Surface reflectance. The weighted average reflectance of the interior surfaces of the room. transmittance.

The most important property of the surface of an object, which determines its color and brightness, is the reflectance of the surface at various frequencies: in the visible, infrared and radio ranges. Surface reflectance(p) characterizes the ability of the surface to reflect the light flux incident on it; is determined by the ratio of the luminous flux reflected from the surface to the luminous flux incident on it

The weighted average reflection coefficient of the interior surfaces of the room (р Wed ) where S st, S sweat, S floor - respectively, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe walls, ceiling and floor, m 2 and P st, P sweat, P floor - respectively, the reflection coefficients of the walls, ceiling and floor.

transmittance,- the ratio of the light flux passing through the layer to the light flux incident on the layer: τ=F/F. The transmittance is a measure of the transparency of a layer. Depending on the nature of the change in the beam when passing through the layer, transmission is divided into directed, scattered, directionally scattered and mixed. It is quite obvious that the transmittance is always less than unity, since all bodies more or less absorb the light passing through them, and the greater the absorption, the thicker the layer.

3. Natural lighting keo

What is the coefficient of natural light (LKL)?

This is expressed as a percentage the ratio of natural illumination E B at any point on the working surface inside the room to the simultaneous value of the external horizontal illumination E n created by diffused light from a completely open sky. e \u003d E in / E n * 100%

KEO shows what proportion of the illumination at a given point in the room is from the simultaneous illumination of a horizontal surface in an open area with diffuse skylight

What factors affect the values ​​of the coefficient of natural light at the calculated point of the room?

Uneven brightness of the sky

Influence of glazing of window openings

Amplification of illumination by reflected light

4. Normalization of the coefficient of natural light.

On what factors does the standard value of the coefficient of natural light depend?

In addition to the purpose of the premises (the nature of the visual work performed in the premises), when normalizing natural lighting, the light climate of the construction area (i.e. the prevailing conditions of outdoor illumination, the amount of sunlight, the stability of the snow cover) and the orientation of the light opening on the sides of the horizon are also taken into account. Because of this, the normalized value of KEO is determined by the formula

Principles of normalization of the coefficient of natural illumination.

5. Geometric keos

The principle of calculating the geometric KEO

Only the diffuse light of the sky is taken into account and the real conditions of consecration are not taken into account: unevenness, brightness of the sky, the effect of glazing of window openings, reflected light. Determined with the help of Mr. Danilyuk. when constructing the firmament, they represent it as a uniformly bright hemisphere with a center at the calculated point, the luminous spherical surface of the firmament is divided into 10 4 sections, the areas of projections of which onto the horizontal surface of the base are the same. One ray leads from each section of the sky to the calculated point. Illumination at a point on the horizon. around the opening plane of the firmament E n corresponds to 10 4 rays. Inside the room E in corresponds to the number of rays N, falling through the light opening.

Calculation procedure (for the city of Danilyuk):

Draw plan and section on the same scale

Determine the position of the calculated point and plane.

On the section, connect the calculated point with the edges of the light opening through which the celestial sphere is visible

According to gr.1, determine the number of rays; for this, the calculated point is combined with the pole of the graph, the calculated plane with the horizontal axis of the face. Consider the distances between solid lines as rays. Dashed lines on the graph 1 - 10th part of the beam.

Set point C, dividing the site in half.

According to gr.1, determine the number of the semicircle passing near the point C.

On the plan (2nd graph) place the vertical axis of the graph coinciding with the characteristic calculated section.

The number of the horizontal line corresponds to the number of the semicircle, match it with the outer face.

Determine the number of rays

Calculate the geometric coefficient of daylight

The Danilyuk graph is superimposed on the cross section of the building, the center of the graph is aligned with the dot. the number of rays n1 is counted, the number of the semicircle is marked, which passes through the point C - the middle of the light opening. Schedule 2 is superimposed on the plan. Its axis coincides with the horizon and passes through point C. By the number of the semicircle, we count the number of rays passing through the light opening.

