I have a neighbor. Crimean partisan. He went to the mountains in 1943, when he was 16 years old. This document will tell about it better than me.
From the stories of Grigory Vasilyevich:
"In 1942, the Tatars wanted to cut out all Russian population Yalta. Then the Russians went to bow to the Germans so that they would protect them. The Germans gave the command - do not touch ... "
"I don't know a single Tatar who would be in the partisans..."
"On May 18, they told me that I would take the Tatars to Simferopol. I would do it again today ...."
“The Tatars who had taken refuge after the eviction through the forests began to attack individual soldiers. The soldier would go to the bushes to take a pee, and the next day they found him - hung by his legs, and a penis in his mouth ... Then the troops were removed from under Sevastopol and they passed through the chain all the forests of the Crimea. Whoever they found, they shot. The conversation was short. And the sense was great ... "
In general, everything happened like this:
On the eve of the Great Patriotic War Crimean Tatars made up less than one-fifth of the population of the peninsula. Here are the 1939 census data:
Russians 558481 - 49.6%
Ukrainians 154120 - 13.7%
Tatars 218179 - 19.4%
Nevertheless, the Tatar minority was in no way infringed on their rights in relation to the Russian-speaking population. Rather the opposite. The official languages of the Crimean ASSR were Russian and Tatar. The basis administrative division The autonomous republic was based on the national principle. In 1930, national village councils were created: Russian - 207, Tatar - 144, German - 37, Jewish - 14, Bulgarian - 9, Greek - 8, Ukrainian - 3, Armenian and Estonian - 2 each. In addition, national districts were organized . In all schools, children of national minorities were taught in their native language.
After the start of the Great Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars were drafted into the Red Army. However, their service was short-lived. As soon as the front approached the Crimea, desertion and surrender among them took on a mass character. It became obvious that the Crimean Tatars are waiting for the arrival German army and do not want to fight. The Germans, using the current situation, scattered leaflets from airplanes with promises to “finally resolve the issue of their independence” - of course, in the form of a protectorate within the German Empire.
From among the Tatars who had surrendered in the Ukraine and other fronts, cadres of agents were trained, who were thrown into the Crimea to strengthen anti-Soviet, defeatist and pro-fascist agitation. As a result, units of the Red Army, manned by Crimean Tatars, turned out to be unfit for combat, and after the Germans entered the territory of the peninsula, the vast majority of their personnel deserted. Here is what is said about this in the memorandum of the Deputy Commissar of State Security of the USSR B.Z. Kobulov and the Deputy Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR I.A. Serov addressed to L.P. Beria, dated April 22, 1944:
“... All those drafted into the Red Army amounted to 90 thousand people, including 20 thousand. Crimean Tatars... 20 thousand Crimean Tatars deserted in 1941 from the 51st Army during its retreat from the Crimea ... ".
That is, the desertion of the Crimean Tatars was almost universal. This is confirmed by the data for individual settlements. So, in the village of Koush, out of 132 drafted into the Red Army in 1941, 120 deserted.
Then began subservience to the invaders.
Crimean Tatars in the auxiliary troops of the Wehrmacht. February 1942
Eloquent is the testimony of the German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein: “... the majority of the Tatar population of Crimea was very friendly towards us. We even managed to form armed self-defense companies from Tatars, whose task was to protect their villages from attacks by partisans hiding in the Yayla mountains .... The Tatars immediately sided with us. They saw us as their liberators from the Bolshevik yoke, especially since we respected their religious customs. A Tatar delegation came to me, bringing fruits and beautiful handmade fabrics for the liberator of the Tatars “Adolf Effendi”.
On November 11, 1941, the so-called "Muslim committees" were created in Simferopol and a number of other cities and towns in Crimea. The organization of these committees and their activities took place under the direct supervision of the SS. Subsequently, the leadership of the committees passed to the headquarters of the SD. On the basis of Muslim committees, a "Tatar Committee" was created with centralized subordination to the Crimean Center in Simferopol with widely developed activities throughout the Crimea.
On January 3, 1942, the first official solemn meeting of the Tatar Committee took place in Simferopol. He welcomed the committee and said that the Fuhrer had accepted the offer of the Tatars to come out in arms to defend their homeland from the Bolsheviks. Tatars who are ready to take up arms will be enrolled in the German Wehrmacht, will be provided with everything and receive a salary on a par with German soldiers.
After the approval of the general events, the Tatars asked permission to end this first solemn meeting - the beginning of the struggle against the atheists - according to their custom, with a prayer, and repeated the following three prayers after their mullah:
1st prayer: for the achievement of an early victory and a common goal, as well as for the health and long life of the Fuhrer Adolf Hitler.
2nd prayer: for the German people and their valiant army.
3rd prayer: for the soldiers of the German Wehrmacht who fell in battle.
Crimean Tatar legions in Crimea (1942): battalions 147-154.
Many Tatars were used as guides for punitive detachments. Separate Tatar units were sent to the Kerch front and partly to the Sevastopol sector of the front, where they participated in the battles against the Red Army.
Typically, local "volunteers" were used in one of the following structures:
1. Crimean Tatar formations as part of the German army.
2. Crimean Tatar punitive and security battalions SD.
3. Apparatus of the police and field gendarmerie.
4. Apparatus of prisons and SD camps.
A German non-commissioned officer leads the Crimean Tatars, most likely from the “self-defense” police detachment (under the jurisdiction of the Wehrmacht)
Persons of Tatar nationality who served in punitive bodies and military units enemy, were dressed in German uniforms and provided with weapons. Persons who distinguished themselves in their treacherous activities were appointed by the Germans to command posts.
Certificate of the High Command of the German Ground Forces dated March 20, 1942:
“The mood of the Tatars is good. The German authorities are treated with obedience and are proud if they are recognized in the service or outside. The greatest pride for them is to have the right to wear the German uniform.”
A poster calling on the population to join the Waffen-SS. Crimea, 1942
It is also necessary to provide quantitative data on the Crimean Tatars turned out to be among the partisans. On June 1, 1943, there were 262 people in the Crimean partisan detachments, of which 145 were Russians, 67 Ukrainians and 6 Tatars.
After the defeat of the 6th German army of Paulus near Stalingrad, the Feodosia Muslim Committee collected one million rubles from the Tatars to help the German army. Members of Muslim committees in their work were guided by the slogan "Crimea only for the Tatars" and spread rumors about the annexation of Crimea to Turkey.
In 1943, the Turkish emissary Amil Pasha came to Feodosia, who called on the Tatar population to support the activities of the German command.
In Berlin, the Germans created a Tatar national center, whose representatives came to the Crimea in June 1943 to get acquainted with the work of Muslim committees.
Parade of the Crimean Tatar police battalion "Schuma". Crimea. Autumn 1942
In April-May 1944, the Crimean Tatar battalions fought against the Soviet troops liberating the Crimea. So, on April 13, in the area of the Islam-Terek station in the east of the Crimean peninsula, three Crimean Tatar battalions acted against units of the 11th Guards Corps, losing only 800 prisoners. The 149th battalion fought stubbornly in the battles for Bakhchisarai.
