The estate "Kuzminki", which arose in the 18th century on former lands Simonov and Nikolo-Ugreshsky monasteries, for two centuries belonged to the barons Stroganov and princes Golitsyn.
The history of Kuzminskaya land enriches national history toponymy - the name of the area Kuzminki, hydronymy - the names of the rivers Churilikha and Goledyanka. Burials of the 13th century have been preserved on its territory - the remains of a residential building with a partially preserved oven and fragments of a stone and adobe structure. - the rarest archaeological find on the territory of Moscow.
It should be noted that even today the valley of the united rivers with an overgrown pond, located between the Kuzminsky and the new Lyublinsky ponds, is a natural landscape with mesotrophic bog complexes unique for Moscow. The surface of the floodplain is swampy, in areas of which water-saturated swamp peat deposits occur from the surface. The riverbed is characterized by the presence of numerous springs. Currently, this area of five and a half hectares is protected as a natural monument.
It should be noted that the estate was not created as a closed summer residence, fenced off from the world around it. Neither before Prince M. M. Golitsyn, nor after him in the 19th century, the estate had clearly defined boundaries, gradually merging with the surrounding forests. Thus, one of the first landscape parks in Moscow at the end of the 18th century was created in the Kuzminskaya estate, which was an example to follow in other landlord estates. So, for example, in 1801, in Pavlovsk, a statue of the hero of antiquity, Apollo, was moved to a new location, opposite the princely palace across the river, following the model of the summerhouse beyond the river in Kuzminki.
It is worth adding that Kuzminki, in turn, adopted the best when creating a landscape park. Following the example of Pavlovsky Park, at the end of the 18th century in Kuzminki, in a pine grove, a twelve-beam clearing of a regular (French) park was cut through, in the center of which a round platform was arranged, in the center of it a statue of Apollo was placed (copies for Pavlovsk and Kuzminki were made by the sculptor F.I. . Gordeev). Plaster statues of the Muses were located around the area near each of the alleys. And today the 12-beam clearing of the French park is a great attraction of Kuzminki. It is worth noting another feature of Kuzminki: the continuation of the continuity of the Pavlovian principle of decorating the park. An example of this is cast iron triumphal gate”, which in all their parts, with the exception of the top - the coat of arms, coincide with the Nikolaev Gates in Pavlovsk near St. Petersburg, built in 1826 by K. I. Rossi. This project was carried out at the Pashiy iron foundries of Prince S. M. Golitsyn I and three years later it was repeated a second time to decorate Kuzminki. This once again proves how close the two estates are in terms of park construction. Muscovites subsequently even began to call the village of Vlakhernskoye "Moscow Pavlovsk".
The estate "Kuzminki" itself is a high level of art. The work of architects, foundry workers, artists, sculptors, park construction specialists is of great value in the national culture. Such venerable architects, sculptors and artists of the 18th-19th centuries created their creations in Kuzminki: Domenico (in Russia he was called Dementy Ivanovich) Gilardi, A.G. Grigoriev, A.N. Voronikhin, M.D. Bykovsky, K. I. Rossi, P. K. Klodt von Jurgensburg, Artari, S. P. Campioni, I. P. Vitali, F. P. Krentan, who left behind vivid examples of creativity.
If we talk about the work of the architect Domenico Gilardi in Kuzminki, it is worth noting the following. He built a lot in Moscow and its environs, but everywhere they were separate buildings. And only in Kuzminki the architect was able to leave a memory of himself as the author of a single architectural and park ensemble, since here, according to the project of the architect, the entire estate was completely restored: from park paths and benches to fundamental structures. This played a positive role in the fact that the Kuzminki estate was eventually imbued with a unity of design, style and execution, which distinguished it from many Russian estates. The skillful hand of the architect turned the horse yard into one of best achievements Empire style in Russia. The highlight of the courtyard was the famous Musical Pavilion, included in the catalog of world masterpieces.
With the Kuzminki estate near Moscow, the whole creative biography architect M. D. Bykovsky, engaged in alterations, repairs, interior decoration of houses, as well as creating independent work- a house and a stone bridge on the dam, monuments to Emperor Peter the Great, Nicholas I, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, tombstone to Prince S. M. Golitsyn I in the aisle of St. Sergius of Radonezh of the Church of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God.
In addition, it is worth noting that such an abundance of cast iron products, as in Kuzminki, could not be found in any estate near Moscow. Cast iron products in the amount of 250 units were genuine works of art. For example, floor lamps cast from cast iron with richly ornamented plant stems that "grow" from a base consisting of four winged griffins. Animals-birds sit on the diagonals of the pedestal, leaning on the forward lion paws. Expressive winged griffins and one hundred and seventy years ago, and today are the hallmark of the estate. In any literature, famous sculptural compositions are presented as an illustration of Kuzminki. This gives grounds to put forward the point of view that the Kuzminki estate can be regarded as a kind of open-air museum of small architectural form.
Great artistic taste gave the fatherland beautiful monuments of architecture. So, the original view of the Egyptian pavilion both then and now makes an impressive impression. The sloping walls and windows of the building resemble a truncated pyramid. In the center of the building there is a shallow portico-loggia with two columns intercepted by relief cords with papyrus-shaped capitals. On the walls of the loggia there are sculptural details on Egyptian ritual themes. This is the only building of its kind in architectural Moscow.
Many events that took place in the estate "Kuzminki" complement the national history. So, for example, the clergyman of the local parish and everyday writer N. A. Poretsky describes a hurricane that swept over the southeast of the Moscow region on June 16, 1904, which destroyed up to 100,000 trees in Kuzminsky Park. In addition to the local description, he gives bright characteristic ill-fated summer.
N. A. Poretsky also mentions the cholera epidemics of 1830 and 1871, which became a tragedy for all of Russia.
Moreover, he, apparently, according to the stories of old-timers, described the hot summer of 1871 - the reason for the spread of cholera infection: “The summer was as hot as ever. There was almost no rain. Everything burned down." In Kuzminki, only one inhabitant died of cholera. The residents themselves allegedly saved themselves by making a procession around the village with the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God.
The history of the Blachernae parish is an integral part of the history of Russian Orthodoxy. “Vlakherna was the only place near Moscow where Muscovites flocked in such a multitude for a walk on July 2 ... to the only Moscow nobleman.” “On the temple feast of July 2, there were great festivities here, in terms of the vastness of the place and the crowd, they were only slightly inferior to the festivities on May 1 in Sokolniki and Semika in Maryina Roshcha,” contemporaries noted.
