MKOU "Lyceum №2"
TOPIC: "Earth-Planet of Sounds! »
Completed:
9th grade students
Kalashnikova Olga
Goryainova Kristina
Supervisor:
Shalaeva V.V.
Mikhailovsk, 2014
What effect does the noise of big cities have on human health?
Fundamental question
: What is sound?
Target
: Find out the harmful effects of noise on human health.
Tasks
:
1. Collect information on the impact of noise on human health.
2. Consider information, analyze, draw conclusions.
3. Draw up the results of the work with a computer presentation
Hypothesis: Harmful effects of noise on human health.
Noise is random vibrations of sounds of varying intensity and frequency. In everyday life, noise is usually called an unwanted sound that interferes with a person.
1. NOISE FROM THE FAN.
The fan is the main source of noise in ventilation systems. Its noise is made up of aerodynamic and mechanical components.
The aerodynamic noise of a fan is caused by pressure and air flow velocity fluctuations in the flow path of the fan and in adjacent air ducts. The fundamental (critical) frequency of this noise (fs) depends on the speed of the impeller:
where n is the number of fan revolutions, rpm; s is the number of fan blades.
Mechanical noise comes from the operation of the electric motor, bearings, etc. This noise has a wide spectrum, which has both frequencies that are multiples of the fan speed, and frequencies of shock excitation of mechanical vibrations of structural parts.
2. AERODYNAMIC NOISE IN THE AIR DUCTS.
Aerodynamic noise in air ducts is primarily formed when the air flow passes sharp edges, dampers, narrow sections, guide vanes in rectangular bends, etc. Any sharp edge or obstruction in the airflow path creates turbulence and noise.
3. STRUCTURAL NOISE.
Structural noise is called when it is emitted by the building structures of a building, rigidly connected to some vibrating mechanism, for example, a fan housing. To reduce it, it is necessary to use rubber or spring vibration isolating shock absorbers under the supports of vibrating units, flexible inserts in air ducts, etc.
Noise regulation
To assess the noise levels in the premises, the entire frequency range was divided into separate bands - octaves. The geometric mean frequencies of the octave bands on which the noise is normalized are strictly standardized: 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz. Noise is considered acceptable if the sound pressure levels (L) measured using a sound level meter or theoretically determined in all octave bands of the normalized frequency range (31.5 - 8000 Hz) do not exceed the normative
values.
Another method of noise normalization is also used, based on the integral assessment of the entire frequency range “in one number” when measuring noise using the “A” characteristic of the sound level meter. In this case, the noise spectrum reduces the components at low and medium frequencies (up to 1000 Hz), which approximately corresponds to the nature of human perception of noise at different frequencies. The determined level is called the sound level (LA) and is characterized by one number in dBA.
Noise regulation is carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 23-03-2003 "Noise Protection". The maximum permissible noise levels for living rooms of apartments, hotel rooms, office premises and cafes depend not only on the time of day, but also on the comfort category of the building: A - highly comfortable conditions, B - comfortable conditions, C - maximum permissible conditions. In addition, the maximum permissible noise levels from the equipment of ventilation and air conditioning systems should be taken 5 dB (or 5 dBA) lower than those specified in SNiP. The maximum permissible sound pressure levels in octave frequency bands and sound levels in dBA from the operation of ventilation and air conditioning systems are presented in Table 1 according to SNiP 23-03-2003, taking into account the correction of -5 dB (dBA).
4. Noise in the ears
The word "tinnitus" (tinnitus) comes from the Latin tinnire, which means "to ring". The phenomenon is described as a sound sensation that occurs in the head and is not associated with any external source.
About one-third of Americans (32%) have experienced tinnitus at some time. These data are confirmed by similar studies in Europe. Even 13% of school-age children with normal hearing experience, at least occasionally, tinnitus. Approximately 18 million Americans seek medical attention for tinnitus, 9 million complain of serious manifestations of the disease, and 2 million are disabled due to agonizing sounds that haunt them.
Traditionally, the classification of tinnitus, which is also used in modern medical literature, is based on the concepts of objective and subjective noise. Objective tinnitus is characteristic of those rare diseases in which there is noise that is audible to an outside observer. Subjective tinnitus occurs in all patients who experience a sound that cannot be assessed from the outside. The classification, closer to practice and popular among otorhinolaryngologists, classifies tinnitus according to its etiology: vascular, external and middle ear, muscular, peripheral and central neurosensory.
5. Digital noise- deviations of color, brightness characteristics of pixels from the values perceived by the CCD matrix. Those. random multi-colored pixels in the photo are written onto the matrix in an incorrect way.
In terms of visual character, digital noise can be compared with graininess in the analog method of photography, especially since it behaves in the same way: the higher the sensitivity of the element (whether it be a matrix or film), the more noise. Visually, it is perceived as graininess, spots, vagueness of boundaries.
Noise is most often based on the technical features of the design of the camera and the shortcomings of digital photography technology. In most cases, multi-colored pixels appear due to the fact that some of them are written to the file differently than they should be perceived by the matrix. The noise level directly depends on the sensitivity. With increasing sensitivity, the voltage on the sensor also increases, and along with the increase in voltage, the number of incorrectly recorded pixels also increases. This is because the sensor is getting hot. The greater the temperature of the sensor from the increase in voltage, the more noise.
From an article by Sergei Lopatin.
Another definition of digital noise:
Noise (Digital noise) is an uneven (non-linear) image structure consisting of small elements that have differences in brightness or color tone. Digital noise initially occurs when reading data from the camera sensor due to the uneven charge of photosensitive elements. The appearance of digital noise is directly affected by factors such as sensor characteristics, sensor temperature, exposure time, and indirectly by the image processing algorithm obtained from the sensor. Noise can be either Luminance noise or Cromatic noise. Usually photos with excessive noise look unnatural and are of low quality. Often digital noise is confused with grain. The concept of Grain applies only to photographic film.
How to deal with the appearance of noise, as well as their elimination
First of all, you need to try to prevent the appearance of noise. To do this, you need to shoot at a low ISO value (with a low light sensitivity of the matrix). The larger the value, the more likely noise is to occur. In low light, you should not increase the ISO sensitivity, but use a tripod, leaving the ISO value as low as possible.
If noise is already present in the picture, they can be removed using specialized programs or filters.
What is noise?
Calm atmosphere in the house - a guarantee of comfort and good rest for the whole family. Noise has a negative effect on the human body. Fatigue increases, sleep worsens, sharpness of perception and working capacity decrease. That is why it is so important to protect the house from noise - both from the street (external noise) and from the neighboring room (internal noise).
What is noise?
Noise is various sounds that interfere with our daily life: the movement of the elevator in the house, restless neighbors, car alarms, barking dogs, slamming doors, loud music. The strength of each sound can be measured in decibels (dB).
The higher the decibels, the stronger the sound affects the human body!
It is necessary to plan the isolation of the room from noise at the design stage of the house. Unfortunately, most of us begin to think about the problem of sound insulation after building a house or carrying out repairs. But then it becomes technically more difficult and expensive to reliably protect the room from noise.
Noise Control Methods
1. Remove the source of noise
Make it easy
But it's not always possible
2. Increase wall thickness
Use massive walls that prevent the passage of noise (for example, reinforced concrete)
uneconomical
Large consumption of materials and money.
High construction and transportation costs.
3. Isolate with sound-absorbing materials
Use light frame partitions: a frame lined on both sides with drywall and filled with glass wool insulation.
Profitable
A lightweight partition provides the same noise protection as a blank concrete wall weighing 10 times more.
Noise volume
Human sensitivity to sounds of different frequencies is not the same. It is maximum at frequencies around 4 kHz, is stable in the range from 200 to 2000 Hz, and decreases below 200 Hz (low-frequency sounds).
The loudness of the noise depends on the strength of the sound and its frequency. The loudness of the sound is estimated by comparing it with the loudness of a simple sound signal with a frequency of 1000 Hz. The intensity level of a 1000 Hz sound that is as loud as the measured noise is called the loudness level of that noise. The diagram below shows the intensity of sound as a function of frequency at a constant volume.
At a low volume level, a person is less sensitive to sounds of very low and high frequencies. With high sound pressure, the sensation of sound develops into a pain sensation. At a frequency of 1 kHz, the pain threshold corresponds to a pressure of 20 Pa and a sound intensity of 10 W/sq.m.
Impact of noise on human health
Modern noise discomfort causes painful reactions in living organisms. The noise from a flying jet plane, for example, has a depressing effect on a bee, it loses the ability to navigate. The same noise kills the larvae of bees, breaks the openly lying eggs of birds in the nest. Transport or industrial noise has a depressing effect on a person - it tires, irritates, and makes it difficult to concentrate. As soon as such noise ceases, a person experiences a feeling of relief and peace.
The noise level of 20-30 decibels (dB) is practically harmless to humans. This is a natural noise background, without which human life is impossible. For “loud sounds”, the permissible limit is approximately 80 decibels. A sound of 130 decibels already causes a painful sensation in a person, and at 150 it becomes unbearable for him. A sound of 180 decibels causes metal fatigue, and at 190 rivets break out of structures. Not without reason in the Middle Ages there was an execution “under the bell”. The ringing of the bell was slowly killing the man. Any noise of sufficient intensity and duration can lead to varying degrees of hearing loss. In addition to the frequency and loudness of the noise, the development of hearing loss is affected by age, auditory sensitivity, duration, nature of the noise, and a number of other reasons. The disease develops gradually, so it is especially important to take appropriate noise protection measures in advance. Under the influence of strong noise, especially high-frequency, irreversible changes occur in the organ of hearing. At high noise levels, a decrease in hearing sensitivity occurs after 1-2 years of operation, at medium levels it is detected much later, after 5-10 years.
Noise interferes with normal rest and recuperation, disrupts sleep. Systematic lack of sleep and insomnia lead to severe nervous disorders. Therefore, the protection of sleep - this “balm of the soul” - from all kinds of irritants should be given great attention.
Noise has a harmful effect on the visual and vestibular analyzers, reduces the stability of clear vision and reflex activity. Noise contributes to an increase in the number of all kinds of diseases also because it has a depressing effect on the psyche, contributes to a significant expenditure of nervous energy, and causes spiritual discontent and protest.
Studies have shown that inaudible sounds are also dangerous. Ultrasound, which occupies a prominent place in the range of industrial noise, adversely affects the body, although the ear does not perceive it. Airplane passengers often feel a state of malaise and anxiety, one of the causes of which is infrasound. Infrasounds cause seasickness in some people. Even weak infrasounds can have a significant impact on a person if they are long-term. Some of the nervous diseases common to the inhabitants of industrial cities are caused precisely by infrasounds penetrating through the thickest walls.
Noise is a complex of sounds that causes an unpleasant sensation or painful reactions. Noise is one of the forms of the physical environment of life. Noise interferes with normal rest, causes diseases of the hearing organs, contributes to an increase in the number of other diseases, and has a depressing effect on the human psyche.
From constant noise a person "burns out"
“Noise is one of those factors that you can’t get used to,” says Associate Professor of the Department of Practical Psychology of Zaporizhzhya national university Angelica Poplavskaya. “It only seems to a person that he is used to noise, but acoustic pollution, acting constantly, destroys human health. Noise, as a harmful production factor, is responsible for many occupational diseases. And first of all, it is the nervous system that suffers, which already entails other health problems. Noises have a negative effect on mental abilities, reduce memory, scatter attention, and lead to insomnia.
The most common consequence of the negative impact of noise on human health is the weakening and loss of hearing. Particularly at risk are those of us who, on duty, constantly stay in noisy places: workers in workshops, large offices and factories, the psychologist states.
“There is a rather big problem with the harmful effects of noise at industrial facilities in the city, but we, psychologists, are not allowed into the territory of factories,” says Anzhelika Poplavskaya.
