Humanity began to actively use metals as early as 3000-4000 BC. Then people got acquainted with the most common of them, these are gold, silver, copper. These metals were very easy to find on the surface of the earth. A little later, they learned chemistry and began to isolate from them such species as tin, lead and iron. In the Middle Ages gained popularity very poisonous species metals. Arsenic was in common use, with which more than half of the royal court in France was poisoned. It is the same, which helped to cure various diseases of those times, ranging from tonsillitis to the plague. Already before the twentieth century, more than 60 metals were known, and at the beginning of the XXI century - 90. Progress does not stand still and leads humanity forward. But the question arises, which metal is heavy and surpasses all others in weight? And in general, what are they, these very heavy metals in the world?
Many mistakenly think that gold and lead are the heaviest metals. Why exactly did it happen? Many of us grew up with old movies and have seen how the protagonist uses a lead plate to protect against vicious bullets. In addition, lead plates are still used today in some types of body armor. And at the word gold, many people have a picture with heavy ingots of this metal. But to think that they are the heaviest is wrong!
To determine the heaviest metal, its density must be taken into account, because the greater the density of a substance, the heavier it is.
TOP 10 heaviest metals in the world
- Osmium (22.62 g / cm 3),
- Iridium (22.53 g / cm 3),
- Platinum (21.44 g / cm 3),
- Rhenium (21.01 g / cm 3),
- Neptunium (20.48 g / cm 3),
- Plutonium (19.85 g / cm 3),
- Gold (19.85 g/cm3)
- Tungsten (19.21 g / cm 3),
- Uranium (18.92 g / cm 3),
- Tantalum (16.64 g/cm3).
And where is the lead? And it is located much lower in this list, in the middle of the second ten.
Osmium and iridium are the heaviest metals in the world
Consider the main heavyweights who share 1st and 2nd places. Let's start with iridium and at the same time say thanks to the English scientist Smithson Tennat, who in 1803 obtained this chemical element from platinum, where it was present along with osmium as an impurity. Iridium from ancient Greek can be translated as "rainbow". Metal has White color with a silver tint and it can be called not only heavy, but also the most durable. There is very little of it on our planet and only up to 10,000 kg of it is mined per year. It is known that most deposits of iridium can be found at the sites of meteorite impacts. Some scientists come to the conclusion that this metal was previously widespread on our planet, however, due to its weight, it constantly squeezed itself closer to the center of the Earth. Iridium is now widely in demand in industry and is used to generate electrical energy. Paleontologists also like to use it, and with the help of iridium they determine the age of many finds. In addition, this metal can be used to coat some surfaces. But it's difficult to do so.
Next, consider osmium. It is the heaviest in the periodic table of Mendeleev, well, respectively, and the heaviest metal in the world. Osmium is tin-white with a blue tint and was also discovered by Smithson Tennat at the same time as iridium. Osmium is almost impossible to process and is mainly found at the sites of meteorite impacts. It smells unpleasant, the smell is similar to a mixture of chlorine and garlic. And from ancient Greek it is translated as "smell". The metal is quite refractory and is used in light bulbs and other appliances with refractory metals. For just one gram of this element, you have to pay more than 10,000 dollars, from this it is clear that the metal is very rare.
Osmium Like it or not, the heaviest metals are very rare and therefore they are expensive. And we must remember for the future that neither gold nor lead are the heaviest metals in the world! Iridium and osmium are the winners in weight!
Among the substances always try to select those that have the most extreme degree of a particular property. People have always been attracted to the hardest materials, the lightest or heaviest, light and refractory. We have invented the concept ideal gas and an ideal black body, and then tried to find natural analogues as close as possible to these models. As a result, a person managed to find or create amazing substances.