The remnants of the Crimean Tatar battalions were evacuated by sea. In July 1944, the Tatar Mountain Jaeger Regiment of the SS was formed in Hungary, which was soon deployed into the 1st Tatar Mountain Chasseur Brigade. A certain number of Crimean Tatars were transferred to France and included in the reserve battalion of the Volga-Tatar Legion. Others, mostly untrained youth, were assigned to the air defense auxiliaries.
Detachment of the Tatar "self-defense". Winter 1941 - 1942 Crimea.
After the liberation of Crimea Soviet troops the hour of reckoning has come.
"By April 25, 1944, the NKVD-NKGB and Smersh NPOs arrested 4,206 anti-Soviet people, of which 430 spies were exposed. agents of German intelligence and counterintelligence agencies, 266 traitors to the Motherland and traitors, 363 accomplices and henchmen of the enemy, as well as members of punitive detachments.
48 members of Muslim committees were arrested, including Izmailov Apas - chairman of the Karasubazar regional Muslim committee, Batalov Balat - chairman of the Muslim committee of Balaklava region, Ableizov Belial - chairman of the Muslim committee of Simeiz region, Aliev Mussa - chairman of the Muslim committee of Zui region.
A significant number of persons from the enemy agents, henchmen and accomplices of the Nazi invaders were identified and arrested.
In the city of Sudak, Umerov Vekir, the chairman of the district Muslim committee, was arrested, who admitted that, on the instructions of the Germans, he organized a volunteer detachment from a kulak-criminal element and waged an active struggle against the partisans.
In 1942, during the landing of our troops in the area of the city of Feodosia, Umerov's detachment detained 12 Red Army paratroopers and burned them alive. 30 people were arrested in the case.
In the city of Bakhchisaray, the traitor Abibulaev Jafar, who voluntarily joined the punitive battalion created by the Germans in 1942, was arrested. For an active struggle against Soviet patriots, Abibulaev was appointed commander of a punitive platoon and carried out the execution of civilians who he suspected of being connected with partisans.
Abibulaev was sentenced to death penalty through hanging.
In the Dzhankoy region, a group of three Tatars was arrested, who, on the instructions of German intelligence, in March 1942 poisoned 200 gypsies in a gas chamber.
As of May 7 this year. 5381 agents of the enemy, traitors to the motherland, accomplices of the Nazi occupiers and other anti-Soviet elements were arrested.
5395 rifles, 337 machine guns, 250 machine guns, 31 mortars and a large number of grenades and rifle cartridges...
By 1944, more than 20,000 Tatars deserted from the units of the Red Army, who betrayed their homeland, went over to the service of the Germans and fought against the Red Army with weapons in their hands ...
Soldier of the Tatar "self-defense" detachment. Winter 1941 - 1942 Crimea.
Taking into account the treacherous actions of the Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people and proceeding from the undesirability of the further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts Soviet Union, The NKVD of the USSR submits for your consideration a draft decision of the State Defense Committee on the eviction of all Tatars from the territory of Crimea.
We consider it expedient to resettle the Crimean Tatars as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR for use in work as in agriculture- collective farms, state farms, and in industry and construction. The question of the resettlement of the Tatars in the Uzbek SSR was agreed with the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Uzbekistan Comrade Yusupov.
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L. Beria 10.05.44".
The next day, on May 11, 1944, the State Defense Committee adopted Decree No. 5859 on "On the Crimean Tatars":
“During the Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars betrayed their homeland, deserted from the Red Army units defending the Crimea, and went over to the side of the enemy, joined the volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans, who fought against the Red Army; during the occupation of Crimea German fascist troops, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their brutal reprisals against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German invaders in organizing the forcible deportation of Soviet citizens into German slavery and mass extermination Soviet people.
The Crimean Tatars actively cooperated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called “Tatar national committees” organized by German intelligence and were widely used by the Germans to send spies and saboteurs to the rear of the Red Army. "Tatar National Committees", in which leading role the White Guard-Tatar emigrants played, with the support of the Crimean Tatars, they directed their activities to the persecution and oppression of the non-Tatar population of Crimea and worked to prepare for the forcible secession of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of the German armed forces.
Crimean Tatars on German service. Romanian form. Crimea, 1943. Most likely, these are police officers from the Schuma battalion
Considering the foregoing, the State Defense Committee decides:
1. All Tatars must be evicted from the territory of Crimea and settled permanently as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. The eviction is to be assigned to the NKVD of the USSR. Oblige the NKVD of the USSR (comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars by June 1, 1944.
2. Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction:
a) allow special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in the amount of up to 500 kilograms per family.
Remaining property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and household land are taken over by local authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry, are accepted by the People's Commissariat of Meat and Dairy Industry, all agricultural products - by the USSR People's Commissariat of Education, horses and other draft animals - by the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture, breeding stock - by the USSR People's Commissariat of State Farms.
Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products should be carried out with the issuance of exchange receipts for each locality and every farm.
To instruct the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, the People's Commissariat for Meat and Milk Industry, the People's Commissariat of State Farms and the People's Commissariat of Education of the USSR by July 1 of this year. to submit proposals to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the procedure for the return of livestock, poultry, and agricultural products received from them by exchange receipts to special settlers;
b) to organize the reception of the property, livestock, grain and agricultural products left by them in the places of eviction from the special settlers, send a commission of the SNK to the place.
To oblige the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of the USSR, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of State Farms of the USSR to send the necessary number of workers to the Crimea to ensure the reception of livestock, grain and agricultural products from special settlers;
c) oblige the NKPS to organize the transportation of special settlers from the Crimea to the Uzbek SSR in specially formed echelons according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. The number of trains, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR. Payments for transportation shall be made according to the tariff for the transportation of prisoners;
d) The People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR allocate for each echelon with special settlers, within the time limits agreed with the NKVD of the USSR, one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines and provide medical and sanitary care for special settlers on the way; The People's Commissariat of the USSR to provide all echelons with special settlers daily with hot meals and boiling water.
To organize food for special settlers on the way, allocate food to the People's Commissariat of Trade in the amount according to Appendix No. 1.
3. To oblige the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Uzbekistan, comrade Yusupov, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR, comrade Abdurakhmanov, and the people's commissar of internal affairs of the Uzbek SSR, comrade Kobulov, until June 1 of this year. to carry out the following measures for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:
a) accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140-160 thousand people of special settlers - Tatars, sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean ASSR.
Resettlement of special settlers to be carried out in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary farms of enterprises and factory settlements for use in agriculture and industry;
b) in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, create commissions consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the UNKVD, entrusting these commissions with carrying out all activities related to the reception and accommodation of arriving special settlers;
c) in each area of resettlement of special settlers, organize district troikas consisting of the chairman of the district executive committee, the secretary of the district committee and the head of the RO NKVD, entrusting them with preparing for the accommodation and organizing the reception of arriving special settlers;
d) prepare horse-drawn vehicles for the transportation of special settlers, mobilizing the transport of any enterprises and institutions for this;
e) ensure that incoming special settlers are provided with household plots and assist in the construction of houses with local building materials;
f) organize special commandant's offices of the NKVD in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, attributing their maintenance at the expense of the estimate of the NKVD of the USSR;
g) Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR by May 20 of this year. submit to the NKVD of the USSR, Comrade Beria, a project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts, indicating the station for unloading echelons.
