All the crystals surrounding us were not formed once and for all ready, but grew gradually. Crystals are not only natural, but also artificial, grown by man. Why are they also creating artificial crystals, if almost all solid bodies around us have crystal structure? With artificial cultivation, you can get crystals larger and cleaner than in nature. There are also crystals that are rare in nature and highly valued, but are very necessary in technology. Therefore, laboratory and factory methods have been developed for growing crystals of diamond, quartz, sapphire, etc. Large crystals necessary for technology and science, precious stones, crystalline materials for precision instruments are grown in laboratories, and those crystals that are studied by crystallographers, physicists, chemists are also created there. , metallologists, mineralogists, discovering new remarkable phenomena and properties in them. In nature, in the laboratory, at the plant, crystals grow from solutions, from melts, from vapors, from solids. Therefore, it seems important and interesting to study the process of crystal formation, find out the conditions for their formation, and grow crystals without the use of special devices. This determined the theme. research work.

Almost any substance can give crystals under certain conditions. Crystals are formed most often from a liquid phase - a solution or a melt; it is possible to obtain crystals from the gas phase or during a phase transformation in the solid phase. Crystals are grown (synthesized) in laboratories and factories. It is also possible to obtain crystals of such complex natural substances as proteins and even viruses.

• Many people know that the solubility of substances depends on temperature. Generally, solubility increases with increasing temperature and decreases with decreasing temperature. We know that some substances dissolve well, others poorly. When substances are dissolved, saturated and unsaturated solutions are formed. A saturated solution is a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature. Not saturated solution A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature.

I used the easiest way to grow copper sulfate and rock salt crystals from a solution. First you need to prepare a saturated solution. To do this, water is poured into a glass (hot, but not boiling) and a substance (copper sulfate or rock salt powder) is poured into it in portions and stirred with a glass or wooden stick until completely dissolved. As soon as the substance ceases to dissolve, this means that at a given temperature the solution is saturated. Then it will cool down, when the water begins to gradually evaporate from it, the "excess" substance falls out in the form of crystals. On top of the glass, you need to put a pencil (stick), around which a thread is wrapped. Some kind of weight is attached to the free end of the thread so that the thread straightens and hangs vertically in the solution, without reaching a little bottom. Leave the glass alone for 2-3 days. After a while, you can find that the thread is overgrown with crystals. The results of crystal formation by the cooling method are shown in the photograph.

Below research topics in physics are exemplary, they can be taken as a basis, supplemented, expanded and changed at your own discretion, depending on your own interesting ideas and hobbies. An entertaining topic research will help the student deepen his knowledge of the subject and plunge into the world of physics.

Any physics project topics on fgos, you can choose from the list of listed topics for any class of a general education school and section of physics. In the future, the leader conducts consultations to more accurately determine the topic of the project. This will help the student concentrate on the most important aspects of the study.

On the page you can follow links to interesting topics of physics projects for grade 5, grade 6, grade 7, grade 8, grade 9, grade 10 and 11 and topics for high school on light, optics, light phenomena and electricity, on the topics of projects on nuclear physics and radiation.

The presented topics of research papers in physics for grades 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 will be of interest to students who are fond of the biography of physicists, like to conduct experiments, solder, are not indifferent to mechanics, electronics and other branches of physics. The acquired skills will become not only the basis for the subsequent research activities but also useful in everyday life. To these topics design work Physics can be found on the links below.

Topics of research papers on light, optics, electricity, nuclear physics

In addition to the above sections with topics of design work in physics, we recommend that schoolchildren look at general and rather relevant and interesting physics project topics listed below on this page of our website. The proposed topics are general and can be used at different educational levels.

Physics project topics

Sample topics for physics projects for school students:

HELL. Sakharov is an outstanding scientist and human rights activist of our time.
Aviation models of free flight.
Autogyros
Aggregate states of matter.
Actual problems of atmospheric physics.
Acoustic noise and its impact on the human body.
Alferov Zhores Ivanovich
Albert Einstein is a paradoxical genius and "eternal child".
Microassembly failure analysis.
Andron collider: the myth of the origin of the universe.
Anisotropy of crystals
Anisotropy physical properties single crystals.
Anomalous properties of water
antique mechanics
Aristotle is the greatest scientist of antiquity.
Blood pressure
Archimedes is the greatest ancient Greek mathematician, physicist and engineer.
Aspects of the influence of music and sounds on the human body.
Atmospheric pressure is a man's helper.
Atmospheric pressure in human life.
Aerodynamics in the service of mankind
Aerodynamics of paper strips, or "And yet it spins!"
Wind tunnels.
ballistic movement.
Bathysphere
bioluminescence
Biomechanics of the cat.
Human biomechanics
Biomechanical principles in technology.
Bionics. A technical view of wildlife.
Biosuit for flight to other planets.
Human Biophysics
Biophysics. Vibrations and sounds
Boomerang
In heaven, on earth and at sea. (Physics of amazing natural phenomena).
In pursuit of the Carnot cycle.
What is the secret of the thermos.
V.G. Shukhov is a great Russian engineer.
VK. X-ray - discoveries, life path.
Vacuum at the service of man
Vacuum. Energy of physical vacuum.
Introduction to the physics of black holes.
Vertical flight
Wind as an example of convection in nature.
Wind at the service of man
Mutual transformations of liquids and gases. Phase transitions.
Relationship auroras and human health.
Air weighing
Types of water pollution and purification methods based on physical phenomena.
Types of car fuel.
Types of noise pollution and their impact on living organisms.
Visualization sound vibrations in the Rubens tube.
Virtual laboratory works in physics lessons.
Vortex formations.
The contribution of Blaise Pascal to the creation of methods for studying the surrounding world.
Contribution of M.V. Lomonosov in the development of physical science.
Air humidity and its impact on human life.
Air humidity and its impact on human health.
Humidity. Determination of the oxygen content in the air.
Influence of external sound irritants on the structure of water.
Influence loud sound and noise on the human body.
Effect of sound on living organisms
Effect of sound on sand. Figures of Chladni.
Influence of sounds, noises on the human body.