Calculated by gr. Danilyuk KEO coincides with the calculated one, if the sky is uniformly bright, there is no filling in the light opening (frames, glass, etc.), the underlying layer of the earth and the surface of the room are absolutely black.

Charts Danilyuk

Each graph contains 100 rays. Rays are numbered from the graph axis in both directions. The ray is the gap between the solid lines. Dashed lines on graph 1 are 10th parts of the beam (50). Each arc (semicircle) on gr.1 corresponds to a horizontal line (horizontal line) on graph 2. The arcs and horizontals on the graphs are numbered. Designed based on the solid angle law.

Reflection coefficient is a dimensionless physical quantity that characterizes the ability of a body to reflect radiation incident on it. Greek is used as a letter $\backslash rho$ or latin $R$ .

Definitions

Quantitatively, the reflection coefficient is equal to the ratio of the radiation flux reflected by the body to the flux that fell on the body:

$\backslash rho\; =\; \backslash frac(\backslash Phi)(\backslash Phi\_0).$

The sum of the reflection coefficient and the coefficients of absorption, transmission and scattering is equal to one. This statement follows from the law of conservation of energy.

In those cases where the spectrum of the incident radiation is so narrow that it can be considered monochromatic, one speaks of monochromatic reflection coefficient. If the spectrum of radiation incident on the body is wide, then the corresponding reflection coefficient is sometimes called integral.

In the general case, the value of the reflection coefficient of a body depends both on the properties of the body itself and on the angle of incidence, spectral composition, and polarization of the radiation. Due to the dependence of the reflection coefficient of the surface of the body on the wavelength of the light incident on it, the body is visually perceived as painted in one color or another.

Specular reflection coefficient $\backslash rho\_r~(R\_r)$

It characterizes the ability of bodies to mirror the radiation incident on them. Quantitatively determined by the ratio of the specularly reflected radiation flux $\backslash Phi\_r$ to the falling stream:

$\backslash rho\_r=\backslash frac(\backslash Phi\_r)(\backslash Phi\_0).$

Specular (directional) reflection occurs when radiation is incident on a surface whose irregularities are much smaller than the radiation wavelength.

Diffuse reflectance $\backslash rho\_d~(R\_d)$

Characterizes the ability of bodies to diffusely reflect the radiation incident on them. Quantitatively determined by the ratio of the diffusely reflected radiation flux $\backslash Phi\_d$ to the falling stream:

$\backslash rho\_d=\backslash frac(\backslash Phi\_d)(\backslash Phi\_0).$

If both specular and diffuse reflections occur simultaneously, then the reflection coefficient $\backslash rho$ is the sum of the coefficients of the mirror image $\backslash rho\_r$ and diffuse $\backslash rho\_d$ reflections:

$\backslash rho=\backslash rho\_r+\backslash rho\_d.$

see also

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the reflectance (optics)

- Oh, Natasha! - she said.
- Did you see it? Did you see? What did you see? cried Natasha, holding up the mirror.
Sonya didn’t see anything, she just wanted to blink her eyes and get up when she heard Natasha’s voice saying “by all means” ... She didn’t want to deceive either Dunyasha or Natasha, and it was hard to sit. She herself did not know how and why a cry escaped her when she covered her eyes with her hand.
- Did you see him? Natasha asked, grabbing her hand.
- Yes. Wait ... I ... saw him, ”Sonya said involuntarily, still not knowing who Natasha meant by his word: him - Nikolai or him - Andrei.
“But why shouldn’t I tell you what I saw? Because others see it! And who can convict me of what I saw or did not see? flashed through Sonya's head.
“Yes, I saw him,” she said.
- How? How? Is it worth it or is it lying?
- No, I saw ... That was nothing, suddenly I see that he is lying.
- Andrey lies? He is sick? - Natasha asked with frightened fixed eyes looking at her friend.
- No, on the contrary - on the contrary, a cheerful face, and he turned to me - and at the moment she spoke, it seemed to her that she saw what she was saying.
- Well, then, Sonya? ...
- Here I did not consider something blue and red ...
– Sonya! when will he return? When I see him! My God, how I fear for him and for myself, and for everything I am afraid ... - Natasha spoke, and without answering a word to Sonya's consolations, she lay down in bed and long after the candle was put out, with her eyes open, lay motionless on bed and looked at the frosty, moonlight through the frozen windows.