The Church of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God in Kuzminki was not inferior to many Moscow churches in terms of the elegance of the interior and the richness of the sacristy. The inner walls of the temple were lined with expensive Spanish Carara marble. Chimes were installed on the bell tower.
Regarding the church in Kuzminki and increased attention to it from modern connoisseurs of ancient Russian painting, it is worth noting the family heirloom of the Stroganovs, and later of the princes Golitsyns - the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God, which was in the local church from 1725 to 1929.
The indisputable value of icons lies in the technique of their execution - "encaustic" (exaustix - I burn out) - an ancient painting technique. The wax paint was melted, and due to the rapid cooling of the wax, great skill was required from the manufacturer when applying the composition to the heated board, creating a relief image of the Mother of God and the baby, while imitating carving. In 1654, the icon and three copies of it were donated by the Patriarch of Constantinople to the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The tsar presented one of them to the Stroganov merchants.
A special place should be given to the Kuzma hospital, established by Prince S. M. Golitsyn in 1816, which was not a frequent occurrence in landowner estates. The hospital was the only one in the district, numbering about eighty settlements. This circumstance played an important role in the popularity of Kuzminok. Until 1869, the hospital was fully maintained at the expense of the princes Golitsyn, all medical consultations and medicines were free of charge. In the aforementioned year, the hospital was transferred to the Moscow district zemstvo and transferred to the building of the former cattle yard of the same estate.
In the history of Russian culture, it is worth noting that it was in the hospital in Kuzminki in 1882 that the artist V. G. Perov was recovering. Here, in Kuzminki, he died. On the day of his death, many representatives of the cultural society came to Kuzminki to spend last way artist.
In the same hospital, as a boy, the poet F.S. Shkulev was being treated.
Many wonderful and glorious names are associated with Kuzminki. Visits of historical figures entered the annals of the Kuzma land.
It is known that Tsar Peter I visited here in 1722. A contemporary of the Peter the Great era, V. A. Nashchokin, left information about his stay in his notes: , which is reputed to be the Mill, advanced to Moscow from the ongo of the Persian campaign in triumph.
Until the middle of the 19th century, a wooden house was still preserved, where Peter the Great stayed. In 1848, a cast-iron obelisk was built in its place (architect M. D. Bykovsky).
The estate "Kuzminki" was visited by Generalissimo V. A. Suvorov with his wife Varvara Ivanovna (nee Prozorovskaya) after the wedding; Empress Dowager Maria Feodorovna (wife of Emperor Paul I), whose visit was marked by a cast-iron monument unveiled in 1828; Emperor Nicholas I, in whose memory a cast-iron monument was erected in 1856.
In 1837, after returning from a Siberian trip, Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich (future Emperor Alexander II), accompanied by a teacher-poet V.A. Zhukovsky visited Kuzminki. The next visit to Alexander Nikolaevich by Emperor Alexander II took place in 1858, when, on his way to the Nikolo-Ugreshsky Monastery, he and his wife Maria Alexandrovna stopped in Kuzminki to visit the sick Prince S.M. Golitsyn.
Kuzminki was visited by Fitztum von Eckstedt, a Saxon diplomat at the St. Petersburg and London courts, who noted that the estate was “an exemplary farm in the majestic style, erected among the bare steppe,” and a delegation of American sailors led by Admiral Fox, where they were given a magnificent reception.
In addition to high-ranking officials, writers, artists, and politicians visited Kuzminki. It was in Kuzminki at the dacha of the Elizarovs V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) finished the pamphlet "What are the 'friends of the people' and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?". Priest John of Kronstadt delighted the inhabitants of the village of Blachernae with his visit.
Kuzminki inspired artists, poets, writers. In their works, noting the local beauty, the writers reflected in picturesque language the grandeur and nobility of architecture and nature, which raised Kuzminki to the pinnacle of fame. Kuzminki - the village of Vlakhernskoe had a well-deserved reputation as an artistic treasury of Russian culture and were well known not only here in Russia, but also abroad according to the engravings by J. N. Rauch published in 1841 in Paris “Views of the village of Vlakhernskoye (Mills), belonging to the book. S. M. Golitsyn. “No other noble estate near Moscow has such a large and rich illustrative material,” says M. Yu. Korobko.
The village of Blachernae "is hardly inferior to any magnificent Italian villa with a marble palazzo, velvet meadows and a mirror lake," noted contemporaries of Prince S. M. Golitsyn. “Here, every step is art,” wrote the everyday writer Kuzminok N. A. Poretsky.
The picturesque places of the estate "Kuzminki" inspired the artist V. A. Serov, who painted the painting "The Ruler on the Way from Moscow to Kuzminki" (Russian Museum in St. Petersburg), highly appreciated by I. E. Grabar, who, in turn, left the painting canvas overlooking the bathroom house of the Kuzminki estate.
In 1918, the estate was transferred to the State (later All-Union, All-Russian) Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, which used its buildings and land for their own purposes, excluding the historical and architectural value of the estate. The village council, created on the basis of the former Kuzminki estate, also solved problems in detour of the interests of its preservation.
Despite the attempt of the Collegium for Museum Affairs and the Protection of Monuments of Art and Antiquity to protect the estate from destruction, the estate was left behind by the institute with the placement of laboratories and apartments for employees in the buildings. Part of the Golitsyn forest was identified as a forest local importance for neighboring villages.
The struggle of atheists with the Church turned for the Blachernae parish into its abolition in 1929, the arrest and exile of the rector N. A. Poretsky. The building of the temple was rebuilt, having carried out internal redevelopment, destroying the grave of Prince S. M. Golitsyn and arranging a hostel for graduate students there. The bell tower was blown up, the sacristy was adapted for a laboratory.
In 1929, Rudmetalltorg was given most of the cast iron products of the estate. To this day, horses and griffins with lions have miraculously survived. In 1936, the reconstruction of Kuzminsky Park began with the construction of a cafe, stage and board games pavilions.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War an anti-aircraft artillery regiment was located in Kuzminki, tank units were stationed, regiments were being formed, dugouts and fortifications were dug. Military men and equipment caused significant damage to the park.
After the war, the attitude to the estate began to change. Historians considered it from the position of places associated with the activities of V.I. Lenin, art critics turned to Kuzminki in the abstract of studying the work of architects.