Research topics in physics

Approximate topics of research papers in physics for school students:

The effect of radiation from a cell phone on the human body.
Impact of change atmospheric pressure on class attendance and student achievement in our school.
Effect of weightlessness on the vital activity of organisms.
Influence of water quality on the properties of soap bubbles.
Influence of laser radiation on the germination of pea seeds.
Influence of magnetic and electrostatic fields on the rate and degree of germination of seeds of cultivated plants.
Influence of a magnetic field on the germination of seeds of grain crops.
Influence of the magnetic field on the growth of crystals.
Effect of magnetic activation on the properties of water.
Influence magnetic storms on human health
Influence mechanical work on the student's body.
The effect of headphones on human hearing
Influence of footwear on the musculoskeletal system.
The influence of weather on the human body
Influence of high-speed overloads on the human body.
The impact of cell phones on human health.
Effect of temperature on liquids, gases and solids.
Temperature effect environment to change the snow patterns on the window pane.
Influence of torsion fields on human activity.
The impact of noise on the body of students.
Water is a familiar and unusual substance.
Water in three aggregate states.
Water and magnifying glass
Water extravaganza: fountains
Hydrogen is a source of energy.
water clock
The air that surrounds us. Air experiments.
Aeronautics
Magic snowflakes
Soap bubble magic.
rotational movement solids.
Harmful and beneficial friction
Time and its measurement
Is it always possible to believe your eyes, or what is an illusion.
Growing and studying the physical properties of copper sulfate crystals.
Growing CuSo4 and NaCl crystals, studying their physical properties.
Growing crystals at home.
Growing crystals from different types salt.
Growing crystals table salt and sugar at home by cooling.
High-speed transport, driven and driven by force electromagnetic field.
Pressure in liquids and gases.
Solid body pressure
Gifts of Prometheus
Internal combustion engine.
Stirling engine - the technology of the future.
Movement in the field of gravity.
air movement
Denis Gabor
James Clerk Maxwell
Space flight dynamics
Dynamic fatigue of polymers.
Diffusion in home experiments
Diffusion in nature
Diffusion and jewelry
Milking machine "Volga"
Units of measurement of physical quantities.
Her majesty spring.
High capacity railway tank car.
Women - laureates Nobel Prize in physics.
Live seismographs
liquid crystals
Life and achievements of B. Pascal
The Life and Inventions of John Baird
Life and creative activity of M.V. Lomonosov.
The life and work of Lev Nikolaevich Termen.
Life and works of A.F. Ioffe

The dependence of the boiling time of water on its quality.
Dependence of the coefficient of surface tension of engine oil on temperature.
The dependence of the surface tension coefficient of the soap solution on temperature.
Dependence of water evaporation rate on surface area and on wind.
The dependence of the resistance of the human body on the state of the skin.
Riddles of the boiling liquid
Mysteries of non-Newtonian fluid.
Mysteries of the ozone holes
Mysterious Möbius strip.
Law of Archimedes. Swimming tel.
Pascal's law and its application
The importance of the steam engine in human life.
Igor Yakovlevich Stechkin
From the history of aircraft
Production of a working model of a steam turbine.
Measurement of large distances. Triangulation.
Measurement of air humidity and devices for its correction.
Fluid Viscosity Measurement
Measurement of the density of solids in various ways.
Temperature measurement in physics lessons
Measurement of gravitational acceleration
Heron's inventions in the field of hydrodynamics
Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci brought to life.
The study of sound vibrations on the example of musical instruments.
Exploring free mechanical vibrations on the example of mathematical and spring pendulums.
Study of the properties of permanent magnets.
The study of surface tension forces with the help of soap bubbles and anti-bubbles.
The study of surface tension forces with the help of soap bubbles.
Ilya Usyskin - aborted flight
Inertia is the cause of traffic violations.
Isaac Newton
Evaporation in nature and technology.
Evaporation and moisture in the life of living beings.
Evaporation and condensation in nature
The use of thermal energy of a candle in domestic conditions.
Study of atmospheric phenomena.
Investigation of the motion of liquid drops in a viscous medium.
Investigation of circular motion
Investigation of the dependence of the period of oscillation of a body on a spring on the mass of the body.
Study of surface tension.
Study of the surface properties of water.
Investigation of methods for measuring free fall acceleration in laboratory conditions.
Study of the thermal conductivity of fat.
The study of the physical properties of the soil near the school site.
How to manage balance.
Quantum properties of light.
Bell ringing from a physical point of view.
Corrosion of metals
space speeds
space junk
Beautiful mysteries: noctilucent clouds.
Cryogenic liquids
Nobel Prize winners in physics.
Leonardo da Vinci - artist, inventor, scientist.
Chandelier Chizhevsky
Magnetic fluid
Earth's magnetic field and its impact on humans.
Magnetic phenomena in nature
Interdisciplinary aspects of nanotechnologies.
Meteor hazard for technical devices in near-Earth orbit.
Mechanics of the Heart Pulse
The world of weightlessness and overload.
The world we live in is remarkably prone to fluctuations.
Myths of the starry sky in the culture of Latin American peoples.
Mobile phone. Harm or benefit?!
Simulation of physical processes
DC motor model.
My physics instrument: hydrometer.
Lightning rod
Soap bubbles as an object of surface tension research.
Nanobiotechnology in the modern world.
Nanodiagnostics
Nanostructured fine-grained concrete.