According to the expert, noise effects and vibrations are becoming the main factor in fatigue.
The body of a person simply cannot rest due to the fact that most of the time it is affected by noise. In psychology, there is a name for this process - "professional burnout syndrome". In this state of affairs, a person practically does not experience positive emotions, he cannot normally perform his functions. All this leads to the fact that the body is no longer able to recover on its own, even if it is given the opportunity to rest normally. At the same time, it is quite difficult to establish the effect of noise on the human body, since negative changes in the state of health of a person under the influence of acoustic pollution begin to appear only after a few years. At this stage, only a psychologist can help him, otherwise everything can end in a nervous breakdown, says Anzhelika Poplavskaya.
And here another problem arises - how to help such people? There is still no single center for providing psychological assistance in Zaporozhye. The existing hotlines do not solve the issue.
According to Anzhelika Poplavskaya, 5 years ago someone tried to bring this project to life, but nothing happened. But it's not so difficult. So to speak, the first elementary psychological help graduates of our universities can also provide. At the same time, the prices for services will be low, people will have the opportunity to learn about their problems, and the guys will get normal practice. A lot of people are already turning to our department for help today. So there is someone to help.
Urban noise can be attributed to the causes of hypertension, coronary heart disease. Constant exposure to noise (more than 80 dB) leads to gastritis and stomach ulcers. The negative impact of noise affects not only the cardiovascular system, but also intestinal motility, various metabolic processes and, most importantly, immunity (in particular, the production of antibodies to fight various infections). It is especially dangerous that noise, by lowering the sensitivity threshold of nerve cells in the daytime, leads to sleep disturbance, and at night it causes irreparable damage to human health.
The impact of noise on the human body
In conditions of strong urban noise, there is a constant voltage of the auditory analyzer. This causes an increase in the threshold of hearing (10 dB for most people with normal hearing) by 10-25 dB. Noise makes it difficult to understand speech, especially at levels above 70 dB.
The damage that strong noise causes to hearing depends on the spectrum of sound vibrations and the nature of their change. The risk of possible hearing loss due to noise is highly dependent on the individual. Some people lose their hearing even after a short exposure to noise of relatively moderate intensity, others can work in high noise for almost a lifetime without any noticeable hearing loss. Constant exposure to loud noise can not only adversely affect hearing, but also cause other harmful effects - ringing in the ears, dizziness, headache, increased fatigue.
Noise in big cities shortens human life expectancy. According to Austrian researchers, this reduction ranges from 8-12 years. Excessive noise can cause nervous exhaustion, mental depression, autonomic neurosis, peptic ulcer, disorders of the endocrine and cardiovascular systems. Noise interferes with people's work and rest, reduces productivity.
Persons of older ages are most sensitive to the action of noise. Thus, 46% of people under the age of 27 respond to noise, at the age of 28-37 years - 57%, at the age of 38-57 years - 62%, and at the age of 58 years and older - 72%. A large number of complaints about noise in the elderly is obviously associated with age characteristics and the state of the central nervous system of this population group.
There is a relationship between the number of complaints and the nature of the work performed. The survey data show that the disturbing effect of noise affects people engaged in mental work more than people doing physical work (respectively 60% and 55%). More frequent complaints of mental workers, apparently associated with greater fatigue of the nervous system.
Mass physiological and hygienic examinations of the population exposed to traffic noise in living conditions and labor activity revealed some changes in the health status of people. At the same time, changes in the functional state of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, auditory sensitivity depended on the level of the acting sound energy, on the sex and age of the examined. The most pronounced changes were found in persons experiencing noise exposure in both working and domestic conditions, compared with persons living and working in the absence of noise.
High levels of noise in the urban environment, which is one of the aggressive stimuli of the central nervous system, can cause its overstrain. City noise has an adverse effect on the cardiovascular system. Coronary heart disease, hypertension, high blood cholesterol are more common in people living in noisy areas.
Noise greatly disturbs sleep. Intermittent, sudden noises, especially in the evening and at night, have an extremely unfavorable effect on a person who has just fallen asleep. A sudden noise during sleep (for example, the rumble of a truck) often causes a strong fright, especially in sick people and in children. Noise reduces the duration and depth of sleep. Under the influence of noise at a level of 50 dB, the period of falling asleep increases by an hour or more, sleep becomes superficial, after waking up people feel tired, headache, and often palpitations.
The lack of normal rest after a hard day leads to the fact that the fatigue that naturally develops in the process of work does not disappear, but gradually turns into chronic overwork, which contributes to the development of a number of diseases, such as a disorder of the central nervous system, hypertension.
Measures to protect against car noise
Reducing urban noise can be achieved primarily by reducing vehicle noise.
Urban planning measures to protect the population from noise include: increasing the distance between the noise source and the protected object; the use of acoustically opaque screens (slopes, walls and buildings-screens), special noise-protective landscaping strips; the use of various methods of planning, rational placement of microdistricts. In addition, urban planning measures are the rational development of main streets, the maximum greening of the territory of microdistricts and dividing strips, the use of the terrain, etc.
A significant protective effect is achieved if residential buildings are located at a distance of at least 25-30 m from highways and the gap zones are landscaped. With a closed type of development, only intra-quarter spaces are protected, and the external facades of houses fall into unfavorable conditions, so such development of highways is undesirable. The most expedient is free development, protected from the side of the street by green spaces and shielding buildings for temporary residence of people (shops, canteens, restaurants, ateliers, etc.). The location of the main in the recess also reduces noise in the surrounding area.
The impact of motor transport on the environment on the example of the city of Volgograd and Petrozavodsk
One of the most acute problems associated with environmental pollution in large cities of Russia is road transport.
The impact of transport on the environmental problems of the city is caused not only by air pollution by exhaust gases, but also by pollution of the water basin (runoff from car washes, parking lots, garages, gas stations, etc.) and soil (waste contaminated with oil products, soot particles of tires from abrasion on the roads and etc.).
The problems of reducing the negative impact of vehicles on the environment can only be solved with the large-scale construction of underground-ground transport interchanges in the most stressed places, better traffic management, with the optimal placement of garages and parking lots for storing vehicles, gas stations, and car washes in the city.
The most urgent problem of environmental pollution by motor vehicles is emissions into the atmospheric air. Behind last years there is a trend towards an increase in the share of emissions into the atmosphere in the total gross emissions of pollutants. In 2000, in the city of Volgograd, emissions from vehicles amounted to more than 50% of the total gross emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air.
This process is due to a sharp increase in the number of vehicles in the city, mainly due to the cars of individual owners.
With the growth of the car park in the city, it became necessary to develop the infrastructure for servicing vehicles (gas stations, stations and car maintenance and repair points, car washes, garages, parking lots, etc.).
In 2000 alone, specialists from the city environmental service took part in state acceptance commissions for 18 newly built or reconstructed stationary filling stations.
Diagram of changes in the number of filling stations
Diagram of changes in the number of PTOs for cars and car washes
One of the indispensable conditions for reducing the harmful effects of transport on the environment is to maintain it in a technically sound condition. For these purposes, more than 400 stations and car maintenance points and more than 20 car washes are currently operating in Volgograd.
Over the decade, the number of car service points has increased by more than 30 times, and car washes - by almost 5 times
These facilities also have a negative impact on the environment. Thus, in private auto repair shops there are no containers for collecting waste contaminated with oil products (filters, rubber products, oily rags, etc.), the issue of disposal has not been resolved
waste motor oils and other technical fluids, resulting in unorganized landfills in the city.
Most car washes operate without circulating water supply systems, so a significant part of liquid waste contaminated with oil products is taken to the landfill.
Currently, there are over 150 garage societies in the city with the number of boxes for storing cars of individual owners from 100 to 2000. Many garage cooperatives, which are usually located far from residential areas, have an unsightly appearance, undeveloped territory.
Some were built without a project, do not have a positive conclusion from the state environmental review, the objects were not accepted for operation by the state acceptance commission. Garage cooperative No. 18 was built and operated with violations of the conditions of environmental impact assessment, namely: landscaping and landscaping of the territory was not carried out, the number of boxes exceeds that specified in the project.
So, in garage companies No. 38, boxes for storing cars are built of the same type, located in the right of way of the railway; the territory of the cooperatives has been landscaped and landscaped, equipped with containers for collecting waste generated.
Despite the fact that almost every individual car has a place in garage cooperatives, the city is actively building parking lots.
This is due to the fact that parking lots are located near residential areas. Car owners use transport year-round, so there is a problem of daily storage of cars near their places of residence.
Various types of sites and wastelands are adapted for parking lots. However, the construction and operation of car parks is often accompanied by a violation of environmental requirements. Thus, the territory of some parking lots does not have a hard surface, there are no storm sewer systems, and the adjacent territory is not landscaped.
The ecological situation in the city of Petrozavodsk is deteriorating year after year. Most of the emissions into the atmosphere, especially now that many factories are standing, are supplied by motor vehicles. In order to know the impact of vehicles on the environment, we need information about the load of vehicle exhaust gases.
In various districts of the city, the number of passing cars was counted for an hour in order to determine the most gassed areas. The calculation method is unconventional, but these data give an idea of the environmental load of exhaust gases. This technique consisted in the fact that the number of cars was counted for an hour in the morning, afternoon and evening at the same place with a repetition of three times, and the division of cars was made into motorcycles, cars, buses, minibuses and trucks, which are divided into diesel and carburetor.
Knowing the amount of harmful substances emitted by one car, it is possible to determine the impact of exhaust gases on the environment during the year. Vehicles with exhaust gases emit up to 200 different chemical substances and their compounds. The annual exhaust of one car is 800 kg of carbon monoxide, 40 kg of nitrogen oxide, more than 200 different hydrocarbons and heavy metals. In 1997, emissions from vehicles amounted to 56.5 thousand tons of pollutants, including carbon monoxide - 45.1, hydrocarbons - 7.2, nitrogen oxide - 5.1. Based on the data obtained, it was found that the districts of Perevalka, Drevlyanka, Central are most gassed, and the districts of Kukovka and the northern part of the city are moderately polluted. Relatively clean areas of the Poultry Farm and Upper Key.
Ecological situation in the city of Moscow.
In the city center, the main impact on the environment is provided by motor vehicles (80% of pollution within the Garden Ring). Also, heavy pollution from vehicles is felt along major highways (50-250 meters, depending on the development and green spaces). Industrial enterprises are located mainly in the southeast (along the Moskva River) and in the east of the city. The cleanest areas are Yasenevo, Krylatskoye, Strogino, the Yugo-Zapadnaya metro area, and also outside the ring road - Mitino, Solntsevo. The dirtiest are Maryino, Brateevo, Lyublino, areas inside the Garden Ring.
There are several large industrial zones on the territory of the eastern district, which significantly affect the ecology of the surrounding areas. The cleanest areas are adjacent to the Losiny Ostrov forest park and Izmailovsky Park, as well as those located behind the ring road - Novokosino, Kosino, Zhulebino. The dirtiest are those adjacent to the central and southeastern districts.
The South-Eastern District is one of the most polluted in Moscow. Atmospheric air quality is mainly affected by the Kapotnensky oil refinery and the Lublin steel plant, as well as many enterprises located along the Moskva River. There are polluting enterprises practically throughout the district. In this district, almost all areas are heavily polluted, especially Maryino, Lyublino, Kapotnya.
In the southern district, the quality of atmospheric air is mainly affected by the Kapotnensky oil refinery and the Lublin steel plant. The least polluted municipal districts (in ascending order of pollution): Chertanovo (excluding Varshavskoye Highway), Biryulyovo. Attention should be paid to the Brateevo and Orekhovo-Borisovo microdistricts, in which, despite a large number of emissions, the terrain contributes to the accumulation of harmful substances in the air, which makes these microdistricts one of the most polluted in Moscow on those days when weather conditions contribute to the accumulation of harmful impurities in the atmosphere. It is from these areas that the largest number of complaints from the population comes.