In 1955, a ring road passed through the forest area of the Kuzminki estate, dividing the territory of the forest park and sharply reducing the historical area of the estate. In 1960, the village of Kuzminki was included in the Zhdanovsky district of Moscow, and the Kuzminki estate was assigned security number 393 as an architectural and park ensemble to be restored.
In 1964, the Elizarovs' dacha was restored with the placement of the Lenin Museum there. On the very territory of the estate, a park of culture and recreation was created, which resulted in the attraction a large number Muscovites, who caused significant damage to the local landscape. Taking advantage of the lack of boundaries of the buffer zone of the architectural and park ensemble, in 1966 they began to build up the territory of the park with residential buildings.
The turning point in the fate of the estate "Kuzminki" is 1974, in which the status of the estate as a monument of national importance was confirmed. However, in 1979 a decision was issued "On the organization of a park of culture and recreation on the territory of the Kuzminki forest park zone of the Volgograd region." This decision lowered the status of Kuzminki as a manor complex and reduced it to the status of a district.
In 1978, a masterpiece of architecture of the 19th century, the Musical Pavilion, burned down. The former hospital building suffered six fires, as a result of which unique ceiling paintings were damaged. The monument was handed over to the USSR State Sports Committee, which did not take any protective measures.
Finally, in 1980, the Kuzminki estate complex was included in the List of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the RSFSR, subject to priority restoration and museumification with the mandatory removal of VIEV from the estate. But the program of restoration work on Kuzminki for the 11th and 12th five-year plans remained unfulfilled.
Since the 1980s, educational work has been carried out among Muscovites. In 1983, the lecture program of the PKiO "Kuzminki" appeared new topic"History of the Kuzminki Estate", since 1984 the People's University of Culture "History of the estate culture of the Moscow region of the XVIII-XIX centuries" began its work. A program was proposed to create a single museum-monument "Kuzminki" as a means of saving the complex.
However, political events changed the process of museumification of the estate and reduced the restoration work to zero. In the last decade of the 20th century, the decisions of the city authorities began to give hope for the return of the estate to its original form and to restore its status as one of the best Russian estates.
In 1990, the church, sacristy and clergy house were transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church, restoration work began. In the same year, the Moscow government decided to create a State Historical and Cultural Complex on the territory of the Kuzminki park.
By the 20th century, more than 20 architectural monuments had been preserved on the territory of Kuzminki. Among them, a smithy and a greenhouse have been preserved in a ruined state. In disrepair, the Orangery, palace wings, Animal and Stud Farms. Requiring urgent restoration and restoration work - the Musical and Egyptian pavilions. The park sculpture has been completely lost. Two-thirds of the metal items that adorned Kuzminsky Park disappeared. The English park has been neglected, the French park has been relatively landscaped.
The territory of the estate "Kuzminki" and the surviving buildings were occupied by various institutions: VIEV, the administration of the Kuzminki Forestry Farm, a private school, the Museum of K. G. Paustovsky, ESNRPM.
Currently, the grottoes, the building on Slobodka, the Sacristy Horse Yard, the Musical Pavilion, the Humpbacked Bridge, the Church have been restored, the Forge, the Bath House are under restoration.
… The history and culture of the Kuzminki estate still serves us today.
Kuzminki deserve careful treatment and serious study.
More detailed information can be obtained in the books of the author Nina Dmitrievna Kuzmina “Kuzminki. Vlakherna village. Mill”, “Orthodox Parish of the Church of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God in Kuzminki”, “Moscow Dear Corner”).
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: ADDRESS. TELEPHONE. HOW TO GET TO
Address: Moscow Topolevaya alley, 6
Phone: +7 495 377-94-57, +7 495 376-76-10, +7 495 657-65-84
Official website: kuzminki-msk.ru
Opening hours: Tue, Wed 10:00–17:30; Thu 13:00–21:00; Fri-Sun 10:00–17:30
The estate "Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki" is a place with a rich history and a difficult fate. Despite the decline of recent decades, just a glance at the ancient buildings of the complex suggests the past greatness of a bygone era. Today, Muscovites living in the neighborhood and tourists come here for leisurely walks, photo shoots against the backdrop of wildlife and excursions that highlight the life of the nobility of the 18th-19th centuries.
History of the place
1702 - it is from this date that the Golitsyn estate "Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki" counts its existence. Initially, the estate belonged to the Stroganov family, the richest dynasty in Russia. These lands were donated to Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov by Peter the Great for devoted service: the tsar greatly favored merchants belonging to their family.
To better understand the history of this unusual place, it is worth referring to the origin of its name. The first part - "Vlaherna" - was received by the locality in honor of the church, the first building of which was erected under the sons of Grigory Stroganov in 1716 - it contained the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God, donated to Alexei Mikhailovich, dating from the 7th century BC. This image was one of the most revered in Russia, since miraculous properties were attributed to it.
The second part of the name - "Kuzminki" - was given to the village where the miller Kozma lived. In the future, his mill wing, or the House on the Dam, will become one of the important architectural objects of the complex.
After the death of Grigory Stroganov, the arrangement of the estate passed into the hands of his eldest son Alexander - under him, a cascade of four ponds was erected on the territory of the estate, which has survived to this day. In 1754, the Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki estate officially passed into the possession of the Golitsyn family, no less noble than the Stroganovs: this happened due to the marriage of Grigory Anna's granddaughter and Mikhail Golitsyn. It was under Michael that the area acquired the appearance that has survived to this day.
The estate has experienced periods of decline more than once: for example, during the Patriotic War of 1812, many buildings were damaged in a fire, and in the 20th century the village completely fell into disrepair - almost all the facilities of the complex needed large-scale reconstruction. Restoration began only in the early 2000s and has not yet been completed.
What to see in the estate "Vlakhernskoe-Kuzminki"?
The museum-estate greets guests with an arch with a corresponding sign, flowering flower beds and even English lawns. If you start moving deeper into the park, you can see a lot of interesting things. For example, humpbacked bridges that have come down to us, a restored lion's pier, numerous small architectural forms like obelisks.
The estate itself, unfortunately, is practically inaccessible to the visit - the Lord's house, the Animal Farm, the Poultry House (Forge), the Bathroom House and the Egyptian Pavilion (Kitchen) are in a deplorable state. Numerous visitors to the site hope that soon all these buildings will be restored. In the meantime, you can visit other equally interesting places.