Nanotechnology in our life.
Weightlessness
On the use of wind energy.
Ode to rotation
Ozone is an application for storing vegetables.
Danger of electromagnetic radiation and protection against it.
Determining the height of the terrain above sea level using atmospheric pressure.
Determination of the coefficient of mutual induction.
Determination of the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid.
Determination of the coefficient of surface tension of water with various impurities.
Determination of the density of an irregularly shaped body.
Determining the conditions for the body to be in equilibrium.
Determination of the center of gravity by mathematical means.
Relativity of motion
Obvious and incredible in the interaction of glass and water.
P.L. Kapitsa. The appearance of a scientist and a person.
The paradoxes of the teachings of Lucretius Cara.
Swimming bodies
Melting and solidification of bodies.
Plasma.
Plasma is the fourth state of matter.
Density and buoyancy of the body
Surface tension of water.
Surface tension of water in space.
Ebb and flow
Application information technologies in the study of curvilinear motion.
Application of the Archimedes force in technology.
The use of ultrasound in medicine.
Galileo's principle of relativity.
Simple mechanisms in agriculture.
Gauss gun
Radio waves in our life
Radio receiver with adjustable volume.
Development of wind energy
Selenium refining by vacuum distillation.
Jet thrust
Jet propulsion in the modern world.
jet engines
Resonance during mechanical vibrations.
Robert Hooke and the law of elasticity
The role of levers in a person's life and his sporting achievements.
Salt water properties. The sea is in my glass.
Segner's wheel
Force of gravity
Friction force.
The force of friction in nature.
Modern means of communication. Cellular.
Creation of indicators of water flow, density equal to the density of water.
Methods for determining body weight without weights.
Water purification methods based on physical principles.
Hydrofoils are one of the inventions of K.E. Tsiolkovsky.
Secrets of the Leaning Tower of the Demidovs
Is this an empty space vacuum?
Filament temperature
Heat pump
Friction in nature and technology.
Ultrasound in medicine
Ultrasound in nature and technology.
RAM device.
Accelerators of elementary parts: a look into the future.
The phenomenon of genius on the example of the personality of Albert Einstein.
Ferrofluid
Physicist Gaston Plante.
Physics of earthquakes and their recording equipment.
Physics and room acoustics
Tornado physics. A tornado in the service of man.
Chemistry and color
Tsunami. Causes of occurrence and physics of processes.
Why is a diesel engine better than a gasoline engine?
A little more about tornado
Ecological passport of the physics cabinet.
Experimental methods for measuring free fall acceleration.
Experiments with non-Newtonian fluid.
Energy: yesterday, today, tomorrow.
Energy possibilities of the magnetohydrodynamic effect.
Energy of the future
Energy-saving lamps: "for" or "against".
Amber in physics.

A research project is a self-conducted study of a student, revealing his knowledge and ability to apply it to solve specific practical problems. The work should be logically complete and demonstrate the student's ability to competently use special terminology, clearly express his thoughts, and argue proposals.

The tasks of the project are:

• development of independent research skills and their application to solving actual practical problems;
• analysis of existing in domestic and foreign science theoretical approaches in the area of ​​the research being performed;
• conducting independent research on the chosen issue;
• systematization and analysis of the data obtained during the study;
• project protection.

Protection of a research project is a presentation, justification of a purposeful activity of a theoretical and practical nature in the field of physical knowledge, involving independent study and analysis of literary sources, observations, experiments, analysis of the work done.

As the topics for the implementation of projects, you can choose any, in any way related to physical phenomena, processes; modern equipment and technology. The project, like research, can have both theoretical and applied orientation. The topic can be closely related to areas related to physics: mathematics, computer science, astronomy and others.

Work structure

The structure of the work should be presented as follows:

• title page;
• table of contents;
• introduction;
• chapters of the main part;
• conclusion;
• bibliography;
• applications.

The title page is the first page of the research work and is filled out according to certain rules. The top field contains the full name. educational institution on which the study is based. In the middle field, the title of the work is given, which is drawn up without the word “subject” and is not enclosed in quotation marks. Below, towards the right title page, the surname, name, patronymic of the performer, class, educational institution are indicated, and then the surname, name, patronymic of the head, his scientific rank (if any) and position, place of work are recorded. The lower field indicates the location of the educational institution and the year the work was written. A sample title page is given in Appendix 1.

The title should be on the second page. It gives the titles of chapters and paragraphs, indicating the pages from which they begin. Table of contents headings should exactly repeat the titles of chapters and paragraphs in the text. When designing, the headings of steps of the same level must be placed one under the other. The headings of each subsequent stage are shifted five characters to the right in relation to the headings of the previous stage. They all start with a capital letter without a dot at the end. Page numbers are fixed along the right edge of the printed area.

The introduction fixes the problem, relevance, practical significance research; the object and subject of research are determined; the purpose and objectives of the study are indicated; briefly lists the methods of work. All components of the introduction should be interconnected.

The work begins with a statement of the problem, which determines the direction in the organization of the study, and is an overview of the state of knowledge in the field under study. By posing a problem, the researcher answers the question: “What needs to be studied from what has not been studied before?” Importance in the process of formulating a problem is the formulation of questions and the definition of contradictions.

Proposing a problem involves substantiating the relevance of the study. When formulating it, it is necessary to answer the question: why does this problem need to be studied at present?

After determining the relevance, it is necessary to determine the object and subject of research.

In physics projects, the object of study can be understood as a process to which knowledge is directed, or a phenomenon that generates problem situation and favorites for study.

The subject of study is more specific and gives an idea of ​​how new relations, properties or functions of the object are considered in the study. The subject sets the boundaries of scientific research within a particular study.

The purpose of the study is understood as the final, scientific and practical results that should be achieved as a result of its implementation.

Research objectives represent all successive stages of organizing and conducting research from beginning to end. As a rule, the goal of research work is one, while there are several tasks. Solving the problem allows certain stage research. The formulation of tasks is closely related to the structure of the study, and separate tasks can be set both for the theoretical (review of the literature on the problem) and for the experimental part of the study. Tasks determine the content of the study and the structure of the text of the work. The first is everything that was done during the study.

An important point in the work is the formulation of a hypothesis, which should be a logical, scientifically substantiated, quite probable assumption that requires special proof for its final approval as a theoretical position.

A hypothesis is considered scientifically sound if it meets the following requirements:

• does not include too many provisions;
• does not contain ambiguous concepts;
• goes beyond the simple registration of facts, serves to explain and predict them, affirming specifically a new thought, idea;
• testable and applicable to a wide range of phenomena;
• does not include value judgments;
• has the right style.

The chapters of the main part are devoted to the disclosure of the content of the work.

The first chapter of the main part of the work is usually built entirely on the basis of the analysis of scientific literature. The project must give brief description what is known about the phenomenon under study, in what direction it was previously studied. Such a characteristic is given in a review of the literature on the problem, which is based on the analysis of several works.

In the process of presenting the material, it is advisable to reflect the following aspects:

• define, clarify the terms and concepts used in the work;
• to state the main approaches, directions of research on the problem under study, to identify what is known on this issue in science and what is not, what has been proven, but not completely and accurately;
• designate the types, functions, structure of the phenomenon under study;
• list the features of formation (factors, conditions, mechanisms, stages) and manifestations of the phenomenon under study.

