A mandatory exam in history will overload schoolchildren, the expert believes. Where, when and why did the Unified State Exam first appear in the world? In what year was it introduced?

Despite the ambiguous attitude towards mandatory state exams among school graduates and their parents, the cancellation of the Unified State Exam in 2019 should not be expected. Judging by the trend that took place in 2017 and 2018, students will have to prepare even more efficiently for final tests and begin preparation not at the beginning of 11th grade, but much earlier.

If in the 2018-2019 academic year you have to graduate from school and choose a university, we strongly recommend that you become interested in such questions as:

Required subjects

Although today it is too early to talk about any final decisions regarding the final tests that should take place in the 2018-2019 academic year, employees of the Ministry of Education and Science are still ready to slightly lift the veil of secrecy. We managed to find out that in 2019 the Unified State Examination will definitely have new compulsory subjects.

Compulsory subjects are Russian language and Mathematics.

History could be added to the compulsory subjects (basic or specialized mathematics and Russian language) in 2019. The Ministry of Education and Science emphasizes that every citizen should know the history of his country and be able to distinguish historical facts from profanities and fakes, which last years began to appear more and more often against the backdrop of confrontation between countries in the information field.

As an elective subject, graduates will be able to choose:

social science;
physics;
chemistry;
history;
computer science;
foreign language;
geography;
biology;
literature.

The list of foreign languages available for testing will include: English, German, French, Spanish and Chinese.

As before, tests for future applicants will begin at the beginning of winter with the writing of the December essay, which has already become a traditional start to the graduation campaign.

Thus, today, while studying in the 10th grade, future graduates must decide in which direction they would like to continue their studies and decide how many and what subjects they need to pass for this at the Unified State Exam in 2019.

Innovations and changes in the Unified State Exam 2019

If you believe Vasilyeva’s promises, there will be no fundamental changes in the 2018-2019 season. The innovations introduced in 2017 and 2018 have proven themselves to be excellent, and therefore will remain in the new exam cards.

The following important changes are expected:

Mandatory oral part in the Unified State Exam in Russian (the exam will be divided into two days).
A new task in the written exam in the Russian language, number 21, where you need to show your knowledge of punctuation. Also, the test part will include fewer hints than before. Comments on the topic of the essay will be highly appreciated (+ additional 5 points).
Development of new CMMs based on the literature, focused on disclosure creative potential examinee.
In the Unified State Exam in history, the quotation should not contain unnecessary information that is not related to the context, otherwise the answer will not be counted (this applies to task number 21). As for task No. 2, here you will have to fill out the table yourself, and not choose 2 of the 5 presented answer options.
Adding so-called “integrated problems” to mathematics tickets, for solving which students will need to accumulate knowledge from different areas algebra and geometry.
As for biology, task number 6 will be in the form of a picture, and not in text format.
The computer science exam will be held only using a PC (without the “paper” part).
The maximum score for social studies has been increased - now it is not 64, but 65.
Exam Chinese language with written and oral parts.
Tightening of rules aimed at ensuring the reliability of the results obtained.

Perhaps for schoolchildren who did not approach the study of individual subjects responsibly enough and realized their lack of knowledge only after entering the 11th grade, the information about how many subjects they will have to take for the Unified State Exam in 2019 will be frightening. But, the purpose of such innovations is to provide competitive universities in the country with students who have the necessary amount of knowledge.

For more information about the innovations expected in the Unified State Exam, see the interview with Olga Vasilyeva.

Unified State Exam calendar for 2019

According to the approved schedule of the Unified State Exam, December essay graduates 2018-2019 school year will write on the following dates:

main session - 05.12.18;
1st retake – 02/06/19;
2nd retake – 05/08/19.

The early period will take place from 03/20/19 to 04/10/19 according to the established schedule:

The calendar for the main session of the Unified State Exam in 2019 will be as follows:

In September, graduates will be able to retake only compulsory subjects. The retake schedule will be as follows:

Minimum and passing scores

Carrying out Unified State Exam assignments, graduate recruiting test scores, which are converted into final results on a certain scale. It is not yet known whether there will be changes in the 2019 table. Nose high degree In all likelihood, it can be argued that the system of minimum and passing scores will remain.

Minimum score– a necessary condition for obtaining an education document. It is not difficult to achieve the minimum score in subjects. To do this, it is enough to master theory and practice at a basic level.
Passing score– a necessary condition for entry into the university chosen by the graduate. You should look for information about passing scores for a specific specialty at the university of interest on the official website of the educational institution.

Retake

Some good news is the fact that in 2019 it will be possible to retake not only compulsory subjects, but also any Unified State Examination. But, only one!

For graduates of previous years who received an unsatisfactory result, as well as for those who “failed” more than 1 subject or were found to have violated discipline, there will be no retakes.

If the graduate was unable to appear on the test day according to good reason(documented), then he will receive 2 more attempts.

on the reserve day of the session;
during the fall session.

Since the Unified State Examination certificate remains valid for 4 years, the autumn retake opens up for the graduate the prospect of entering a university next year, or even in 2019-2020 in faculties that have a shortage of students.

Preparation

By reading our article today, you are in time to think about preparing for the final tests that await you in 11th grade.

Experienced teachers with years of experience behind them effective preparation graduates to pass the Unified State Exam, it is recommended to go towards the intended goal according to the following algorithm:

Determine which faculty you would like to enroll in.
Find out what compulsory subjects (Unified State Examination certificates) the university requires from applicants in 2019.
Find out what changes are expected in 2019 according to the main Unified State Exam subjects(the official FIPI website will help with this).
Repeat all topics step by step school course in subjects by practicing solving mock papers 2018 and 2019.
Attend preparation courses for the Unified State Exam or contact a tutor.

Unfortunately, practice shows that just a good knowledge of the subject is not enough for successful completion Unified State Exam. Practice in solving problems of a certain type is required. By gaining experience in solving Unified State Exam questions while preparing for exams, students form a strategy for completing tasks and gain confidence in their own abilities, which is an indispensable assistant in achieving success.

Subscribe to our updates or join our groups on social networks and you will not miss important changes and the latest news about what 11th grade students should expect at the Unified State Exam in 2019.

We also suggest watching a video of the All-Russian meeting of the head of Rosobrnadzor with parents, at which issues important for future graduates were raised.

