The “Get an A” video course includes all the topics you need to successful completion Unified State Examination in mathematics for 60-65 points. Completely all tasks 1-13 of the Profile Unified State Exam in mathematics. Also suitable for passing the Basic Unified State Examination in mathematics. If you want to pass the Unified State Exam with 90-100 points, you need to solve part 1 in 30 minutes and without mistakes!

Preparation course for the Unified State Exam for grades 10-11, as well as for teachers. Everything you need to solve Part 1 of the Unified State Exam in mathematics (the first 12 problems) and Problem 13 (trigonometry). And this is more than 70 points on the Unified State Exam, and neither a 100-point student nor a humanities student can do without them.

All the necessary theory. Quick ways solutions, pitfalls and secrets of the Unified State Exam. All current tasks of part 1 from the FIPI Task Bank have been analyzed. The course fully complies with the requirements of the Unified State Exam 2018.

The course contains 5 large topics, 2.5 hours each. Each topic is given from scratch, simply and clearly.

Hundreds of Unified State Exam tasks. Word problems and probability theory. Simple and easy to remember algorithms for solving problems. Geometry. Theory, reference material, analysis of all types of Unified State Examination tasks. Stereometry. Tricky solutions, useful cheat sheets, development of spatial imagination. Trigonometry from scratch to problem 13. Understanding instead of cramming. Visual explanation complex concepts. Algebra. Roots, powers and logarithms, function and derivative. A basis for solving complex problems of Part 2 of the Unified State Exam.

There is an opinion among schoolchildren that social studies is the simplest USE subject. Many people choose it for this reason. But this is a misconception that takes away from serious preparation.

Changes in KIM Unified State Exam 2019 in social studies:

• The wording has been detailed and the assessment system for task 25 has been revised.
• The maximum score for completing task 25 has been increased from 3 to 4.
• The wording of tasks 28, 29 was detailed, and the systems were improved
  their assessments.
• Maximum primary score for completing all the work increased
  from 64 to 65.

Where to start preparing for the Unified State Examination in social studies?

1. Learn theory.

For this purpose, theoretical material has been selected for each task, which you need to know and take into account when completing the task. There will be questions with a philosophical bias (man and society) and sociological (relations in society). Remember that there are only 8 topics: society

• Human
• cognition
• spiritual sphere (culture)
• social sphere
• economy
• policy
• right

Indicate what topics the survey will be on in the assignments. Within each topic there are many smaller subtopics that you should pay attention to while studying.

To obtain a high result, the examinee must confidently operate with basic concepts and terms. Analyze information provided in graphical form. Work with text. Reason competently within the framework of the problem posed, express your thoughts concisely in in writing.

Important tip: When preparing, you should not use materials and manuals for 2016 and earlier, since they have lost compliance with the updated tasks.

2. Study well the structure of assignments and their evaluation system.

The examination ticket is divided into two parts:

1. Tasks 1 to 20, requiring a short answer (word, phrase or number);
2. Tasks 21 to 29 - with a detailed answer and mini-essays.

The assessment of Unified State Exam assignments in social studies was distributed as follows:

• 1 point - for tasks 1, 2, 3, 10, 12.
• 2 points - 4-9, 11, 13-22.
• 3 points - 23, 24, 26, 27.
• 4 points - 25, 28.
• 6 points - 29.

You can score a maximum of 65 points.
The minimum should be 43 total points.

Pay special attention to Unified State Exam assignments with detailed answers in social studies.

3. Solving Unified State Exam assignments in social studies.

The more test tasks you do it, the stronger your knowledge will be. The tasks are based on demo version from FIPI in social studies. Solve complete and thematic online tests with answers, no matter what stage of studying the theory you are at. By registering on the site, check and analyze your mistakes and keep statistics in your personal account, so that later they will not be allowed in the exam.

Formula for exam success

High scores on the Unified State Exam = theory + practice + systematic repetition + clearly planned time for studying + desire / will / hard work.

Get ready. Try your best. Strive for success! And then you will succeed.

Human - highest level development of living organisms on Earth.

Origin theories:

1) Religious. Divine origin.