In general, when writing the main part of the work, it is advisable to complete each section with a brief summary or conclusions. They summarize the material presented and serve as a logical transition to subsequent sections.

The structure of the chapter can be represented by several paragraphs and depends on the topic, the degree of development of the problem, on the type scientific work student.

In the subsequent chapters of the work, which are of an experimental nature, the rationale for the choice of certain methods and specific research methods is given, information is provided on the research procedure and its stages. When describing the methods, the mandatory data are: its name, author, indicators and criteria, which will be further subjected to statistical processing.

The section of the experimental part of the work ends with the interpretation of the results obtained. It is advisable to describe the results in stages, regarding the key points of the study. The analysis of experimental data ends with conclusions. When writing them, you must consider the following rules:

• conclusions should correspond to the tasks;
• conclusions should be a consequence of this study and not require additional measurements;
• conclusions should be formulated concisely, without a large number digital material;
• conclusions should not contain well-known truths that do not require proof.

A description of what and how the author of the study did to prove the validity of the hypothesis put forward is the research methodology. It should also be described in the text of the work. The following are our own data obtained as a result of research activities. The data obtained must be compared with each other and with data from the sources contained in the literature review on the problem. After that, it is necessary to formulate the patterns discovered in the course of the study. It is necessary to clearly understand the difference between the working data and the data presented in the text of the work. In the process of research, a large array of numbers (or other data, for example, texts) is often obtained, which do not need to be presented. In the text, numbers or specific examples serve to illustrate the results obtained during the study, on the basis of which conclusions are drawn. Therefore, usually working data is processed and only the most necessary ones are presented in the text. However, it must be remembered that someone may want to get acquainted with the primary material of the study. In order not to overload the main part of the work, the most interesting primary material can be transferred to applications. The most advantageous form of data presentation is graphical, which makes it as easy as possible for the reader to perceive the text.

The presentation of the content of the work ends with a conclusion, which is short review completed research. In it, the author can evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen approach, emphasize the prospects of the study. The conclusion should not be a mechanical summary of the conclusions found at the end of each chapter of the main body. It should contain something new, essential, which constitutes the final results of the study. The conclusions in the conclusion can summarize the results of the study in the order of the tasks. Conclusions are, in a way, brief answers to questions - how the research tasks were solved. The totality of conclusions is proof of the completeness of the achievement of the goal. The goal can be achieved even if the initial hypothesis fails.

It is necessary to understand well the difference between the text of the work and the report on it. The main task of the speaker is to accurately formulate and emotionally state the very essence of the study, succinctly illustrating it with a small amount of bright, figuratively designed, easy-to-perceive illustrative material. During the report, it is unacceptable to read out the work, overload it with “extra” data. To highlight the essence of the study, 5-10 minutes is enough. Everything else, if the audience has an interest, is stated in the answers to questions.

At the end, after the conclusion, it is customary to place a list of references, which includes only those works that are referenced in the text, and not all articles, monographs that the author read in the course of the research work. The appendix contains a lot of material. Primary tables, graphs, practical results can be attributed there. experimental activities and etc.

Registration of research work

The amount of work may be different, the report - 1-5 pages (depending on the class and the degree of readiness of the student for this kind of activity). For computer-generated text, font size 12-14, Times New Roman, normal; line spacing - 1.5; margins: left - 30 mm, right - 10 mm, top - 20 mm, bottom - 20 mm (when changing the size of the margins, it must be taken into account that the right and left, as well as the top and bottom margins should be 40 mm in total). With the right parameters, the page should fit an average of 30 lines, and an average of 60 printed characters per line, including punctuation marks and spaces between words.

Text is printed on one side of the page; footnotes and notes are printed on the same page they refer to (1 spacing, more than small print than text).

All pages are numbered starting from the title page; the number of the page number is placed at the top center of the page; The title page does not have a page number. Each new section (introduction, chapters, paragraphs, conclusion, list of sources, applications) starts on a new page.

Between the title of the section (headings of the chapter or paragraph) and the following text, you need to skip one line, and after the text, before the new heading - two lines. The heading is located in the middle, do not put a dot at the end of the heading.

The title of the chapter is printed in bold capital letters, the title of the paragraphs is in capital letters, the selection of the titles of chapters and paragraphs from the text is carried out by putting an additional spacing. The serial number of the chapter is indicated by one Arabic numeral (for example: 1, 2, 3, etc.), paragraphs have double numbering (for example: 1.1, 1.2, etc.). The first digit indicates belonging to the chapter, the second - to its own numbering.

Citations are often used to support one's own conclusions and to critically analyze a particular provision. When citing, the following requirements must be met:

• when quoted verbatim, the author's thought is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in that grammatical form, which is given in the original source. At the end, a reference is made to the source, which indicates the number of the book or article in the list of references and the page number where the quote is located, for example: the designation indicates that the quote used in the work is on page 123 in the original source at number 4 in the list of references ;
• when quoting non-verbatim (retelling, presenting the points of view of various authors in their own words), the text is not enclosed in quotation marks. After the thought expressed, it is necessary to indicate in brackets the number of the source in the list of references without indicating specific pages, for example: ;
• if the text is cited from another edition, then the reference should begin with the words "Cit. by ... ", for example: (quoted from the book);
• if the quotation is an independent sentence, then it begins with an uppercase letter, even if the first word in the source begins with a lowercase letter, and is enclosed in quotation marks. Quote included in text after subordinating union(what, for, if, because), is enclosed in quotation marks and is written with a lowercase letter, even if in the cited source it begins with an uppercase letter;
• when quoting, it is allowed to skip words, sentences, paragraphs without distorting the content of the original text. A gap is indicated by an ellipsis and is placed in the place where part of the text is omitted;
• citations retain the same punctuation as in the source;
• if the author highlights some words in the cited quote, then he should specifically specify this in brackets, for example: (underlined by me - F.I. or (our italics - F.I.);
• one page gets two or three links to the same source, then serial number indicated once. Further, in square brackets, it is customary to write [Ibid.] or when quoting [Ibid., p. 309];
• All citations and references in the text of the work must be formatted in the same way.