In recent years, school graduates have traditionally taken exams in two compulsory subjects: Russian language and mathematics. Exams in other subjects for eleventh graders are voluntary. Results in other subjects are not important for obtaining a school certificate. But they are extremely necessary for admission to universities. It has been said for several years that the list of mandatory exams in Russia will be supplemented by the Unified State Examination in history. From what year will the Unified State Examination in history become a mandatory exam for all eleventh graders? last news from the Ministry of Education.

From what year can the Unified State Examination in history become mandatory?

There was a lot of talk about the imminent introduction of a mandatory Unified State Exam in history in Russia in May 2017. Then the Minister of Education and Science Olga Vasilyeva announced that already in 2020 history will school discipline will acquire the status of one of the most important school subjects, and graduates will begin to take the Unified State Exam in history as a mandatory requirement.

There is very little left until 2020. In fact, if Vasilyeva’s words became a reality, today’s tenth-graders would need to prepare for a mandatory history exam.

However, the other day, on October 29, 2018, the same Olga Vasilyeva, whose position is now called the Minister of Education, spoke about the delay in raising the status of the Unified State Examination in history.

According to the minister, the Unified State Examination in history will become a mandatory exam for eleventh grade graduates “after 2022.”

The fact is that in 2022 the compulsory exam will definitely have to be the exam in foreign languages. Introducing two mandatory exams at once in addition to the Russian language and mathematics means shocking both graduates, their parents, and teachers. Until 2022, the status of history is as school subject They don’t have time to raise him, so the decision is postponed.

From the words of Minister Vasilyeva it follows that the Unified State Exam in history will become (if at all) a mandatory exam no earlier than 2023-2024. The only people who need to worry about this are the parents of today’s fifth and sixth graders.

Photo: minsvyaz.ru

Unified State Examination in history as a mandatory exam: pros and cons

Graduates of Russian schools know history poorly. This is a fact that everyone more or less close to this topic talks about. Even applicants to specialized history departments sometimes surprise university teachers with the level of their knowledge in a bad way.

Minister Vasilyeva talks about the same thing - about poor knowledge of history and that without knowledge of this subject “it is impossible to move on.”

FIPI recently confirmed that schoolchildren taking the Unified State Exam in History are mediocrely familiar with historical figures, have a poor understanding of cultural history, and are often confused about the events of the twentieth century. And these are the graduates who were preparing for passing the Unified State Exam on history.

However, many are confident that there will be no benefit from giving the Unified State Examination in history the status of a compulsory exam. Or, at the very least, this decision will cause more harm.

Thus, school teacher Alikhan Dinaev from Grozny argues on the pages educational portal mel.fm and gives the following arguments against such an innovation:

Minister Vasilyeva discusses how former teacher stories. Of course, for any teacher his subject is the main one. However, the minister should think more globally. If tomorrow the post of head of the Ministry of Education is taken by a geography teacher, the country, according to this logic, needs to prepare for the introduction of a mandatory Unified State Exam in geographical science.
The workload of school graduates in Russia is already excessive. Almost all eleventh-graders who are seriously preparing to enter a university devote all their out-of-school time to additional classes. It is unlikely that it will be beneficial for the psyche and health of adolescents to increase this load.

It is the load, naturally, that is the main argument against innovation. Back in 2015, it was decided that starting from 2022, the list of mandatory Unified State Exams will be expanded to include an exam in foreign languages. This means that in three and a half years there will be not two, but three mandatory Unified State Examinations. This will significantly increase the workload on schoolchildren. The Ministry of Education should still feel the limit and stop at some point.

The first analogue of the Unified State Exam was introduced in France in the 60s. The French colonies in Africa gained independence, and the country began to have a lot of immigrants from Africa. Their level of education was extremely low, but, nevertheless, the children of immigrants needed to study, and the French authorities met them halfway by greatly simplifying the exam system. Test surveys were introduced, and the final exam was combined with the entrance exam to the university.

Very soon, numerous demonstrations and protests began in France: the people did not accept the new system, believing that it would lead to the “dumbing down” of the nation. The confrontation did not last long: after three years, the government, having assessed the results of the new policy, abandoned the innovations.

However, such a system has taken root quite successfully in America. It is less expensive and very convenient. Now the idea of “2 exams in 1” has started to become widespread all over the world.

Unified State Exam in Russia

The first prototypes of the Unified State Exam began to appear in Russia in 1997. Some schools began conducting experiments on voluntary testing of graduates.

The author of the idea of the Unified State Exam in Russia was Vladimir Filippov, who headed the Ministry of Education from 1998 to 2004. It was he who began a large-scale reform national education: Russia’s accession to the Bologna process with division higher education for bachelor's and master's degrees, creation of new educational standards. One of the necessary conditions for this process was the introduction of new ways to assess the knowledge of schoolchildren.

The Unified State Exam was supposed to eliminate corruption in schools and universities and provide an effective test of graduates’ knowledge (the standard five-point scale has not been able to cope with this task for a long time). That is why a test form was chosen, with which an impartial machine works. In addition, the state exam was supposed to make higher education truly accessible to children from the regions.

“You can enter all elite and most other universities only through tutoring at a given university, or through paid courses at it, or through targeted admission, which they implement, or through “contractual” schools that Moscow and St. Petersburg universities have.” , Filippov asserted.

In 1999, the Federal Testing Center of the Ministry of Education and Science was created. Objective: development of a testing system in the country, as well as monitoring the quality of knowledge of students in Russian educational institutions.

Under the leadership of the director of the center, Vladimir Khlebnikov, the idea, technology and methodology for conducting the Unified State Exam were developed, as well as its software and scaling of test results. At the same time, the basis for compiling KIMs was formed, and issues of coordinating information and technological support for the exam were resolved.

In 2000, the order of the Government of the Russian Federation designated new plan development of education: “The phased transition to normative per capita financing of higher professional education provides for the development of technology for conducting the Unified State Final Exam and its subsequent legislative consolidation.”

The implementation of the new plan began almost immediately. However, it was impossible to foresee all possible obstacles and pitfalls in advance. The Unified State Exam has undergone many changes during its existence. Its development was carried out in several conventional stages.