Soon after Christmas, Nikolai announced to his mother his love for Sonya and his firm decision to marry her. The countess, who had long noticed what was happening between Sonya and Nikolai, and was expecting this explanation, silently listened to his words and told her son that he could marry whomever he wanted; but that neither she nor his father would give him blessings for such a marriage. For the first time, Nikolai felt that his mother was unhappy with him, that despite all her love for him, she would not give in to him. She, coldly and without looking at her son, sent for her husband; and when he arrived, the countess wanted to briefly and coldly tell him what was the matter in the presence of Nikolai, but she could not stand it: she burst into tears of annoyance and left the room. The old count began to hesitantly admonish Nicholas and ask him to abandon his intention. Nicholas replied that he could not change his word, and his father, sighing and obviously embarrassed, very soon interrupted his speech and went to the countess. In all clashes with his son, the count did not leave the consciousness of his guilt before him for the disorder of affairs, and therefore he could not be angry with his son for refusing to marry a rich bride and for choosing Sonya without a dowry - he only on this occasion more vividly recalled that, if things had not been upset, it would be impossible for Nicholas to wish for a better wife than Sonya; and that only he, with his Mitenka and his irresistible habits, is to blame for the disorder of affairs.

GOST R 56709-2015

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

Methods for measuring the coefficients of light reflection by the surfaces of rooms and facades

Buildings and structures. Methods for measuring reflectance of rooms and fronts surfaces

Introduction date 2016-05-01

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences" ("NIISF RAASN") with the participation of the Limited Liability Company "CERERA-EXPERT" (LLC "CERERA-EXPERT")

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 465 "Construction"

3 APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated November 13, 2015 N 1793-st

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME


The rules for the application of this standard are set out in GOST R 1.0-2012 (section 8). Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual (as of January 1 of the current year) information index "National Standards", and the official text of changes and amendments - in the monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the next issue of the monthly information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet (www.gost.ru)

1 area of ​​use

1 area of ​​use

This standard establishes methods for measuring the integral, diffuse and specular light reflectance of materials used for interior decoration and facades of buildings and structures.

Light reflection coefficients are used in calculations of the reflected component in the design of natural and artificial lighting of buildings and structures (SP 52.13330.2011 and).

2 Normative references

References are made in this standard to the following standards:

GOST 8.023-2014 State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. State verification scheme for measuring instruments of light quantities of continuous and pulsed radiation

GOST 8.332-2013 State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Light measurements. Values ​​of the relative spectral luminous efficiency of monochromatic radiation for daytime vision. General provisions

GOST 26824-2010 Buildings and structures. Methods for measuring brightness

SP 52.13330.2011 SNiP 23-05-95* "Natural and artificial lighting"

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and on issues of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If an undated referenced reference standard has been replaced, it is recommended that the current version of that standard be used, taking into account any changes made to that version. If the reference standard to which the dated reference is given is replaced, then it is recommended to use the version of this standard with the year of approval (acceptance) indicated above. If, after the adoption of this standard, a change is made to the referenced standard to which a dated reference is given, affecting the provision to which the reference is given, then this provision is recommended to be applied without taking into account this change. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the reference to it is given is recommended to be applied in the part that does not affect this reference.

When using this standard, it is advisable to check the operation of the reference set of rules in the Federal Information Fund of Technical Regulations and Standards.

3 Terms and definitions

This standard uses the terms according to GOST 26824, as well as the following terms with appropriate definitions, taking into account existing international practice *:
________________
* See section Bibliography. - Database manufacturer's note.

3.1 light reflection: The process by which visible radiation returns to surfaces or media without changing the frequency of its monochromatic components.