The Southwestern District is one of the cleanest in Moscow. The cleanest municipal districts are Yasenevo, Teply Stan, Northern Butovo. There are no particularly large sources of atmospheric air pollution on the territory of the Okrug, but large sources of pollution located in the Southern District have an impact on the eastern part of the South-Western District.
AT western district the cleanest areas are Solntsevo and Novoperedelkino, located outside the Moscow Ring Road. There are no very large sources of atmospheric air pollution on the territory of the Okrug, however, there are several industrial zones (along the Mozhayskoye Highway, Kutuzovsky Prospekt), which significantly affect the ecology of this area.
The Northwestern District is the cleanest in Moscow. The cleanest municipal districts are Mitino, Strogino, Krylatskoye. There are no major sources of air pollution in the district. Motor transport does not have a strong impact on the environment, with the exception of areas along major highways passing through this district.
The northern district as a whole is not very heavily polluted. There is a large industrial area in the Voykovskaya metro area. The southern part is more polluted than the northern.
In the northeast district, the northern part of the district is much cleaner than the south. To the north of the VDNKh metro station, there are no industrial zones that significantly affect the environment, however, there are individual enterprises that affect the environment of nearby areas, while to the south there are several not very large industrial zones and a large number of vehicles.
The Central District is one of the most polluted districts of the capital. Motor transport is the main source of air pollution. The main pollutants are carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, the sanitary standards of the latter are exceeded by an average of 2-3 times. There are no major industrial sources of pollution.
The impact of vehicles on the environment in the city of Kaliningrad
To date, the most significant source of air pollution in the city of Kaliningrad is motor transport (table). The contribution of motor transport to the total emission of pollutants amounted to 84.7% (in 1997 - 82.4%). Emissions from vehicles exceed emissions from stationary sources by 5 times.
Currently, motor transport is still a poorly controlled source of air pollution in the region.
The main reasons for this situation, in our opinion, are the following:
1. Environmentally unsafe designs of engines and fuel equipment of domestic cars, which, when using leaded grades of gasoline and high-sulphur diesel fuel, does not allow the use of systems for neutralization and catalytic afterburning of exhaust gases.
2. High growth rates of the car park. Only in 1992-1998 it increased in the region by 2.5 times and has more than 255 thousand units. The region ranks first in Russia in terms of the number of cars per 1000 inhabitants - more than 300 units. (in Moscow - 1.5 times less).
3. An even more rapid increase in the fleet of used cars of foreign brands with low operational, technical and environmental data. According to the traffic police, out of the total number of foreign cars, more than 90% are cars that have been in operation for more than 5 years, including more than 70% - more than 10 years. In addition, given the "age" of foreign cars (15-20 years), the issue of disposal of bodies, batteries, rubber, etc.
4. Unsatisfactory condition of the road surface of most streets of the regional center.
5. Lack of a unified transport scheme for the city of Kaliningrad.
6. There is no legislative act to charge for environmental pollution from individual and private owners of motor vehicles. And today they are more than 80%.
Of the 3815 vehicles that were subjected to instrumental control in 1998, 718 (18.2%) were operated in violation of the requirements of GOSTs for toxicity and opacity of exhaust gases (in 1997 - 19.1%).
Unfortunately, no significant progress has yet been made in reducing emissions from motor vehicles. At the same time, regularly conducted operations "Clean Air", "Bus", joint raids on highways with the traffic police make it possible to keep the situation under control.
Wastewater discharged by enterprises of the transport and road complex into surface water bodies contains various pollutants, mainly oil products and suspended solids.
In 1998, there was a slight increase in the total volume of effluents from 0.18 million cubic meters. m to 0.2 million cubic meters. m due to the registration of new road transport facilities.
The improvement in the qualitative composition of discharged wastewater is explained by the new construction of car washes with circulating water supply, equipment and the installation of modern facilities.
The actual consumption of storm water from the territory of roads cannot be accounted for, since it depends on the intensity of precipitation, snow melt, floods, etc.
Conclusion:
At a low volume level, a person is less sensitive to sounds of very low and high frequencies. With high sound pressure, the sensation of sound develops into a pain sensation.
Informational resources:
Electronic encyclopedia "Cyril and Methodius"
Encyclopedia for children. Volume 16. Physics.
Part 2. electricity and magnetism. Thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. Physics of the nucleus and elementary particles. - second edition., Rev. / Editorial Board: M. Aksenova, V. Volodin, A. Eliovich. Avanta, 2005.-432.
1. Introduction.
2. Mechanics in the life of a cat
a) Measuring the average and maximum speed of the cat.
b) Mass measurement.
c) Measurement of volume. page
d) Density measurement. page
e) Measuring the cat's pressure on the floor. page
f) Measuring the mechanical work and power of the cat when lifting
On the stairs. page
g) Measuring the traction force of the cat. page
h) Measurement of power during the movements of the cat. 16 p.
3. Thermal phenomena in the life of a cat
4.Electricity and cat
5. How a cat sees
6. Being with a sixth sense
7. How cats are treated
8. Conclusion. page
9. List of sources and literature. page
10. Applications.
Introduction.
The animal world is an unusually fabulous country. A country of great discoveries and upheavals, a country of love and devotion. A cat is an amazing, very proud and independent animal. Among scientists, there are a variety of opinions regarding the beginning of the domestication of cats. In one work in the Sanskrit language, which was published two thousand years ago, it is said about a cat as a pet. In the Sahara, near Memphis, in a burial, whose age is estimated at two and a half thousand years, frescoes were found depicting a cat that looked like a buckskin. The transverse stripes on the neck of the animal, which looked like a necklace, led scientists to the bold conclusion that this cat was domesticated. Plutarch in the 1st century AD speaks of this animal as exotic. Its origin does not cause any doubts in the thinker - from Egypt! Before him, with the exception of cursory mentions of Herodotus and Aristotle, no one wrote about a cat. But even they speak of cats only with great reverence, completely without mentioning their utilitarian role as watchmen-mousecatchers. In Corinth there was even a huge bronze statue depicting a cat sitting on its hind legs. Most likely, she came from Egypt to Greece. Frescoes depicting cats that devour quails were found there. These frescoes are believed to date back to 1600 BC! When the Romans conquered Britain, the cat appeared here too. First in Scotland. Until now, the Scots words "cat" and "brave man" are often synonymous. The coats of arms and standards of the ancient inhabitants of the Scottish Highlands were decorated with images of cats. There was a "Feline" county of Caithness. So gradually the cat became an integral part of rural and urban life.
Motion Animals have long attracted the attention of man. He wanted to move through water, air, land as easily and gracefully. However, several millennia passed before people created the science of movement - mechanics - and managed to create structures that surpassed any representatives of the animal world in speed and range of movement. But scientists continuously continue to study the features of wildlife, which allow machines and mechanisms not only to set records, but also to work and move as gracefully and silently as, for example, a cat.
Relevance : physics is the science of nature. We, like our "smaller brothers", domestic animals, are particles of this nature, therefore, all the laws of physical science must find their manifestation both in us and in them.
object my research became a domestic cat.
Objective : to reveal what laws of physics help a cat to exist safely in our world and also serve a person - to treat him, create a positive atmosphere, save him from depression, illness and loneliness.
Tasks :
1. discover known physical phenomena, objects and patterns in the behavior of a cat, and thereby deepen, expand and strengthen your knowledge of physics;
2. Practically explore the mechanical characteristics of the cat: speed, mass, temperature, volume, density of the cat's body, weight, pressure of the cat on the support, mechanical work and power.
3.Create a "Biomechanical Passport for the Pie Cat".
Research methods:
Literature review. Overview of information on the Internet. Study.
Object of study: Cat Pie - age 7 years.
Practical significance: this material can be used in physics lessons as homework laboratory work, as well as to create a cat passport. All measurements have been tested on my cat Pirozhok. The work consists of an introduction, a theoretical part - the doctrine of animal physics, a practical part - the mechanical characteristics of a cat and a conclusion.
Main part.
The origins of biomechanics were the work of Aristotle and Archimedes. The first scientific works were written by Aristotle (384-322 BC), who was interested in the patterns of movement of land animals and humans. And the foundations of our knowledge about movements in water were laid by Archimedes (287-212 BC). But only thanks to the work of one of the brilliant people of the Middle Ages, Leonardo do Vinci (1452-1519), biomechanics took its next step. This great artist, mathematician, physicist and engineer for the first time expressed the most important thought for biomechanics: “The science of mechanics is so noble and useful more than all other sciences because all living bodies that have the ability to move act according to its laws.”
R. Descartes (1596-1650) created the basis of the reflex theory, imagining that the basis of movements can be a specific environmental factor that affects the senses. The explanation for this fact is the origin of involuntary movements.
Later, the Italian D. Borelli (1608-1679), a doctor, mathematician, and physicist, had a great influence on the development of biomechanics. In his book "On the Movement of Animals", in fact, he laid the foundation for biomechanics as a branch of science. He considered the human body as a machine and sought to explain breathing, blood flow and muscle work from the standpoint of mechanics. A great theoretical contribution was made by the founder of the national biomechanical school N. A. Bernstein (1896 - 1966) - the creator of the doctrine of the motor activity of humans and animals
Mechanics in the life of a cat
cat walk. The cat walks on tiptoe. The bases of her paws are round, and the footprint she leaves is rounded. As she runs, she retracts her claws and steps on thick, soft pads of her fingers. When running, the cat uses a swinging amble: it takes a step alternately with both right and both left paws. This is an unusual walk. Walking and running of a cat can be considered as an oscillatory movement, during which the balance of the body is either disturbed or restored.
What allows her to achieve this?
The cat moves, starting from the support. In this case, external forces - gravity, friction, the resistance of the environment, enter into "interaction" with the internal forces of the body (muscle tension). The movement occurs due to the joint activity of the muscles and the friction force of rest. When the animal runs, a special rhythm arises: each regular swing of the limbs consists of alternating accelerations and decelerations. It has been established that only 1/5 of the 40 muscles of the cat's paw work for promotion, while others remain at rest, as if in reserve, in case of emergency overload. When running, a cat can reach speeds of up to 50 km / h.
When jumping, when a cat tries to overcome a long distance, its back seems to expand, which allows it to plan. The cat resembles a small parachute. When jumping, all the muscles of a cat behave like a complex system of shock absorbers; when landing, they do not turn on simultaneously, but alternately, one after another, until they completely absorb all the energy of the jump.
cat in the fall.
Before space flights, scientists were looking for ways to properly orient astronauts in space. They were worried about the question, how will the astronaut move outside the spacecraft? When searching for an answer to this question, they drew attention to the amazing abilities of a falling cat from whatever position the fall began - it lands on all four paws. Watched footage of filming about it. Many times all phases of the movement of a falling cat were captured on film; it is explained by the excellent functional qualities of its spine, which easily and strongly bends and stretches - the cat perfectly controls its deformations.
That a falling cat corrects its body position with its tail was not a revelation; however, have now been received quantitative characteristics. The tail rotates during the fall, forcing the entire body of the animal to turn in the opposite direction, this continues until the cat's balance organs indicate that its head has taken the correct position relative to the gravitational field. Then the animal's body is aligned relative to the longitudinal axis. The end of the cat's rotation is bringing the paws together, while it arches its back, the tail plays the role of a shock absorber
When the technique of landing a cat was studied, they tried to adapt this technique for a person. Since nature did not endow man with a tail, the astronaut was offered the appropriate rotational movements legs. The fall of a cat obeys the law of conservation of angular momentum.
Simple mechanisms.