2) Man is an unearthly creature; aliens from outer space, having visited the Earth, left human beings on it.

3) Man appeared as a result of evolution (C. Darwin)

Man is a biosocial being:

1) Biological in humans: anatomy, physiology, has circulatory and muscular systems. Adapts to living conditions.

2) Social in a person: inextricably linked with society, capable and ready for socially useful work, possesses consciousness and intelligence.

The main differences between humans and animals:

1) Possesses thinking and articulate speech.

2) Capable of conscious, purposeful creative activity.

3) Not only adapts, but also transforms the surrounding reality.

4) Able to make tools and use them as a means of producing material goods.

5) Spiritual needs are present.

Need - this is a person’s need for what constitutes necessary condition his existence.

Types of needs:

1) Biological (primary, congenital):

A) physiological (food, sleep, rest)

B) Existential (security of existence)

2) Secondary (purchased)

* social (communication, social activities, public recognition)

* spiritual (in knowledge, creativity)

Capabilities - this is a set of human properties that ensure his activity.

Levels of ability development:

• Capabilities

  Giftedness

• Genius

Human activity

Activity - the way a person relates to to the outside world, consisting in the transformation and subordination of man to his goals.

Activity components: Subject (the one who carries out the activity)

Object (what the activity is aimed at)

Activity structure:

Goal - means of achieving goals - actions - result

Types of activities in which each person is involved in the development process:

A game – the goal is not the result, but the process (entertainment), occurs in a conditional situation (imaginary environment), which changes quickly, substitute objects are used, aims to satisfy the interests of the participants, and promotes personal development.

Communication – exchange of information, emotions and ideas. Promotes socialization person (the assimilation of norms accepted in society), has an impact on mental condition, helps to carry out joint activities.

Teaching – a person’s acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities. Can be carried out in an organized manner (in educational institutions) and unorganized (as an additional result), may have the character of self-education.

Work – aimed at achieving a practically useful, pre-expected result, carried out in the presence of certain knowledge, intelligence

Activities (by objects and results):

Material (creation of material wealth)

Material and production (transformation of nature)

Socially transformative (transformation of society)

Spiritual (Creation cultural values)

Cognitive

Value-oriented (formation of a positive or negative attitude of people towards the phenomena of the surrounding world)

Prognostic (planning or anticipating possible changes in reality)

Creation - this is a type of activity that generates something qualitatively new that has never existed before (for example, a new goal, a new result, or new means of achieving a goal). It can be a component of any activity, or an independent activity (for example, the activities of scientists, inventors, writers, artists).

Human cognitive activity

Cognition – human activity. The result of which is the acquisition of new knowledge about the world around us.

Cognition has two levels:

1) Sensory cognition– carried out by the senses (vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste)

2) Rational cognition - inherent only to man, carried out through thinking

Types of knowledge:

1) Scientific (reliable generalization of facts)

2) Unscientific:

* mythology * life experience * folk wisdom * parascience (pseudo-scientific knowledge)

True – correspondence of our knowledge about the subject to the subject itself

Absolute (exhaustive reliable knowledge)

Relative (incomplete, imprecise knowledge)

Individual. Individuality. Personality.

Individual - a single representative of the human race.

Individuality - the unique identity of a person.

Personality - a subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant features that he implements in public life.

The formation of personality is influenced by: family (upbringing), environment (communication), society, historical era, a person’s personal desire for self-improvement.

The personality has the following traits: active life position, willpower, responsibility, realistic self-esteem (neither too low nor too high).

Personality is formed in the process of socialization. Socialization – the process of assimilating accepted norms in society and mastering social roles. Socialization can be primary (childhood) and secondary (lasts a lifetime).

Self-knowledge - a process during which each person comprehends his abilities, desires, opportunities, interests.

Self-realization – the process of the most complete identification and implementation by an individual of his capabilities to achieve his intended goals in solving personally significant problems, allowing him to fully realize the creative potential of the individual.

The spiritual world of man

The structure of the human spiritual world:

1) Cognition (based on intelligence)

2) Emotions – short-term experiences about situations and phenomena of reality (surprise, joy, anger, fear)

3) Feelings – emotional states, longer lasting than emotions (friendship, love, longing, patriotism)

4) Worldview - a system of general views on the world. Worldview can be: religious, everyday, scientific.