3.2 integral light reflection coefficient , %: The ratio of the reflected luminous flux to the incident luminous flux, calculated by the formula

where is the total luminous flux reflected from the sample surface;

is the light flux incident on the surface of the sample;

S- relative spectral power distribution of the incident radiation of a standard light source;

is the total spectral reflection coefficient of the sample surface;

V- relative spectral luminous efficiency of monochromatic radiation V with a wavelength.

3.3 diffuse light reflectance , %: Fraction of diffuse reflection of the light flux from the surface of the sample, calculated by the formula

where is the diffuse reflection of the light flux.

3.4 coefficient of directional (specular) reflection of light , %: Reflection according to the laws of specular reflection without diffusion, expressed as the ratio of the regular reflection of a part of the reflected light flux to the incident flux, calculated by the formula

where is the specular reflected light flux.

4 Requirements for measuring instruments

4.1 To measure the luminous flux, radiation converters should be used that have a limit of permissible relative error of not more than 10%, taking into account the spectral correction error, defined as the deviation of the relative spectral sensitivity of the measuring radiation converter from the relative spectral luminous efficiency of monochromatic radiation for daytime vision V according to GOST 8.332, absolute sensitivity calibration errors and errors caused by the non-linearity of the light characteristic.

4.2 As a light source for measurements, use a source of type A.

The lamp supply voltage must be stabilized within 1/1000.

4.3 The photometer, the design of which must comply with the measurement schemes given in sections 6-8, must meet the following requirements:

4.3.1 The optical system must ensure the parallelism of the light beam, the angle of divergence (convergence) is not more than 1°.

4.3.2 After the passage of the light flux after reflection from the material sample, the rays of light should fall on the photodetector with a deviation from the given direction by no more than 2 °.

4.3.3 When determining the coefficient of directional reflection of light, the angle of incidence of the light beam is equal to the angle of reflection with an absolute error of ±1°.

4.3.4 The angle of incidence of the light beam on the light-sensitive surface of the photodetector must be constant at all stages of measurements, unless an integrating sphere (Taylor ball) is used.

4.3.5 When testing samples, it is allowed to use other instruments that provide measurement results of light reflection on certified reference samples with a given error.

If a monochromator or spectrophotometer is used as a measuring instrument, the determination of the reflection coefficient is carried out according to formulas (1), (2) or (3).

5 Sample requirements

5.1 Tests are carried out on samples of the materials used. The dimensions of the samples are set in accordance with the operating instructions for the measuring instrument used.

5.2 The surface of the specimens must be flat.

5.3 The selection procedure and the number of samples are established in the regulatory documents for products of a particular type.

6 Measuring the integrated light reflectance

The measurement of the integral light reflection coefficient is carried out using an integrating sphere, which is a hollow ball with a coating of the inner surface, which has a large diffuse reflection coefficient. The sphere has holes.

A schematic diagram of the measurement of the integral and diffuse light reflectance, corresponding to *, is shown in Figure 1.
________________
* See section Bibliography, here and below. - Database manufacturer's note.

1 - sample; 2 - standard calibration port; 3 - incoming light port; 4 - photometer; 5 - screen; d- diameter of the hole for placing the measured sample (0.1 D); d- diameter of the calibration hole ( d= d); d- hole diameter for the incoming light flux (0.1 D); d- diameter of the hole for the exit of the specularly reflected beam ( d= 0,02D); D- inner diameter of the sphere; - angle of incidence of the incoming beam (10°)

Figure 1 - Schematic diagram of the measurement of the integral and diffuse light reflectance

When measuring the integral reflection coefficient, the hole for the exit of the specularly reflected beam with a diameter d missing or covered by a plug.

7 Diffuse light reflectance measurement

The measurement of the diffuse reflectance of light is carried out according to the scheme shown in Figure 1.

In this case, the sphere must have a hole for the output of a specularly reflected beam with a diameter d.

Standard outlet aperture size should be 0.02 D.

8 Measurement of directional (specular) light reflectance

The directional (specular) light reflectance of a surface is measured by illuminating the surface with a parallel or collimated beam of light incident on the illuminated surface at an angle . Schematic diagram of the measurement of the specular reflection coefficient, corresponding to , is shown in Figure 2.