1. The blackest substance
This substance is capable of absorbing up to 99.9% of light, an almost perfect blackbody. It was obtained from specially connected layers carbon nanotubes. The surface of the resulting material is rough and practically does not reflect light. The areas of application for such a substance are extensive - from superconducting systems to improving the properties of optical systems. For example, through the use of such a material, it would be possible to raise the quality of telescopes and greatly increase the efficiency solar panels.
2. The most combustible substance
Few people have not heard of napalm. But this is only one of the representatives of the class of strong combustible substances. These include styrofoam, and especially chlorine trifluoride. This strongest oxidizing agent can ignite even glass, reacts violently with almost all inorganic and organic compounds. There are cases when a spilled ton of chlorine trifluoride as a result of a fire burned through the concrete surface of the site and another meter-long gravel-sand cushion deep into 30 centimeters. There were attempts to use the substance as a military poison or rocket fuel, but they were abandoned due to too much danger.
3. Poisonous substance
The strongest poison on earth is also one of the most popular cosmetics. It's about about botulinum toxins, used in cosmetology under the name Botox. This substance is a product of the vital activity of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum and has the greatest molecular weight among proteins. This is the reason for its properties as the most powerful poisonous substance. Enough 0.00002 mg.min / l of dry matter to make the affected area deadly for humans for 12 hours. In addition, this substance is perfectly absorbed from the mucous membranes and causes severe neurological symptoms.
4. The hottest substance
In the depths of the stars, nuclear fires burn, reaching unimaginable temperatures. But man managed to get closer to these figures, having received quark-gluon "soup". This substance has a temperature of 4 trillion degrees Celsius, which is 250,000 times hotter than the sun. It was obtained by colliding gold atoms at almost the speed of light, as a result of which neutrons and protons were melted. True, this substance existed for only a trillionth of one trillionth of a second and occupied one trillionth of a centimeter.
In this nomination, fluoride-antimony acid becomes the record holder. It is 21019 times more caustic than sulfuric acid, capable of melting glass and exploding when water is added. In addition, it emits deadly toxic fumes.
6. The most explosive substance
HMX is the most powerful explosive, moreover, resistant to high temperatures. This is what makes it indispensable in military affairs - for creating shaped charges, plastics, powerful explosives, fillers for fuses of nuclear charges. HMX is also used for peaceful purposes, for example, when drilling high-temperature gas and oil wells, and also as a component of solid rocket fuel. HMX also has an analogue of heptanitrocuban, which has even greater explosive power, but is also more expensive, and therefore is used more in laboratory conditions.
7. Most radio active substance
This substance does not have stable isotopes in nature, while generating great amount radioactive radiation. One of the isotopes, "polonium-210", is used to create very light, compact and at the same time very powerful neutron sources. In addition, in alloys with some metals, polonium is used to create heat sources for nuclear installations, in particular, such devices are used in space. At the same time, due to the short half-life of this isotope, it is a highly toxic substance that can cause severe radiation sickness.
8. The heaviest substance
In 2005, German scientists designed a substance in the form of a diamond nanorod. It is a set of diamonds at the nanoscale. Such a substance has the lowest degree of compression and the highest specific gravity of known to mankind. In addition, a coating of such a material will have great wear resistance.
9. The strongest magnetic substance
Another creation of specialists from laboratories. It was obtained on the basis of iron and nitrogen in 2010. For now, the details are kept secret, since the previous substance in 1996 could not be reproduced again. But it is already known that the record holder has 18% stronger magnetic properties than the closest analogue. If this substance becomes available on an industrial scale, then we can expect the appearance of the most powerful electromagnetic engines.
10. The strongest superfluidity
Helium II has a high thermal conductivity and a complete absence of viscosity at extreme low temperatures, that is, it exhibits the property of superfluidity. It is able to seep through solid materials, spontaneously pour out of any container. This substance can become an ideal thermal conductor in which heat moves more like a wave and does not dissipate.
Used: Out of town
What is the heaviest substance on our planet? and got the best answer
Answer from User deleted[guru]
Scientists have created the highest density substance ever created in the lab.