Freedom and responsibility

Liberty – the ability to act on the basis of choice, realizing responsibility for it.

Human freedom in society is limited by the freedom of other people. Freedom manifests itself in the ability to control one’s behavior. The regulator of such behavior is conscience.

IN in a broad sense – a part of the world isolated from nature.

In a narrow sense - a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin; -- historical periods of development of society.

Main spheres of public life

Activities of people and relationships between them

Institutions

(organizations)

Economic

(ensures satisfaction of material needs)

Production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods, and related relationships

Factories, firms, exchanges, banks.

Social

(ensures satisfaction of needs for communication, collectivity)

Relations between classes, estates, nations, professional and age groups; state activities to ensure social guarantees

Health systems, social security, public services

Political

(satisfies the need for organization, discipline, peace, law and order)

Organization state power, relations between civil society and the state, between the state and political parties

Parliament, government, parties, public organizations

Spiritual

(provides satisfaction of the need for self-realization, moral improvement, and knowledge)

Relationships arising in the process of creating spiritual values, their preservation, distribution, consumption

Schools, universities, theaters, museums, libraries, archives, churches.

Society– a complexly organized, self-developing system (the system includes individuals and social groups, there are coordinated connections between them), which is characterized by dynamism, alternativeness and incomplete development. Society is characterized by unpredictability and nonlinear development.

Nature:

In a broad sense - the whole world.

In a narrow sense -the entire material world, with the exception of society.

The relationship between nature and society:

Society

1) with the help of tools, influences nature, changing it, i.e. purposefully,

2) the development of science increases the influence of society on nature

3) the impact can be improving (creation of nature reserves, tightening environmental legislation) or worsening (depletion natural resources)

Nature: 1) creates conditions for the existence of society

2) natural conditions influence the economy and way of life of society

3) in response to human actions, nature can also “worse”

life of society (natural disasters)

Typology of societies

comparisons

Agrarian

(traditional)

Industrial

Post-industrial

(informational)

Economy

The main value is land, 75% of the population is employed agriculture

The main value is capital, 85% of the population is employed in industry, mass industrial production

The main value is knowledge, 66% of the population is employed in the service sector, production automation, computerization of society

Social structure

Society is divided into classes, classes are closed (difficulty of transition)

Society is divided into classes, they are open and mobile

Division of society into classes in accordance with the level of knowledge, qualifications, growth of the middle class

Policy

Monarchies prevail, human rights and freedoms are absent

Political rights and freedoms, equality before the law, election of government

Political rights and freedoms, equality before the law, election of government,

Strong civil society

Spiritual life

Dominate traditional values(family, religion), small number educated people

Values ​​of progress, personal success, science is developing, mass culture is spreading

High level education (and its continuation throughout life), the special role of science, the leading role of information

Society can develop in the following ways:

1) Evolution– gradual development, reforms are the way to transform.

2) Revolution– a radical, qualitative change in all or several aspects of social life (a scientific and technological revolution leads to a transformation in the production sphere, a revolution in politics leads to a change in the form of government).

Progress- a direction of development, which is characterized by a transition from lower to higher, movement forward to a more perfect one. (Regression - reverse movement)

A distinctive feature of the development of modern society is globalization.

Globalization– a process during which the mutual influence and interdependence of peoples and states in different areas activities (economics, culture...)

Global problems of humanity:

1) Caused by the activities of people around the world.