9 Measurement methods

9.1 Absolute method

9.1.1 The essence of the method is to determine the ratio of the value of the current strength of the photodetector when a light flux reflected from the test sample hits it, to the value of the current strength when the light flux directly hits the photodetector.

9.1.2 Test procedure

9.1.2.1 The light beam from the light source is directed to the photodetector.

1 - collimating lens; 2 - a collector lens, the aperture of which is located at an angle; 3 - Light source; 4 - aperture of the photodetector collector; 5 - surface of the measured sample; 6 - photodetector; - angle of incidence of the luminous flux; - aperture angle

Figure 2 - Schematic diagram of the measurement of the specular reflection coefficient

9.1.2.2 Measure the photodetector current i.

9.1.2.3 Set the measurement plane.

9.1.2.4 The equipment is placed in accordance with the optical scheme shown in Figure 1 or 2, depending on the measured indicator.

9.1.2.5 Place the test specimen in the measurement plane.

9.1.2.6 Measure the photodetector current i.

9.1.3 Handling results.

9.1.3.1 The light reflectance is determined by the formula

where is the current strength of the photodetector with the test sample, A.

- current strength of the photodetector without a sample, A.

9.1.3.2 The relative measurement error is determined by the formula

- absolute error in measuring the current strength of the photodetector (absolute error of the photometer) without a sample.

9.2 Relative method

9.2.1 The essence of the method is to determine the ratio of the current strength of the photodetector when it hits the light flux reflected from the test sample, to the current strength of the photodetector when it hits the light flux reflected from the sample, which has a certified value of the light reflection coefficient, taking into account this coefficient .

9.2.2 Test procedure

9.2.2.1 Set the measurement plane.

9.2.2.2 The equipment is placed in accordance with the optical scheme shown in Figure 1 or 2, depending on the measured indicator.

9.2.2.3 A sample with a certified light reflectance (reference sample) is placed in the measurement plane.

9.2.2.4 Measure the photodetector current i.

9.2.2.5 Place the specimen under test in the measurement plane.

9.2.2.6 Measure the photodetector current i.

9.2.3 Handling results

9.2.3.1 The light reflectance is determined by the formula

where is the certified light reflectance of the reference sample;

- current strength of the photodetector with the test sample, A;

- current strength of the photodetector with a reference sample, A.

9.2.3.2 The relative measurement error is determined by the formula

where is the absolute error in determining the light reflection coefficient;

- absolute error in measuring the current strength of the photodetector (absolute error of the photometer) with the sample under study;

- absolute error in measuring the current strength of the photodetector (absolute error of the photometer) with a reference sample;

- absolute error of the certified light reflection coefficient of the reference sample.

NOTE For the relative measurement error (9.1.3.2 and 9.2.3.2) it is allowed to take the specified error of the photometer.

Bibliography

		Code of rules for design and construction "Natural lighting of residential and public buildings".
	EN 12665:2011*	Light and illumination. EN 12665:2011 Light and lighting - Basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting requirements
________________ * Access to international and foreign documents mentioned in the text can be obtained by contacting the User Support Service. - Database manufacturer's note.
		Properties of reflective surfaces of luminaires. Methods of determination (EN 16268:2013 Performance of reflecting surfaces for luminaries)

UDC 721:535.241.46:006.354	OKS 91.040
Keywords: reflection coefficient, illumination, natural light, artificial light

Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
M.: Standartinform, 2016

From heterogeneity in the propagation medium. Examples of inhomogeneity can be a load in a transmission line or an interface between two homogeneous media with different values ​​of electrophysical parameters.

- the ratio of the complex voltage amplitude of the reflected wave to the complex voltage amplitude of the incident wave in a given section of the transmission line .

Current reflection coefficient- the ratio of the complex amplitude of the reflected wave current to the complex amplitude of the incident wave current in a given section of the transmission line .

Radio wave reflection coefficient- the ratio of the specified component of the electric field strength in the reflected radio wave to the same component in the incident radio wave.