This was achieved at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York through collisions atomic nuclei gold moving at near-light speed. The research was carried out at the world's largest facility on colliding beams, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), which opened last year and is intended to recreate the conditions that existed at the beginning of the existence of the Universe. The resulting material has a 20 times larger area than is usually obtained in colliders. The temperature of compressed matter reaches a trillion degrees. The substance exists a short time inside the collider. Matter with such a temperature and density existed for several million seconds after the Big Bang at the beginning of the existence of our Universe. The details of the experiment became known at the 2001 Quark Matter Conference at Stony Brook University in New York.
Source: http://www.ibusiness.ru
Answer from 2 answers[guru]
Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What is the heaviest substance on our planet?
Answer from Oh la...[guru]
gray
Answer from Ducat[guru]
mercury
Answer from Evgeny Yurievich[guru]
Money! They weigh down the pocket.
Poddubny. The author of the question did not specify the molecular weight. And the density of the protein, alas, is not great.
Answer from Vladimir Poddubny[active]
squirrels"
Answer from Zoya Ashurova[guru]
The head of a man, with his thoughts. and thoughts are different, that's why the head. Good luck!!
Answer from Luisa[guru]
If we talk about natural substances, then the highest specific gravity of the minerals of the osmic iridium group is 23 g / cm3. It is unlikely that artificial is something heavier.
Compare - halite density ( table salt) - 2.1-2.5, quartz - 2.6, and barite, which has 4.3-4.7, is already called "heavy spar". Copper - almost 9, silver - 10-11, mercury - 13.6, gold - 15-19, platinum group minerals - 14-20.
It is said that for every type of substance there is a "most extreme" variant. Sure, we've all heard stories of magnets strong enough to injure kids from the inside, and acids that will go through your hands in seconds, but there are even more "extreme" versions of them.
The blackest matter known to man
What happens if you put the edges of carbon nanotubes on top of each other and alternate layers of them? The result is a material that absorbs 99.9% of the light that hits it. The microscopic surface of the material is uneven and rough, which refracts light and is a poor reflective surface. After that, try to use carbon nanotubes as superconductors in a certain order, which makes them excellent light absorbers, and you have a real black storm. Scientists are seriously puzzled by the potential applications of this substance, since, in fact, light is not "lost", the substance could be used to improve optical devices, such as telescopes, and even be used for solar panels operating at almost 100% efficiency.
The most combustible substance
Lots of things burn at amazing rates, like styrofoam, napalm, and that's just the beginning. But what if there was a substance that could set fire to the earth? On the one hand, this is a provocative question, but it was asked as a starting point. Chlorine trifluoride has the dubious reputation of being terribly flammable, though the Nazis thought it was too dangerous to work with. When people who discuss genocide believe that the purpose of their life is not to use something because it is too lethal, this encourages careful handling of these substances. It is said that one day a ton of substance was spilled and a fire started, and 30.5 cm of concrete and a meter of sand and gravel burned out until everything subsided. Unfortunately, the Nazis were right.
The most poisonous substance
Tell me, what would you least like to get on your face? It could very well be the most deadly poison, which will rightfully take 3rd place among the main extreme substances. Such a poison is really different from what burns through concrete, and from the strongest acid in the world (which will be invented soon). Although not entirely true, but you all, no doubt, heard from the medical community about Botox, and thanks to it the most deadly poison became famous. Botox uses botulinum toxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, and it is very deadly, and the amount of a grain of salt is enough to kill a person weighing 200 pounds (90.72 kg; approx. mixednews). In fact, scientists have calculated that it is enough to spray only 4 kg of this substance to kill all people on earth. Probably, an eagle would have acted much more humanely with a rattlesnake than this poison with a person.