The digital data of the study are grouped into tables, the design of which must meet the following requirements:

• the word "Table" without abbreviations and quotation marks is written in the upper right corner above the table itself and its title. The tables are numbered in Arabic numerals without a number sign and a dot at the end. If there is only one table in the text, then no number is assigned to it and the word "table" is not written;
• the numbering of tables and figures can be end-to-end throughout the text of the work or independent in each section. Then it is presented by levels like chapters and paragraphs. The first numbering option is usually used in works that are small in volume and structure. The second one is preferable if there is a detailed structure of the work and a large amount of visual material;
• the name of the table is located between its designation and the content itself, it is written with a capital letter without a dot at the end;
• when transferring a table to the next page, the headings of the vertical columns of the table should be numbered, and when transferring the table to the next page, repeat only their number. Previously, above the table on the right, place the words "Continuation of table 8";
• the name of the table, its individual elements should not contain abbreviations, abbreviations that were not previously specified in the text of the work.

As illustrations in research papers, drawings, diagrams, graphs, diagrams, which are discussed in the text, can be used. When designing illustrations, remember:

• All illustrations must be numbered. If the work presents different types of illustrations, then the numbering is separate for each type;
• only those illustrations are placed in the text of the work, to which it contains direct references such as "the above is confirmed by the figure ...". The rest of the illustrative material is located in the appendices;
• numbers of illustrations and their titles are written below the image, indicated by Arabic numerals without a number sign after the word “Fig.”;
• on the illustration itself, various inscriptions are allowed, if space permits. However, conventions are used more often, which are deciphered below the image;
• on diagrams of all types, the features of the main and auxiliary, visible and invisible details, connections of the depicted objects or process should be expressed.

Applications can vary in content. When designing them, the following general rules should be taken into account:

• appendices are made out as continuations of the main material on the pages following it. With a large volume or format, applications are drawn up as an independent block in a special folder, on the front side of which the heading “Appendices” is given, and then all elements of the title page of the research work are repeated;
• each application must begin on a new sheet, must be numbered in the upper right corner, write: Appendix 1 (2, 3 ... etc.) without a dot at the end;
• each application has a thematic title, which is located in the middle of the line;
• the numbering of pages on which annexes are given should continue the general pagination of the main text;
• the connection of the main text with the appendices is carried out through links with the word "see". The indication is usually enclosed in parentheses, for example: data (see Annex 1) can be grouped as follows.

The list of literature of the research work is made up of only those sources that are referenced in the text. When compiling a list in scientific circles, it is customary to use the alphabetical method of grouping literary sources, where the names of authors or titles (if there are no authors) are placed in alphabetical order.

Bibliographic list issued in accordance with GOST 7.1-2003. "Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description document. General requirements and compilation rules.

Rules for the design of bibliographic lists:

• For books of one or more authors, the surname and initials of the authors (dot), title of the book without quotes with a capital letter (dot and dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher without quotes (comma), year of publication (dot and dash) , the number of pages in the book with a capital "c" at the end (dot). Example: Perret-Kpermont A. N. Role social interactions in the development of children's intelligence. - M .: Pedagogy, 1991. - 248 p.
• For a compiling collection of two or three authors, the name of the collection (one oblique line) is indicated, followed by the word “Comp.” (dot) initials and surname of the compilers (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), name of the publisher (without quotes, comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages in the collection with a capital letter "s". For example: Tips for the Manager / Comp. A. N. Zotov, G. A. Kovaleva. - Sverdlovsk: Middle-Ural. book. publishing house, 1991. - 304 p.
• When compiling a collection with a team of authors under the general editorship, the name of the collection (one oblique line) is indicated, then there can be 2 options: 1) the word “Comp.” and listing the compilers (semicolon), the word "Ed." (dot), initials and surname of the editor (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher (comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages (capital "s", dot); 2) the word "Under the editorship." (dot), initials and surname of the editor (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, colon), publisher (comma), year of publication (dot, dash), number of pages (capital "s", dot). For example: Brief dictionary Russian language / Comp. I. L. Goretskaya, T. N. Polovtseva, M. N. Sudoplatova, T. A. Fomenko; Ed. V. V. Rozanova. – M.: Russ, yaz., 1990. – 251p. Psychology. Dictionary /Under common. ed. A. V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. - 2nd ed. - M.: Politizdat, 1990. - 494 p.
• For articles in the collection, the surname and initials of the author (dot), title of the work (two oblique lines), title of the collection (dot, dash), place of publication (dot, dash), capital letter"C" (dot), first and last page number (dot). Example: Leontiev A. Ya General concept about activities // Reader on developmental psychology. Ed. D. I. Fel'dshtein - M .: Intern. Pedagogical, Academy, 1994. - S. 112-121.
• For articles in the journal, the surname and initials of the author (dot), title of the article (two oblique lines), title of the journal without quotes (dot, dash), year of publication (dot, dash), journal number (dot, dash), capital letter " C" (dot) page (dot). Example: Einstein V. Examinees and examiners // Higher education in Russia. - 1999. - MZ. - S. 34-42.

VII REGIONAL COMPETITION OF RESEARCH AND CREATIVE WORKS OF STUDENTS "FIRST STEPS IN SCIENCE"

_______________________________________________________

Subject:

Braking distances.

Filippova Anastasia Viktorovna

students 10 - "B" class

Supervisor:

Titkova Raisa Vasilievna teacher of physics

Educational institution:

MBOU "May Day Middle

Comprehensive school"

(educational building No. 1)

2013

I. Introduction. 3-4

II. Main part.

1. Public opinion survey 5-6

2. What is a stopping distance (a little theory)

2.1. Vehicle braking distance 6-7

2.2 Calculation of the braking distance according to formula 7

3. Results of experiments 8-9

III. Conclusion. Findings. 10-11

IV. List of used literature. eleven

INTRODUCTION

Problem : Understand whether we need to take into account the braking distance when we use a vehicle or cross the road in front of a vehicle.

Why is it not allowed to cross the carriageway in front of oncoming vehicles? What is the safe distance to a moving vehicle? How to explain the high percentage of injuries on the roads and traffic accidents.

The answers to these and many other questions related to the motion of bodies are given by the laws of mechanics.

Relevance of the topic.