In the skeleton of this animal, you can find bones - levers: these are the skull, jaw, paws. There is also such a simple mechanism as a wedge - these are sharp teeth, claws. With their help, a cat can create very high pressure, which serves as a good defense or helps in an attack, because with its claws and teeth it can literally rip open the skin of the enemy. Another wedge is tubercles on the tongue. The rough, bumpy tongue of a cat acts like a brush, so the cat deftly cleans its fur, removing dust and dirt residues.
Mechanical characteristics of the cat.
the measurement of the mechanical characteristics of the cat was carried out according to the following algorithm: Subject of the experiment. Purpose of the experiment. Instruments and materials used during the experiment. The progress of the experiment. Results table. Conclusion of experience.
BUT) Measuring the average and maximum speed of a cat .
Purpose of the experiment: To measure the average and maximum speed of the cat.
Devices and materials: stopwatch, tape measure, toys (ball, mouse, bow).
Experiment progress:
Using a tape measure, measure the distance traveled by the cat.
Using a stopwatch, we measure the time of movement.
Calculate the speed using the formula V=S*t.
The result of the measurement is entered in the table.
We calculate the average speed according to the formula: V=S all /t all.
Speed calculation:
V 1 \u003d S 2 /t 1 \u003d 1: 1 \u003d 1 m / s;
V 2 \u003d S 2 / t 2 \u003d 2: 3 \u003d 0.7 m / s;
V 3 \u003d S 3 / t 3 \u003d 3: 5 \u003d 0.6 m / s.
Average speed calculation:
V cf \u003d S all / t all \u003d (1 + 2 + 3) / (1 + 3 + 5) = 6/9 \u003d 2/3 \u003d 0.66 m / s \u003d 0.66 * 0.001 * 3600 \u003d 2.376 km / h \u003d 2.4 km / h.
The conclusion of the experiment. As a result of the study, the average speed of the cat is 2.4 km/h, the maximum is 3.6 km/h.
According to research, while running, a domestic cat can make jerks at speeds up to 50 km / h. The speed of the cat Patty is only 7.2% of the maximum possible speed that a cat can develop.
B) Measuring the weight of a cat .
Purpose of the experiment: Measure the mass of the cat Pie
Devices and materials: floor scales.
Experiment progress:
Determine the price division of the scales
C. d. \u003d (10-5) / 10 \u003d 0.5 kg.
We measure the mass of the cat with the help of floor scales. We count the number of divisions and multiply by the price of the division.
Pie mass = 0.5 * 6 = 3kg.
The measurement results are entered in the table.
Conclusion: The average cat weighs 3-5 kg. The mass of the Patty corresponds to the average data. According to the Guinness Book of Records, the weight of the largest cat is 21 kg. The mass of the Patty is 13% of this mass.
Measuring the volume of a cat.
Purpose of the experiment: Measure the volume of the cat.
Instruments and materials: a round basin with water, a measuring tape, a pencil, a ruler.
Experiment progress:
Measurements of the volume of the cat will consist of 2 stages. Measurement of body volume - as an irregularly shaped body. Measurement of the volume of the head, taking into account the fact that the shape of the head is close to the circumference.
Let's measure the diameter of the pelvis d = 34 cm.
Let's pour water into a basin. We mark the water level on the side wall of the pelvis with a dash h 1 \u003d 11 cm.
Let's lower the cat into the water to the level of the head. The water in the basin rose. We mark with a dash the new water level h 2 \u003d 13.5 cm.
Let's calculate the height of water rise h=h 2 -h 1 =13.5-11=2.5 cm.
Let's find the volume of displaced water, and hence the volume of the cat's body V 1, without taking into account the head. V 1 \u003d S * h (base to height). Since the base of the pelvis is a circle, we get V 1 = πR 2 * h = π (d / 2) 2 * h = 3.14 * (34/2) 2 * 2.5 = 2268.65cm 3 = 0.002270m 3
Measure the circumference of the head with a measuring tape l=30 cm.
Calculate the volume of the cat's head using the formula V 2 = 4/3 π R 3. The radius of the circumference of the cat's head is found from the formula for the circumference l=2πR, hence it follows that R=l/2π. The final formula will take the form V 2 \u003d 4/3 π (l / 2π) 3 \u003d 451 cm 3 \u003d 0.000451 m 3.
The volume of the Moti cat is found by adding the volume of the body and the volume of the head V = V 1 + V 2 = 2268 + 451 = 2719 cm 3 = 0.002719 m 3.
The data is entered into a table.
The conclusion of the experiment. The volume of the cat Pirozhok is 0.002719 m 3 .Measuring the density of a cat.
The purpose of the experiment: Measure the density of the cat.
Devices and materials: data from previous measurements.
The progress of the experiment.
Density is calculated by the formula p =m/V.
We enter the data into a table.
Using the data in the table, we calculate the density p \u003d m / V \u003d 3 / 0.0028 \u003d 1071 kg / m 3.
The conclusion of the experiment. The density of the Pie is 1071kg/m 3 . It is close to the density of water 1000 kg/m 3 .
Pressure measurement Pirozhka on a support (floor).
The purpose of the experiment: To measure the pressure of the cat on the support in a standing, sitting, lying position; find out if it depends on the area of support, and if so, how.
Devices and materials: a notebook sheet in a cage, a pencil.
The progress of the experiment.
The pressure is calculated by the formula: P = F / S = mg / S.
Let's calculate the force of gravity. To do this, multiply the mass of the cat by the acceleration of free fall.
F heavy = gm=3*10=30 H , where F heavy - gravity; g is the free fall acceleration equal to 9.8 N/kg; m is the mass of the cat. We take the value of the mass of the cat from 2 studies.
The area of the support of the cat (S) is determined as follows. Let's put the cat on a sheet of checkered paper and trace the outline of the part on which the cat rests. Count the number of squares and multiply by the area of one square (1/4 cm 2). Let's put the data in a table.
| Number of squares | support area, | Support area, m 2 |
|
| standing position | |||
| sitting position | |||
| Lying position |
S 1 \u003d 47 * 0.25 cm 2 \u003d 11.75 cm 2 \u003d 0.0012 m 2
S 2 \u003d 1876 * 0.25 cm 2 \u003d 469 cm 2 \u003d 0.0469 m 2
S 3 \u003d 8688 * 0.25 cm 2 \u003d 2172 cm 2 \u003d 0.2172 m 2
Calculate the pressure exerted by the cat on the floor, enter the data in the table.
| Floor pressure, Pa | Floor pressure, kPa |
|
| standing position | ||
| sitting position | ||
| Lying position |
P 1 \u003d 3 N / 0.0012 m 2 \u003d 2500 N / m 2 ≈ 2500 Pa \u003d 2.5 kPa
P 2 \u003d 3 N / 0.047 m 2 \u003d 64 N / m 2 ≈ 64 Pa \u003d 0.064 kPa
P 3 \u003d 3 N / 0.22 m 2 \u003d 13.6 N / m 2 ≈ 13.6 Pa \u003d 0.0014 kPa
The conclusion of the experiment. The giraffe, the camel and the cat are the only animals that are pacers; when walking, they go first with their left legs, and then with their right ones. Such walking guarantees speed and silence. When walking, cats rely on their paws. The pressure exerted by the cat on the floor is maximum in the standing position. The cat exerts minimal pressure in the prone position. As the results of the study show, the smaller the area, the greater the pressure on the support.
Measuring the mechanical work and power of a cat when climbing stairs.
The purpose of the experiment: To measure the mechanical work and power of the cat when climbing stairs.
Devices and materials: eraser, thread, stopwatch, tape measure.
The progress of the experiment.
Mechanical work is calculated by the formula - A= mgh, where h is the lifting height of the cat, g is the free fall acceleration equal to 9.8 N/kg; m is the mass of the cat. Power can be calculated according to the following law N \u003d A / t, where A is work, t is time.
We know the value of the mass of the cat from experiment No. 2, we will write it down in the table.
To determine the height to which our cat climbed the stairs, let's lower the eraser tied to the thread into the flight of stairs. We will tie a knot on the thread when the eraser touches the floor of the first floor. We measure the length of the thread, this will be the height of the cat. Let's put the data in a table.
Let's determine by the stopwatch the time taken by Pie to climb the stairs. Let's put the data in a table.
We calculate the mechanical work and power according to the formulas:
A= mgh= 3*10*3=90 J
N=A/t=90/5=18W.
Let's put the data in a table.
| Cat weight m, kg | ||||
The conclusion of the experiment. The work done by the cat when climbing the stairs is 90 J, the power during this ascent is 18W. Human power under normal operating conditions is on average 70-80 watts. Making jumps, running up the stairs, a person can develop power up to 730 watts. The power developed by Pie is ¼ of the power of a person.
Measuring the traction force of a cat.
Purpose of the experiment: To measure the average traction force of a cat.
Devices and materials: school demonstration dynamometer, collar, leash.
The progress of the experiment.
We put a collar on the cat, attach a leash to it and attach a dynamometer.
Holding the dynamometer, we measure the maximum readings of the device when: the cat runs after the bait, behind the bow, at the call of the owner, at the knock on the door. The data is written to the table.
| Traction force of a cat, N | Average traction force of a cat, N |
|
| Bait Run | ||
| Running for a bow | ||
| Running to the call of the owner | ||
| Running on the knock on the door |
F average \u003d (1, 2 + 1, 8 + 3, 2 + 1, 2) / 4 \u003d 8, 4/4 \u003d 2.1 N.
The conclusion of the experiment. The cat develops the greatest traction force on the call of the owner.
Measuring power during cat movements .
The purpose of the experiment: To measure the mechanical work, power during the movements of the cat.
Devices and materials: data from previous experiments.
The progress of the experiment.
The mechanical work of the cat during movements will be calculated using the following formula N=A/t. Since A=FS, we get N=FS/t. Given that S/t=v, we get N=F*v. That is, we will calculate the power as the product of the thrust force and the average speed.
We enter the value of the average traction force and average speed in the table.
| Average traction force, N | Average speed, m/s | Power of the cat when moving, W |
We calculate the power value using the table data.
N=F*v=2.1*0.66=1.4W.
The conclusion of the experiment. Comparing the results of experiments 6 and 8, we see that the cat's power during movements is less than the cat's power when climbing stairs, and is 7%.
cat body temperature .
In the normal state, it ranges from 38.0 - 39.5⁰ C, in kittens it is higher. The body temperature of the envy of the physical and mental activity of the cat. The respiratory rate is on average 20-30 breaths per minute. With an increase in ambient temperature or strong excitement, cats begin to breathe with their mouths open, which contributes to an increase in heat transfer.
Heat exchange n.
In normal situations, the thermoregulatory function is performed by the phenomenon of heat exchange between the cat's body and the environment. Thermal regulation is also provided by a few cat sweat glands located on the leathery ends of the paws. After all, it is known that when a liquid evaporates from the surface of a body, its temperature decreases and the stronger, the more actively the evaporation process takes place. This happens because to detach the molecules of a liquid, that is, to break the intermolecular and interatomic bonds and transfer the liquid to a gaseous state, energy is required, but it is taken from the body itself, from the surface of which evaporation takes place. There are no sweat glands on the cat's body and head, nature did this so that the cat could not be "noticeable" by smell. But still, she also has to sweat. Her paws sweat, or rather the ends of the paws, but at the same time the paws are pressed to the ground, and therefore the prey is not prematurely frightened of a creeping cat and does not smell its smell.
A large role in heat transfer is played by a cat's hair - its hairline. When it's cold, the hair "rises on end" with muscle effort - there is air between the villi, and air is a poor conductor of heat - this is how the cat tries to keep its warmth, its temperature. The undercoat also helps this - small short fluffy hairs located between longer ones, they also trap air, creating a dense airy shell around the body.
electricity and cat
When a cat is petted on its fur, in dry weather or in a dry room, the wool quickly becomes electrified from friction. If you iron for a long time or vigorously, then strong electrification can occur - a large charge will accumulate on the surface of the body, and as a result, a discharge will occur - a spark. The cat does not always like being stroked, in dry weather its coat is so strongly electrified that a sufficiently strong electric field arises, sparks that jump through cause discomfort to the cat.