Stage 2001-2003

“On the organization of an experiment on the introduction of a unified state exam” dated February 16, 2001
"About participation educational institutions secondary vocational education in the experiment on the introduction of a unified state exam" dated April 5, 2002.

Experimental regions were selected where the Unified State Exam was held for the first time in eight subjects: the Republic of Chuvashia, Mari El, Yakutia, Samara and Rostov region. More than 30 thousand people and about 50 public universities in eight academic disciplines took part.

Before the start of the experiment, a large-scale campaign was launched to support the unified state exam. First of all, active work was carried out to inform the population through the media, conferences and trainings for teachers, and special classes in schools were held. At the same time, a powerful anti-corruption movement began throughout the entire education system.

The specific list of subjects for which the Unified State Exam was held in 2001-2008 was established by each region independently.

In 2002, the experiment to introduce a unified state exam took place in 16 regions of the country. It was taken by graduates of 8,400 schools; admission based on grades obtained on the Unified State Exam was carried out in 117 universities.

In 2003, 47 regions took part in the experiment, and in 11 of them, graduates took the Unified State Exam in all nine subjects of the school curriculum. The exam was conducted by 18.5 thousand Russian schools.

The number of universities that recruited students based on exam results increased significantly - to 245. The experiment included including, and some medical schools, as well as universities that train specialists in the field of culture and sports.

In short, the Unified State Exam was spreading very actively throughout the country. Already in 2004 - maximum in 2005 - the experiment was considered successful and they planned to make it mandatory.

results

However, not everything was smooth sailing.

Voices of protest against the introduction of the Unified State Exam were loud. Many scientific and cultural figures, teachers, schoolchildren, and their parents were dissatisfied. They pointed out the main shortcomings of the Unified State Examination. It was argued that testing, in principle, is not capable of revealing the level of knowledge, and the learning process turns into “training” for an exam. Also, many spoke about the exorbitant complexity of tasks for schoolchildren, and the general increase in the load on students.

According to many, this form of certification lacked an individual approach to students and did not take into account the difference in their learning conditions.

In addition, many prestigious (and not so prestigious) universities did not take into account Unified State Exam results, so graduates had to endure a double load of exams.

Based on the results of the trial Unified State Exam, it was concluded that legal framework requires significant improvements and modifications. A lot of problems arose with the work of examination commissions, filing appeals, and enrollment in universities.

In addition, problems were identified with the organization of the exam, both with the order of the procedure itself, and with the delivery and processing of results. But the questions and tasks of the Unified State Exam (USE) caused the most criticism.

Stage 2004-2006

Innovations

The task was set: within three years to solve the main Unified State Exam problem- reducing the burden on graduates by completely combining final and entrance exams. To achieve this, the number of universities accepting applicants based on the results of the Unified State Exam was significantly increased.

In 2004, 65 regions of Russia took the exam, the number of universities and colleges increased to 946 and 1,530, respectively. The number of general education subjects in which the Unified State Exam was taken has increased. In 2006, 950 thousand schoolchildren in 79 regions of Russia took the Unified State Exam.

Since 2004, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has taken part in an experiment to enroll cadets in the first courses of military universities based on the results of passing the Unified State Exam, and in 2005 introduced the State Final Certification in new form(GIA) for graduates of the Suvorov military, Nakhimov naval schools and cadet corps.

An important improvement was the possibility of correspondence admission of graduates to several universities at the same time. Moreover, it was possible to send documents to an unlimited number of educational institutions (from those that counted the results of the Unified State Exam). Funding for the project has increased even more. The procedure for conducting the Unified State Exam has been significantly improved.

Testing for graduates began to be carried out in two stages: immediately after graduation (in May-June) and a month later. This was introduced so that schoolchildren still have enough strength for the exam, as well as time to send their results to more educational institutions.

results

Of all the subjects of the Russian Federation, only Nizhny Novgorod Region categorically refused to participate in the Unified State Examination experiment. Residents of Nizhny Novgorod explained this by saying that the Unified State Examination is incorrect in its essence, and their exam will be held only after the relevant government decisions in the normal mode, when it is legalized.

By 2005, it was not possible to complete the experiment, and it was decided to make the Unified State Exam mandatory by 2008. A decree was issued: to complete as soon as possible the project of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the phased introduction of a unified state exam in the territory of Russian Federation", as well as to determine approaches to creating an all-Russian system for assessing the quality of education.

However, a serious problem arose with the introduction of the Unified State Exam in creative universities. The rectors of the largest educational institutions categorically spoke out against the introduction of the Unified State Exam. True, the state exam did not cancel the creative competition, and applicants continued to take these disciplines in the same order. However, the main general education subjects (Russian language, literature, mathematics) in most creative universities were already counted according to the Unified State Examination results. The most dramatic changes have taken place in the capital: the Moscow Department of Education has obliged all educational institutions related to the arts to allocate 50% of specialties for applicants admitted based on the results of the Unified State Exam. Literally only a few were able to bypass this decision.

However, despite the apparent success of the Unified State Exam, discontent still did not subside. To the old problems, another one has been added: the discrepancy between the requirements of the Unified State Exam and the school curriculum.

The main opponent of the introduction of the Unified State Exam, the rector of Moscow State University Viktor Sadovnichy, called the state exam “a forge of mediocrity.” His point of view was shared by almost all rectors of large universities in Russia. But at the same time, Vladimir Putin, in his address to the Federal Assembly, unequivocally spoke about the importance of a transparent procedure for state testing of knowledge, meaning by this specifically the Unified State Exam.

Stage 2007-2009

Innovations

In 2007, the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, the Federal Law “On Higher and Postgraduate Education” was adopted. vocational education" and Art. 2 of the Federal Law “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with Improving the Separation of Powers.”

Until 2009, the procedure for conducting the Unified State Exam remained the same. IN in full The Regulations on the Unified State Exam, approved by order of the Ministry of Education seven years ago, continued to apply. New amendments were established in Russia until January 1, 2009 transition period for the introduction of the Unified State Exam in full throughout Russia. They contained significant changes during the Unified State Examination.

First of all, school medals and SVE diplomas with honors lost their validity, and their holders were deprived of benefits: now they had to take the Unified State Examination general conditions. However total number beneficiaries increased significantly: without competition, subject to successful passing of the exam, not only orphans and children left without parental care, persons under the age of 23 (as previously decided), but also children of military personnel who died in the line of duty could enter universities. responsibilities military service or when participating in counter-terrorism operations. Moreover, without entrance examinations received the right to enter Olympic champions, Paralympic and Deaflympic Games for training in areas of training (specialties) in the field physical culture and sports.