2) Create a threat to the further existence of humanity

3) Can be resolved through joint efforts

Global problems:

Environmental (depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution)

Uneven development of individual regions (backwardness of developing countries)

Demographic (population growth)

The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing a new world war

Threat of international terrorism

RIGHT

A set of generally binding, formally defined rules of conduct established by the state and ensured by its coercive force

Public Law – area of ​​public affairs (constitutional, administrative, criminal, financial)

Private right– sphere of private affairs (civil, family, labor)

Legal system– internal structure of law. Includes:

1) Branches of law 2) Sub-branches of law 3) Institutes of law 4) Legal norms

The main branches of the Russian legal system:

1 ) Constitutional (establishes the form of government, state-territorial structure, rights and obligations of citizens)

2 ) Administrative (regulates public relations in the field government controlled, organization and activities of bodies executive power)

3 )Civil (regulates property, as well as related personal non-property relations)

4 ) Family (regulates relations between spouses, as well as between parents and children)

5 ) Labor (regulates labor relations)

6 ) Criminal (determines the criminality and punishability of acts)

Sources of law:

1) Laws and regulations ( vary in legal force, has the highest legal force Constitution)

2) Legal custom

3) Legal precedent

4) Agreement with normative content (based on the mutual expression of will of the parties)

Offenses: crimes and misdemeanors

Main types of legal liability:

1 ) Disciplinary (violation of labor, educational discipline)

2 ) Civil (causing property damage)

3 ) Administrative (for administrative violations)

4 ) Criminal (for crimes)

5 ) Material (for damage caused to an enterprise, institution, organization)

The legal culture of an individual is the totality of legal knowledge, values, and legal behavior of an individual.

PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

The method of protecting rights, freedoms and legitimate interests is judicial protection

In case of violation of rights, a person contacts the “main link” - general courts jurisdiction– district courts, which hear most court cases. Judicial power is exercised through civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.

Sentences in criminal proceedings and solutions in civil proceedings are made on behalf of Russian Federation. If a person is not satisfied with the decision of a court of general jurisdiction, he can appeal to the Supreme Court of Russia; in case of disagreement with its decision, he can appeal to the supranational court - the European Court of Human Rights, which is the final authority. The decision of this Court is binding on all member states of the Council of Europe.

Directly aimed at protecting the individual in armed conflicts of an international and internal nature INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, War crimes against humanity in accordance with the norms international law have no statute of limitations.

.

Social sphere of society covers relationships between people, groups, and associations. Society has a social structure - an internal structure.

Elements social structure societies:

I. Social groups- stable collections of people who have distinctive characteristics that are unique to them ( social status, interests, value orientations).

Types of social groups:

by number:

Small group(from 2 to 30 people). In a small group, people know each other well (personally) and are engaged in some common activity. The presence of emotionally charged interpersonal relationships, stability and consistency of composition. For example, a family, a school class, an airplane crew.

Large group. A large group of people who occupy the same position in the structure of society and, as a result, have common interests. For example - nation, class.

by interaction:

Formal(official). Its activities are determined by regulatory documents(school class, Zenit football team)

Informal(unofficial). Its activities are determined by the personal interests of its participants (a poetry club, an organization of fans of the Zenit football team, a group of friends)

Family- a small social group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are bound by a common life, moral and legal responsibility.

Family functions:

1) Reproductive (biological reproduction of the population)

2) Socialization (raising children, shaping the individual as a personality)

3) Economic - economic (material support for minors and disabled members of society, housekeeping)

4) Emotional (psychological support)

5) Spiritual and moral (personal development)

Family types:

according to the nature of the distribution of household responsibilities:

Traditional (patriarchal) - the woman performs household duties, the man earns money and is the head of the family.

Partnership - responsibilities are not shared, they are performed jointly or in turn, the most important issues of family life are resolved together.

by related structure:

Nuclear, small (married couple with children)

Extended, multi-generational (married couple with children and one of the relatives living with them)

Part-time (one parent with a child or children)

by number of children

*Having many children * few children * childless

II. Social communities– a collection of people characterized by relative integrity and acting as independent subjects of historical and social action.

Ethnic communities– exist in a certain territory, have a common historical experience, historical memory, language and cultural traditions. Varieties: tribe, nationality, nation

Classes– differ in their place in the system of social production, relation to the means of production, role in public organization labor, methods and amounts of wealth obtained. For example: bourgeoisie, working class, or upper class, middle class, lower class.

Socially-demographic communities (elderly people, teenagers)

The youth– a group of people from 16 to 25 years old, problems – it is difficult to find a place in life, to get interesting offers about work due to lack of life experience.