A cat can withstand much more stress than a human. And it was thanks to the cat that we managed to find out what a big role in weakening the action electric current the factor of attention plays on the living organism.
How a cat sees
cat eye device similar to the structure of the human eye. But the cat's pupil is not round, vertically - oval, elongated from top to bottom, slit-like. Nature made it so that the cat had sharp eyesight, was able to see in the twilight, and so that the bright light would not blind the animal. The size of the pupil, as well as in humans, can vary depending on the lighting. The cat's eye, like the human eye, is capable of accommodation - an adaptation to a clear vision of objects located at different distances from it, by changing the refractive properties of its optical medium, concentrated mainly in the lens.
The eyes are the most important "tool" of the cat, because in her life she relies mainly on sight, while in most mammals the sense of smell plays a decisive role in identification, searching for food and warning of danger. In connection with such a responsible function of vision, the eyes of a cat are large compared to the size of its skull; they are arranged so that the field of view of both eyes overlaps one another (unlike other animals, in which the eyes are positioned so that they register two different images). The visual angle of each cat's eye is about 205⁰ , this helps her accurately judge distance, shape and mutual arrangement objects in space. Cats, like humans, have binocular vision.
Cats, unlike humans, have a third eyelid, known as the nictitating membrane. It reduces the intensity of very bright light and slightly protects the eyes from injury.
The cat's eyes have amazing property: They glow in the dark. This glow is physical phenomena called photoluminescence. By absorbing external light, the eyes of a cat emit photoluminescence light with a wavelength corresponding to the green part of the spectrum, so they turn green, glow green. A similar optical device is now known to anyone who has seen roadside traffic signs that glow in the dark when light falls on them.
The color of the cat's eyes often changes. The eyes may appear greenish, yellow, turquoise, etc. It has to do with lighting and internal state cats
Why does a cat see in the dark?
First, behind the light-sensitive retina, she has a layer of reflective cells, in low light they bounce light back onto the retina, and thus, the sensitivity of her eye seems to be doubled.
Secondly, in the structure of the retina in a cat, rods sensitive to twilight light predominate. Thirdly, at dusk, and even when a person considers the darkness already complete, the pupil opens entirely, thereby increasing its light transmission capacity, and this is one of the reasons that allow a cat to see in low light
Creature with sixth sense "Eye Hearing".
For a long time, people did not realize how complex the activity of the cat's sense organs. Everyone knows, for example, their legendary ability to find their way back, no matter how far they are taken from home. The experiments gave a completely unexpected result - the cat returns home along a shorter path than the one along which she was taken away from home. How does she find the right direction? This became clear after the American scientist Frank Morel investigated the cat's nervous system by electronic methods. It turned out that even in complete darkness, when the cat's eyes did not receive any light signal, about half of the nerve cells in her brain, usually involved in vision, responded to ultrasonic signals having frequencies in the range of 20-50 kHz. The experiments of Dr. Morel led to an interesting conclusion - the cat, apparently, it has, as it were, a second organ of hearing, but this hearing is provided by “eye” nerve cells, that is, cells responsible for vision, so it can be called “eye hearing”.
And so, the cat has increased acoustic sensitivity, when finding the way home, it uses the acoustic picture, in which the sounds characteristic of the area are recorded in its brain. In general, a cat perceives sound signals in the range from 10 to 80,000 Hz, and freely determines the direction of the sound, its strength, height
The cat's long-range orientation system is also curious..
From afar, the animal will perceive with the help of "eye hearing" an acoustic signal, which gives it a rough orientation, just as an aircraft on the distant approaches to the airfield is guided by the signals of a radio beacon. In close, familiar terrain, the cat turns on a system of finer orientation in space, based on the use of ordinary hearing, the cat's ears play the same role in this case as the radar instruments of an aircraft, helping it to land correctly and complete it.
Hearing cats truly phenomenal. The cat wakes up from the deepest sleep, if somewhere behind a stone wall, 15 m from it, a mouse starts to scratch. An awake cat hears a mouse 20 meters away. Here is one of the amazing facts that prove it. The American military unit during the Second World War was located on one of the Solomon Islands. One of the soldiers brought a cat named Damenite to the island. When this cat showed concern, it beat its tail with displeasure and went towards the bunker, in which people usually hid during Japanese air raids, the soldiers already knew for sure that enemy planes would soon appear over the horizon. This was long before the sound pickup stations sounded the alarm. When an American plane flew in the sky, the cat calmly continued to sit in the sun.
The ability to pick up ultrasounds allows the cat to feel the approach of an earthquake , since the earthquake is preceded by a weak trembling of the earth's crust, generating ultrasounds, which the cat hears two or three days before the event and clearly reacts to them: it worries, takes away its kittens, runs away from home, presses its ears, ruffles its hair, screams loudly. Some scientists believe that the cat feels an increase in static electricity in the earth's crust, which also precedes an earthquake.
Backup orientation system. Even in absolute darkness and silence, when neither eyes nor ears can serve the cat, even then it does not turn into a helpless creature, because it has a reserve system of orientation in space. This system is formed by long elastic whiskers, eyebrows and small hairs growing on the back of the front legs. And cats invariably found a way out, but only up to three times, until their whiskers were cut off. With whiskers that can move, the cat explores the object, determines the size and movement of the prey with them, which it holds in its teeth in a field of vision. When about to make a jump, the cat tries to first “feel” the landing surface with its whiskers. It does the same if it is necessary to examine an unfamiliar place: the animal collects the moving whiskers into a bundle, the tip of each hair, barely perceptible to the human eye, “runs” over the surface, feeling it from different sides. Some scientists believe that a cat gets to its owner when it is far from home, thanks to its wonderful whiskers. Maybe a cat's whiskers are a kind of antenna that picks up different sound vibrations? There is no answer to this question yet.
A number of scientists believe that the cat is sensitive to magnetic field earth and is able to respond to changes in the earth's magnetic field.
How cats are treated
Doctors in the arsenal have a few observations regarding cats. They all come down to one thing - cats can help a person improve health.
This fact is scientifically substantiated and verified by modern medical practice (in the UK, by the way, white “medicated” cats are sold in pharmacies). Those who have pets do not need scientific evidence: every “cat person” has stories of miraculous recovery - enough for a multi-volume collected works.
The easiest way to understand do cats heal - pet them. The activity is pleasant and relaxing. Under the peaceful purr of a fluffy pet, you restore peace of mind your mood improves. This has a beneficial effect on the psyche and nervous system.
In addition, many cats have a habit of jumping on the owner’s chest and, gently releasing and immediately hiding their claws, arrange a "massage like a cat."It acts, according to doctors, just like acupuncture.. Cat's claws, like the needles of a neuropathologist, act on the reflexogenic zones of a person that the animal “feels”. And it will never "massage" where your body does not need it.
During the research, there was The ability of cats to stabilize blood pressure has been revealed. To do this, you first need to measure the pressure (by the way, it does not matter at all whether you are hypertensive or hypotensive, the cat should normalize your pressure in any case). Then pick up your pet. Let her sit next to you. Stroke the fur. And then measure the pressure again. Similar experiments show that pressure, as a rule, is normalized.
There were scientific work, proving that cats cheer up, improve physical activity and even help ... lose weight.
To those who suffers from insomnia and does not know how to relax, the cat will also come to the rescue. One of the folk ways to treat insomnia with a cat is as follows: first you need to close your eyes, press the cat to your forehead, and then to your neck. These procedures lasting 5 minutes should be carried out every other day. After 7-20 such sessions, sleep and wakefulness should return to normal.
The cat somehow feels where the pathological process takes place in the human body, finds this place and tries to lie on it.
The simplest explanation for the healing effect of a cat is heating pad effect . In heat, the muscle fibers of both the skeleton and internal organs relax. Spasm of muscle fibers of both striated and smooth muscles (in vessels, in the digestive tract) is a common cause of pain and other processes. At least by relieving muscle spasm, a cat with its warmth can relieve painful symptoms..
Sometimes the cat begins to massage the human body with its paws. Many people think that this is a throwback from early life, when kittens massage the cat to get more milk. However, it is not. Cats apply massage when trying to treat another cat or person. But heat and massage- these are not all the healing factors due to which the cat is able to heal.
Have you noticed that when a cat lies on a sore spot in a person, it starts to purr?
Scientists have found that the purr (purring) of a cat and has a calming effect on the emotional state of a person, it relieves pain and activates the immune system.
The purring of an ordinary domestic cat is a weak sound oscillations with natural frequency from 22 to 44 Hz. full range A cat's purr ranges from 20 to 150 Hz. Scientists at the North Carolina Fauna Institute concluded that weak mechanical vibrations in this frequency range, can accelerate cell regeneration. Therefore, when cats get injured, they lie down and constantly purr. Sound waves generated at a certain frequency stimulate the healing process of wounds and fractures. Scientific research effects of acoustic fields on human health have shown that even weak acoustic fields with a frequency of 20-50 hertz can be used to prevent osteoporosis in the elderly. Professor David Purdy from the Center for Metabolic Bone Disease at the University of Hull (UK) has found that purring is a natural way to slow down the excretion of calcium from the bones of the elderly and even restart the reproduction of bone cell growth. These findings support research by Dr. Clinton Rubin of the Department of Orthopedics at New York University Medical School. Dr. Rubin published a series of studies between 1999 and 2011 showing that exposure to weak acoustic fields at frequencies similar to those of cats' purrs has an anabolic effect and can increase bone density in older patients. At the same time, in experiments on animals, the effect was observed with daily exposure to weak low-frequency acoustic fields for 20 minutes. Weak acoustic fields with a frequency range similar to the purring of a cat increased bone density by 20% in experiments on rabbits and led to accelerated healing of bone fractures. Low-amplitude vibrations with frequencies of 50-150 hertz in 82% in clinical studies helped to reduce the intensity of acute and chronic pain.
Biomechanical stimulation of the body with frequencies of 10-35 Hz is used in the Russian sports medicine to improve athletic performance and reduce recovery time after exercise.
Low-frequency acoustic effects on the area of the knee joints increase mobility up to 18%.
In her report, Dr. von Mugenthaler cited the specific frequency characteristics of the cat's medical murmur:
Frequency characteristics of purring cats
Therapeutic effects of cat purring
Stimulation of bone growth, healing of fractures, reduction of pain, reduction of swelling, healing of wounds, increase in the rate of growth and recovery of muscles, repair of tendons, increase in joint mobility, reduction of shortness of breath
25Hz, 50Hz
Stimulation of bone tissue growth, fracture healing -20-50 Hz
Anabolic effect - 18-35 Hz (purring frequency of most domestic cats)
Increased joint mobility -50-150 Hz
Pain relief -2-100 Hz
Muscle strength increase -100 Hz
Relief of shortness of breath
What diseases do cats treat?
Numerous experiments have confirmed the cat's ability to generate low frequency healing currents.
But how do they affect the human body?
It turns out that these currents affect the foci of inflammation and simply kill microbes. And under the influence of currents, blood supply improves and tissue healing accelerates. The work of the brain improves, nervous disorders and mental illness are cured.
Do cats heal everything?
Probably not. But they relieve stress, treat diseases of internal organs, arthrosis, sciatica, osteochondrosis, and even alcoholism and drug addiction.. As a result of observations, it was noticed that different cats help with different diseases.
This is explained, most likely, by the fact that low-frequency currents in cats are produced by rubbing the hairs of cat hair against each other. And since the coat of cats is also different, then the currents are produced of different strengths.