4 Oblige the Agricultural Bank to issue to special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR, in their places of settlement, a loan for the construction of houses and for household equipment up to 5,000 rubles per family, with an installment plan of up to 7 years.
5. To oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables to the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August of this year. monthly in equal amounts, according to Appendix No. 2.
Issuance of flour, cereals and vegetables to special settlers during June-August this year. to produce free of charge, in payment for the agricultural products and livestock accepted from them in the places of eviction.
6. To oblige the NPO to transfer during May-June this year. to reinforce the vehicles of the NKVD troops stationed by garrisons in the areas of resettlement of special settlers - in the Uzbek SSR, the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR, "Willis" vehicles - 100 pieces and trucks - 250 pieces that have come out of repair.
7. To oblige Glavneftesnab to allocate and ship until May 20, 1944 to the points at the direction of the NKVD of the USSR 400 tons of gasoline, at the disposal of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR - 200 tons.
The supply of motor gasoline is to be carried out at the expense of a uniform reduction in supplies to all other consumers.
8. Oblige Glavsnabless under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR at the expense of any resources to supply the NKPS with 75,000 wagon boards of 2.75 m each, with their delivery before May 15 of this year; transportation of NKPS boards to be carried out by one's own means.
9. Narkomfin of the USSR to release the NKVD of the USSR in May of this year. 30 million rubles from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events.
Chairman of the State Defense Committee I. Stalin.
Note: The norm for 1 person per month: flour - 8 kg, vegetables - 8 kg and cereals 2 kg
The operation was carried out quickly and decisively. The eviction began on May 18, 1944, and already on May 20, Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR I.A. Serov and Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR B.Z. Kobulov reported in a telegram addressed to People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria:
“We are hereby reporting that, launched in accordance with your instructions on May 18 of this year. The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was completed today, May 20, at 16:00. A total of 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 trains, of which 63 trains numbering 173,287 people. sent to their destinations, the remaining 4 trains will also be sent today.
In addition, the district military commissariats of Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of draft age, who, according to the orders of the Main Department of the Red Army, were sent to the cities of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev.
Of the 8,000 people of the special contingent sent on your instructions to the Moskovugol trust, 5,000 people. are also made up of Tatars.
Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were deported from the Crimean ASSR.
During the eviction of the Tatars, 1137 anti-Soviet elements were arrested, and in total during the operation - 5989 people.
Weapons seized during the eviction: mortars - 10, machine guns - 173, machine guns - 192, rifles - 2650, ammunition - 46,603 pieces.
In total, during the operation, the following were seized: mortars - 49, machine guns - 622, machine guns - 724, rifles - 9888 and ammunition - 326,887 pieces.
There were no incidents during the operation."
Of the 151,720 Crimean Tatars sent to the Uzbek SSR in May 1944, 191 died on the way.
From the moment of deportation to October 1, 1948, 44,887 people from among those evicted from Crimea (Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians and others) died.
As for those few Crimean Tatars who really honestly fought in the Red Army or in partisan detachments, then, contrary to generally accepted opinion, they were not subjected to eviction. About 1,500 Crimean Tatars remain in Crimea
"Secret Field Police No. 647
No. 875/41 Translation to His Highness Herr Hitler!
Allow me to convey to you our heartfelt greetings and our deep gratitude for the liberation of the Crimean Tatars (Muslims), who were languishing under the bloodthirsty Jewish-Communist yoke. We wish you a long life, success and victory for the German Army throughout the world.
The Tatars of the Crimea are ready, at your call, to fight together with the German people's army on any front. At present, in the forests of Crimea there are partisans, Jewish commissars, communists and commanders who did not have time to escape from Crimea.
For the speedy elimination of partisan groups in the Crimea, we earnestly ask you to allow us, as good connoisseurs of the roads and paths of the Crimean forests, to organize from the former "kulaks" who have been groaning for 20 years under the yoke of Jewish-Communist domination, armed detachments led by the German command .
We assure you that in the shortest possible time the partisans in the forests of Crimea will be destroyed to the last man.
We remain devoted to you, and again and again we wish you success in your affairs and a long life.
Long live His Highness, Herr Adolf Hitler!
Long live the heroic, invincible German people's army!
The son of a manufacturer and the grandson of a former urban
heads of the city of Bakhchisaray - A.M. ABLAEV
Simferopol, Sufi 44.
That's right: Sonderführer - SCHUMANS
GA RF
FOUNDATION R-9401 DISCLOSURES 2 CASES 100 SHEETS 390"
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Exactly 70 years ago - on May 11, 1944 - a resolution of the State Committee was issued on the beginning of the Stalinist deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944 - the eviction of the indigenous population of the Crimean peninsula to Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan ...
Among the reasons for the deportation of the Crimean Tatars from the Crimea, among other things, was their collaborationism during the Second World War.
Only in the late perestroika years was this deportation recognized as criminal and illegal.
The formally declared reason for the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944 was the complicity of the Germans with a part of the population of Tatar nationality in the period from 1941 to 1944, during the capture of Crimea by German troops.
From the Decree of the State Committee of Defense of the USSR of May 11, 1944, it is said about complete list- treason, desertion, defection to the side of the fascist enemy, the creation of punitive detachments and participation in the brutal massacres of partisans, the mass extermination of residents, assistance in sending population groups into slavery in Germany, as well as other reasons for the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944, carried out by the Soviet authorities .
Among the Crimean Tatars, 20 thousand people either belonged to police units or were in the service of the Wehrmacht.
Those collaborators who were sent to Germany before the end of the war to create a Tatar SS mountain ranger regiment managed to avoid the Stalinist deportation of the Crimean Tatars from the Crimea. Among the same Tatars who remained in the Crimea, the main part was calculated by the employees of the NKVD and convicted. During the period from April to May 1944, 5,000 accomplices to the German occupiers of various nationalities were arrested and convicted in the Crimea.
The Stalinist deportation of the Crimean Tatars from the Crimea was also subjected to that part of this people who fought on the side of the USSR. In a number of (not so numerous) cases (as a rule, this affected officers with military awards), Crimean Tatars were not expelled, but they were banned from living in Crimea.
For two years (from 1945 to 1946) 8995 war veterans belonging to the Tatar people were deported. Even that part of the Tatar population that was evacuated from the Crimea to the Soviet rear (and, of course, in relation to which it was impossible to find a single reason for the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944) and could not be involved in collaborationist activities, was deported. The Crimean Tatars, who held leading positions in the Crimean regional committee of the CPSU and the Council of People's Commissars of the KASSR, were no exception. As a reason, the thesis was put forward about the need to replenish management team authorities in new places.
Carrying out the Stalinist deportation of Crimean Tatars from Crimea, based on national criteria, was typical of political totalitarian regimes. The number of deportations, when only nationality was taken as the basis, in the USSR during the period of Stalin's rule, according to some estimates, is approaching 53.
The operation to deport the Crimean Tatars was planned and organized by the NKVD troops - a total of 32 thousand employees. By May 11, 1944, all clarifications and adjustments were made in the lists of the Crimean Tatar population, their addresses of residence were checked. The secrecy of the operation was the highest. After the preparatory operations, the deportation procedure itself began. It lasted from 18 to 20 May 1944.