Socio-territorial(townspeople, rural population, Siberians)

Professional(miners, teachers, doctors)

Different social groups and communities occupy different social positions.

In society since primitive times there has been inequality– uneven distribution of scarce resources (money, power, education and prestige) between different segments of the population.

Indicators of social status may be: wealth, income power, profession, education, prestige, lifestyle.

Social status- the position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with his age, gender, origin, profession, marital status. (A person can have many statuses; this will be called a status set. Among them there may be basic and non-basic)

Prescribed status – does not depend on the merits of the individual (gender, nationality)

Achieved status - acquired as a result of free choice, personal effort and is under the control of a person

Social role- the behavior expected by society of a person, associated with his position in society and typical for his social group. (One person can have many roles, collectively they are called a role set. For example: at work - an employee, at home - a husband, visiting his parents - a son, in the company of friends - a friend, on election day - a voter, etc. )

It is customary to distinguish between two main forms of social interaction:

1) Cooperation – mutual interest, interaction is beneficial for both parties, interaction is aimed at achieving joint goals. Relationships of friendship, partnership, support.

2) Rivalry – the absence of a common goal, but the presence of a similar goal regarding an indivisible object (economic, political competition). Relationships of envy, hostility, bitterness.

When incompatible views, positions and interests collide, rivalry can develop into conflict.

Conflict- a clash between two people or social groups over the possession of something that is equally highly valued by both parties.

Kinds social conflicts:

1) Economic 2) International 3) Political 4) Family

Experts highlight the following solutions social conflicts:

Negotiations (peaceful conversation between the parties to resolve the problem)

Compromise (solving a problem through mutual concessions)

Mediation (using a third party to resolve a problem)

Use of force, authority, law (unilateral use by the side that considers itself stronger)

Social conflicts have both Negative consequences(stress, unrest, sacrifices), and positive consequences(relieving social tension, stimulating social change).

A person’s behavior in society can be:

1) Corresponding norms (conformist)

2) Deviant (does not correspond to norms - deviant)

Preview:

5. Culture and spiritual sphere.

I. Culture (from Latin - “culture” - “cultivation, education”)

Traits of culture : functionality, quality, value, normativity, creativity (creativity).

In a broad sense, culture– all types of transformative activity of man and society, as well as its results.

In a general sense, culture– the totality of people’s achievements in the material and spiritual spheres.

Material culture– created in the process of material production (buildings, equipment, tools).

Spiritual culture –includes the process of spiritual creativity and created spiritual values ​​in the form of works of art, scientific discoveries, and religion.

Culture structure:

form – embodiment of cultural achievements content – significance for the individual and society.

Functions of culture:cognitive, informative, communicative, normative, humanistic.

Types of crops: dominant (dominant), elite (for the elite), mass (for the majority, commercial, through the media), folk (based on traditions, folklore, anonymous), donor (from which elements are borrowed), receptive (which borrows elements from another culture), dead (contents are outdated).

Subculture – culture of social groups.

Counterculture - a subculture that is hostile to the dominant one.

Terms:

Accumulation of culture – replenishment of culture with new elements and knowledge.

Cultural transmission– transmission of culture through education.

Cultural diffusion– mutual penetration of cultures.

Acculturation of culture– the process of mutual influence of two or more cultures.

Assimilation of culture– absorption of a small culture by a larger one.

Adaptation of culture- adaptation of cultures to each other.

II. Spiritual sphere.

Structure of the spiritual sphere:

1. Spiritual needs– the need of society and people to create and master spiritual values. Spiritual needs are not given biologically, from birth. They are formed in the process of socialization.

2. Spiritual activity (production)– the activities of people to create spiritual values.

Types of spiritual activities:

1. Cognitive - scientific, religious, artistic

2. Value-oriented - attitude to the phenomena of reality

3. Prognostic - anticipation and planning of changes in reality

3. Spiritual values ​​(benefits) –what is created in the process of spiritual production:works of art, teachings, scientific discoveries etc.

Types of spiritual production: religion, morality, art, science.

Religion.

Religion – form public consciousness and a worldview based on the belief in the existence of a supernatural principle.

Elements: faith, doctrine, religious activity, religious institutions.