Also, the Federal Law of February 9, 2007 significantly expanded the number of Olympiads, based on the results of which a school graduate can be accepted into higher education. educational institution with a minimum score on the Unified State Exam. From now on, their list will be approved annually by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

Also, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, together with Rosobrnadzor, began the active development of additional legal acts regulating the issues of conducting the Unified State Examination and State Examination among graduates.

A specific deadline was set: by April 1, all colleges and universities must announce a list of specialties and forms of study for which admission was announced based on the results of the Unified State Examination, and a list of entrance tests. And on May 1, the admission rules should be fully published.

In 2008, over a million students in all regions took the Unified State Exam. The number of subjects of the Russian Federation where the Unified State Exam was held increased to 92 regions, and 1,650 universities and 2,000 colleges began accepting students based on the exam results.

On January 1, 2009, amendments to the laws “On Education” and “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” came into force, which declared the Unified State Examination mandatory for all graduates, regardless of whether they intend to continue their studies at a university or not. The state exam has also become mandatory for students in Russian schools foreign citizens, stateless persons, refugees and internally displaced persons.

The Unified State Exam 2009 has been significantly transformed. In addition to the above points, other changes have been introduced. First of all, he began to play main role upon admission to university. The results of passing the Unified State Examination at school began to be counted as entrance exams at the same time.

To receive a certificate, schoolchildren had to pass only two compulsory exams - in the Russian language and mathematics, and to enter a university - four. Additional exams were determined depending on the university’s admission requirements, however, the results of entrance tests in the Russian language were mandatory for admission to all specialties.

Some universities (namely 24) have received permission from the government to conduct their own additional tests for some specialties. Additional tests were organized in creative and professional specialties that require special creative, physical or psychological qualities.

Also, each university is now required to set its own passing threshold before accepting applications. This is necessary in order to make it easier for those applicants whose scores are not high enough to choose an educational institution.

Documents for admission to a university could now be sent by mail, which made it much easier for graduates to enroll.

Obtaining admission to the Unified State Examination has become more difficult: now it is not enough just to finish 11th grade - you had to write a final test in mathematics and an essay in the Russian language with a positive grade.

The points received in the state exam no longer affect the final grades that are included in the certificate. However, if a graduate passes both mandatory exams unsatisfactorily, he is issued a certificate of study at the school, and is given the right to retake the exam only after a year.

The problem with recalculation and scaling of Unified State Exam results has been resolved: the conversion of points into grades has been cancelled. Now, upon graduating from school, a graduate received a separate certificate of passing the Unified State Exam and a certificate. Unified State Examination results are valid until December 31 of the year following the passing of the exam.

results

The admissions campaign, which usually ran smoothly until the end of July, in 2009 ended only at the beginning of the academic year. The main problem was the ability to apply to an unlimited number of universities and three “waves” of admission. Because of this, huge confusion and many scandals arose.

Difficulties also arose due to the fact that many applicants could not pick up the original documents for admission to the chosen university, since they had already been enrolled in another.

A lot of discontent arose due to the “influx” of applicants preferential category. The first list of state employees consisted almost entirely of applicants entering without competition. As a result, people with high Unified State Exam scores were faced with the need to either wait for the second wave or submit original documents to other universities. Successful applicants with good Unified State Exam results were often unable to enroll in their desired university.

The problem of uncertainty of applicants in their choice also emerged: they applied for a wide variety of areas, without gravitating towards any specific one. This created difficulties not only during enrollment, but also during further education.

2010

Innovations

KIMs in mathematics and literature have undergone some changes. This was preceded by the collapse of graduates in the previous year's exam: 25% of schoolchildren wrote an unsatisfactory grade in the mathematics exam. As for literature, the main problem was the impossibility objective assessment such an abstract, sometimes intuitive subject in test form. Math problems were transformed into more specific, everyday ones. The new tests required not only knowledge of formulas and rules, but also the ability to use them in practice, understanding the subject itself.

Graduates who graduated high school before January 1, 2009, i.e. before the Unified State Exam became mandatory, they received a choice. Now, when entering a university as a full-time student, they may not have to take the Unified State Exam, but rather take exams in the traditional form. Previously, this was allowed only to those who entered the correspondence and evening departments of universities.

The number of stages of admission to universities has decreased from three to two. This made it possible to timely determine whether the applicant scored the required number of points to enter the chosen university. The student's right to withdraw from admissions committee one university with his documents and send them to another, where he passed in the second wave. Moreover, all this could be done within one day.

Universities received the right to set a minimum threshold of scores not only in the core, but also in all other subjects.

The target intake was reduced by 10%. In addition, the issue of its abolition in humanitarian areas, where there are too many graduates: lawyers, economists, managers, etc., has become relevant.

A new rule was also legislatively approved: this year applications could be submitted to no more than five universities, and no more than three directions in each.

To avoid repetition conflict situations, which often arose due to the lack of necessary information, the government obliged all universities to publish on their websites their own admission rules, areas of training, and a list of entrance tests by February 1.

results

According to the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Consumer Rights educational services and department economic security The Ministry of Internal Affairs in 2010, due to the mandatory state examination, the amount of corruption in education increased. Moreover, bribery has moved from universities to the school level. This became one of the main arguments of opponents of the introduction of the Unified State Exam in Russia.

Creative universities continue to defend their right to admit applicants not on the basis of Unified State Examination results, but on the basis of their own exams. There are those who succeed: Conservatory named after. P.I. Tchaikovsky, State School of Music them. Gnesins, RATI and the Moscow Art Theater School.

However, in most creative universities, the Unified State Examination results for at least one of the exams are taken into account. True, for now the state exam does not cancel traditional entrance tests.

At the same time, many educational institutions find a way to “bypass” the Unified State Exam. For example, higher theater schools named after. Shchepkina and them. Shchukin's state exam scores are counted only for essays, and then only for citizens of CIS countries. Medalists are given the opportunity to choose: present the results of the Unified State Exam or write an essay directly during the exam.