Many of those who are currently in school will become drivers or pedestrians in the future, who must know that the braking distance depends on the initial speed and tire grip.

The main goal of this project:

Tasks:

To achieve these goals, this project worked in the following areas:

1) Research of public opinion;

2) Studying the theory of stopping distance;

3) Experiment;

4) Conclusions

Hypothesis. The braking distance depends on the speed and on the coefficient of adhesion of the tires to the road.

Practical significanceconsists in applying the dependence of the braking distance on the speed and on the coefficient of adhesion of the tires to the road. It is also necessary to take this into account in everyday life.

Scientific interest is that in the process of studying this issue received some information about practical application braking events.

To find out on what factors the braking distance depends, I studied the following literature: 1) Bytko N.D. Physics, parts 1 and 2. Mechanics. Molecular physics and heat. AT allowance included big number problems with solutions for a better understanding of physics. Many examples are given showing the connection between physics and technology. 2) Ivanov A.S., Prokaza A.T. World of mechanics and technology: Book. for students. The book uses numerous examples to describe the fascinating world of technology based on mechanical laws. 3)Elementary physics textbook: Tutorial. Ed. G.S. Landsberg. T.1 Mechanics. Molecular physics.The advantage of this manual is the depth of presentation of the physical side of the processes and phenomena in nature and technology.

1. RESEARCH OF PUBLIC OPINION.

Availability study Vehicle among MBOU employees

"May Day average comprehensive school» educational building № 2

Table 1

Conclusion: the survey showed that there are on average two vehicles for every family.

A study of the availability of vehicles among students of MBOU "Pervomaiskaya secondary school" educational building No. 2

table 2

year	Number of students	Number of vehicles (moped, bicycle)	percentage of provision with a vehicle for students,%
2010-2011
2011-2012
2012-2013

Conclusion: the study period shows an increase in vehicles among students.

Questioning: the attitude of the population to the vehicle.

Table 3

Conclusion: a car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation.

2. What is a stopping distance (a little theory)

2.1 Braking distance of the car.

The stopping distance is the distance traveled by the car from the beginning of braking to a complete stop.

The beginning of the braking distance is the moment the brake system of the car is activated, and its end is the moment the car comes to a complete stop.

It goes without saying that a moving car at high speed will not be able to stop instantly. Before stopping, he will go some distance. Thus, a modern car on a motorway at a speed of 100 km/h covers up to 28 m every second. It is clear that a certain distance is needed to stop it completely.

Its value is directly dependent on the speed of movement, the method of braking and road conditions. At a speed of 50 km/h, the average stopping distance will be about 15 m, and at a speed of 100 km/h, about 60 m i.e. more than four times.

The stopping distance of a car depends on many factors:

1- movement speed

2- road surface

3- weather conditions

4- condition of wheels and brake system

5- way braking

The length of the braking distance is often the decisive factor in a critical situation on the road.

An extra meter drawn by tires on asphalt can cost not only a broken bumper, but also life.

2.2 Stopping formula.

There are several formulas for calculating the braking distance. They are based on Newton's second law.

The main braking distance of the car can be determined by the formula:

S \u003d V²o / 2gµ,

where:

S - stopping distance in meters;

Vo - the speed of the car at the time of the start of braking in m / s;

g - acceleration of gravity, equal to 9.81 m / s 2 ;

µ - coefficient of grip of tires with the road.

The above formula is suitable only with simultaneous braking of all wheels to the "skid".

It can be seen from the formula that the braking distance depends only on the speed and the coefficient of adhesion of the tires to the road. However, the value of the latter may change depending on the type and condition of the road surface, the type of vehicle tires and the air pressure in them.

2. RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT

1. Dependence of the braking distance on the speed of the bike

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Conclusion: The greater the speed, the longer the braking distance. When driving a car on both dry summer and slippery winter roads, the braking distance and braking time depend on the initial speed, and the braking distance is directly proportional to the square of the initial speed

2. Dependence of braking distanceon the coefficient of adhesion of tires to the road.

Table 8

Vehicle speed, km/h
Braking distance on a dry road, m	0,43	O.97
Braking distance on wet road, m	0.78	1,76		3.12
Braking distance on a winter rolled snowy road.
Braking distance on a road covered with ice crust, m			10,4	12,8

Conclusion: the coefficient of adhesion with the road depends on weather conditions. The worse the road, the lower the coefficient and the longer the braking distance.

CONCLUSION.

Many accidents could have been avoided if drivers had followed the golden rule - keep your distance. In the work, we found out what distance you need to keep for your own safety and how to determine the right distance

Now we know exactly what the braking distance depends on. More specifically, the stopping distance depends on:on the speed and coefficient of grip of tires with the road.

We conducted a series of experiments, did about the same experiments as the scientists, and got about the same results. It turned out that experimentally we confirmed all the statements made by us.

We have created a series of experiments to help understand and explain some of the "difficult" observations.

But most importantly, we realized how great it is to acquire knowledge ourselves, and then share it with others.

Findings:

Research has shown that:

1. The stopping distance of a car depends on the speed andtire grip coefficient.

1. To ensure traffic safety in any road conditions, when driving at any speed, the following rule must be observed: the stopping distance must be less than the visibility distance.

1. When driving a car on both dry summer and slippery winter roads, the braking distance and braking time depend on the initial speed, and the braking distance is directly proportional to the square of the initial speed, and the braking time is its first degree (t ~ 0);

1. Since the coefficient of friction of rubber on asphalt decreases in winter, the braking distance and braking time increase;

1. Stopping traffic takes time and space: you can not cross the road in front of nearby traffic. This should be remembered to avoid accidents for both pedestrians and motorists.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE.

1. Elementary textbook of physics: Textbook. At 3 pm / Under the editorship of G.S. Landsberg. T.1 Mechanics. Molecular physics. M.: Nauka, 1985, 218 p.
2. Ivanov A.S., Prokaza A.T. World of mechanics and technology: Book. for students. – M.: Enlightenment, 1993.
3. Bytko N.D. Physics, parts 1 and 2. Mechanics. Molecular physics and heat. M .: graduate School, 1972, 336 p.