The horse yard and the music pavilion is one of the central buildings of the ensemble, combining stables, carriage sheds and residential outbuildings. Refers to the characteristic representatives of the Russian Empire of the early XIX century. Like many other objects of the Golitsyn estate, the Horse Yard was designed under the supervision of the architect Domenico Gilardi. Unfortunately, at the moment, all expositions in the Horse Yard are closed due to the collapse of the ceiling in the arena building in April 2019.
The Gray Dacha, or the Gardener's House - here is the Museum of Literary Art named after K.G. Paustovsky. The building is classified as an architectural monument of the 18th century. - Over the years of its existence, it has been rebuilt and restored more than once. Now it is a two-story wooden cottage with a balcony and a mezzanine.
The Mill Wing, or the House on the Dam, is one of the most visited places of the Vlakhernskoe-Kuzminki estate. The first building was erected in the 1840s according to the project of I. Gilardi, I. Zherebtsov, I. Egotov and A. Voronikhin - the most prominent and talented architects of that time. However, already in the middle of the next decade, the mill was transformed into a two-storey wooden building in the Renaissance style. The work was carried out under the guidance of M.D. Bykovsky. In the 20th century, there was a Veterinary Museum here, and today the building houses a restaurant for visitors to the park. It is worth noting that the current version of the building is the so-called "remake": the old one burned down in the 90s of the last century.
The servants' wing is another museum on the estate. Here guests can see expositions recreating peasant and landowner life. The museum is a branch of the Museum of the History of Moscow.
For lovers of bees and honey, there is also something to do: on the territory of the estate there is a whole Museum of Honey - a demonstration apiary with 50 beehives - a school of practical beekeeping, as well as a club of honey lovers. Near the museum building there is an unusual monument to a bee. The local population affectionately christened the winged worker Kuzey - in honor of the estate. If you touch the statue, you will always be lucky!
It is worth visiting the Blachernae Church - a stone building that has survived to this day, was built in 1762.
The estate "Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki" is a place that has become cultural center for the nobility of the 19th century, which for almost 150 years was called the "Russian Versailles". Although not much remains of its former grandeur, the park ensemble still attracts people of all ages, conquering with its energy and picturesque landscapes with both wild and cultivated vegetation.
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The history of the Kuzminki district is closely connected with the history of the estate of the princes Golitsyn "Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki".
The name of the district is associated with the names of the Christian saints Cosmas (Kuzma) and Damian - well-known healers in Russia, patrons of marriage and crafts. However, even if we assume that one of the Kuzma millers was really called Kuzma, this proves absolutely nothing: according to the norms of the Russian language, the name of the settlement, formed on behalf of Kuzma, would be Kuzmino, not Kuzminki. The local toponymy immortalized not the millers, but the place of their work, turning it into the own name of this wasteland.
Sources indicate that in the XVII - early XVIII century. one of the names of Kuzminok was the Mill. In the Moscow region there are several settlements with the name Kuzminki, formed from the temples of Cosmas and Damian located in them. The Orthodox Church celebrated the memory of these saints on July 1 and November 1 (according to the old style). These holidays were popularly called Kuzminki. Probably, the temple of Cosmas and Damian was also located on the modern territory of the Kuzminki-Lublino complex. Its location will be specified after appropriate archaeological research.
In the 17th century, these lands belonged to the Moscow Simonov Monastery, where its forest and fishing grounds were located. In 1702, Peter I presented them to the "eminent person" Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov (1656-1715) "for faithful service and assistance in equipping the fleet and army." The heirs of G.D. Stroganov begin the construction of the estate, called "Mills". Dams are erected on the river in several places, a cascade of ponds appears. The park is breaking down.
After the construction of the Church of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God, they began to write in the documents: “the village of Blachernae, the Mill, too.”
In the "epoch" of the Golitsyns, the estate was renovated and improved. It is believed that the main creator of the estate complex was the famous architect Domenico Gilardi, who lived in Russia for many years. But outstanding Russian architects also took part in the construction on the estate. Such well-known masters as the sculptor I.P. Vitali, artist Zh.N. Rauch. Thus, the architectural and park ensemble in Kuzminki is the result of the work of architects, sculptors, artists, gardeners of several generations.
The next stage in the history of the estate and the district dates back to 1917 and is associated with its new owner. Fortunately, the estate of Prince Golitsyn did not share the fate of many noble estates in Russia. The grave of the old prince was not damaged. But this happened later, through the fault of others.
By 1917, Kuzminki managed to acquire country houses. Along Yunykh Lenintsev Street, a row of houses made of timber and logs has grown. Streets were outlined, transforming the area at the cast-iron gates into a large dacha settlement, which after the revolution was transformed into a dacha trust. The bloody year of 1918 has come. The war with Germany continued. At that time, I take into account the possibility of the capture of Petrograd by the enemy, large and responsible enterprises were evacuated to other cities. Among the transformed institutions was the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine. And now he has a new address - Moscow Province, Kuzminki, the former estate of the Golitsyns.
At about the same time, the military leadership took a look at the sandy wasteland on the western side of the Kuzminki estate. The wasteland was very well suited for training the military affairs of the Red Army. They built barracks, a club, wooden models of tanks. Fifteen years later, a vast field was fenced off and a training airfield was created in one part of it. Now on the site of the military camp there is a building of the directorate of the PKiO Kuzminki.
Reference books of the 1930s inform that "the dacha settlement was electrified, there was water supply, communication with Moscow was established via a pay phone. There was a hospital and several grocery stores." The village club was located near the Egyptian pavilion, where the library also worked. There were several shops: in the right wing of the horse yard, in the white house at the beginning of Lime Alley in a specially built wooden house near the service wings.
Bus number 11 (later 34) ran from Taganskaya Square. Vlakhersky Prospekt, Linden Alley were named Kuzminskoye Highway, and in 1964 - Kuzminskaya Street.
In 1936, the inhabitants of the former estate had a neighbor - Novo-Kuzminsky settlement. Before the Great Patriotic War, there was a training airfield on the territory between the current Volgogradsky Prospekt and Yunykh Lenintsev Street. In 1941 he was transferred to Lyubertsy, and then near the city of Kubinka. The left side of Volgogradsky Prospekt was allocated for the construction of a new village. Plots of 25x50 m were allocated for the construction of houses. It had its own village council, transferred to a building specially built for this (now the building of the Balakirev Music School) from the Vanny Domik of the former Kuzminki estate, which now bore the name Old Kuzminki.
A polyclinic appeared in the village. Its building was preserved on the street. Fyodor Poletaev. In 1938-1939, the first comprehensive school was built opposite the modern control room 38 tr. Then a sports school was placed in it. In 1940 a school appeared on Zelenodolskaya Street.