Long-haired cats (Siberian, Angora, Persian and other long-haired) are a kind of neuropathologists. They help a person cope with irritability, get out of depression and get rid of insomnia. Moreover, Persian cats and cats (personally) also treat diseases of the joints.
Short-haired cats and owners of medium-length hair (British, Short-haired Exotics, Curls) are able to treat diseases of the cardiovascular system. They are beautiful cardiologists.
Smooth-haired and hairless cats (Sphinxes, Cornish Rex, Siamese) help people, suffering from diseases of the liver, kidneys and digestive system. By the way, Siamese cats are wonderful "antiseptics". It has been noticed that their owners rarely get sick with colds (bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.).
All cats without exception, they can relieve headaches, lower blood pressure, help cope with the consequences of myocardial infarction and accelerate the healing of wounds and fractures.
Conclusion.
A cat is an interesting and little-studied animal of those that a person has managed to tame.
The fact that cats have a beneficial effect on our health is a proven fact, because the purring of a cat, stroking, the warmth with which it warms us relieves stress and makes us not so lonely, giving us a sense of significance.
This is the daily influence of a cat, and when you get sick, the cat tries to help, with diseases of the heart and stomach, cats lie down on these places, taking away the pain and warming.
It is believed that the larger the cat, the stronger its energy, and, accordingly, the potential for treatment. It is the increased sensitivity to human energy that allows the cat to identify a sore spot and act on it.
Cats take away negative energy from a person, helping to get rid of diseases, so they take care of those they love. Cats process this energy, but it happens (and this is an officially registered case) that cats themselves fall ill with the disease from which the owner was “treated”. So it was with a man hopelessly ill with cancer, the cat tried to “treat” the owner and, as a result, she fell ill with cancer and died, and the owner recovered.
Sometimes the departure of a cat from home or the sudden death of a cat is evidence that the cat has removed the disease or damage from the owner's house.
The most powerful breeds in their energy are Siamese cats, Burmese and Abyssinians.
It is also scientifically proven that the life expectancy of cat owners is 4-5 years longer than that of people who do not have pets.
In addition to the psychotherapeutic effect, cats reduce blood pressure, have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the heart, relieve headaches, joint pain, treat internal inflammation and affect the rapid healing of injuries. The effect of the treatment appears when you stroke the cat or when the cat rubs or lies on you.
Summing up my work, I want to conclude that a cat is a unique specimen created by nature. It combined and embodied many laws of physics that serve both the cat itself and the person!
My work is practical. The measurements obtained during the work made it possible to create a cat passport (Appendix No. 1). In the course of research, I created instructions for compiling a pet passport. It can be used to create passports for cats, dogs, hamsters, rabbits, pet rats, etc.
The topic I chose turned out to be very interesting.
List of sources and literature.
Yavorsky B.M. Physics. Mechanics. M.: Drofa, 2002, 320 p.
Katz Ts.B. Biophysics at physics lessons. Moscow: Enlightenment, 1998, 128 p.
Kabardin O.F., Orlov V.A. Experimental tasks in physics. 9-11 grades: tutorial for students of educational institutions. M.: Verbum - M, 2001, 208 p.
http://russtil1.narod.ru/utkin1.html.
http://i-fact.narod.ru/cats.html.
http://q99.it/8AmgU0p.
Gershun V.I. Pets. M.: Pedagogy. 1991
Ekhonovich A.S. Reference on physics and technology. M.: Enlightenment. 1989
Kuklachev Yu.O. About cats./Science and life. Zh. No. 10, 1990
Litinetsky I.V. barometers of nature. M.: Det.lit. 1982
Birds and animals./Encyclopedia for children. M.: Avanta, 2004
Physics at school. Zh. No. 3, 1997
http://kiskavasha.ru/forum/
http://onhotnews.com/science/105.html?news=full&utm_source=direct.ru
Application No. 1 Passport of the cat Pirozhok
| Average cat speed | The work done by a cat when climbing a ladder 3 m high |
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| Mochi cat weight | ||||
| The volume of the Mochi cat is | The power produced by a cat when climbing a ladder 3 m high |
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| The density of Mochi is | ||||
| The pressure of the cat on the support in a standing position | Cat average traction force |
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| The greatest traction force (on the call of the owner) |
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| The pressure of the cat on the support in the prone position | ||||
| The pressure of the cat on the support in the sitting position | The power of the cat when moving |
|||
Car of the future.
Automobile and human health.
Automobile and ecology.
Aggregate states of matter.
Plant adaptation to high temperatures.
Acoustic noise and its impact on the human body.
Albert Einstein is a paradoxical genius and "eternal child".
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Bionics. A technical view of wildlife.
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Large Hadron Collider - Back to Creation.
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In heaven, on earth and at sea. (Physics of amazing natural phenomena).
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Wind as an example of convection in nature.
Wind in the service of man.
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Air weighing.
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water in three states of aggregation.
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Diffusion in home experiments.
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diffusion in nature.
Food from the microwave: benefit or harm?
Units of measurement of physical quantities.
Women are Nobel Prize winners in physics and chemistry.
Sunset as a physical phenomenon.
Law of Archimedes. Swimming tel.
From the history of aircraft.
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The water cycle in nature.
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My research in physics.
The soap bubble is a fragile miracle.
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Unusual properties of ordinary water.
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Features of the human body from the point of view of physics.
What causes thunderstorms?
A planet called Water.
Search for a short circuit in the communication cable between the signal core and the shielding braid.
Getting fresh and clean water.
Polar Lights.
Why are the prohibition signals red?
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Resonance-good or evil?
Light fiber in the service of man.
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Modern ideas about the origin of the solar system.
The solar system is a complex of bodies of common origin.
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Comparison of incandescent and energy saving lamps.
Comparative study of the mode of operation of energy-saving and conventional light sources using the digital laboratory "Archimedes".
The average temperature and heat content of the human body.
We are building our own home. Your home in the future.
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Fireball. Why is ball lightning dangerous?
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Water energy.
Energy-saving lamps: pros and cons.
Investigation of the radiation background of the village of Novy Ropsk.
The authors: Sidorenko Irina Valerievna, grade 9 and Sukhovyeva Natalia Andreevna, teacher of physics.Educational institution: MBOU Novoropskaya secondary school, village of Novy Ropsk, Klimovsky district, Bryansk region.
Annotation for work: Environmental issues are always relevant. This research work was carried out in 2013 - 14 academic year and is devoted to the study of the radiation background of the village of Novy Ropsk, the village in which we live. Having studied various sources of information, we conducted a study of the radiation background in our residential buildings, cellars, on the streets of the village and in our forest, where we pick berries and mushrooms. And for good reason: now we know where in our forest you can pick berries and mushrooms, and where you shouldn't.
This material will be useful not only for teachers, but also for students and their parents. It can be used as additional information in physics lessons, as well as in extracurricular activities dedicated to radiation safety.
Content
Introduction
1. Overview of sources of information on the research problem
2. Research methodology
3. Conversation with the head of the Novoropsky settlement Sivaevskaya Galina Fedorovna
4. Survey of the population
5. Study of the radiation background in residential premises
6. Study of the radiation background on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk
7. Study of the radiation background in the forest
Conclusion
List of used literature
Applications
Appendix 1: Certificate of Compliance
Appendix 2: Questionnaire
Annex 3: Examination of background radiation in living quarters
Annex 4: Study of the radiation background on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk
Annex 5: Study of background radiation in the forest
Annex 6: Photo illustrations of measurements
Annex 7: Recommendations for elimination of radionuclides from the body
Appendix 8: Recommendations on how to reduce the intake of radionuclides into the body from agricultural and forest products.
Appendix 9: Special Rules to Follow While Preparing Food
Appendix 10: Recommendations for cleaning the yard and house from radioactive substances
Introduction
Environmental issues are always relevant. Therefore, together with a physics teacher, we decided to conduct a research work on the study of the radiation background of the village of Novy Ropsk, the village in which we live.
We all know that the clouds with radioactive fallout formed after the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, dousing half of Europe with contaminated rain, reached Ireland. After the tragedy at Chernobyl nuclear power plant Almost 8.4 million inhabitants of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia were subjected to radioactive irradiation. The Bryansk region is the region most affected by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 in Russia. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 18, 1997 No. 1582 established the List settlements located within the zones radioactive contamination due to the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. This list includes the Klimovsky District, the village of Novy Ropsk.
Novy Ropsk is a village in the Klimovsky district of the Bryansk region of Russia. The village of Novy Ropsk is located 9 km southeast of the urban-type settlement of Klimovo in the Snov River basin, 2 km from the border with Ukraine. Novy Ropsk is a zone of residence with a preferential socio-economic status, and residents of the village are issued single-form forms as citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster.
This work, a study of the radiation background in the village of Novy Ropsk, relevant, as we will talk about the health and life of a person. In order to calm ourselves and our loved ones and understand how and where we should continue to live, we undertook this study.
Novelty of this work lies in the fact that none of the employees and students of the Novoropskaya secondary school has ever conducted a study of this kind, neither on our streets, especially in the cellars where we store products grown in our gardens and in the forest, where we pick berries and mushrooms .
Objective: to investigate the level of background radiation in residential buildings, cellars, on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk, in the forest.
Tasks:
1) The study of information sources.
2) To study the operation of devices for measuring the level of radiation.
3) To study the public opinion of the villagers to the problem of radiation contamination of the area.
4) Find out the status of the village exposed to radiation due to the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
5) Find out whether the level of background radiation depends on air temperature, altitude, and if so, how.
6) Investigate the level of background radiation on the streets of the village, in the forest, in houses and cellars.
7) Analyze the results obtained.
8) Have a conversation with the head of the Novoropsky settlement Sivaevskaya Galina Fedorovna.
9) Draw up conclusions and recommendations based on the results of the study.
10) Issue a series of newspapers "Ecological Bulletin", dedicated to the results of the study.
11) Find out what foods remove radionuclides from the body.
12) Find out how to reduce the intake of radionuclides in the body with agricultural and forest products.
13) Spread information among the villagers.
Object of study: residential buildings, cellars, village streets and adjacent forest.
Subject of study: the level of radiation in residential buildings, on the streets of the village, in the forest.
Project problem: obtain reliable information about the radiation situation in residential premises and on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk, give village residents recommendations on removing radionuclides from the body.
Problem Solving Methods:
1) Radiation - dosimetric control.
2) Questioning.
3) Conversation: with the head of the Novoropsky settlement Sivaevskaya Galina Fedorovna;
4) Analysis of the received information.
Hypothesis: due to the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the ecological situation in our village has deteriorated, but the radiation pollution in the vicinity of the village does not go beyond the permissible norm.
Necessary equipment: dosimeter "RadEx 1503", digital thermometer, camera, computer, scanner, printer.
Research methods:
1) Consultation with the teacher.
2) Work on the Internet.
3) Work with photographic materials.
Project form:
1) Photo report
2) Presentation.
Project typology: research.
1. Review of sources of information on the research problem.
Everyone knows that there is a natural background radiation (NRF) with which we live from birth. According to scientists, long before life arose on earth, uranium decayed on the planet, and the products of this decay were constantly released from the earth's crust.
Until the 1950s, the main factor in the direct effects of radiation was considered to be direct radiation damage to some especially radiosensitive organs and tissues - the skin, bone marrow and central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract (the so-called radiation sickness). It soon became clear that a huge role in radiation injury is played not only by the general external exposure of the body, but also by internal exposure associated with the so-called incorporated radionuclides concentrated in individual organs and tissues, which entered the body with food, water, atmospheric air and through the skin and lingered in some organs or tissues.
