden Rose, I am in chains”, / I owe twenty thousand, / O sweetness of honey candies, / Products that Shapshal creates. ∕ (IV.47).

Euripides (1). Ideopoetonym, the name of the sculpture, about Euripides. " * See the anthropoetonym EURIPID, section I.

/ Some kind of resentment was crying in them, / Copper rang and a thunderstorm was coming, / And there, above the closet, the profile of Euripides / Blinded burning eyes. / (P.66).

EZBEQIE (3 / 1). Urbaideopoetonym, a monument of landscape gardening art. A beautiful park in Egypt, a popular place among foreigners in Cairo in the late XIX - early XX centuries. E. were located in the European part of Cairo, where the residence (palace) of Napoleon had previously been. In the middle of the E. gardens there was a picturesque lake, nearby was the building of the opera house and the Continental Hotel. Currently, E.'s gardens do not exist in their former grandeur, only a small park remains from them.

According to the chronology of Yu. V. Zobnin, N. Gumilyov visited the gardens of E. three times: in 1907, 1908 and 1909. “During the first journey in the city garden, Ezbekiye tried to commit suicide, but experienced some strong mystical shock that produced a moral upheaval in him” (Zobnin: 428).

F / How strange - exactly ten years have passed / Since I saw Ezbekiya, / The large Cairo garden, full of the moon / Solemnly illuminated that evening. / (III.96). / Whatever sorrows, humiliations / May befall me, not before / I will think about an easy death, / Than I will enter again on the same moonlit night / Under the palm trees and plane trees of Ezbekiye. / (Sh.96). / And suddenly I look around, hearing / In the hum of the wind, in the noise of distant speech / And in the terrifying silence of the night / The mysterious word is Ezbekiye. / (III.96).

ESBEQIE 3™ (1): III.96. "* Contexts for poetonyms and comments, see above.

"ENAMELS AND CAMEOS" (1). Biblio-poetonym, the name of a collection of poetry by Theophile Gauthier. " & Many verses from this book have been translated into Russian by N. Gumilyov.

And / And, it’s true, the day has found, gray, / Socrates is again on the table, / But “Enamels and Cameos” / With the “Quiver” in the most dusty haze. /(III.49). CAMP COURNOS (1). Ergopoetonym, the name of the military camp. o Camp Soigpeai, Cournot. ? The name camp Cournos is apparently not entirely accurate. Fr. the name of the camp is camp Courneau. "∙⅛ Military camp in France where Russian soldiers arrived

in 1917 during the First World War.

And / Kohl in the first - it means destined: / I will leave this welcome shelter / And move to βCamp Cournos / Or to the rebellious Curtain. / (III.97).

"LA P'TITE TONKINOISE" (1). And deo the poet about him, the title of the author's song, about "La petite Tonkinoise". "" A popular French song at the beginning of the 20th century with lyrics by Georges Villard and music by Vincent Scotto.

And / “How nice it is now to sit in a happy cafe, / Where gas crackles over the crowd of people, / And listen, sipping light beer, / As a woman sings “La p" tite Tonkinoise. ∕ (∏.115).

The first structural element of culture is material culture, which is an objective, material form of expression of spiritual meanings.

Material culture is a set of methods for the production of material goods and values ​​created by human labor at each stage of the development of society.

Value- this is the positive significance of objects, phenomena and ideas. Objects and phenomena become good if they satisfy positive human needs and contribute to social progress. Material culture is based on a rational, reproductive type of activity, is expressed in an objective-objective form, satisfies the primary needs of a person.

Economic culture - this is an activity aimed at creating material conditions for human life as the creator of "second nature". It includes, first of all, economic activity - the means of production, methods of practical activity for their creation (relations of production), as well as creative moments of everyday economic activity of a person.

Economic culture should not be reduced to material production, it characterizes it from the point of view of influencing a person, creating conditions for his life and development of abilities, their implementation in the economic life of society. This culture is embodied not just in production, technology, but in the realization of the creative principle of human material activity.

Traditionally, culturologists distinguish labor culture as objects (forms) of material culture - equipment, structures and tools, means of production, communication systems - ways and means of communication (transport, communications); culture of everyday life - items of clothing, everyday life, food.

All these cultural objects are carriers of cultural information that create an artificial habitat for mankind and are the process and result of human material activity. All these phenomena are connected with the content of productive forces or production relations. However, material culture, being a side of material production, is not identical to it. It characterizes production from the point of view of creating conditions for human life, its development, as well as the realization of human abilities in the process of material activity.

in Spiritual cool.