Novo-Kuzminsky settlement had no more than 10 streets. The streets were so perfectly straightened that standing at one end of the street, one could see the other. Naturally, the population increased according to statistics in 1926. 500 people lived in Starye Kuzminki. By 1938, both settlements numbered 3.5 thousand people.
In the summer of 1941, the German command concentrated huge forces in the Moscow direction. Residents of Kuzminki near Moscow lived an anxious life, the majority of the population left their homes. The bombing of Kuzminok began a month after the start of the war and was carried out regularly from 11 o'clock. Among the inhabitants of the village, duty was established to protect buildings from incendiary bombs. They dug trenches (a similar trench gaped at the site of the graveyard, between the house and the cemetery).
The shells did not bring devastating damage to the estate. So, for example, even now you can see a pit from a shell not far from the old humpbacked bridge. The second bomb fell near the village of anino, and the third hit the pond without exploding. It was discovered after the war when cleaning the reservoir after the war. Echoes of the war were the pits, reminiscent of the defensive belt, which took place in Kuzminsky Park.
The year 1958, significant for Kuzminki, transformed the village into a huge residential area, which is known as one of the areas of mass development that covered a large area between Ryazansky Prospekt and Starye Kuzminki. This summer, the first construction sites appeared on a wasteland located not far from Kuzminsky Park. In the winter of 1961, car factory workers came to Kuzminki. The first two five-story buildings were built for them in extremely short lines. In 1962, housewarming began. by that time, the apartments were very well equipped - their own bathroom, balcony, kitchens with a stove! But the main thing is hot water, as much as you like.
They built mainly five-story houses, the most economical and did not require elevators. Nine-story houses were built, as a rule, in places requiring accents for compositional reasons. The yards between the houses were landscaped and equipped with playgrounds. A park for recreation was arranged - Yeseninsky Boulevard. Kuzminki metro station was built in 1966. It was a real treat for the locals. Now, to get to the center of Moscow, it was not necessary to travel in a crowded trolleybus.
Slowly, the inhabitants of Kuzminki began to populate the territory of the park and the forest between the estates of Kuzminki and Lyublino. Old-timers recall that the houses were solid and were real wrecks, with earthen floors. In 1968, people began to be evicted from the park to new apartments and rooms. Then the places of the former huts were overgrown with grass. But even today you can walk through abandoned raspberries, try wild strawberries, see the remains of former structures near the Shibaevsky Pond (towards Lyublino) or in the park opposite the Upper Pond (if you turn right before the humpbacked bridge, go up the path towards Lyublino, and turn then left)
The Kuzminki district, together with the adjacent forest park, entered the borders of Moscow in 1960.
In the 70-80s, 9, 12, 16-storey buildings were built in the area, which determined the panorama of the area (alternating small longitudinal buildings interspersed with vertical objects). Today, the nature of the urban landscape is changing - tall buildings (above 16 floors) have appeared.
Since 2001, according to the program for the reconstruction of a dilapidated five-story housing stock, five-story buildings have been demolished along Yeseninsky and Volzhsky boulevards, Yunykh Lenintsev street, and Okskaya street. In their place, modern housing of prestigious series is being erected, as well as starting houses for the resettlement of residents from demolished five-story buildings. So, on the border of Kuzminki with the Ryazansky district, a whole microdistrict called "Volgogradsky" will appear on Okskaya Street. The microdistrict will be made up of houses of the standard and modified P-3M series, which in 2004 was recognized as one of the best in panel housing construction. New settlers are waiting for beautiful bright houses with optimal areas of apartments and comfortable modern layouts. Simultaneously with the houses, schools, kindergartens, sports grounds and garages will be built. A new house will also be erected on Yeseninsky Boulevard (quarter 117, building 3). New residential buildings appeared on Zelenodolskaya and Fyodor Poletaev streets, Volgogradsky avenue, Yunykh Lenintsev street. Two underground garages have been built in the area, as well as three outdoor parking lots.
The historical and recreational complex "Kuzminki-Lublino" is buried in the greenery of a forest park, a cascade of ponds and natural beauty have turned this area into one of the favorite vacation spots for citizens. Boulevards, an abundance of green spaces in the residential area, numerous flower beds, fountains, developed infrastructure - all this is designed to create comfortable living conditions for citizens.
There are many monuments, memorial places and museums dedicated to historical events, famous compatriots who have become the pride of our country. Streets in the area are named after them. The brightest of them are the monument to the poet Sergei Yesenin, the unique Complex of Hero Cities of the Soviet Union and many others.
In the very early XVIII century, Peter I presented the eminent man Grigory Stroganov with a plot of land near Moscow, which later became known as the Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki estate. The name Kuzminki is probably associated with the church feast of Saints Cosmas and Damian, to whom the church that has not been preserved was dedicated. Later, a temple was built here in the name of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God, and then the second name of this area appeared.
Grigory Stroganov was a large landowner, fur trader and industrialist who owned salt works and metal foundries in the Urals and Siberia. The Stroganovs gave the government of Peter I money to organize the army and built several military courts at their own expense, for which they received land plots, premium chest portraits of Peter, studded with diamonds, and the widow and children of Grigory Stroganov - the title of baron. Under them, a wooden manor house and several outbuildings appeared in Kuzminki. In 1757, the granddaughter of Grigory Stroganov, Anna, married a representative of the noble family of the princes Golitsyns, Mikhail, and the village of Vlakhernskoye appeared as a dowry.
The couple took up the landscaping of the estate and invited the architect I. Zherebtsov for this work, who rebuilt the manor house, mill, and piers. A little later, the French regular park was laid out, Slobodka was reconstructed, the Horticulture complex was created, a canal was dug that connected the Pike Pond with the Lower Kuzminsky Pond, and in 1774 a new stone Blachernae church was opened for parishioners. After the death of their parents, Kuzminki was inherited by the sons Alexander and Sergey Golitsyn.
Sergei Golitsyn had to restore his beloved estate after the Napoleonic invasion, and by the years 1830-1840, thanks to the efforts of the architect Domenico Gilardi, Blachernae appeared as an exquisite ensemble. According to the projects of Gilardi, the Musical Pavilion of the Horse Yard, the Lion's Quay were built, the manor's house, the Aviary, the Animal Farm were rebuilt.