Three people - an officer and soldiers - entered the houses early in the morning, read out the reasons for the deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944, gave a maximum of half an hour to collect, then literally thrown into the street people were gathered in groups and sent to railway stations.
Those who resisted were shot right next to the houses. At the stations, about 170 people were placed in each wagon, and the trains were sent to Central Asia. The road, exhausting and heavy, lasted about two weeks.
Those who managed to take food from home could hardly hold out, the rest died of hunger and diseases caused by transportation conditions. First of all, the elderly and children suffered and died. Those who could not stand the move were thrown off the train or hastily buried near the railway.
From eyewitness accounts:
Official figures sent to report to Stalin confirmed that 183,155 Crimean Tatars had been deported. The Crimean Tatars who fought were sent to the labor armies, and those demobilized after the war were also deported.
During the period of deportation from 1944 to 1945, 46.2% of the Crimean Tatars died. According to the official reports of the Soviet authorities, the death toll reaches 25%, and according to some sources - 15%. The data of the OSB of the UeSSR indicate that 16,052 migrants have died in the six months since the arrival of the echelons.
The main destinations for the trains with the deportees were Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. Also, a part was sent to the Urals, to the Mari ASSR and the Kostroma region. The deportees had to live in barracks, practically not intended for living. Food and water were limited, conditions were almost unbearable, which caused many deaths and illnesses among those who endured the move from the Crimea.
Until 1957, the deportees were subject to a regime of special settlements, when it was forbidden to move further than 7 km from home, and each settler was obliged to report monthly to the commandant of the settlement. Violations were punished extremely strictly, up to long terms of camps, even for unauthorized absence to a neighboring settlement where relatives lived.
Stalin's death did little to change the situation of the deported Crimean Tatar population. All those repressed on a national basis were conditionally divided into those who were allowed to return to the autonomy, and those who were deprived of the right to return to their places of original residence. The so-called policy of "rooting" the exiles in places of forced settlement was carried out. The second group included the Crimean Tatars.
The authorities continued the line of accusing all Crimean Tatars of complicity with the German invaders, which provided a formal basis for banning the return of settlers to Crimea. Until 1974, formally and until 1989 - in fact - Crimean Tatars could not leave their places of exile. As a result, in the 1960s, a broad mass movement arose for the return of rights and the possibility of returning the Crimean Tatars to their historical homeland. Only in the process of "perestroika" for the majority of the deportees did this return become possible.
Stalin's deportation of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea affected both the mood and the demographic situation of Crimea. For a long time, the population of Crimea lived in fear of possible deportation. Added panic expectations and the eviction of the Bulgarians, Armenians and Greeks who lived in the Crimea. Those areas that were inhabited by Crimean Tatars before the deportation were left empty. After returning, most of the Crimean Tatars were settled not in their former places of residence, but in the steppe regions of Crimea, while before their homes were in the mountains and on the southern coast of the peninsula.
Image copyright getty Image caption Every year in May, the Tatars celebrate the anniversary of the deportation. This year, the Russian authorities banned the rally in Simferopol
On May 18-20, 1944, NKVD fighters, on orders from Moscow, rounded up almost the entire Tatar population of Crimea to railway cars and sent them to Uzbekistan in 70 echelons.
This is the forced eviction of the Tatars, whom Soviet authority accused of collaborating with the Nazis, was one of the fastest deportations in world history.
How did the Tatars live in Crimea before the deportation?
After the creation of the USSR in 1922, Moscow recognized the Crimean Tatars as the indigenous population of the Crimean ASSR as part of the indigenization policy.
In the 1920s, the Tatars were allowed to develop their culture. Crimean Tatar newspapers and magazines were published in Crimea, educational institutions, museums, libraries and theatres.
The Crimean Tatar language, together with Russian, was official language autonomy. More than 140 village councils used it.
In the 1920s-1930s, Tatars made up 25-30% of the total population of Crimea.
However, in the 1930s, Soviet policy towards the Tatars, like other nationalities of the USSR, became repressive.
Image copyright hatira.ru Image caption Crimean Tatar State Ensemble "Khaitarma". Moscow, 1935First began the dispossession and eviction of the Tatars to the north of Russia and beyond the Urals. Then came forced collectivization, the Holodomor of 1932-33, and the purges of the intelligentsia in 1937-1938.
This turned many Crimean Tatars against the Soviet regime.
When did the deportation take place?
The main phase of the forced resettlement took place over less than three days, starting at dawn on May 18, 1944 and ending at 4:00 pm on May 20.
In total, 238.5 thousand people were deported from Crimea - almost the entire Crimean Tatar population.
For this, the NKVD attracted more than 32 thousand fighters.
What caused the deportation?
The official reason for the forced resettlement was the accusation of the entire Crimean Tatar people of high treason, "mass extermination of Soviet people" and collaborationism - cooperation with the Nazi occupiers.
Such arguments were contained in the decision of the State Defense Committee on deportation, which appeared a week before the start of the evictions.
However, historians name other, unofficial reasons for the resettlement. Among them is the fact that the Crimean Tatars historically had close ties with Turkey, which the USSR at the time viewed as a potential rival.
Image copyright hatira.ru Image caption Spouses in the Urals, 1953In the plans of the USSR, Crimea was a strategic springboard in case possible conflict with Turkey, and Stalin wanted to play it safe against possible "saboteurs and traitors", whom he considered the Tatars.
This theory is supported by the fact that other Muslim ethnic groups were resettled from the Caucasian regions adjacent to Turkey: Chechens, Ingush, Karachays and Balkars.
Did the Tatars support the Nazis?
Between nine and 20 thousand Crimean Tatars served in anti-Soviet combat units formed by the German authorities, writes historian Jonathan Otto Paul.
Some of them sought to protect their villages from Soviet partisans, who, according to the Tatars themselves, often persecuted them on ethnic grounds.
Other Tatars joined the German troops because they were captured by the Nazis and wanted to alleviate the difficult conditions of their stay in the prisoner of war camps in Simferopol and Nikolaev.
At the same time, 15% of the adult male Crimean Tatar population fought on the side of the Red Army. During the deportation, they were demobilized and sent to labor camps in Siberia and the Urals.
In May 1944, most of those who served in the German detachments retreated to Germany. Mostly wives and children who remained on the peninsula were deported.
How did the forced resettlement take place?
Employees of the NKVD entered the Tatar dwellings and announced to the owners that they were being evicted from the Crimea due to treason.
To collect things, gave 15-20 minutes. Officially, each family had the right to take up to 500 kg of luggage with them, but in reality they were allowed to take much less, and sometimes nothing at all.
Image copyright memory.gov.ua Image caption Mari ASSR. Team at the logging site. 1950People were taken by trucks to the railway stations. From there, almost 70 echelons were sent to the east with tightly closed freight cars, crowded with people.
During the move, about eight thousand people died, most of them children and the elderly. The most common causes of death are thirst and typhus.
Some people, unable to endure suffering, went crazy. All the property left in the Crimea after the Tatars, the state appropriated to itself.
Where were the Tatars deported to?
Most of the Tatars were sent to Uzbekistan and neighboring regions of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. Small groups of people ended up in the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Urals and the Kostroma region of Russia.
What were the consequences of the deportation for the Tatars?