Functions : ideological, compensatory, communicative, regulatory, educational.

Religions:

World: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam ( big number followers, outside the nation)

National: Confucianism (China), Taoism (China), Judaism (Israel), Shintoism (Japan), Zoroastrianism (Iran).

Atheism - denial of the existence of God

Confessional- church, denomination - religion

Morality.

Moral - a form of social consciousness that reflects ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice and the type of social relations, a set of norms of behavior of people in relation to each other.

Functions of morality: regulatory, educational, communicative, cognitive, ideological.

The fulfillment of moral norms is sanctioned by the norms of spiritual influence (evaluation, approval, condemnation).

Art.

Art - form of social consciousness and type human activity, which is a reflection of the surrounding realityin artistic images.

Art is the core of aesthetic culture.

Theories of the origin of art: gaming (G. Spencer), labor (G. Plekhanov), biologization(C. Darwin), magical.

Functions of art:aesthetic, cognitive, creative, cleansing, communicative, educational, compensatory, hedonistic (pleasure function).

Kinds of art : literature, architecture, music, cinema, theater, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, dance, sculpture, photography.

Features of art:is figurative, visual; the presence of specific methods of reproduction, the huge role of imagination and fantasy.

The science.

The science - the sphere of cognitive activity of people, a system of objectively true knowledge about natural and social reality, about man.

Elements of Science : scientific knowledge, scientific activity, scientific self-awareness.

Models of science development:

1. Gradual development

2. Through scientific revolutions.Scientific revolution –the process of a radical, qualitative change in the dominant system of ideas and theories (paradigm), which serves as a standard of thinking in a specific historical period.

Functions of science : cognitive, ideological, prognostic.

Functions modern science : productive, social, cultural and ideological.

Classification of sciences:

Natural technical public (humanitarian)

Education.

Education - purposeful cognitive activity to obtain knowledge, skills and abilities and improve them.

Self-education– the process of acquiring knowledge independently.

Functions of education: economic, social, cultural, preservation and transfer of cultural heritage.

Education in the Russian Federation:

preschool general professional additional

Features of modern education:integration of areas of knowledge, development of lifelong education, informatization (computerization), development distance education(via the Internet), humanization (attention to the individual), humanitarization (increasing attention to social sciences, internationalization (creation of a unified system for different countries).

Preview:

1. Society.

Social Sciences: economics, philosophy, sociology, political science, ethics (about morality), aesthetics (about beauty).

Society:

In a narrow sense: A group of people connected by common interests and goals.

In a broad sense: A part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, including all ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.

Society and nature interact and influence each other. Economic interaction – consumption of natural resources, environmental – protection of natural resources.

Noosphere (V. Vernadsky ) – habitat (biosphere) controlled by the human mind.

Society - dynamic system.

Systemic qualities of society:integrity, dynamism, historicity, openness, hierarchy.

There are 4 spheres (subsystems) in the structure of society:

1. Economic - material production and industrial relations.

2. Political - politics, state, law, their relationships and functioning, media, army.

3. Social – relations between classes, groups, nations, etc.

4. Spiritual – forms of social consciousness: religion, morality, science, art.

The spheres interact and are interconnected.

Public relations– relationships and forms that arise in the process of life between social groups, classes, nations, and also within them.

Public relations

Spiritual Material

The most important component of society issocial institution – a historically established form of organization of people, based on a set of norms and statuses, regulating their activities and satisfying fundamental human needs.

Social institutions: property, state, political parties, family, church, labor organizations, educational institutions, science, media, etc.

Types of societies (according to Daniel Bell, Alvin Toffler)

Types of societies (according to O. Toffler)

Social change– transition social systems, communities, organizations from one state to another (natural, demographic, social, spiritual changes, etc.).

Directed development

progress stagnation regression

Progress criterion – the degree of freedom that society gives a person for its optimal development. Progress is inconsistent (both positive and negative processes)

Forms of progress:revolution and reform. Evolution – gradual development.

Scientific and technological progress (NTP) -qualitative change in the productive forces of society under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution.

Scientific and technological revolution (STR)– a leap in the development of the productive forces of society based on fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.