In the second half of the 19th century, Kuzminki became an attractive summer cottage and the idyll ended there - the revolutionary events that broke out in 1917 radically changed the life of the estate. The value, for example, of Kuskovo or Ostankino was immediately obvious Soviet power, but for some reason, instead of museum status, Kuzminki received unexpected guests - employees of the State Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine. Scientists not only worked, but also lived on the estate.
In 1898, the laboratory of the veterinary administration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was founded in St. Petersburg, on the basis of which, by a decree of the Provisional Government on October 10, 1917, a research institute for experimental veterinary medicine was established. During the Civil War, the institute was evacuated to the Kuzminki estate near Moscow, where it lodged until 2003.
Common sense triumphed only a few decades later, when VIEV was transferred to Ryazansky Prospekt, and the park was returned to the townspeople. However, this story has not yet ended with a happy ending, because some historical buildings in need of urgent restoration turned out to be in private ownership and their further fate very foggy.
It is logical to start a walk through the central historical part of the Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki estate from the beginning - from the entrance cast-iron gates, which were also called Triumphal. Alas, the gates have been lost and only the name of the street - Cast Iron Gates - reminds of them.
triumphal gates. 1904: https://pastvu.com/p/544337
The gates were a magnificent example of iron foundry art, a copy of the Nikolaev gates in Pavlovsk - a double Doric colonnade, of four beams of columns, completed with an attic. The gate was crowned with the emblem of the princes Golitsyn, which was cast, presumably, in the workshop of the sculptor Santino Campioni according to the model of Ivan Vitali. It took 288 tons of cast iron to cast the monumental structure.
A funny plastic version of the gate was made for one of the citywide holidays and installed in the park after it was over. Of course, I would like to see Cast Iron Gates more cast iron and more authentic.
White obelisk. 1974: https://pastvu.com/p/182157
From former times, a white stone obelisk has been preserved here in memory of the visit of royal persons to Kuzminki - most likely the arrival at the estate in the late 1830s of Tsarevich Alexander Nikolayevich, the future Emperor Alexander II, to whom the then owner Sergei Golitsyn was godfather (Peter I also visited Kuzminki , Nicholas I, Empress Maria Feodorovna, in honor of which monuments were erected in the estate that have not survived to this day).
Modern view of the white obelisk
Photo of 2010 – now the fence of the obelisk, the explanatory plaque to it and the architectural forms with the emblem of the festival of flower gardens and the emblem of the South-Eastern District of Moscow have been demolished.
The linden alley leading from the Cast Iron Gates to the master's house was called Blachernsky Prospekt, and now - Kuzminskaya Street. Throughout the alley, cast-iron pedestals with chains stood on the side of the road. In the spring, flower beds are planted here, and landscape design reviews have been held relatively recently.
On the right hand remains wooden house the chief gardener of the Golitsyn estate, which since 1987 has housed the exposition of the Moscow Literary Museum Center Konstantin Paustovsky, a Russian Soviet prose writer, journalist, and author of stories about nature. We will also take a tour of the Gray Dacha. The neighboring 19th-century brick buildings previously housed the rest of the manor's hired gardeners, and now houses a private school.
The foundation of a cast-iron obelisk, built according to the project of M. Bykovsky and installed in 1844 in memory of the stay of Emperor Peter I in Kuzminki: “This place was the dwelling of Emperor Peter the Great.” After February Revolution the symbol of autocracy, the gilded double-headed eagle, was knocked down, and in the 1920s the monument itself was dismantled.
The Clock Park is laid out in the French regular style common in the middle of the 18th century, its layout is a circle in the center, where 12 avenues-beams converge. In the center stood a statue of Apollo, and at the beginning of each alley, statues of the Muses. Later, the English landscape style with winding paths and uneven relief came into fashion. After the revolution, the park was abandoned and overgrown, but in the 1960s the original layout was restored.
The memorial sign "300 years of the Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki estate" was installed in 2004
Front yard. 1900-1915: https://pastvu.com/p/31221
The master's house burned down for an unknown reason back in February 1916 (during the First World War a hospital was located there) and in its place in the thirties, according to the project of S. Toropov, a building of a veterinary institute was erected, and a monument to Lenin was erected in front of the entrance. From the previous owners, a gate with cast-iron griffins, designed by Santino Campioni, and a fence with lying lions have been preserved.
Prince's Palace. 1900-1914: https://pastvu.com/p/12704
Interior of the Round Hall of the Golitsyn House. 1902: https://pastvu.com/p/98633
VIEV building on the site of the Main Manor House. 1964: https://pastvu.com/p/85108
Monument to Lenin and the East wing of the main house. 1968: https://pastvu.com/p/52134 In the left wing of the manor house in Soviet time housed a cinema, and the statue of Ilyich was eventually replaced by another. The statue of Lenin stands on a pedestal, on which before the revolution there was a stele dedicated to the visit to the estate of Emperor Nicholas I.
The master's house from the side of the pond. 1914: https://pastvu.com/p/13618
During the construction of the front courtyard and the leveling of the site, a slope was formed on the bank of the pond, in which one-arch and three-arch grottoes were equipped - artificial earthen caves lined with "wild" stone, created by D. Gilardi. It is always cooler in the grottoes than outside. The large grotto during the holidays was used for amateur theatrical performances, which were staged by the hosts and their guests. The grotto was also a kind of resonator during concerts in the Musical Pavilion of the Horse Yard.
On the opposite side of the Upper Kuzminsky Pond is the restored Horse Yard.
Egyptian pavilion. 1912: https://pastvu.com/p/65685
To the left of the main house is the Egyptian Pavilion, built by Domenico Gilardi. This is an outbuilding - food was stored in the cellars, a kitchen was located on the first floor, and cooks lived on the second.
Blachernae Church. 1900-1905: https://pastvu.com/p/45774
The stone church of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God was built on the site of a wooden one in 1774 and subsequently rebuilt three times. The image of the Mother of God, kept in the church in Kuzminki, is a list from the ancient Blachernae icon, brought in the 17th century from Constantinople, which was under the rule of the Turks (if we consider the original Blachernae icon, inherited by the royal dynasty, and now stored in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin). But the unusualness of the Blachernae icon from the Kuzminsky temple - a three-dimensional image, molded with wax mastic, speaks in favor of the version that this icon was the original, which the Stroganovs, the richest people in Russia, managed to get, and the tsar got a copy of the icon. The Stroganov icon is now kept in the Tretyakov Gallery.