During the first three years after the resettlement, from starvation, exhaustion and disease, according to various estimates, from 20 to 46% of all deportees died.
Almost half of those who died in the first year were children under 16.
Due to the lack of clean water, poor hygiene and lack of medical care, malaria, yellow fever, dysentery and other diseases spread among the deportees.
Image copyright hatira.ru Image caption Alime Ilyasova (right) with her friend, whose name is unknown. Early 1940sThe newcomers had no natural immunity against many local ailments.
What status did they have in Uzbekistan?
The overwhelming majority of the Crimean Tatars were transported to the so-called special settlements - surrounded by armed guards, checkpoints and fenced with barbed wire, the territories more closely resembled labor camps than civilian settlements.
Newcomers were cheap labor, they were used to work in collective farms, state farms and industrial enterprises.
In Uzbekistan, they cultivated cotton fields, worked in mines, construction sites, plants and factories. Among the hard work was the construction of the Farkhad hydroelectric power station.
In 1948, Moscow recognized the Crimean Tatars as lifelong migrants. Those who, without the permission of the NKVD, went outside their special settlement, for example, to visit relatives, were in danger of 20 years in prison. There have been such cases.
Even before the deportation, propaganda incited hatred for the Crimean Tatars among local residents, stigmatizing them as traitors and enemies of the people.
As historian Greta Lynn Ugling writes, the Uzbeks were told that "cyclops" and "cannibals" were coming to them and were advised to stay away from the newcomers.
After the deportation, some local residents felt the heads of visitors to check that horns did not grow on them.
Later, when they learned that the Crimean Tatars were of the same faith, the Uzbeks were surprised.
The children of migrants could receive education in Russian or Uzbek, but not in Crimean Tatar.
By 1957, any publications in Crimean Tatar were banned. From Big Soviet encyclopedia withdrew an article about the Crimean Tatars.
This nationality was also forbidden to enter in the passport.
What has changed in Crimea without the Tatars?
After the Tatars, as well as the Greeks, Bulgarians and Germans, were evicted from the peninsula, in June 1945 Crimea ceased to be an autonomous republic and became a region within the RSFSR.
The southern regions of Crimea, where the Crimean Tatars used to live, were deserted.
For example, according to official data, only 2,600 residents remained in the Alushta region, and 2,200 in Balaklava. Subsequently, people from Ukraine and Russia began to move here.
"Toponymic repressions" were carried out on the peninsula - most of the cities, villages, mountains and rivers that had Crimean Tatar, Greek or German names received new Russian names. Among the exceptions are Bakhchisaray, Dzhankoy, Ishun, Saki and Sudak.
The Soviet government destroyed Tatar monuments, burned manuscripts and books, including volumes of Lenin and Marx translated into Crimean Tatar.
Cinemas and shops were opened in mosques.
When were the Tatars allowed to return to Crimea?
The regime of special settlements for the Tatars lasted until the era of Khrushchev's de-Stalinization - the second half of the 1950s. Then the Soviet government softened their living conditions for them, but did not withdraw charges of high treason.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Tatars fought for their right to return to their historical homeland, including through demonstrations in Uzbek cities.
Image copyright hatira.ru Image caption Osman Ibrish with his wife Alime. Settlement Kibray, Uzbekistan, 1971In 1968, the occasion for one of these actions was Lenin's birthday. The authorities dispersed the rally.
Gradually, the Crimean Tatars managed to achieve the expansion of their rights, however, an informal, but no less strict ban on their return to Crimea was in force until 1989.
Over the next four years, half of all Crimean Tatars who then lived in the USSR returned to the peninsula - 250 thousand people.
The return of the indigenous population to the Crimea was difficult and was accompanied by land conflicts with local residents who managed to get used to the new land. However, major confrontations were avoided.
A new challenge for the Crimean Tatars was the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014. Some of them left the peninsula due to persecution.
Others have themselves been banned by Russian authorities from entering Crimea, including Crimean Tatar leaders Mustafa Dzhemilev and Refat Chubarov.
Does the deportation have signs of genocide?
Some researchers and dissidents believe that the deportation of the Tatars is consistent with the UN definition of genocide.
They argue that the Soviet government intended to destroy the Crimean Tatars as an ethnic group and deliberately went to this goal.
In 2006, the kurultai of the Crimean Tatar people turned to the Verkhovna Rada with a request to recognize the deportation as genocide.
Despite this, in most historical writings and diplomatic documents, the forced resettlement of Crimean Tatars is now called deportation, not genocide.
In the Soviet Union, the term "resettlement" was used.
Every year on May 18, Crimean Tatars celebrate the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Deportation. Through the efforts of Ukrainian political technologists and their curators, from the original day of mourning for the deportation of the Crimean peoples, this day methodically and purposefully turned into the Day of Remembrance for the victims of the exclusively Crimean Tatar people, “punished without guilt.”
The words of Petro Poroshenko are especially cynical: "We are obliged to give the Crimean Tatars the right to self-determination within the framework of a single Ukrainian state. This is what we owe the Crimean Tatars. The Ukrainian authorities should have done this at least 20 years ago. And now the situation would be completely different."
By the way, no matter how much the "representatives" of the Kiev Crimean Tatars begged and pleaded, they would never have succeeded and never will be able to obtain that same definition. This people for Kyiv has always been a tool for manipulation. And things never went beyond promises in the entire history of Ukraine, only time after time “the need to make changes to Section 10 of the Constitution of Ukraine was emphasized,” but in reality, no one will ever allow this.
Ukraine consists of different regions that once belonged to the Commonwealth, Turkey, Russian Empire. And if the Crimean Tatars receive self-determination, which the Guarantor of the Constitution enthusiastically talks about every May 18, then the same "autonomy" is quite capable of coveting in Transcarpathia. And there and further along the chain, Independent may lose all its lands.
Ukrainian politicians continue to lead the Crimean Tatar people by the nose, promising them their land, their government and mountains of gold. But even on paper, they still do not want to formalize such changes in relation to the already lost territory of Crimea, postponing the adoption of the document for another year, two, three. And so on ad infinitum.
Today, the number of historical hoaxes associated with the "Stalinist expulsion of peoples" is only growing, and bottom experts are already calling it a "planned genocide."
It will not be superfluous to look into this matter. What were the reasons for the deportation? What actually happened on the territory of Crimea during the war? There are very few living witnesses of those events left who could tell how everything really happened. But both what a few eyewitnesses tell, and what is recorded in Soviet and German chronicles, enough to understand that the resettlement was the only and most correct solution.
I would like to immediately dot the "i" - by no means do I want to say that all Crimean Tatars are bad. Many Crimean Tatars valiantly defended the common Soviet Motherland in the ranks of the Red Army, in the ranks of the Crimean partisans turned the life of German and Romanian Nazis in Crimea into hell, thousands were awarded state awards. Their exploits deserve a separate post. Here, I want to understand why what happened happened.
The deportation was justified by the facts of the participation of the people in collaborationist formations that acted on the side Nazi Germany during the Great Patriotic War.