The hottest substance
There are very few things in the world known to man to be hotter than the inside of a newly microwaved Hot Pocket, but this stuff seems set to break that record as well. Created by the collision of gold atoms at almost the speed of light, matter is called quark-gluon "soup" and it reaches a crazy 4 trillion degrees Celsius, which is almost 250,000 times hotter than the stuff inside the Sun. The amount of energy released in the collision would be enough to melt protons and neutrons, which in itself has features that you did not even suspect. Scientists say this stuff could give us a glimpse of what the birth of our universe was like, so it's worth understanding that tiny supernovae aren't created for fun. However, the really good news is that the "soup" spanned one trillionth of a centimeter and lasted for a trillionth of one trillionth of a second.
The most corrosive acid
Acid is a terrible substance, one of the scariest monsters in cinema was given acid blood to make it even more terrible than just a killing machine ("Alien"), so it is ingrained inside us that exposure to acid is very bad. If the "aliens" were filled with fluoride-antimonial acid, not only would they sink deep through the floor, but the fumes emitted from their dead bodies would kill everything around them. This acid is 21019 times stronger than sulfuric acid and can seep through glass. And it can explode if you add water. And during its reaction, poisonous fumes are released that can kill anyone in the room.
The most explosive explosive
In fact, this place is currently divided by two components: octogen and heptanitrocuban. Heptanitrocuban mainly exists in laboratories, and is similar to HMX, but has a denser crystal structure, which carries a greater potential for destruction. HMX, on the other hand, exists in large enough quantities that it can threaten physical existence. It is used in solid propellants for rockets, and even for detonators of nuclear weapons. And the last one is the most terrifying, because despite how easily it happens in the movies, starting a fission/fusion reaction that results in bright, glowing mushroom-like nuclear clouds is not an easy task, but octogen does an excellent job of it.
The most radioactive substance
Speaking of radiation, it's worth mentioning that the glowing green "plutonium" rods shown in The Simpsons are just a fantasy. Just because something is radioactive doesn't mean it glows. It's worth mentioning because "polonium-210" is so radioactive that it glows blue. Former Soviet spy Alexander Litvinenko was misled when the substance was added to his food and died of cancer shortly thereafter. This is not something you want to joke about, the glow is caused by the air around the substance being affected by the radiation, and in fact the objects around it can get hot. When we say "radiation", we think, for example, of a nuclear reactor or an explosion, where the fission reaction actually takes place. This is only the release of ionized particles, and not out of control splitting of atoms.
The heaviest substance
If you thought that the heaviest substance on earth was diamonds, that was a good but inaccurate guess. This is a technically created diamond nanorod. This is actually a collection of nano-scale diamonds, with the lowest degree of compression and the heaviest substance, known to man. It doesn't really exist, but which would be nice, since it means that someday we could cover our cars with this stuff and just get rid of it when the train hits (an unrealistic event). This substance was invented in Germany in 2005 and will probably be used to the same extent as industrial diamonds, except for the fact that the new substance is more resistant to wear than ordinary diamonds.
The most magnetic substance
If the inductor were a small black piece, then this would be the same substance. The substance, developed in 2010 from iron and nitrogen, has magnetic abilities that are 18% greater than the previous "record holder" and is so powerful that it has forced scientists to rethink how magnetism works. The person who discovered this substance distanced himself from his studies so that none of the other scientists could reproduce his work, as it was reported that a similar compound was being developed in Japan in the past in 1996, but other physicists were unable to reproduce it, therefore officially this substance was not accepted. It is unclear whether Japanese physicists should promise to make Sepuku under these circumstances. If this substance can be reproduced, it could mean new Age efficient electronics and magnetic motors, possibly increased in power by an order of magnitude.