In 1929, the authorities banned worship, the bell tower was completely destroyed, and the church was destroyed to the first floor, which in different years was used as a club, a shop, a driver's hostel, and a bus station control room. In 1992, the temple was returned to believers and in three years it was restored according to the available drawings.
Iconostasis. 1909: https://pastvu.com/p/80837
Temple building in 1964: https://pastvu.com/p/85115
Separately standing sacristy of the temple. During its restoration, it turned out that the foundation can be dated to the 1760s. Underground passages led from it to the pond and the temple, the purpose of which is unknown.
Baptist at the church
Behind the church, a house was built for employees of the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine
Buildings of Slobodka of Golitsyn times
From the church to the east leads the Poplar Alley (Starye Kuzminki Street). These places were called Slobodka, along the alley several old houses lined up in a row: the first housed the clergy, the second (Servant's Wing) housed a barracks for courtyard people and servants, the third - a laundry, the fourth - a hospital (the artist V died of tuberculosis in it). .Perov). There was also an almshouse, in which the elderly serfs of the Golitsyn peasants were settled so that they would not go and beg for alms. From the second half of XIX centuries and up to the revolution, summer residents lived in some houses in Slobodka, and later employees of the All-Union Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine.
The exposition of the Museum of Russian Manor Culture is deployed in the Service Wing
Slobodka, former laundry. 1979-1982: https://pastvu.com/p/221995 It seems that the administration of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine did not care too much about the preservation of historical buildings.
The Golitsyn Hospital has been open since 1816 to provide medical assistance to the residents of the estate and surrounding villages. Now the building houses restoration workshops.
Animal Farm (hospital). 1936: https://pastvu.com/p/48218
On the northern shore of the pond, the Animal Farm is hidden behind the trees, built in the 1840s by the nephew of the architect Domenico Gilardi - Alessandro. A one-story brick building with two-story outbuildings forms the letter "P" in plan. Grooms and cattlemen lived in the outbuildings, and in the one-story central part there were stalls of an exemplary cowshed, animals for which were often bought abroad. To decorate the barnyard, Klodt sculpted two bronze sculptures of bulls, which ended up on the territory of the Mikoyan meat processing plant in the 1930s and seem to be there to this day.
In 1889, after the reorganization of the premises, the Animal Farm was transferred to the expanded Blachernae Hospital, founded under Prince Sergei Golitsyn. The medical institution worked here after the revolution, the hospital was taken out of the old building only in 1978. Now the red-brick building with outbuildings is fenced with a high fence, access is closed due to dilapidation of buildings.
Bathroom house. 1950-1965: https://pastvu.com/p/51243
A small stone building in the Empire style - Bath House (Soap). The one-story pavilion, built under Mikhail Golitsyn, eventually fell into disrepair and was demolished in 1804. In the same place, the architect Domenico Gilardi in 1816-1817 built a new building in the Empire style, retaining the layout and functions of the first building. It included, among other things, a bedroom and a library. The bathroom house burned repeatedly, it was dismantled and rebuilt. In 2008, the building and the lost fountain in front of it were restored.
The Upper and Lower Kuzminskiye Ponds are separated by a dam, on which stood a water mill. It was the oldest local building, the first mention of which dates back to 1623-1624: in the “Book of the Moscow District of the Letters and Measures of Semyon Vasilyevich Koltovsky and the Undertaker Onisim Ilyin”, the “wasteland that was the Kuzminskaya mill” belongs to the Nikolo-Ugreshsky Monastery. At first, the Vlakhernskoe-Kuzminki estate was also called the Mill.
At the mill, various varieties of wheat and rye flour were obtained: grits, kulichnaya, pecked, sieve and others. The wing of the Golitsyns built on the foundation of the mill was used as a guest house, which was later rented out to summer residents, and in 1976-1999 the Museum of Veterinary Medicine was located here.
The poultry yard in the Kuzminki estate has been known since 1765; it was built to keep decorative birds. In 1805-1806, instead of a wooden Aviary, the architect Ivan Egotov erected a stone one - enclosures with decorative pigeons, guinea fowls, swans, turkeys were located in the central part of the building, in the side wings and under the colonnade. However, the new poultry house did not last long - before the invasion French army: enemy soldiers exterminated the birds and burned the house. Domenico Gilardi rebuilt the remains of the building into the Forge, which began to provide the Horse Yard with horseshoes and implements.
Next door is a small forge house that has turned into a ruin.
The cast-iron gates were destroyed, the manor's house burned down, the aviary was not preserved, the bathroom house was rebuilt, the Animal Farm and the Egyptian Pavilion are being destroyed... Is there anything unique that is not ashamed to be shown to inquisitive tourists in the Golitsyn estate? Certainly. For example, the Horse Yard built by Domenico Gilardi with a concert hall unexpected for an economic service yard. The veterinarians left the Horse Yard ensemble in a deplorable state and it took ten years to revive it.
TO BE CONTINUED...
I would like to thank Osip Tuninskiy, Viktor Putilov, and Tatiana Glezer from the Directorate of the Kuzminki-Lyublino Natural Territory of the GPBU Mospriroda and the Vlakhernskoye-Kuzminki Estate for their assistance in preparing the material.
Every week a new local lore story appears on YAMOSKVE. All photo stories of the City for Memory project can be found here: http://www.yamoskva.com/node/13886
The history of the Vlakhernskoe-Kuzminki estate begins in 1702, when Peter I awarded his favorite G. Stroganov an estate with a mill for his help in equipping the fleet and the army. Construction on these lands began under his sons.
In 1716, a wooden church was built, consecrated in honor of the Stroganov family icon - the Blachernae Mother of God. It also gave the name to the nearby village. After the death of his father, construction in Kuzminki was carried out by his heir Alexander. Through his efforts in Kuzminki on the river. Churlikha was created a cascade of ponds.
In 1757, the daughter of A. Stroganov married Prince M.M. Golitsyn, having received the estate as a dowry. Until 1917, Kuzminki remained the hereditary estate of the Golitsyn princes. Under Mikhail Mikhailovich, the estate was turned into a country residence of the European type.
Famous artists, sculptors and architects of the 18th-19th centuries took part in the creation of the estate: I. Zherebtsov, A. Voronikhin, I. Egotov, K. Rossi, D. Gilardi, M. Bykovsky, P. Klodt.
Kuzminki reached its peak in the 1st quarter. XIX century, under the son of M. Golitsyn, Sergei Mikhailovich. Under him, the estate was called Moscow Pavlovsk. S. Golitsyn started a large-scale reconstruction of the estate, inviting first-class architects, and later repeatedly rebuilt the estate buildings.