Of the 200,000 of the entire Crimean Tatar population, 20,000 people became Wehrmacht fighters, punitive detachments and in other ways transferred to the service of the German invaders, that is, almost all men of military age, as evidenced by the reports of the German command. How would they get along with the Red Army soldiers who returned from the front, what would the veterans of the war do with them, having learned about what the Tatar punishers were doing in the Crimea during German occupation? There would be a massacre. Therefore, resettlement was the only way out of the current situation. And there was something to take revenge on the Red Army, and this is not Soviet propaganda.
Crimean Tatars generally should pray to Stalin.
Without knowing the history, fools write: "From May 18 to May 20, 1944, 183,000 Crimean Tatars were taken from native land beyond the Urals: men, women, old people, children ... everyone. Their houses, their arable lands, their wells were occupied by those who with bayonets, like cattle, drove people into freight cars. Whose descendants built the bridge and today they say that Crimea is theirs."
No one talks about justifying the repressions, but you need to know the history. The Crimean Tatars (and the Baltic peoples too) should be grateful to Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin for the rest of their lives. No, not for a happy childhood, but for the fact that he essentially saved them by deportation from complete extermination. At the same time, the generalissimo violated the law of the USSR, according to which traitors to the Motherland were to be shot. He showed a unique humanism towards the Crimean Tatars. But he did not leave traitors and nationalists in the rear during the war - such short-sightedness would not even be a mistake, but a crime. And Stalin was a strategist.
After the defeat of Paulus at Stalingrad in 1943, the Feodosia Muslim Committee collected a million rubles for the Nazis. German support was colossal. And then the majority of Soviet people longed for reprisals and planned to kill the Crimean Tatars themselves, who faithfully served Hitler, called him "our master" and committed atrocities in the Crimea. There are documents of the era. So Stalin, in fact, saved the Tatars from complete destruction, after which in 1989 they were able to return to the Crimea.
Here is a document from the Simferopol Muslim Committee - congratulations to Adolf Hitler on his birthday on April 20, 1942, compiled by the leaders of the Crimean Tatars:
"To the liberator of the oppressed peoples, to the faithful son of the German people, Adolf Hitler.
With the advent of the valiant sons of Great Germany from the very first days, with your blessing and in memory of our long-term friendship, we Muslims stood shoulder to shoulder with the German people, took up arms and swore, ready to fight to the last drop of blood for the universal human ideas - the destruction of the red Jewish-Bolshevik plague without a trace and to the end ...
On the day of your glorious anniversary, we send you our heartfelt greetings and wishes, we wish you many years of fruitful life for the joy of your people, to us, Crimean Muslims and Muslims of the East.
Or, for example, one of the main local publications of the Crimean Tatars "Azat Krym" (March 20, 1943):
"To the great Hitler - the liberator of all peoples and religions - we, the Tatars, give our word to fight the herd of Jews and Bolsheviks together with the German soldiers in the same ranks! God bless you, our great Mr. Hitler!"
And here are quotes from a message to Adolf Hitler, compiled on April 20, 1942, received at a prayer service by more than 500 Muslims in the city of Karasu Bazaar:
"Our liberator! It is only thanks to you, your help and thanks to the courage and selflessness of your troops that we managed to open our prayer houses and perform prayers in them. Now there is not and cannot be such a force that would separate us from the German people and from you. The Tatar people swore and gave their word, signing up as volunteers in the ranks of the German troops, hand in hand with your troops to fight against the enemy to the last drop of blood.Your victory is the victory of the entire Muslim world.We pray to God for the health of your troops and ask God to give you, the great liberator of the peoples, long life You are now the liberator, the leader of the Muslim world - the gases Adolf Hitler.
Our ancestors came from the East, and until now we have been waiting for liberation from there, but today we are witnessing that liberation is coming to us from the West. Perhaps for the first and only time in history it happened that the sun of freedom rose in the West. This sun is you, our great friend and leader, with your mighty German people, and you, relying on the inviolability of the great German state, on the unity and power of the German people, bring freedom to us, the oppressed Muslims. We swore an oath of allegiance to you to die for you with honor and weapons in our hands and only in the fight against a common enemy.
We are confident that together with you we will achieve the complete liberation of our peoples from the yoke of Bolshevism.
On the day of your glorious anniversary, we send you our heartfelt greetings and wishes, we wish you many years of fruitful life for the joy of your people, to us, Crimean Muslims and Muslims of the East."
Such glorification of Hitler is everywhere. The Crimean Tatars called themselves brothers of the German people.
There are plenty of facts about the atrocities of collaborators from both the Soviet and German sides.
For example, in the Sudak region in 1942, a reconnaissance landing of the Red Army was liquidated by a group of self-defense Tatars, while 12 Soviet paratroopers were caught and burned alive by the self-defenders.
On February 4, 1943, Crimean Tatar volunteers from the villages of Beshui and Koush captured four partisans from the detachment of S.A. Mukovnin. Partisans L.S.Chernov, V.F.Gordienko, G.K.Sannikov and Kh.K.Kiyamov were brutally killed: stabbed with bayonets, laid on fires and burned. The corpse of the Kazan Tatar Kh.K.
The Crimean Tatar detachments dealt with the civilian population just as brutally. It got to the point that, fleeing from reprisals, the Russian-speaking population turned to the German authorities for help.
Beginning in the spring of 1942, the Krasny state farm operated concentration camp, in which at least 8 thousand inhabitants of Crimea were tortured and shot during the occupation.
The concentration camp was the largest fascist concentration camp during the Great Patriotic War on the territory of Crimea, during the years of occupation, about 8 thousand Soviet citizens were tortured in it.
The German administration was represented by a commandant and a doctor. All other functions were carried out by the fighters of the 152nd Tatar Volunteer Battalion, whom the head of the camp, SS Oberscharführer Shpekman, attracted to perform "the dirtiest work."
With particular pleasure, the future "innocent victims of Stalin's repressions" mocked the ideologically wrong prisoners. With their cruelty they reminded Tatar horde of the distant past and were distinguished by a particularly "creative" approach to the issue of the destruction of prisoners. In particular, mothers with children were drowned more than once in pits with feces dug under camp toilets.
Mass burning was also practiced: living people, bound with barbed wire, were stacked in several tiers, doused with gasoline and set on fire. Eyewitnesses claim that "those who lay below were the most lucky" - they suffocated under the weight of human bodies even before execution.
In addition, the punishers helped the Germans to look for Jews and political workers among prisoners of war. (More about the camp: http://www.c-inform.info/news/id/22733)
For serving the Germans, many hundreds of punishers from among the Crimean Tatars were awarded special insignia approved by Hitler - "For courage and special merits shown by the population of the liberated regions participating in the fight against Bolshevism under the leadership of the German command."
So, according to the report of the Simferopol Muslim Committee, for 12/01/1943 - 01/31/1944 "For services to the Tatar people, the German command was awarded: a badge with swords of the II degree, issued for the liberated eastern regions, Chairman of the Simferopol Tatar Committee Jemil Abdureshid, a badge of the II degree Chairman of the Religion Department Abdul-Aziz Gafar, an employee of the Religion Department Fazyl Sadyk and Chairman of the Tatar Table Tahsin Jamil".
Dzhemil Abdureshid took an active part in the creation of the Simferopol Committee at the end of 1941 and, as the first chairman of the committee, was active in attracting volunteers to the ranks of the German army.