   Preview:

   Abstracts

   Anastasia Filippova, 10th grade student

   MBOU secondary school (educational building No. 1) Pervomaisky settlement

   R.V.Titkova, teacher of physics

   MBOU secondary school (educational building No. 1), Pervomaisky settlement

   Braking distances

   Section: Natural science direction

   Project theme: Braking distances. What does it depend on, how is it determined.

   Supervisor: Titkova R.V. physics teacher MBOU "PSOSH" (building No. 2).

   Relevance. In our country, every year there is an increase in vehicles and roads have become an object of increased danger, which leads to the need to study this issue.

   Novelty . Experience first hand the effects of braking distances, speed and tire grip.

   Target: investigate the factors on which the braking distance depends.

   Tasks:

   1. Study the literature on this issue.

   2. Organize a survey, questioning for the purpose of the availability of vehicles and systematize the information received.

   3. Find out the dependence of the braking distance on the speed and the coefficient of adhesion of tires to the road.

   4. Organize experiments to confirm the dependence of the braking distance on the speed and the coefficient of adhesion of tires to the road.

   5. Think over and create demonstration experiments that prove the dependence of the braking distance on the speed of transport and on the coefficient of adhesion of tires to the road.

1. PROJECT: “IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS”.

YOU WILL NEED: 3 small jars with lids, water, green food coloring, vegetable oil, alcohol, dishwashing liquid

SCHEME OF WORK:

1. Pour into the first jar of water one third of the volume of the jar. Add some paint.
2. Pour one third of the volume of oil on top of the wall of the jar and then one third of the volume of alcohol.
3. See how liquids behave.
4. Just pour water, oil and alcohol into the other two jars.
5. In the third jar, add about one teaspoon of dishwashing detergent.
6. Close all jars with lids.
7. Shake the second and third cans.
8. After a few hours, compare the liquids in the three jars.

RESULT: In the first jar, three layers of liquid are clearly visible. A cloudy mixture formed in the third jar. In the second jar, the oil is almost in the middle, but the liquid is colored both above and below.

EXPLANATION: Alcohol is miscible with water, while oil is not miscible with either water or alcohol. Oil floats in water, but sinks in pure alcohol. If you choose the right amount of water and alcohol and add just a little oil, then the oil will float in the middle of this mixture, gathering in a ball.

REPORT PREPARATION TIP: Take photos of the jars immediately after shaking and a few hours later. Sign the jars and show them at the exhibition.

DO YOU KNOW? When dishwashing detergent is added, an emulsion is formed - the fat is broken into very small droplets that cannot join together. Substances that cause the formation of an emulsion are called emulsifiers. By forming an emulsion, dishwashing detergent helps to wash greasy food off the plates. One of the natural emulsifiers is egg yolk. When making mayonnaise, it helps the oil mix with the vinegar and other additives. Mixtures of substances are usually more effective as emulsions than individual substances, and more often the latter are used in compositions for various purposes.

Various in composition and properties, emulsions are widely used in industry, agriculture, medicine and other fields. Many food products are multicomponent emulsions (for example, milk, one of the first emulsions studied, egg yolk), and in addition, milky plant juices, cheese oil.

In the form of emulsions, cutting fluids, some pesticides, space products, medicines, binders for emulsion paints are used. Bitumen emulsions are widely used in construction.

2. PROJECT: "EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD".

YOU WILL NEED: Rectangular magnet, iron filings (or steel nail and file), old pepper jar, coffee can lid, 2 sheets of heavy white paper, spray bottle, vinegar, ruler, pen or marker

All magnetic fields- both small and large - have the same shape. The huge magnetic field of the Earth, which extends from the South Pole to the North Pole, is very similar to the field of an ordinary rectangular magnet. You will be convinced of this by completing the proposed project.

SCHEME OF WORK:

1. Using a coffee can lid, draw a circle on one sheet of paper. Draw the contours of the continents inside the circle to make a simplified map of the Earth.
2. Bend down the edges of the sheet on which the globe is drawn so that the image of the globe is slightly higher than the magnet that you put under the sheet.
3. Place the magnet under the sheet so that it lies along the line connecting North and South Pole and the Earth in the picture.
4. Fold the second piece of paper into a funnel and insert the narrow end of the funnel into the pepper pot.
5. Pour the iron filings through this funnel into the pepper pot. If you can't find iron filings, get them yourself from a nail with a file. There should be enough sawdust so that they cover a sheet of paper with a thin layer. Bending the sheet, pour the sawdust into the pepper box.
6. Gently sprinkle the sawdust on the sheet and blow on them so that they are evenly distributed on the paper.
7. Pour the vinegar into a spray bottle and gently spritz it on your card. Do not bring the sprayer too close to move the sawdust. Let it sit overnight for the vinegar to dry, then use a brush to remove the sawdust from the card.

RESULT: By pouring sawdust on the map, you will observe an interesting phenomenon - sawdust will be distributed along the lines of the magnetic field. The field of a rectangular magnet accurately reproduces the Earth's magnetic field. Under the action of vinegar, the sawdust rusts, and a pattern of magnetic field lines remains on the paper.

EXPLANATION: Magnetic lines of force connect at two points called magnetic poles. Although scientists have been looking for exceptions for a long time, so far only magnets with north and south poles are known to people, between which they pass magnetic lines. All magnetic fields - both large and small - have the same shape.

REPORT PREPARATION TIP: Photograph every step of your experience. Next to the received photos, place the finished card on the stand. Draw several magnetic fields of various shapes, showing lines of force and poles.

DO YOU KNOW? By studying the distribution of iron particles and magnetic materials in ancient clay deposits, scientists can learn what the Earth's magnetic fields were like many millennia ago. These ancient, magnetic particles, timeless, like tiny compasses, show that before North Pole was almost exactly where the South Pole is now! Therefore, many scientists believe that once upon a time there was a change magnetic poles Earth.

3. PROJECT: “VOLCANO ERUPTION”.

YOU WILL NEED: two plastic bottles of dishwashing liquid, one of them with a cap, a tablespoon, red food coloring, vinegar, baking soda, papier-mâché, thick cardboard or board, duct tape, black and brown gouache, brush, varnish for hair, glue funnel.

Volcanic eruption, accompanied by the release of gas and lava, is one of the most frightening and effective natural phenomena. Volcano explorers often put themselves in great danger by observing them. This model will allow you to calmly watch a volcanic eruption without leaving your home.