The Swiss architect Domenico Gilardi was the author of projects for the complete reconstruction of the Kuzminki estate and a number of its buildings (1816–23). Under him, the Horse Yard, the Music Pavilion, the Propylaea, the Birch Arbor, the Lion's Quay, the Linden Alley, the suspension bridge, the Bath House, the Kitchen (Egyptian Pavilion), the Orange Orangery, created in the Empire style, appeared. The poultry house, the Animal Farm and partially the main house were overhauled.
At the Ural iron foundries of Golitsyn, cast sculptures and decorations were created for Kuzminki: an obelisk to Peter I, openwork gates, fence details, pedestals with double chains, benches, lanterns and girandoles, monuments to Empress Maria Feodorovna who visited Kuzminki in 1826 and visited the estate in 1835 Nicholas I, figures of lions and griffins on the gate.
The main house and front yard were designed by the architect I. Egotov in 1804–08. At the entrance gate there are cast-iron griffins according to the project. The gate and the fence of the front yard appeared in the late 19th - early 20th century. in order to protect private territory from summer residents living in the park area and around the village. The original building of the manor house has not been preserved: it was destroyed by a fire in 1916, and in its place in the 1930s. a new building was built according to the project of S. Toropov.
Near the main house is the Egyptian Pavilion (Kitchen) designed by D. Gilardi. The fascination with antique and Egyptian motifs prevailed in the Empire era, the decor of the building was decided in this style: the portico is decorated with palm-shaped columns and the head of the sphinx, the pilasters are stylized in the Egyptian spirit. Food was stored in the cellars of the pavilion, the kitchen itself was located on the first floor, and the cooks lived on the second. In 1839 the Kitchen was connected to the manor house by a covered gallery.
The most significant creations of Gilardi include the complex of buildings of the Horse Yard and the Musical Pavilion. In the corner pavilions of the fence of the Horse Yard there were living rooms for guests. In the central part of the courtyard fence there is a pavilion in which the fortress horn orchestra performed. In 1846, sculptural groups of horse tamers were installed along the edges of the Musical Pavilion - analogues of the sculptures of the Anichkov Bridge in St. Petersburg (sculptor P. Klodt). In 1978, the building of the Musical Pavilion burned down, other premises of the Horse Yard were abandoned. In the early 2000s The courtyard complex has been restored, exhibition halls have been organized in its premises.
The two-story wooden "House on the Dam" (Mill Wing) separates the Upper and Lower Ponds; it was built in the 1840s. on the basement of the mill according to the project of M. Bykovsky. The Golitsyns used the wing as a guest wing, in Soviet times it was rented out to summer residents, and in 1976-99. it housed the Veterinary Museum. Now the wing has been restored and a restaurant operates in it.
The poultry yard in the estate has been known since 1765, at first it was wooden, it contained decorative birds. In 1805–06 it was rebuilt in stone according to the project of I. Egotov. In 1812, the aviary was seriously damaged by fire. During the restoration of the estate after the French invasion, D. Gilardi redesigned the ruins of the Poultry House into a Forge: the outbuildings and galleries were dismantled, the dome that adorned the central building was dismantled and replaced with a gable roof. In Soviet times, the Forge was used for housing and was hidden behind numerous outbuildings. Since the 1970s The building was abandoned and dilapidated. By 2008, the ensemble of the Ptichnik-Kuznitsa was restored according to the original project of Egotov.
The Church of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God was rebuilt three times, by 1785 it was rebuilt on the initiative of M. Golitsyn in the style of classicism. The image of the Mother of God, kept in the church in Kuzminki, is a list from the Blachernae icon from the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. In 1929 the church was closed. The drum of the temple and the bell tower with a clock were destroyed, the building was partially rebuilt. In 1992, it was handed over to believers and restored according to existing drawings. Now the church is active.
Opposite the church is the Bath House, or Mylnya, a one-story pavilion originally built by M. Golitsyn. The dilapidated pavilion was demolished in 1804 after the death of the prince, and in its place Gilardi in 1816-17. built a new building in the Empire style, retaining the layout and functions of the first building. The soapbox was repeatedly burned, it was dismantled and rebuilt. In 2008, the building and the lost fountain in front of it were restored.
Three-arched and Large (single-arched) grottoes in Kuzminki appeared after the construction of the Front Yard. When the ground was leveled under it, a slope formed on the bank of the pond, where artificial "underwater caves" fit in. In the Big Grotto, amateur theatrical performances were staged with the participation of the owners and guests of the estate. Not far from the grottoes is the Lion's Quay, which was repeatedly rebuilt. In 1830, D. Gilardi redid its upper platform: a forged metal lattice, cast-iron Egyptian lions appeared. In Soviet times, the pier fell into disrepair and collapsed, in the 2000s it was restored.
The orange greenhouse is the only building of the estate where authentic interiors with ancient Egyptian themes have been preserved. Until 2001, it housed the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine, which moved into the estate in 1918, and since it left, the building has gradually fallen into disrepair.
Not far from the greenhouse is Slobodka, a complex for servants and domestics. The structure of Slobodka included: a ministerial wing, a clergy house, a laundry wing and a hospital. All these buildings were rebuilt in stone according to the project of Gilardi, they are framed by a common fence, along which the Poplar Alley is planted.
The surviving buildings of the barnyard were erected in the 1840s by D. Gilardi's nephew, Alexander. A one-story brick building with two-story outbuildings forms the letter "P" in plan. Grooms and cattlemen lived in the outbuildings, and there were stalls in the one-story central part. Animal farm was decorated with bronze sculptures of bulls by P. Klodt. In 1889, after the reorganization of the premises, the Animal Farm was transferred to the expanded Blachernae Hospital, founded under S.M. Golitsyn and worked until 1978. The Animal Farm was connected with the pier and propylaea by the Pontoon Bridge (on pontoons, it was installed only in summer).
From the second floor. 19th century in manor park and dachas were built around it, which later formed a holiday village. In 1936, Novo-Kuzminsky settlement appeared next to the estate. The former estate was named Old Kuzminki. In 1960, Kuzminki was included in the borders of Moscow. The estate has become a monument of history and architecture. And in 1976, the Kuzminki Culture and Leisure Park was created. The Museum of Russian Estate Culture has existed on the territory of the former Golitsyn estate since 1999.