In the 60-70s. much attention began to be paid not only to direct (acute), but also to indirect and remote effects of irradiation. Among them:
impact on heredity;
the occurrence of leukemia and malignant tumors;
immunosuppression and immunodeficiency;
increased sensitivity of the body to pathogens of infectious diseases;
metabolic and endocrine imbalance;
the occurrence of cataracts;
temporary or permanent sterility;
reduction in average life expectancy;
impaired mental function.
Among other known manifestations of the effect of radiation on the human body: the appearance of cancer at a younger age (acceleration or rejuvenation of cancer), physiological disorders (disruption of the thyroid gland, etc.), cardiovascular diseases, allergies, chronic respiratory diseases. The table shows the general scheme of the influence of medium and low doses of radiation on the human body.
Over time, the list of radiation-induced diseases is not reduced, but only grows. It turns out that very small doses can cause Negative consequences for good health
Some consequences of irradiation of the mammalian fetus
*Death: fetus, neonates or infants;
* Damage to the nervous system:
- absence (ancephaly) and / or reduction in size
- brain (microcephaly) and cranial nerves;
- mental retardation;
* Damage to the organ of vision:
- absence of one or both eyes (anophthalmia);
- strabismus;
- farsightedness;
- congenital glaucoma;
* Disorders of growth and body shape:
- dwarfism;
- growth retardation and weight loss;
- change in the shape of the skull;
- deformity and atrophy of the limbs;
* Violations in the development of the dental system:
- Violations in the development of internal organs (heart, kidneys, ovaries, testicles, etc.).
The level of background radiation is usually measured in µSv/h or µR/h. 1 μR/hour in terms of biological effect is approximately equal to 0.01 μSv/hour.
The natural average background radiation usually lies in the range of 0.10-0.16 µSv/h.
The norm of the radiation background is considered to be a value not exceeding 0.20 µSv/h.
A safe level for humans is considered to be a threshold of 0.30 µSv/h, i.e. exposure to a dose of 0.30 μSv for an hour. If this level is exceeded, the recommended time spent in the irradiation zone falls in proportion to the dose. For example, an absolutely safe time spent in the zone of exposure to a level of 0.60 µSv/h should not exceed 30 minutes, in the zone of 1.2 µSv/h - 15 minutes, etc.
In life, we are often exposed to ionizing radiation, the levels of which often exceed these conventional thresholds. For example, when undergoing fluorography, a person receives approximately 50 to 1000 μSv of a single dose of radiation, depending on the apparatus (within a few seconds), so doctors do not recommend performing fluorography more than once every six months. In an aircraft, the exposure level at an altitude of 10 km can reach several units of µSv/h, i.e. people who fly frequently receive a significant annual dose of radiation (pilots, stewardesses). . The data are given according to the recommendation of the International Commission on radiation protection(ICRP) and the World Health Society (WHO). It must be understood that artificially created radiation sources (for example, nuclear power plants, X-ray studies in clinics, airplane travel, and much more) constantly increase the level of natural background radiation and therefore require its adjustment.
But few people know about this. You can live in a radioactive zone for years and not know about it. And the consequences of exposure are well known to us, and this is used by the media. For example, an excerpt from the news feed of Internet sites:
- federal Service on supervision in the field of consumer rights protection and human well-being in the Bryansk region demands to bring to administrative responsibility an individual entrepreneur who sold blueberries contaminated with cesium in a Bryansk store. This was reported by the press service of the Arbitration Court of the Bryansk region.
- Excess content of technogenic radionuclides (Cs 137) was found in seven batches of blueberries, which were sold by citizens of Belarus in Bryansk. The total weight of the berries is almost 70 kilograms. As reported on the website of the Veterinary Administration of the Bryansk Region, according to the results of a veterinary and sanitary examination, dangerous blueberries were withdrawn from circulation and sent for disposal.
- In Moscow, more than half a ton of berries, in which radioactive substances were found, were seized from free sale. The experts found the radionuclide cesium - 137 in 350 kg of blueberries and 170 kg of cranberries. Experts have already figured out where the radioactive blueberries and cranberries came from to Moscow, Moskva-24 reports.
- Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are threatened by a radiation leak. The radioisotope thermoelectric generator, which lies at the bottom of the island coast, can turn into a radiation source at any moment. In 1987, during transportation, the RTG generator broke loose and fell into the sea near Nizhny Cape, on the east coast of Sakhalin. Since then, nothing is known about the fate of the device.
- The body of an adult contains 170 grams of potassium, of which 0.02 grams of radioactive potassium-40. Because of this, about 300 thousand radioactive decays occur in the body every minute. Potassium is concentrated in muscle tissue, so men are slightly more radioactive than women.
- Sometimes an extra dose of radiation is good for the body. For example, radioactive sources (radon keys) help relieve nervous tension, heal wounds, and cure diseases of the musculoskeletal and respiratory apparatus.
- Insects (especially bees and cockroaches) are several times more resistant to radiation than birds and mammals.
Russia is the only country in the world that operates a nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet.
- To get 1 gram of radium, Marie Curie had to manually process several tons of raw materials.
- When some radioactive elements decay, radon gas is released. It is formed in rocks, and then from the soil it penetrates into houses and accumulates on the lower floors. Natural gas used in everyday life is also a potential source of radon. Even water can increase its content in the air if it is pumped from deep layers saturated with radon. The concentration of radon in the bathroom can be much higher than in the living room or kitchen.
2. Research methodology. ,
Houses in the village of Novy Ropsk are either wooden or brick. The construction of all houses was carried out according to an individual project, so the table would reflect the addresses of the houses in which we live and in which our classmates live.
To answer this question, we conducted a survey among our students of the Novoropskaya secondary school and village residents. And we got a very sad picture: on almost all issues, the guys showed more indifference and lack of the most minimal knowledge. It immediately became clear that it was extremely important to conduct educational work in this direction.
We then compiled study plan:
1) Investigate the level of background radiation in residential buildings (13 in total, both wooden and brick), cellars;
2) Investigate the level of background radiation in the forest.
3) Investigate the level of radiation background on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk;
4) In the course of a conversation with G. F. Sivaevskaya, find out what the level of radiation is in the village of Novy Ropsk, and also clarify the status of the village, which was assigned after the Chernobyl accident. (Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant)
5) Conduct a survey of the population.
Then they determined the places of research themselves. It is known that radon, as a decay product of uranium, tends to accumulate in the basements of buildings and on the first floors. Since access to the basements was closed for us everywhere, the main research sites (measuring points) were determined as follows: point No. 1, directly the entrance to the building or foyer; Point No. 2, platform on the first floor; point number 3, the very last floor.
According to this scheme, we carried out all measurements in residential and public buildings. All measurements were carried out with a RadEx 1503 dosimeter. See the Certificate of Conformity in Appendix 1.
Using it is very simple, just press one button and wait a few cycles, after which we will see the value of the radiation background in the study area on the liquid crystal display of the device.
All measurement results were reflected on the display in μS/h, the threshold of permissible values of the background radiation level was set in the device, in the case when the background level exceeded the permissible value (0.3 μS/h), the device began to beep. All data obtained on the display were entered into a table.
Each measurement was carried out five times at each point of the study, then the arithmetic mean was calculated. The time of the measurements ranged from 10.00 am to 12.00 pm. All studies took place during the month on Saturdays.
The measurements were carried out according to the above plan. When we took measurements in the forest, we first measured the level of background radiation at the edge of the forest, and then at a depth of 20 meters, with an interval of 5 meters. When measuring the radiation background on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk, we took measurements at several points on the streets, and then reflected the arithmetic average data in the table.
During the study, the air temperature was additionally measured with a digital thermometer in order to find out whether the level of background radiation depends on the air temperature, and if so, how.
Before carrying out the project, we studied various sources of information on the research topic. Further, in order to successfully complete the planned project, we distributed the responsibilities in the group: Irina Sidorenko measured with a dosimeter, Natalia Sinyukova measured the air temperature, Irina Kirichenko recorded the data. After that, together we analyzed the information received and designed this project.
3. Conversation with the head of the Novoropsky settlement Sivaevskaya Galina Fedorovna.
Target:
1) Take the passport of the territory of the rural settlement;
2) Find out how many streets in the study area, their name, location.
We took the passport of the territory of the rural settlement, which helped us to orient ourselves in the area during the study of the radiation background of the streets. They also found out that the village of Novy Ropsk, as a result of the Chernobyl accident, was assigned a preferential socio-economic status on the basis of the DECISION of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 12/18/97 N 1582 (as amended on 04/07/2005) "ON APPROVAL OF THE LIST OF SETTLEMENTS LOCATED IN THE BORDERS ZONES OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION DUE TO THE DISASTER AT THE CHERNOBYL NPP".
4. Poll of the population.
Target: Find out the awareness of the population on this topic and identify villagers whose diet contains a minimum of products that reduce radiation exposure.
Hypothesis: not all villagers know about the correct diet for those who live in the radiation zone and, as a result, do not consume products that reduce radiation exposure.
Object of study: residents of the village of Novy Ropsk.
Description: 10 closed questions. Of these, 4 are about the nutrition of the survey participants.
The questionnaire questions are in Appendix 2.
A total of 30 people were interviewed (15 girls and 15 young people).
Findings:
1) Plants in anti-radiation nutrition: wild rose, sea buckthorn, wild strawberries, lingonberries, blueberries, red sweet peppers, beets, carrots
2) According to the study, we can say that girls have more information on this topic.
3) The diet does not contain enough basic foods that reduce radiation exposure.
5. Study of background radiation in residential premises.
Target: to investigate the level of radiation background in residential buildings, cellars of the village of Novy Ropsk, Klimovsky district.
Hypothesis: we believe that the radiation background on the street, in the houses in which we live and in our cellars, where we store food, does not exceed the permissible limits; the level of radiation depends on the depth of the cellar, the deeper it is, the higher the level of radiation.
We surveyed the level of background radiation in our homes. Measurement data are presented in the table in Appendix 3.
Findings:
13 houses were surveyed. The average radiation background in residential buildings at the entrance is 0.15 μSv / h, in the hall 0.13 μSv / h, which corresponds to the norm.
Conducting research in the cellars, we found that the deeper the cellar, the higher the radiation background. Since the main source of radiation in our cellars is radon, and it is 7.5 times heavier than air. As a result, the concentration of radon in the cellar is much higher than in the living quarters the indicator is 0.17 μSv / h, which corresponds to the norm.
And in conclusion, we found that in houses where there are a large number of fresh flowers, cross-ventilation is often carried out, the radiation background is lower than on the street, the average radiation background on the streets, in the house, in the cellars does not exceed the permissible limits.
6.Issledovanie radiation background on the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk.
Goals: assess the radiation situation in the village of Novy Ropsk.
Hypothesis: The radiation background on the streets of our village does not exceed the permissible norms and is not evenly distributed, it varies depending on the place and time of measurements.
We surveyed the countryside for radiation. We measured the level of radiation in all the streets of our village. Measurement data are presented in the table. Appendix 4
Findings:
The level of radiation in the village and its environs does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration. It varies depending on the place and time of measurements.
Low level of radiation in open spaces, in windy weather, near water bodies. Far away from natural sources. Above the norm in confined spaces. In calm weather, during the period of solar activity.
So the minimum level of background radiation was recorded on Kommunisticheskaya Street 0.09 μSv / h or 9 μR / h, and the maximum value 0.18 μSv / h or 18 μR / h on the streets: Revuchev, Krasnoarmeyskaya, Kolkhoznaya, Kovalevsky, Bolnichnaya, 70 years October.
Average for the village: 0.168 µSv/h or 16.8 µR/h. Which corresponds to the norm (not higher than 0.30 μSv / h or 30 μR / h).
When studying the public opinion of the villagers, we found out that no one is indifferent to the problem of radiation, many consider it very relevant in modern society, many are interested in the level of radiation in our village. Almost everyone is interested in increasing knowledge on this issue, most are afraid of radiation and are interested in personal safety. It is necessary to carry out educational work among the population, especially among adolescents, in order to avoid panic in emergency situations.