The project can be combined with the study of lava eruption.

PART 1. VOLCANO MODEL.

SCHEME OF WORK:

1. Pour three-quarters of the volume of the bottle into a bottle with a cap. Add red food coloring and cap the bottle. Write "lava" on it.
2. Glue the second bottle to the center of the board and thick cardboard sheet.
3. Cut the adhesive tape into strips, attach it to the neck of the bottle and to a sheet of cardboard in the form of an awning.
4. Make papier-mâché by mixing starch, water and pieces of old newspaper in a bowl. Cover the top with strips of duct tape. Carefully trim the top of the bottle with papier-mâché to make it look like a volcano crater.
5. Leave the model to dry. Paint it black and brown to make it look like a mountain, then cover it with hairspray.

PART 2. VOLCANO ERUPTION MODEL.

SCHEME OF WORK:

1. Open the lava bottle and carefully pour the lava into the volcano bottle (better pour through a funnel).
2. Quickly add 4 tablespoons (60 ml of baking soda).
3. Stand back and watch the volcanic eruption from a distance.

RESULT: Baking soda reacts with acetic acid to form carbon dioxide. Gas bubbles rising from the bottom of the bottle linger in the narrow neck of the bottle, and as a result, part of the liquid is ejected from it along with pieces of foam.

EXPLANATION: Before a volcano erupts, pressure increases inside it. As a result, gas and stones are ejected with force from the volcano, or lava is poured out.

REPORT PREPARATION TIP: The “eruption” does not last long, so for the exhibition it is necessary to take good photographs of this process. The model of the volcano is beautiful in itself, and it must be shown.

DO YOU KNOW? The pressure of lava and hot gases inside a volcano can cause an explosion stronger than an explosion atomic bomb. Now on Earth there are both active and extinct volcanoes sometimes “wake up” unexpectedly, starting to act again. As a result of eruptions, new mountains and islands appear. Water accumulates in the craters of extinct volcanoes - clean, deep and very beautiful volcanic lakes are formed.

4. PROJECT: “INDUCTION COIL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION”.

YOU WILL NEED: strong rectangular magnet, 1.5 meters of copper wire without winding, compass, glass, 4 fastening wires, ruler, scissors.

In this project, you will get acquainted with electromagnetic induction, a phenomenon that is considered one of the most important scientific discoveries 19th century English physicist Michael Faraday discovered not only the appearance magnetic properties under the influence of electricity, but also the appearance of electrical properties under the influence of a magnet.

SCHEME OF WORK:

1. Wind the copper wire around the glass, leaving 45 cm of wire on each side. You should get a thick dense skein - a coil.
2. Remove the coil from the glass and secure it with four pieces of bonding wire. The coil should be thick and dense.
3. Get your compass ready.
4. Wind the compass with the ends of the wire coming from the reel. Both ends must be wound in the same direction, while the ends must be connected.
5. Take the coil in one hand and the magnet in the other. Slowly insert the magnet into the middle of the coil and pull it out. Follow the compass needle.

RESULT: The compass needle twitches when the magnet moves.

EXPLANATION: When the magnet moves, an electromagnetic field is created, which is transmitted through the wire and acts on the compass needle.

REPORT PREPARATION TIP: Show the finished model at the exhibition, take photographs showing all the stages of work. Take photographs or drawings of devices that use the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Write short biography Michael Faraday and tell about his scientific discoveries.

DO YOU KNOW? The electric field and the magnetic field affect each other and pass one into the other, so there are concepts of electromagnetic field and electromagnetic induction. These phenomena are used in electric current generators and transformers.

5. PROJECT: “REGULATING THE ELECTRIC CURRENT”.

YOU WILL NEED: soft pencil (3M), 6 volt battery, small 6 volt light bulb, 2 paper clips, 3 buttons, insulating tape, 2 meters of copper wire in the winding, 2 wooden blocks measuring 5x15x1.25 cm.

In this project, you will make a model of a rheostat - a device that regulates the current in an electrical circuit by changing the resistance. It is known that the larger the area of ​​the poorly conducting material is included in electrical circuit, the lower the current will be. The action of the rheostat is based on a smooth change in the length of this section.

PART 1. PREPARING THE MEASURING LIGHT.

SCHEME OF WORK:

1. Straighten the paper clips and bend the ends so that one of them can be attached to the light bulb.
2. Bend the other end of each paperclip so that it can be secured with a button.
3. Prepare the third button. It should not be topped with paint or plastic.
4. Cut two 30 cm pieces of wire and remove the winding at the ends (5 cm each).
5. With the cleaned end of one of the wires, wind the third button four times and fix it in the center of the board.
6. Fasten the paper clips with two buttons so that there is a place for a light bulb above the center button.
7. Connect one of the two extreme buttons to one stripped end of the second wire.
8. Insert the bulb into the loops of the paper clips above the center button. The base of the bulb must always touch the center button. If necessary, adjust the loops of the staples.

PART 2. RHEOSTAT ASSEMBLY.

SCHEME OF WORK:

1. Ask an adult to help split the pencil to expose the graphite rod.
2. Tape the pencil, tip up, to the second piece of wood.
3. Cut the remaining piece of wire into three approximately equal pieces. Clean the winding at the ends of the wires.
4. Connect the wires to the battery, measuring system and the end of the graphite rod as shown. One end of the wire will remain free.
5. Slowly move the free end of the wire along the graphite rod. Follow the light bulb.

RESULT: The closer you bring the wire to the place of attachment of the second wire, the brighter the light bulb burns. The brightness of the light bulb changes gradually.

EXPLANATION: Graphite is a poor conductor of current, meaning it has a lot of resistance. The longer the rod included in the electrical circuit, the weaker the current.

REPORT PREPARATION TIP: Take photographs showing all the stages of work, and show the finished model at the exhibition. Explain how a rheostat works. Write about devices that use rheostats.

DO YOU KNOW? Rheostats are used to gradually turn off the light, for example, before the start of a performance in the theater. Sometimes such rheostats are available at home. Rheostats are found in a variety of household appliances. They allow you to smoothly respond to the volume of the TV or player. Rheostats are also found in many toys powered by batteries.