Voltage reflection coefficient

Voltage reflection coefficient(in the method of complex amplitudes) - a complex value equal to the ratio of the complex amplitudes of the reflected and incident waves:

K U = U neg / U pad = |K U |e jφ where |K U |- reflection coefficient modulus, φ - the phase of the reflection coefficient, which determines the delay of the reflected wave relative to the incident.

The voltage reflection coefficient in the transmission line is uniquely related to its wave impedance ρ and load impedance Z:

K U = (Zload - ρ) / (Zload + ρ).

Power reflection coefficient- a value equal to the ratio of the power (power flux, power flux density) carried by the reflected wave to the power carried by the incident wave:

K P = P neg / P pad = |K U | 2

Other quantities characterizing the reflection in the transmission line

• standing wave ratio - K St = (1 + |K U |) / (1 - |K U |)
• Traveling wave ratio - K bv \u003d (1 - |K U |) / (1 + |K U |)

Metrological aspects

measurements

• To measure the reflection coefficient, measuring lines are used, impedance meters, panoramic SWR meters (they measure only the module, without phase), as well as vector network analyzers (they can measure both module and phase).
• Reflection measures are various measuring loads - active, reactive with a variable phase, etc.

Standards

• State standard of the unit of wave resistance in coaxial waveguides GET 75-2011 (unavailable link)- located in SNIIM (Novosibirsk)
• Installation of the highest accuracy for reproducing the unit of the complex reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves in rectangular waveguide paths in the frequency range of 2.59 ... 37.5 GHz UVT 33-V-91 - located in SNIIM (Novosibirsk)
• The highest accuracy setting for reproducing the unit of the complex reflection coefficient (voltage and phase standing wave ratio) of electromagnetic waves in rectangular waveguide paths in the frequency range of 2.14 ... 37.5 GHz UVT 33-A-89 - is located in