Limiting the number of educational institutions where documents could be submitted played a positive role: the rush and panic of 2009 was avoided. The admissions campaign went smoothly and quite successfully.

Another problem has arisen. In the context of an emerging demographic crisis, many universities began to reduce the passing grade in many specialties, as a result of which, often, they recruited not very well prepared students. This problem is most pressing now, since there are fewer and fewer graduates every year. The Ministry of Education and Science has focused its attention, first of all, on resolving this issue.

The introduction of the Unified State Exam and its evolution over almost 10 years made it clear that neither the Russian Government, nor the Ministry of Education and Science, nor the scientific community consider this form of knowledge assessment to be perfect. Every year the Unified State Exam has changed and will continue to change until it suits all participants in the educational process.

Stage 2011-2014

Innovations

In 2011, the rules for admission to universities for winners and prize-winners of this year's Olympiads changed. They could use their benefits for admission to only one university, and go to the rest according to a general competition based on the results of the Unified State Exam.

In 2012, the “Historical Portrait” task was introduced into Part “C” of the Unified State Examination in History. The essence of the task: choose one of the three proposed historical figures and briefly talk about him in the form of a mini-essay.

In addition, new, more complex options have appeared in part “B”. If previously it was enough to correctly compare a date and a person, now a historical event has also been added.”

The Unified State Examination in mathematics included problems in the section “Probability and Statistics” and assignments in the geometry course. The number of tasks in computer science computer simulations has also changed: in the first part their number was reduced from 18 to 13, in the second part it was increased from 10 to 15. The number of tasks in the sections “Elements of the Theory of Algorithms” and “Modeling and Computer Experiment” has increased, and there are fewer assignments in the sections “Number systems” and “Fundamentals of logic”.

In KIMs on literature in the block basic level complexity, new tasks were introduced to select the correct answer from the proposed options, but the total number of tasks remained the same.

During the Unified State Examination in 2013, more than 150 fragments of examination tasks were identified on the Internet in the public domain. In addition, in almost 2 thousand groups on social networks, graduates of 11th grade solved assignments online for everyone for a small fee.

Because of this it appeared a large number of fake "stobalniks". As a result, the children who suffered were those who studied honestly throughout their entire period of schooling and relied only on their knowledge. Because of fake “stubble money”, many students were unable to enroll in the budget-funded departments of the universities they planned to attend. And they were forced to either postpone higher education or go to study on a commercial basis.

In November 2013, a letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation “On the validity of the Unified State Exam results” was published, which stated that the results of the unified state exam for admission to undergraduate and specialist programs are valid for four years following the year in which such results were obtained.

results

Due to the fact that in 2013 there was a massive leak of KIMs of the state exam, Rosobrnadzor set the task of “working on mistakes” so that in 2014 Unified State Exam passed on equal terms for all graduates.

In 2014, Rosobrnadzor plans to carry out a number of activities that will help avoid leaks of CIMs. For this purpose, an increase in examination materials and the number of options will be made. Each time zone will have its own versions of testing and measuring materials.

CTs will be delivered to the regions not three days before the exam, as before, but one day before. It is planned to place them in special storage facilities with a video surveillance system.

In addition, graduates of 2014 will have to take the Unified State Exam under the surveillance of video cameras that will be installed in classrooms and corridors. It is expected that cellular signal jammers will be installed in classrooms.

Innovations in the Unified State Exam 2015

An oral part in foreign languages has been added. This section can be included at the request of the participant.
For individual achievements, students could receive up to 10 points towards their Unified State Examination results.
The admission to the Unified State Exam was the essay, which was conducted in December. Grading - pass/fail. Upon admission, the university could evaluate the essay - up to a maximum of 10 points for the Unified State Examination.
The test part of the Unified State Exam in Russian has been removed. For other subjects - a reduction in multiple-choice tasks.
In CMMs, the division into blocks (A, B, C) was removed, and simple numbering remained.
Division of the Unified State Examination in mathematics into basic and specialized levels.
Most of the tasks are planned to be taken from an open bank. In the future, the formation of CIMs will be 100% from an open bank.
TO early delivery The Unified State Examination will be open to everyone - students and graduates of previous years.
The Unified State Examination can be retaken this year.
The Unified State Exam can be taken after 10th grade.

Innovations in the Unified State Exam 2016

Russian language.

All the main characteristics of the examination work are generally preserved. Selection expanded language material for completing tasks 7 and 8. The wording of task 25 has been clarified. The evaluation criteria for task 25 have been clarified.

Mathematics.

Basic level There are no changes in the structure and content of the examination paper.

Profile level Two tasks are excluded from the first part: a practice-oriented task of a basic level of complexity and a task on stereometry of an increased level of complexity. Maximum primary score decreased from 34 to 32 points.

Story.

Tasks with a choice of one answer out of four (1–21 according to 2015 numbering) and a task to establish correspondence (24) were excluded from the work. New tasks for establishing correspondence have been added to part 1 of the work: knowledge of dates (2 according to 2016 numbering); on knowledge of basic facts, processes, phenomena (5); to work with textual historical sources (6); on knowledge of the basic facts of cultural history (17); assignment on the history of the Great Patriotic War to fill in the gaps in sentences (8), as well as a task with a short answer to work with a historical source for the 20th century. (10). The task to test the ability to present the results of historical and educational activities in free form (40 according to the 2015 numbering) has been excluded from part 2 of the examination paper. A new task has been added that involves writing historical essay for a certain period of Russian history. In part 1 exam paper 2016 the location of tasks was changed: tasks are located in accordance with the principle of alternating activities. The writing time has been increased to 235 minutes.

Biology, literature.

There are no changes to the structure and content of the examination paper.

Chemistry.