Spiritual culture - a set of spiritual values ​​of mankind (ideas, ideas, beliefs, beliefs, knowledge); intellectual spiritual activity and its results, which ensure the development of a person as a person at every stage of the development of society.

Spiritual culture is based on a rational, creative type of activity, expressed in a subjective form, satisfies the secondary needs of a person.

Spiritual culture includes forms focused on the development of knowledge and values ​​in the spiritual sphere - this is a complex of ideas, knowledge, ideas, experiences, motives, attractions, beliefs, norms, traditions of human existence. Spiritual activity has a complex structure and includes the following forms of culture:

Religious culture (religious teachings, traditional confessions and denominations, modern cults and teachings);

Moral culture (ethics as a theoretical understanding of morality, morality as its social expression, morality as a personal norm);

Aesthetic culture (art, its types, directions and styles);

Legal culture (judicature, legislation, executive system);

Political culture (traditional political regime, ideology, norms of interaction between political subjects);

Intellectual culture (science, philosophy).

By type of activity, they are all included in cognitive activity (science, philosophy), value-oriented activity (morality, art, religion), regulatory activity (politics, law).

Cognitive activity is based on a person's knowledge of nature, society, himself and his inner world. This activity is most adequately represented by scientific activity. The science- a specialized area of ​​culture focused on knowledge. The main functions of science are to form a system of logically ordered knowledge based on a specially organized theoretical and empirical study of reality; building rational forecasts; control of the studied processes on the basis of experiment.

Transmitted from generation to generation, traditional knowledge, accepted as a "dogmatic banality", not questioned, with the advent of a new intellectual environment - scientific - cease to dominate the minds of people, lead to sharp leaps in the development of the whole culture. Thus, in any society, a system of obtaining, storing, transferring information and knowledge, independent of the individual, is formed.

Value-oriented human activity includes morality (moral culture), art (artistic culture) and religion (religious culture). The meaningful nature of knowledge, understanding of the world implies not just knowledge about it, but an understanding of the value of the person himself as a subject of activity, the value of his knowledge, creations, the values ​​of the very world of culture in which a person lives. The human world is always a world of values. It is filled with meanings and meanings for him.

The first most socially significant sphere of culture is moral culture, which provides a normative-value orientation of the attitude of individuals and social groups to all aspects of society and to each other.

Moral culture - it is the level of humanity achieved by society and the individual, humanity in the relations of social subjects, the attitude towards a person as a supreme goal and value in itself . The moral culture of a person manifests itself as a culture of an act: a motive that corresponds to the concepts of good and evil, justice and human dignity. At the heart of the moral culture of the individual is morality and conscience.

The second form of spiritual culture associated with value activities is artistic and aesthetic culture. Art culture - it is a specific sensory-emotional sphere of cognition, evaluation and artistic transformation of the world according to the laws of beauty. Artistic culture is based on an irrational, creative type of activity, is expressed both in an objective-objective and in a subjective form, satisfies the secondary needs of a person (see art in the system of spiritual culture).

The third form of spiritual culture, value-related activity religious culture, based on religious activity as the ascent of man to God . Religious culture is embodied by cult and religious actions, the meaning of which is determined by the corresponding system of values, the main of which is God as the spiritual and moral Absolute.

In spiritual culture, two more forms can be distinguished that are focused on the regulatory form of activity - these are politics (political culture) and law (legal culture), associated with the state and its institutions and the legal system of society.

Spiritual culture grows as an ideal side of material activity. However, under certain conditions, fixed in the mechanisms of social memory spiritual culture actsas a stable matrix of spiritual life, stereotype of perception and thinking, the mentality of society. It can play a leading role at different stages of the development of society.

To the peculiarities of spiritual culture, which is focused on the development of knowledge and values, it is necessary to include the following:

1. Spiritual culture is a special spiritual world created by the power of human thought, which is richer than the real, material world (for example, the art of painting - the direction of surrealism - the artist S. Dali).

2. Spiritual culture gives a person the greatest freedom of creativity (the conscious creativity of a person is what distinguishes the world of culture from the world of nature).

3. Spiritual culture is needed in itself, and not for the sake of achieving any goals.

4. Spiritual culture is the most "fragile" area of ​​culture, it is more sensitive to changes in the socio-cultural space, it suffers more than all other areas during social cataclysms and needs the support of society.

It should be noted that the concept of "spiritual culture" also includes material objects that include the world of spiritual culture: libraries, museums, theaters, cinemas, concert halls, educational institutions, courts, etc. Any object of material culture is the embodiment of certain human intentions, and in real life the material and the ideal in culture are always intertwined.