7.Issledovanie radiation background in the forest.
Target: to investigate the level of background radiation in the forest.
Hypothesis: the radiation background in the forest is higher than the radiation background on the streets of our village.
The gifts of the forest are most often sources of radiation. In Soviet times, it was in the forests, often spontaneously, that the waste of the nuclear industry was buried. Ionizing radiation passing through trees, shrubs, plants, mushrooms and berries accumulates in them, making them also radioactive. In addition, one should not forget about the natural level of radiation: for example, mushrooms and berries that grow next to deposits of granite and other rocks also become radioactive. It has been proven that the harm from eating such foods is many times greater than from external radiation. When the source of radiation is inside, it directly affects the stomach, intestines and other organs of a person, and therefore even the smallest dose can cause the most severe health effects. From external sources radiation, we are at least a little protected by clothing, the walls of houses, but in front of the internal ones we are absolutely defenseless.
After the Chernobyl accident, there were no special programs for the utilization of forests in the region. Infected trees both stood and stand.
We found out what the radiation background is in our forest, in the places where we pick berries and mushrooms. All data are presented in the table in Appendix 5.
Conclusion:The radiation background in the forest exceeds the background radiation in the streets of the village, and in some places even above the norm.
Conclusion.
Thus, as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the ecological situation in our village has deteriorated, but the radiation pollution in the vicinity of the village does not go beyond the permissible norm.
This is evidenced by the following conclusions obtained as a result of the study:
1) As a result of the Chernobyl accident, the village of Novy Ropsk was assigned a preferential socio-economic status on the basis of the DECREE of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 12/18/97 N 1582 (as amended on 04/07/2005) "ON APPROVAL OF THE LIST OF SETTLEMENTS LOCATED WITHIN THE BORDERS OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION ZONES DUE TO DISASTERS AT THE CHERNOBYL NPP".
2) By conducting a survey, we found out that both girls and young people in the diet do not have enough basic foods that reduce radiation exposure.
3) When studying the public opinion of the villagers, we found out that no one is indifferent to the problem of radiation, many consider it very relevant in modern society, many are interested in the level of radiation in our village.
4) The radiation background in our area, on average, it is 0.168 μSv / h or 16.8 μR / h. Which corresponds to the norm (not higher than 0.30 μSv / h or 30 μR / h).
5) When conducting radiation and dosimetric monitoring, we found out that the average radiation background in residential buildings at the entrance is 0.15 μSv / h, in the hall 0.13 μSv / h, which corresponds to the norm.
6) Conducting research in the cellars, it was found that the deeper the cellar, the higher the background radiation.
7) Most of all radiation is in our forest. Of course, we did not examine the entire forest, but the data that we received indicate that the radiation in our forest is not evenly distributed, and at some measurement points it reaches high values, which is reflected in the photo illustrations in Appendix 6.
8) The level of radiation naturally increases with increasing temperature, decreases with height.
It is impossible to completely remove radionuclides from the body, but there is a set of products and medicines to reduce their effect on the body. Therefore, we have developed recommendations for villagers on removing radionuclides from the body. Appendix 7. And we also developed recommendations on how to reduce the intake of radionuclides into the body with agricultural and forest products in Appendix 8, and in Appendix 9 we developed special rules that must be followed during food preparation. .
For the villagers, we have developed general recommendations for cleaning the yard and house from radioactive substances. Annex 10.
Radiation is colorless, odorless, neither cold nor hot. But that's what makes it the most dangerous. After all, a person cannot guess where danger lies in wait for him. Therefore, environmental monitoring is necessary for human life, its environmental safety.
In order to bring the results of the study to the students of the Novoropskaya secondary school, we have developed an "Ecological Bulletin" dedicated to radiation pollution on the streets of our village. In the future, we plan to release several more issues dedicated to radiation pollution in our homes, cellars and in our forest.
The problem of radiation pollution in the village of Novy Ropsk is of great concern to us, so in the future we want to find out how the level of radiation in the village of Novy Ropsk changes during the year, as well as what level of radiation accumulates in food grown in our gardens.
List of used literature.
1. Federal Law “On Radiation Safety of the Population” No. 3-FZ dated 05.12.96. “Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99).
2. Sanitary rules SP 2.6.1.1292-03”.
8. Ministry of Emergency Situations Forest fires in the Chernobyl zone did not increase the level of radiation in the Bryansk region
9. Household dosimeter Radex 1503+.htm
10. Our Bryansk
12. List of settlements located within the boundaries of radioactive contamination zones _ Administration of Klintsy.htm
13. BASICS OF RADIATION EDUCATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE POPULATION LIVING IN RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED TERRITORIES _ uspeh-vmeste.ru.htm
14. Recommendations for cleaning the yard and house from radioactive substances - "ACCESSIBLE ABOUT RADIATION" _ Books _ Library _ Movement for nuclear safety.htm
Appendix 1.
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Study of background radiation in residential premises.
Appendix 4
Investigation of background radiation on the streets of Novy Ropsk village.
Appendix 5
The study of radiation background in the forest.
Appendix 6
Photo illustrations of the study.
In the woods:
Photo #1.
Photo #2.
Photo #3.
In the cellars:
Photo #1.
Photo #2.
In residential buildings:
Photo #1.
Photo #2.
On the streets of the village of Novy Ropsk:
Photo #1.
Photo #2.
Ecological Bulletin.
Issue #1.
Appendix 7
Recommendations for the removal of radionuclides from the body.
1) Change your diet.
The basis of the diet should be foods rich in vitamins:
- Vitamin A is found in fish liver, milk, egg yolk, butter, sour cream, cream and cheeses.
- Vitamin C is found in high concentrations in rose hips, currants, citrus fruits and sauerkraut.
- Vitamin E is found in vegetable oils: corn, sea buckthorn and unrefined sunflower.
- Vitamin P is found in olive oil, parsley, dill, onions, tomatoes and sweet peppers, buckwheat, bananas, walnuts.
- B vitamins are found in bread kvass, wheat, white bread.
2) Eat foods containing iodine.
Most of all, iodine is found in seaweed, fish, as well as in persimmon and feijoa fruits, but these foods should not be eaten simultaneously with white, cauliflower or Brussels sprouts, beans and potatoes, since the latter prevent the entry of iodine into the body.
3) Include more foods containing potassium and calcium in your diet.
Lean on apricots, quince, cherries, grapes, raspberries, cherries. The fact is that the potassium and calcium salts contained in these fruits are ionic competitors of radionuclides, so there should be as many of them in the body as possible. Onions and garlic help rid the body of infiltrated radionuclides.
4) Drink a lot.
It is best to drink freshly squeezed juices, bread kvass and green tea. When water is boiled, radioactive radon evaporates.
Appendix 8
Recommendations on how to reduce the intake of radionuclides into the body with agricultural and forest products.
1) Garden crops, in descending order of their ability to accumulate radionuclides, can be arranged in the following order: sorrel, beans, beans, peas, radishes, carrots, beets, potatoes, garlic, sweet peppers, onions, tomatoes, zucchini, cucumbers, cabbage.
2) Vegetables and fruits are recommended to be completely cleaned of earth, dust, and washed thoroughly. If possible, peel.
3) Widely use salting and pickling. Fermentation, pickling, salting leads to a decrease in the content of radioactive substances in products by 15-20%.
4) Stewing vegetables reduces their cesium content by 30-50%. Boiling, for example, peeled potatoes, reduces the content of cesium in it by 60-80%.
5) Before cooking, mushrooms must be soaked in saline, and then rinsed and boiled. Do not use the first decoction - up to 40% of radionuclides pass into this solution. When boiling in salted water, it is advisable to add a little table vinegar or citric acid. In the caps of mushrooms, the concentration of radionuclides is 1.5-2 times higher than in the stem.
6) According to the intensity of accumulation of radionuclides, in increasing order, wild berries can be placed in the following order: viburnum, mountain ash, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, lingonberries, cranberries and blueberries.
7) Ghee does not contain radionuclides at all. Milk whey is completely excluded from consumption.
8) In the process of separation, the bulk of the radioisotopes are removed with skimmed milk and cream is obtained with a content of radioactive substances in much smaller quantities. Whipping cream into butter further removes the radioisotopes. During long-term storage of butter, the remaining radionuclides decay.
9) The meat of different animals accumulates radionuclides in different ways - in pork they are much less than in lamb, beef and poultry meat. Cesium is deposited mainly in meat, strontium mainly in bones. The accumulation of cesium in individual organs and tissues of animals decreases in the following order: kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, lungs, muscles, brains, fat.
10) There are several ways to remove radionuclides from meat: boiling in water, wet salting, soaking. It should be remembered that the more liquid and the smaller the pieces of meat, the higher the effect. It is recommended to change the water several times.
11) It is desirable to catch fish in rivers and flowing reservoirs. The most polluted are predatory bottom fish - crucian carp, tench, perch, pike, carp, catfish, and the least - inhabitants upper layers water - roach, pike perch, bream.
Appendix 9
Special rules that must be followed during the preparation of write.
When cooking, the following basic rules should be followed:
1) Thoroughly rinse vegetables, mushrooms and berries in running water.
2) Soak the beef in fresh water. Boiling is the preferred method of meat preparation, since in the process of boiling about 80% of cesium radionuclides, as well as heavy metals, nitrates pass into a decoction. Decoction is not recommended. You should boil the meat for 5-10 minutes, drain the broth, and then continue cooking in a new portion of water, which can then be consumed.
3) Salting meat should be carried out with multiple changes of brine.
4) When preparing river fish from polluted reservoirs, it is necessary to cut off the head, gut and remove large bones.
5) Potatoes and root crops should be washed twice: before peeling and after. It is necessary to remove one or two top leaves from the cabbage.
6) Soak dried or fresh mushrooms in salted water for at least two hours. In this case, cesium migrates into the solution, and the quality of the mushrooms practically does not change.
7) The content of cesium in mushrooms is significantly reduced during boiling. Recommended one-time (10-15 minutes) or two-time (10 minutes) boiling of fresh mushrooms, followed by draining the broth.
8) At home, tops, sour cream, butter suitable for consumption can be prepared from contaminated milk. When separating in inches, 10 -15% of the original amount of strontium and cesium remains. In fermented milk products, the content of radionuclides is always lower than in fresh milk.
9) After sorting and washing the berries with running water, the pollution activity decreases by 1.1-1.4 times. And after making jams and preserves from berries, the activity in the final product will decrease by 2-5 times. When grinding berries with sugar by 0.5-0.8 times due to dilution with sugar. When dried, the activity of berries increases from 8 to 15 times.
Annex 10.
Recommendations for cleaning the yard and house from radioactive substances.
As a rule, the lower parts of the yard, where puddles accumulate, are dirtier. As for the house and outbuildings, the most dirty objects are roofs, drains and places under them.
1) In places of drains, it is necessary to remove the sod by 20-30 cm. Then proceed to cleaning the low-lying areas of the yard. In this case, the soil is removed by 5-10 cm and taken out of the village. After removing the contaminated layer, the territory of the yard is covered with clean soil or sand. This gives a 2-3 fold reduction in radioactive contamination.
2) Ventilation of premises (active ventilation of the premises within 3-4 hours reduces the concentration of radon by 3-4 times), installation of ventilation windows in foundations, etc.;
3) Greening rooms reduces the level of radiation.
4) Do not smoke, less likely to be in smoky rooms (in the process of smoking, aerosol particles actively settle on smoke particles).
5) Simple things such as whitewashing, painting or wallpapering reduce the release of radon from the walls of rooms by 5-20 times.
6) Change the monitor with a ray tube to a more modern, liquid crystal one - it has a much lower radiation background.