In one of his speeches, the chairman of the Tatar committee, Dzhemil Abdureshid, said: "I speak on behalf of the committee and on behalf of all the Tatars, being sure that I express their thoughts. One call from the German army is enough and the Tatars, one and all, will come out to fight against the common enemy. It is a great honor for us to have the opportunity to fight under the leadership of the Fuhrer Adolf Hitler - greatest son of the German people. Our faith gives us the strength to put our trust in the leadership of the German army without hesitation. Our names will later be honored along with the names of those who stood up for the liberation of the oppressed peoples."
Abdul-Aziz Gafar and Fazyl Sadyk, despite their advanced years, campaigned among volunteers and did significant work to establish religious affairs in the Simferopol region.
Takhsin Dzhemil organized the Tatar table in 1942 and, working as its chairman until the end of 1943, provided systematic assistance to "needy Tatars and families of volunteers."
In addition, the personnel of the Crimean Tatar formations were provided with all sorts of material benefits and privileges. According to one of the decisions of the High Command of the Wehrmacht, "any person who has actively fought or is fighting the partisans and the Bolsheviks" , could file a petition for "giving him land or paying him a monetary reward of up to 1000 rubles."
At the same time, his family was supposed to receive a monthly subsidy in the amount of 75 to 250 rubles from the social welfare departments of the city or district government.
After the publication on February 15, 1942 by the Ministry of the Occupied Eastern Regions of the "Law on the New Agrarian Order", all Tatars who joined volunteer formations and their families were given full ownership of 2 hectares of land. The Germans provided them with the best plots, taking land from the peasants who did not join these formations.
As noted in the already cited memorandum of the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Crimean ASSR, Major of State Security Karanadze in the NKVD of the USSR "On the political and moral state of the population of Crimea": “People who are members of volunteer detachments are in a particularly privileged position. All of them receive salaries, food, are exempt from taxes, have received the best allotments of fruit and vineyards, tobacco plantations taken from the rest of the non-Tatar population.
Volunteers are given things stolen from the Jewish population."
All these horrors are not an invention of Soviet political officers, but the bitter truth. Many more examples of the "innocence of the Crimean Tatars" can be cited, but this article is not about that.
The Crimean Tatars were the real support of the Wehrmacht in the Crimea.
Among the German soldiers in huge number leaflets and brochures were distributed with photographs of Soviet soldiers of various Asian nationalities and the following text: "That's what the Tatar-Mongolian creatures are like! The Fuhrer's soldier protects you from them!" The SS propaganda organs published the pamphlet Der Untermensch as a reference tool for the German troops. Soldiers were urged to look at the local population as harmful microbes that needed to be destroyed. The peoples of the East were named in the brochure "dirty Mongoloids, bestial bastards."
But, on the other hand, it is precisely in relation to the so-called "Eastern" peoples German command required to show maximum respect on the ground. So, on November 20 and 29, 1941, Manstein issued two orders in which he demanded respect for the religious customs of the Muslim Tatars and urged not to allow any unjustified actions against the civilian population.
An important element in coordinating the work of the High Command of the Wehrmacht, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and repressive structures to involve the Crimean Tatars in the anti-Soviet struggle was the creation of a representative office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the headquarters of the 11th Army in Crimea. The duties of the representative were performed by the leading official of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Major Werner Otto von Khentin.
German propaganda paid off. Of the 90,000 inhabitants of Crimea mobilized into the Red Army in July-August 1941, 20,000 were Tatars. All of them became part of the 51st Army operating in the Crimea, and during the retreat, almost all deserted.
1944 - the year of the formation of the Tatar Mountain Jaeger Regiment of the SS
In April - May 1944, the Crimean Tatar battalions took part in the battles against the Red Army that broke into the Crimea. The units evacuated from the Crimea in June 1944 were consolidated into the Tatar Mountain Chasseurs Regiment of the SS of three battalions, reorganized a month later in Hungary into the First Tatar Mountain Chasseurs Brigade of the SS (2500 fighters) under the command of SS Stanadartenführer Fortenbach. On December 31, 1944, it was disbanded and became part of the Eastern Turkic SS formation as a combat group "Crimea" (2 infantry battalions and 1 cavalry hundred).
German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein testifies: "... The majority of the Tatar population of Crimea was very friendly towards us. We even managed to form armed self-defense companies from the Tatars, whose task was to protect their villages from attacks by partisans hiding in the Yayla mountains. The reason is that in the Crimea from the very began to unfold powerful partisan movement which gave us a lot of trouble, was that among the population of the Crimea, in addition to the Tatars and other small national groups, there were still many Russians ... "
Crimean Tatars-traitors in the Crimea hunt partisans, Bolsheviks, Jews, their families, kill, cut, shoot, hang. The Crimean Tatars, judging by the records and reports, the Germans and Italians were so atrocious that they had to be asked to be softer. But they still committed atrocities on this earth - eyewitness accounts and terrible photographs remained. So there were hundreds and even thousands of those who planned to deal with the Tatars after the return of Crimea. Stalin decided to prevent the massacre and moved the Tatars away from sin along with their families.
The "brutal" resettlement was strange: imagine hunger, war, traitors to the motherland ... But each migrant, on the orders of Stalin, was supposed to: hot food, 500 grams of bread a day, be sure to eat meat and fish in the diet, a clearly calculated amount of fat - calories were not considered then. Crimean Tatars were helped to transport 500 kilograms of property for each. For everything over 500 - a certificate, and then exactly the same was given in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. For seven years - an interest-free loan to get on your feet in a new place. Even now it's hard to get one. Where did the rumors about Siberia come from - although I really like Siberia (fertile land)? .. The Crimean Tatars were resettled mainly in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.
Study Article 193-22, which was in effect at the time of the 1944 resettlement. Stalin treated the nationalists, traitors to the Motherland, real enemies of the people in a surprisingly humane way. They were not shot, but sent to warmer climes with their families. At the same time, many of these bastards did not spare the families of the Bolsheviks and Jews. But they survived. And now their descendants have decided to get even for their ancestors. Although it would be better to say "thank you" to the humane Soviet government.
Genocide, you say, Stalin gave the Tatars? More like a population explosion.
Let's count: less than 200 thousand Crimean Tatars were evicted in May 1944. But in 1991, according to various sources, from two to five million (!) People who considered themselves Crimean Tatars wanted to return to Crimea! Stalin did not commit genocide, but a population explosion, impossible if the Tatars had remained in the Crimea.
The whole problem is that modern Tatars are not required to bear the stigma of traitors until the end of their days, because they were not even born then. Similarly, modern Russians have nothing to do with the deportation of the Tatars. We all need to live on, live in peace and harmony. And for this you need to stop crying about your long-suffering past, and think about our common future. A Russian, a Tatar, and a Ukrainian should work together to develop the Crimean economy, stop taking skeletons out of closets, blaming each other for what the neighbor's great-grandfather or great-great-grandfather did.
On May 11, 1944, shortly after the liberation of Crimea, Joseph Stalin signed the Decree of the USSR State Defense Committee No. GOKO-5859:
“During the Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars betrayed their homeland, deserted from the Red Army units defending the Crimea, and went over to the side of the enemy, joined the volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans, who fought against the Red Army; during the occupation of the Crimea by the Nazi troops, participating in the German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their brutal reprisals against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German invaders in organizing the forcible deportation of Soviet citizens into German slavery and the mass extermination of Soviet people.