In Part 1 of the work, the format of six tasks of a basic level of complexity with a short answer has been changed. These are the following tasks: − No. 6, its implementation involves the use of generalized knowledge about classification and nomenclature organic matter. The result of completing the task is to identify three correct answers out of six proposed options; − No. 11 and No. 18, their implementation involves the use of generalized knowledge about the genetic relationship of inorganic and organic substances. The result of completing the tasks is to identify two correct answers out of five proposed options. − No. 24, No. 25 and No. 26, the answer to these tasks is a number with a given degree of accuracy (instead of the number of the correct answer in the 2015 work). Also in part 1 of the work, the format of two tasks of an increased level of complexity has been changed - No. 34 and No. 35, which test the assimilation of knowledge of characteristic chemical properties hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing organic compounds. In the 2016 paper, these tasks are presented in the format of matching tasks (in the 2015 paper these were multiple choice tasks).
Based on an analysis of the 2015 Unified State Exam results, adjustments were made regarding the distribution of tasks by level of complexity and types of skills and methods of activity being tested. Thus, in particular, the expediency of checking the assimilation of the content element “ Chemical equilibrium; shift of equilibrium under the influence of various factors” only with tasks of an increased level of complexity. At the same time, mastering knowledge of the characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds and biologically important substances is only at a basic level.

Spanish, German, French, English.

Social science.

The structure of the examination work has been optimized: – the logic of the structure of part 1 has been brought into line with the logic of part 2: tasks are focused on testing certain skills (requirements for the level of graduates’ training) on various content elements; – from Part 1 of the work, tasks with a short answer in the form of one number corresponding to the number of the correct answer are excluded; As a result of the regrouping of tasks of various types, the total number of tasks in part 1 was reduced by 7 tasks. As a result, the total number of work tasks was reduced by 7 tasks (29 instead of 36). The maximum primary score for completing all work has not changed (62).

Physics.

The structure of the Unified State Exam KIM in 2016 was left unchanged. For task lines 2–5, 8–10 and 11–16, the range of controlled content elements has been expanded.

Computer science.

The 2016 CMM model has changed slightly compared to the 2015 CMM. The sequence of presentation of tasks 1–5 was changed. The number of tasks and the maximum primary score remained unchanged.

Changes in the testing and measuring materials of the Unified State Exam-2017.

Russian language.
Mathematics (basic and specialized levels).
Geography.
Computer science.
Literature.

Foreign languages: there are no changes in structure or content.
The wording of task 3 of the oral part of the exam has been clarified.

History: no changes in structure or content.
The maximum score for completing tasks 3 and 8 has been changed (2 points instead of 1).
The wording of task 25 and the criteria for its assessment have been improved

Social studies: no significant changes.
The structure of the block of tasks in Part 1, which tests the content of the “Law” section, is unified according to the model of the structure of blocks that test the content of other sections of the course: task 17 was added to select the correct judgments, the numbering of tasks 18 (formerly 17), 19 (formerly 18) was changed. Task 19 in the form in which it existed in the CMM of previous years is excluded from the work.

Biology: significant changes.

Tasks with a choice of one answer are excluded from the examination work.
The number of tasks has been reduced from 40 to 28.
The maximum primary score was reduced from 61 in 2016 to 59 in 2017.
The duration of the examination work has been increased from 180 to 210 minutes.
Part 1 includes new types of tasks that differ significantly in the types of learning activities: filling in the missing elements of a diagram or table, finding the correctly indicated symbols in a picture, analyzing and synthesizing information, including that presented in the form of graphs, diagrams and tables with statistical data.

Chemistry: significant changes.

The structure of Part 1 of CMM has been fundamentally changed: tasks with a choice of one answer have been excluded; The tasks are grouped into separate thematic blocks, each of which contains tasks of both basic and advanced levels of difficulty.
The total number of tasks has been reduced from 40 (in 2016) to 34.
The rating scale has been changed (from 1 to 2 points) for completing tasks at a basic level of complexity, which test the assimilation of knowledge about the genetic connection of inorganic and organic substances (9 and 17).
The maximum initial score for completing the work as a whole will be 60 points (instead of 64 points in 2016).

Physics: significant changes.
The structure of part 1 of the examination paper has been changed, part 2 has been left unchanged.
Tasks with a choice of one correct answer have been excluded from the examination work and tasks with a short answer have been added.

Changes in the testing and measuring materials of the Unified State Exam-2018

Mathematics (basic and specialized level)
Geography
Story
Biology

significant changes.

The examination paper in the Russian language includes a basic level task (No. 20), testing knowledge lexical norms modern Russian literary language;
The maximum initial score for completing all work has been increased from 57 to 58.

significant changes.

The requirements for completing tasks 9 and 16 have been clarified (the requirement to justify the choice of an example for comparison has been cancelled);
The fourth topic of the essay has been introduced (17.4). 3) The criteria for assessing the completion of tasks with a detailed answer (8, 9, 15, 16, 17) have been completely redesigned;
The maximum score for the entire work has been increased from 42 to 57 points.

significant changes.

The assessment system for task 28 has been reworked;
The wording of task 29 has been detailed and the system of its assessment has been changed;
The maximum initial score for completing all work has been increased from 62 to 64.

Computer Science and ICT:

In task 25, the ability to write an algorithm in natural language was removed due to the lack of demand for this option by exam participants;
Examples of program texts and their fragments in tasks 8, 11, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25 in the C language have been replaced with examples in the C++ language, as it is much more relevant and widespread.

Foreign languages:

There are no changes to the CMM structure.

The criteria for assessing the completion of tasks 39 and 40 have been clarified.

significant changes.

One task added (No. 30) high level with a detailed answer. By changing the scoring of tasks in part 1;
The maximum primary score for completing all work remained unchanged (60).

significant changes.

One basic level task (No. 24) has been added to Part 1, testing elements of astrophysics;
The maximum primary score for completing all work has been increased from 50 to 52 points.

Innovations in the Unified State Exam 2019

In 2019, school graduates will be required to choose one of two levels of the Unified State Exam in their application for participation in the Unified State Exam. mathematics: either basic or profile.

If a graduate fails the Unified State Exam in mathematics, he can replace the previously chosen level and take it again on reserve days. And those who did not pass the profile level even on reserve days will be able to pass the basic level to receive a certificate in September.

In 2019 graduates of previous years Those who already have a certificate cannot take basic level mathematics.

Since 2017 test part of the tasks The Unified State Exam is excluded from almost all testing and measuring materials. To those excluded earlier test parts the exclusion of the test part from the Unified State Examination tasks in three more subjects has been added: physics, biology and chemistry. Exam participants must enter the answer themselves, and not choose it from those proposed.

In 2019, for the first time, the Unified State Examination will be conducted according to Chinese language. It will become the fifth language of choice for Unified State Examination participants, along with English, German, French and Spanish.