The strongest superfluidity
Superfluidity is a state of matter (like a solid or gaseous) that occurs at extremely low temperatures, has high thermal conductivity (every ounce of this substance must be at exactly the same temperature) and no viscosity. Helium-2 is the most characteristic representative. The helium-2 cup will spontaneously rise and spill out of the container. Helium-2 will also seep through other solid materials, as the total lack of friction allows it to flow through other invisible openings through which ordinary helium (or water for this case) could not flow. "Helium-2" does not come into its proper state at number 1, as if it has the ability to act on its own, although it is also the most efficient thermal conductor on Earth, several hundred times better than copper. Heat moves so fast through "helium-2" that it travels in waves, like sound (actually known as "second sound"), rather than being dissipated, it simply moves from one molecule to another. By the way, the forces that govern the ability of "helium-2" to crawl along the wall are called the "third sound". You are unlikely to have anything more extreme than the substance that required the definition of 2 new types of sound.
Man has always sought to find materials that leave no chance for their competitors. Since ancient times, scientists have been looking for the hardest materials in the world, the lightest and heaviest. The thirst for discovery led to the discovery of an ideal gas and an ideal black body. We present you the most amazing substances in the world.
1. The blackest substance
The blackest substance in the world is called Vantablack and consists of a collection of carbon nanotubes (see carbon and its allotropic modifications). Simply put, the material consists of countless "hairs", hitting which, the light bounces from one tube to another. Approximately 99.965% is absorbed in this way luminous flux and only a tiny fraction is reflected back outward.
The discovery of Vantablack opens up broad prospects for the use of this material in astronomy, electronics and optics.
2. The most combustible substance
Chlorine trifluoride is the most flammable substance ever known to mankind. It is the strongest oxidizing agent and reacts with almost all chemical elements. Chlorine trifluoride can burn through concrete and easily ignites glass! The use of chlorine trifluoride is almost impossible due to its phenomenal flammability and the inability to ensure the safety of use.
3. The most poisonous substance
The most powerful poison is botulinum toxin. We know it under the name Botox, that is how it is called in cosmetology, where it has found its main application. Botulinum toxin is Chemical substance produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. In addition to the fact that botulinum toxin is the most toxic substance, it also has the largest molecular weight among proteins. The phenomenal toxicity of the substance is evidenced by the fact that only 0.00002 mg min / l of botulinum toxin is enough to make the affected area deadly for humans for half a day.
4. The hottest substance
This is the so-called quark-gluon plasma. The substance was created using the collision of gold atoms at almost the speed of light. Quark-gluon plasma has a temperature of 4 trillion degrees Celsius. For comparison, this figure is 250,000 times higher than the temperature of the Sun! Unfortunately, the lifetime of matter is limited to one trillionth of a trillionth of a second.
5. The most corrosive acid
Antimony fluoride H becomes the champion in this category. Antimony fluoride is 2×10 16 (two hundred quintillion) times more caustic than sulfuric acid. This is a very active substance that can explode when a small amount of water is added. The fumes of this acid are deadly poisonous.
6. The most explosive substance
The most explosive substance is heptanitrocuban. It is very expensive and is used only for scientific research. But a slightly less explosive HMX is successfully used in military affairs and in geology when drilling wells.
7. The most radioactive substance
Polonium-210 is an isotope of polonium that does not exist in nature, but is made by man. Used to create miniature, but at the same time, very powerful sources energy. It has a very short half-life and is therefore capable of causing severe radiation sickness.
8. The heaviest substance
It is, of course, fullerite. Its hardness is almost 2 times higher than that of natural diamonds. You can read more about fullerite in our article The Hardest Materials in the World.
9. Strongest magnet
The world's strongest magnet is made up of iron and nitrogen. At present, details about this substance are not available to the general public, but it is already known that the new super-magnet is 18% more powerful than the strongest magnets currently in use - neodymium. Neodymium magnets are made from neodymium, iron and boron.
10. The most fluid substance
Superfluid Helium II has almost no viscosity at temperatures close to absolute zero. This property is due to its unique ability to seep and pour out of a vessel made of any solid material. Helium II has the potential to be used as an ideal thermal conductor in which heat does not dissipate.