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Dictionary. Screening. Filtration. Separation of particles through grids and sieves. Approximate strength of ropes, cables, cords, ropes made of various plastics. Rubber products. Joints and attachments. Diameters conditional, nominal, Du, DN, NPS and NB. Metric and inch diameters. SDR. Keys and keyways. Communication standards. Signals in automation systems (I&C) Analog input and output signals of instruments, sensors, flow meters and automation devices. connection interfaces. Communication protocols (communications) Telephony. Pipeline accessories. Cranes, valves, gate valves…. Building lengths. Flanges and threads. Standards. Connecting dimensions. threads. Designations, sizes, use, types… (reference link) Connections ("hygienic", "aseptic") of pipelines in the food, dairy and pharmaceutical industries. Pipes, pipelines. Pipe diameters and other characteristics. Choice of pipeline diameter. Flow rates. Expenses. Strength. Selection tables, Pressure drop. Copper pipes. Pipe diameters and other characteristics. Polyvinyl chloride pipes (PVC). Pipe diameters and other characteristics. Pipes are polyethylene. Pipe diameters and other characteristics. Pipes polyethylene PND. Pipe diameters and other characteristics. Steel pipes (including stainless steel). Pipe diameters and other characteristics. The pipe is steel. The pipe is stainless. Stainless steel pipes. Pipe diameters and other characteristics. The pipe is stainless. Carbon steel pipes. Pipe diameters and other characteristics. The pipe is steel. Fitting. Flanges according to GOST, DIN (EN 1092-1) and ANSI (ASME). Flange connection. Flange connections. Flange connection. Elements of pipelines. Electric lamps Electrical connectors and wires (cables) Electric motors. Electric motors. Electrical switching devices. (Link to section) Standards for the personal life of engineers Geography for engineers. Distances, routes, maps….. Engineers in everyday life. Family, children, recreation, clothing and housing. Children of engineers. Engineers in offices. Engineers and other people. Socialization of engineers. Curiosities. Resting engineers. This shocked us. Engineers and food. Recipes, utility. Tricks for restaurants. International trade for engineers. We learn to think in a huckster way. Transport and travel. Private cars, bicycles…. Physics and chemistry of man. Economics for engineers. Bormotologiya financiers - human language. Technological concepts and drawings Paper writing, drawing, office and envelopes. Standard photo sizes. Ventilation and air conditioning. Water supply and sewerage Hot water supply (DHW). Drinking water supply Waste water. Cold water supply Galvanic industry Refrigeration Steam lines / systems. Condensate lines / systems. Steam lines. Condensate pipelines. Food industry Supply of natural gas Welding metals Symbols and designations of equipment on drawings and diagrams. Symbolic graphic representations in projects of heating, ventilation, air conditioning and heat and cold supply, according to ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 134-2005. Sterilization of equipment and materials Heat supply Electronic industry Power supply Physical reference Alphabets. Accepted designations. Basic physical constants. Humidity is absolute, relative and specific. Air humidity. Psychrometric tables. Ramzin diagrams. Time Viscosity, Reynolds number (Re). Viscosity units. Gases. Properties of gases. Individual gas constants. Pressure and Vacuum Vacuum Length, distance, linear dimension Sound. Ultrasound. Sound absorption coefficients (link to another section) Climate. climate data. natural data. SNiP 23-01-99. Building climatology. (Statistics of climatic data) SNIP 23-01-99. Table 3 - Average monthly and annual air temperature, ° С. Former USSR. SNIP 23-01-99 Table 1. Climatic parameters of the cold period of the year. RF. SNIP 23-01-99 Table 2. Climatic parameters of the warm season. Former USSR. SNIP 23-01-99 Table 2. Climatic parameters of the warm season. RF. SNIP 23-01-99 Table 3. Average monthly and annual air temperature, °С. RF. SNiP 23-01-99. Table 5a* - Average monthly and annual partial pressure of water vapor, hPa = 10^2 Pa. RF. SNiP 23-01-99. Table 1. Climatic parameters of the cold season. Former USSR. Density. Weight. Specific gravity. Bulk density. Surface tension. Solubility. Solubility of gases and solids. Light and color. Reflection, absorption and refraction coefficients Color alphabet:) - Designations (codings) of color (colors). Properties of cryogenic materials and media. Tables. Friction coefficients for various materials. Thermal quantities, including temperatures of boiling, melting, flame, etc…… for more information, see: Adiabatic coefficients (indicators). Convection and full heat exchange. Coefficients of thermal linear expansion, thermal volumetric expansion. Temperatures, boiling, melting, other… Conversion of temperature units. Flammability. softening temperature. Boiling points Melting points Thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity coefficients. Thermodynamics. Specific heat of vaporization (condensation). Enthalpy of vaporization. Specific heat of combustion (calorific value). The need for oxygen. Electric and magnetic quantities Electric dipole moments. The dielectric constant. Electrical constant. Lengths of electromagnetic waves (a reference book of another section) Magnetic field strengths Concepts and formulas for electricity and magnetism. Electrostatics. Piezoelectric modules. Electrical strength of materials Electrical current Electrical resistance and conductivity. Electronic potentials Chemical reference book "Chemical alphabet (dictionary)" - names, abbreviations, prefixes, designations of substances and compounds. Aqueous solutions and mixtures for metal processing. Aqueous solutions for the application and removal of metal coatings Aqueous solutions for cleaning from carbon deposits (tar deposits, carbon deposits from internal combustion engines ...) Aqueous solutions for passivation. Aqueous solutions for etching - removing oxides from the surface Aqueous solutions for phosphating Aqueous solutions and mixtures for chemical oxidation and coloring of metals. Aqueous solutions and mixtures for chemical polishing Degreasing aqueous solutions and organic solvents pH. pH tables. Burning and explosions. Oxidation and reduction. Classes, categories, designations of danger (toxicity) of chemical substances Periodic system of chemical elements of DI Mendeleev. Periodic table. Density of organic solvents (g/cm3) depending on temperature. 0-100 °С. Properties of solutions. Dissociation constants, acidity, basicity. Solubility. Mixes. Thermal constants of substances. Enthalpy. entropy. Gibbs energy… (link to the chemical reference book of the project) Electrical engineering Regulators Uninterrupted power supply systems. Dispatch and control systems Structured cabling systems Data centers