The Crimean Tatars actively cooperated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called “Tatar national committees” organized by German intelligence and were widely used by the Germans to send spies and saboteurs to the rear of the Red Army. The “Tatar National Committees”, in which the White Guard-Tatar emigrants played the main role, with the support of the Crimean Tatars, directed their activities to the persecution and oppression of the non-Tatar population of Crimea and carried out work to prepare the forcible secession of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of the German armed forces.
In view of the foregoing, the State Defense Committee
DECIDES:
1. All Tatars must be evicted from the territory of Crimea and settled permanently as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. The eviction is to be assigned to the NKVD of the USSR. Oblige the NKVD of the USSR (comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars by June 1, 1944.
2. Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction:
a) allow special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in the amount of up to 500 kilograms per family.
Remaining property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and household land are taken over by local authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry, are accepted by the People's Commissariat of Meat and Dairy Industry, all agricultural products - by the USSR People's Commissariat of Education, horses and other draft animals - by the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture, pedigree cattle - by the USSR People's Commissariat of State Farms.
Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products is carried out with the issuance of exchange receipts for each settlement and each farm.
To instruct the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, the People's Commissariat for Meat and Milk Industry, the People's Commissariat of State Farms and the People's Commissariat of Education of the USSR by July 1 this year. d. to submit proposals to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the procedure for the return of livestock, poultry, and agricultural products received from them by exchange receipts to special settlers;
b) to organize the reception of property, livestock, grain and agricultural products left by them in places of eviction from special settlers, send to the place a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR consisting of: chairman of the commission comrade Gritsenko (deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR) and members of the commission - comrade Krestyaninov (member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture USSR), comrade Nadyarnykh (member of the collegium of the NKMiMP), comrade Pustovalov (member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of the USSR), comrade Kabanov (deputy people's commissar of state farms of the USSR), comrade Gusev (member of the collegium of the USSR NKFin).
To oblige the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR (comrade Benediktov), the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR (comrade Subbotina), the People's Commissariat of Ministers and MPs of the USSR (comrade Smirnov), the People's Commissariat of State Farms of the USSR (comrade Lobanov) to send livestock, grain and agricultural products from special settlers, in agreement with Comrade Gritsenko , in the Crimea, the required number of workers;
c) oblige the NKPS (comrade Kaganovich) to organize the transportation of special settlers from the Crimea to the Uzbek SSR in specially formed echelons according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. The number of trains, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR.
Payments for transportation shall be made according to the tariff for the transportation of prisoners;
d) The People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR (comrade Miterev) to allocate for each echelon with special settlers, within the time limits agreed with the NKVD of the USSR, one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines and provide medical and sanitary care for special settlers on the way; The People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Lyubimov) to provide all echelons with special settlers daily with hot meals and boiling water.
To organize meals for special settlers on the way, allocate food to the People's Commissariat of Trade in the amount according to Appendix No. 1.
3. To oblige the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Uzbekistan comrade Yusupov, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR comrade Abdurakhmanov and the people's commissar of internal affairs of the Uzbek SSR comrade Kobulov until June 1 this year. to carry out the following measures for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:
a) accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140-160 thousand people of special settlers - Tatars, sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean ASSR.
Resettlement of special settlers to be carried out in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary farms of enterprises and factory settlements for use in agriculture and industry;
b) in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, create commissions consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the UNKVD, entrusting these commissions with carrying out all activities related to the reception and accommodation of arriving special settlers;
c) in each area of resettlement of special settlers, organize district troikas consisting of the chairman of the district executive committee, the secretary of the district committee and the head of the RO NKVD, entrusting them with preparing for the accommodation and organizing the reception of arriving special settlers;
d) prepare horse-drawn vehicles for the transportation of special settlers, mobilizing the transport of any enterprises and institutions for this;
e) ensure that incoming special settlers are provided with household plots and assist in the construction of houses with local building materials;
f) organize special commandant's offices of the NKVD in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, attributing their maintenance at the expense of the estimate of the NKVD of the USSR;
g) Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR by May 20 p. to submit to the NKVD of the USSR comrade Beria a project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts, indicating the station for unloading echelons.
4. Oblige the Agricultural Bank (comrade Kravtsov) to issue to special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR, in their places of settlement, a loan for the construction of houses and for household equipment up to 5,000 rubles per family, with an installment plan of up to 7 years.
5. Oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR (comrade Subbotin) to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables to the SNK of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August of this year. g. monthly in equal amounts, according to Appendix No. 2.
Issuance of flour, cereals and vegetables to special settlers during June-August of this year. d. to produce free of charge, in payment for the agricultural products and livestock accepted from them in the places of eviction.
6. To oblige NPOs (comrade Khrulyov) to transfer during May-June with. d. to strengthen the vehicles of the NKVD troops stationed by garrisons in the areas of resettlement of special settlers - in the Uzbek SSR, the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR, "Willis" vehicles - 100 pieces and trucks - 250 pieces that have come out of repair.
7. To oblige Glavneftesnab (comrade Shirokov) to allocate and ship until May 20, 1944 to points at the direction of the NKVD of the USSR 400 tons of gasoline, at the disposal of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR - 200 tons.
The supply of motor gasoline is to be carried out at the expense of a uniform reduction in supplies to all other consumers.
8. To oblige Glavsnabless under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (comrade Lopukhov) at the expense of any resources to supply the NKPS with 75,000 wagon boards of 2.75 m each, with their delivery before May 15 this year. G.; transportation of NKPS boards to be carried out by one's own means.
9. Narkomfin of the USSR (comrade Zverev) to release the NKVD of the USSR in May this year. 30 million rubles from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events.
The draft decision was prepared by a member of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs L.P. Beria. The deputies of the people's commissars for state security and internal affairs B. Z. Kobulov and I. A. Serov were entrusted with leading the deportation operation.
The bulk of the Crimean Tatar collaborators were evacuated by the occupying authorities to Germany, where the Tatar Mountain Jaeger Regiment of the SS was created from them. Most of those who remained in the Crimea were identified by the NKVD in April-May 1944 and condemned as traitors to the Motherland. In total, about 5,000 collaborators of all nationalities were identified in Crimea during this period.
The deportation operation began early in the morning on May 18 and ended on May 20, 1944. For its implementation, the NKVD troops were involved (more than 32 thousand people). The deportees had very little time to pack. Officially, each family had the right to take up to 500 kg of luggage with them, but in reality they were allowed to take much less, and sometimes nothing at all. After that, the deportees were taken by trucks to the railway stations.
On May 20, Serov and Kobulov reported in a telegram addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria:
“We hereby report that, launched in accordance with your instructions on May 18 this year. The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was completed today, May 20, at 16:00. A total of 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 echelons, of which 63 echelons numbering 173,287 people. sent to their destinations, the remaining 4 trains will also be sent today.
In addition, the district military commissariats of Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of draft age, who, according to the orders of the Main Department of the Red Army, were sent to the cities of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev.
Of the 8,000 people of the special contingent sent on your instructions to the Moskovugol Trust, 5,000 people. are also made up of Tatars.
Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were deported from the Crimean ASSR.”