In 2019 certificate with distinction will be awarded to those graduates who have final grades “excellent” in all academic subjects, have successfully passed the state final certification, and also passed the Unified State Examination in Russian language and mathematics at the profile level with at least 70 points or 5 points on the Unified State Examination in basic-level mathematics .

Since 2019, the Unified State Exam has become the main form of state final certification for graduates of Crimea and Sevastopol.

Changes in the testing and measuring materials of the Unified State Exam-2019

In KIM, additional instructions and reminders have been introduced for all academic subjects for Unified State Examination participants to check the recording of answers on forms No. 1 and No. 2 under the corresponding task numbers. All changes in the Unified State Exam KIM are not of a fundamental nature. In most subjects, the wording of tasks is being clarified and the system of assessing tasks is being improved to increase the differentiating ability of examination work.

There are no changes in structure and content in the following subjects:

Mathematics (basic and specialized level);
Geography;
Physics;
Chemistry;
Computer Science and ICT.

The number of tasks in the examination paper has been increased from 26 to 27 due to the introduction of a new task (21), which tests the ability to conduct punctuation analysis of the text;
Changed the format of tasks 2, 9–12;
The range of tested spelling and punctuation skills has been expanded.
The difficulty level of individual tasks has been clarified;
The wording of task 27 with a detailed answer has been clarified;
The assessment criteria for task 27 have been clarified.

Literature:

corrections have been made to the assessment of tasks 8 and 15 (wording of criterion 1 with a description of the requirements for an answer for 2 points, rules for calculating factual errors in criterion 2),
in tasks 9 and 16 (criteria 1 and 2 take into account possible options for flaws in the answer),
in tasks 17.1–17.4 (counting logical errors was added to criterion 4).

The wording was detailed and the assessment system for task 25 was revised;
The maximum score for completing task 25 has been increased from 3 to 4;
The wording of tasks 28, 29 has been detailed, and their assessment systems have been improved;
The maximum initial score for completing all work has been increased from 64 to 65.

Foreign languages:

The criteria for assessing the performance of task 40 of the “Writing” section in the written part of the exam have been clarified, as well as the wording of task 40, in which the exam participant is offered a choice of two topics for an extended written statement with elements of reasoning “My opinion”

The main stage of the United state exams. It will last from May 28 to July 2.

The first were schoolchildren who needed results in geography and computer science.

The Unified State Examination was introduced everywhere nine years ago, but controversy surrounding this form of passing final exams at school has not stopped to this day.

Who invented the Unified State Exam?

The initiator of the introduction of the Unified State Exam in Russia was Vladimir Filippov, who served as Minister of Education from 1999 to 2004. It was under him that the principles of the Unified State Exam in Russia were developed.

The direct creator of the testing system was Vladimir Khlebnikov, the namesake of the great Russian poet. It is interesting to note that it was he who became one of the first critics of this system.

As the head of the Federal Testing Center of Rosobrnadzor, Khlebnikov developed the principles of centralized testing, which was carried out purely voluntarily at the request of students and educational institutions. No budgetary funds were required for this; the results were agreed to be taken into account when screening out applicants from about six hundred universities in the country.

According to Vladimir Khlebnikov, this system was in no way suitable as a final certification at the end of school.

Nevertheless, officials were satisfied with the system, and since 2001, experiments have been carried out to introduce unified state exams in various regions. Since 2009, the Unified State Exam has become the only form of final exams at school and the main one for admission to universities.

Why was this necessary?

The initiators of the introduction of the Unified State Exam were most concerned about two things: reducing corruption, which flourished in education and was not even particularly hidden, and creating a working “educational elevator.”

Filippov directly said that the Unified State Exam evokes sharp criticism primarily because residents of capital cities lose their “natural” advantage when entering prestigious universities, which could only be obtained through tutoring or paid preparatory courses. The Unified State Examination, as planned by the organizers, equalized the chances.

As time passed, it turned out that in general this was achieved, the director of the Center for Economics told the site correspondent continuing education Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEI) RANEPA Tatyana Klyachko.

“For all its difficulties, the Unified State Exam has no more shortcomings than traditional exams had. And from the point of view that children from the outback can now come and enter educational institutions major cities, and we see from the results of our research that indeed the mobility of school graduates has increased sharply, I think this is a good start,” emphasized Tatyana Klyachko.

The principled opponents of the Unified State Exam also admit this. For example, Oleg Smolin, deputy chairman of the State Duma Committee on Education, noted that it has become easier for children from the regions to enter universities in the capital. However, in his opinion, there is more harm from the Unified State Exam.

That is, the Unified State Exam is enough for admission to any university?

Not really. The most prestigious universities received the right to conduct additional tests. First of all, this is Lomonosov Moscow State University, which retains the title of the most prestigious university countries.

As the rector of Moscow State University Viktor Sadovnichy recently said, exams for admission to Moscow State University turn out to be insurmountable for every tenth of the applicants.

However, there are not very many such universities. Basically, good results obtained on the Unified State Exam are enough to enter a higher educational institution.

What if the exam is bad?

If the results are not so good, you can retake the exam. There is an opportunity to do this next year and even immediately after failure.

“And the issue is being explored that you can retake the Unified State Exam in the same year in which you take it. And it was exactly the same before, people didn’t get into university and that’s it, go ahead next year. There is no deterioration compared to traditional exams. The only thing is that there used to be several universities like Moscow State University or Leningrad University state university where you could take exams in July, and exams for all other universities took place in August, so those who did not enter Moscow State University could enter another university in August,” said the director of the Center for Economics of Continuing Education at the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEI) RANEPA Tatyana Klyachko.

As for the psychological aspects, according to experts, little has changed. Just as schoolchildren were nervous before exams, they will continue to be nervous. But the influence of the human factor on the results has decreased.

“At school it was still possible to say that the student, when taking the exam, was not very worried, because all the teachers were familiar to him and, in principle, he believed that he would pass one way or another, although this was not always the case. And if the relationship with some teacher did not work out, then on the contrary, this could lead to extremely unpleasant results. Now the person is at least freed from those troubles. And when the applicant entered the university, he was faced with a completely unfamiliar situation. Yes, at a time when bribes were widespread, some of the people who paid money for education considered themselves more protected. But this is again to the detriment of everyone else. Now the situation is better than 10-12 years ago,” says Tatyana Klyachko.

Why is the Unified State Examination being criticized?

The main object of criticism is the form in which the exam is administered. From the very beginning, doubts were raised about the ability to correctly assess the level of knowledge of students using tests. Exams in this form in the humanities were especially embarrassing. In addition, it was noted that the goal of education is precisely passing exams, and not knowledge as such. Many teachers admitted that they literally coach students to take tests.

Unified State Examination tasks are called test materials, and initially in many disciplines the form “choose one of the answer options” was meant. The tasks were constantly improved, and eventually this form disappeared altogether. Students must give either a short answer to the question or a detailed answer. As Minister of Education Olga Vasilyeva noted, the tasks are being improved every year.

Nevertheless, the Unified State Exam still has many opponents, including among education specialists, deputies, and parents.

Once again, the President called for the cancellation of the Unified State Exam in early April. Russian Academy Sciences Alexander Sergeev, linking this problem with “brain drain”.

“For some reason we are afraid of the leakage of dollars, we count every month - how much goes there, how much comes here. For some reason, no one considers how our intelligence is leaking out of the country... I believe that we should abandon the Unified State Exam. We must eventually, after two years of talking about graduate school, return to normal graduate school, which is the first step scientific activity“, - emphasized the head of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Scandals

Theoretically, the Unified State Exam should equalize the chances of Russian schoolchildren, no matter where they live - in major cities or in some remote village. In practice, things turned out differently, and scandals broke out almost every year. For example, there was a case when schoolchildren Far East Having passed the exam, they posted the assignments online (they are the same for the whole country). Children living to the west were extremely grateful to them, officials - on the contrary.

Violations such as opening assignments before tests, using smartphones and tablets, and even taking the exam in another region were recorded. They are fighting against violations - the chairmen of the commissions are now approved exclusively by Rosobrnadzor, its representative is included in each regional commission. Online surveillance has been introduced, and schoolchildren are allowed to pass through metal detectors. The number of options has been increased to avoid information leakage to the Internet.

This year, new data protection technology is being used for the first time. All disks are delivered to the Unified State Exam point in encrypted form, and the assignment and answer forms are printed directly in front of the participants. It is believed that this will help completely eliminate the influence of the human factor.

They don’t seek good from goodness

So far, the arguments of opponents of the Unified State Exam have had no effect. Recently, Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova said during the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum that the structure of the Unified State Exam may change after analyzing the results of this year. As the director of the Center for Economics of Continuing Education at the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEI) of RANEPA noted in an interview with the website

Tatyana Klyachko, we are unlikely to talk about canceling the Unified State Exam. And from her point of view, that's good.

“If any changes are made to the Unified State Exam, the procedure may be clarified, the content may change, but the exam itself, I think, will remain. And I don’t think there’s a need to change anything again now. This exam is already more or less established, and I think they don’t look for good from good,” she emphasized.

How proposals will improve the efficiency of the Unified State Examination, that it is necessary to test knowledge or understanding of processes.

The Unified State Exam appeared in 1966-1967 in France, when France ceased to be a colonial power. The individual states that were part of it gained independence. And the youth of these countries that gained independence wanted to study in the metropolis, that is, directly in France. And then the French came up with this remote test exam, which was conducted in those former colonial territories.

And those who successfully passed this exam could already come to enroll in universities in France. And so, in 1966-1967, the French took this test exam in all their best universities such graduates. By the beginning of 1968, they realized that they were in a very difficult situation. And the deductions began. Because those who came and entered based on the results of this exam, they were simply not able to study.

This caused a wave of student unrest: these expelled students took to the streets of Paris. Pogroms began. All this ended with the resignation of the entire government of General de Gaulle in November 1968. But in 1971 Public Chamber France, very concerned about this whole situation, has decided that there will be no more test remote unified exams must not be. Otherwise, as the Public Chamber determined, in another year or two there will be no stone left unturned from higher education in France.

But this was very quickly accepted by other people who went to implement education reform in the USA. In 1968, a whole team went there under the leadership of Professor Andre King from Great Britain, and they brought this French system. As a result, America was infected with this infection, and by the 1990s, this led to the collapse of almost the entire education system in the United States. For a long time they could not understand what was happening there, but in 2009, Obama, having come to the presidency, began to listen to the opinions of the most famous people, among whom he included Bill Gates. Bill Gates is not only the richest man in the world, but he is also one of the smartest. So, Bill Gates told him: either we end with this testing system or we will be a country of idiots! And judging by his age, Bill Gates studied under this system. Studied. Therefore, he experienced it himself, he knew what he was talking about.

The introduction of the Unified State Exam in Russia was carried out by a special group that has been working since the mid-1990s. First, under the leadership of Mr. Soros, and then a special team arrived. Some of this brigade became unofficial advisers to the Russian Ministry of Education. They coordinated very quickly at the base High school economy, which was created in 1992 with a special grant from the World Bank. And so this team of advisers began to implement this thing, understanding perfectly well what the result would be.

But Obama in January 2009 asked the US Congress to immediately cancel all types of testing, especially final testing at the end of school. And he even asked Congress for $5 billion to return the previous classical exam certification system.

Anatoly Wasserman tried to make a proposal to increase the efficiency of the Unified State Exam; he proposed to entrust the preparation of tests to specialists in writing questions for mind games. In such games, they have long determined how to ask questions in order to test not knowledge, but understanding of the material, how to detect leakage of materials.

Let's try to take into account the fact that understanding the processes occurring in nature and society is more important, then why do you need to memorize dates and facts, much more important is why this happens, what can be predicted based on the available information. A similar approach is important when studying social science and history, today we just learning the facts, history shows that states often manipulate facts and distort the information that is provided to citizens. Look at the situation in Ukraine, remember the rewriting of history during the Soviet period. All this suggests that understanding is many times more important than memorization; do not forget - information without analysis is not the most rational waste of time. By the way, this applies not only to the social sciences, but also to the natural sciences to the same extent. Teaching mathematics all over the world comes down to a formal presentation of the material, when information is not given, where knowledge can be applied, what are the limits of the formal use of formulas, for example, by applying some formulas in the same geometry, you can obtain the value of an angle that does not exist in nature (the angle formed segments, straight lines or vectors that never intersect in space.) And similar problems are offered in textbooks and manuals.