Historical process– chronological sequence of events that influence the development of society.Subjects of the historical process: individuals, social groups, masses.Historical fact- an event in public life.

Civilization – the totality of material, spiritual and moral means that a given society has in a given historical period.

The term was put forward by N. Danilevsky, called civilizationscultural and historical types.He distinguished civilizations according to 4 characteristics: economic, cultural, political, religious. To characterize civilizations, the concept of mentality is also distinguished.

Mentality - a way of thinking, worldview inherent in a certain group or individual

Two theories: the theory of stage development (study development as a single process) and the theory of local civilizations(study large historically established communities).

Approaches to studying the historical process:

Formational approach (K. Marx)	Civilizational approach (A. Toynbee)	Cultural approach (O. Spengler)
It is based on the transition from one formation to another.Socio-economic formations:primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist. In a socio-economic formation there are two main components - the base and the superstructure. Basis - the economy of society, the components of which areproductive forces And relations of production(method of production of material goods). Add-on - state, political, public institutions. Changes in the economic basis lead to the transition from one socio-economic formation to another. Plays a big roleclass struggle.	Civilizations – stable communities of people united by spiritual traditions, similar lifestyles, geographical and historical boundaries.The basis is a change of civilizations. The development of the entire story follows the “challenge-response” pattern. Every civilization goes through four stages in its destiny: origin; height; break; disintegration ending in death and complete disappearance of civilization.	The central concept of this approach is culture. Culture is the totality of religion, traditions, material and spiritual life. Culture is born, lives and dies. Civilization within the framework of the cultural approach -the highest level of cultural development,the final period of development of a culture preceding its death.

Global problems of our time –a complex of social and natural contradictions affecting the whole world as a whole. I are an indicator of integrity and interconnection modern world, pose a threat to humanity, require joint efforts to solve.

Main problems:

1. Environmental: pollution, species extinction, “ozone holes”, etc.

The term "Ecology" was introduced E. Haeckel.

2. Demographic;

3. The problem of security and prevention of world war;

4. Resource problem;

5. The North-South problem: developing and highly developed countries.

Globalization – strengthening integration ties in various spheres between states, organizations, and communities.

International organizations:UN (United Nations); IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency); UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization); WIPO ( World organization intellectual property); WTO (World Trade Organization); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe); European Union; OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Producing and Exporting Countries); CIS (Commonwealth independent states); SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and others.

Preview:

3. Cognition.

Cognition – a process aimed at obtaining knowledge.

Knowledge – objective reality given in the human mind. Knowledge is the result of cognitive activity.

Subject of knowledge- the one who knows. Object of knowledge - what knowledge is aimed at.

Epistemology – the science of knowledge.

Gnosticism (Gnostics)– they believe that the world is knowable (Plato, Socrates, K. Marx, G. Hegel).

Agnosticism (agnostics)– the world is knowable within limited limits or unknowable (I. Kant).

Types of cognition: sensory and rational.

Forms of sensory knowledge:

Feeling – reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that arise when exposed to the senses.

Perception - a holistic sensory image of an object, phenomenon.

Performance - a sensory image of an object or phenomenon that arises with the help of memory without direct contact with the object.

Forms of rational knowledge:

Concept – a form of thinking in which the general and essential properties of an object are recorded.

Judgment - a form of thinking in which something is affirmed or denied.

Conclusion –a form of thinking in which new judgments are derived from existing ones.

Two theories on types of cognition:

1. Empiricism (empiricists)– recognize sensory experience as a source of knowledge (T. Hobbes, D. Locke).

2. Rationalism (rationalists)– knowledge can be obtained with the help of reason (R. Descartes, I. Kant)

Intuition - a unique type of cognition outside the process of sensory acquaintance and without thinking.

Traits: suddenness, thoughtlessness, hidden mechanism.

The purpose of knowledge is to obtain the truth.

Truth - knowledge corresponding to reflected reality.Truth is objective in content and subjective in form.

Absolute truth- complete, exhaustive knowledge, not refutable further development Sciences.

Relative truth- incomplete, inaccurate knowledge, refuted by the further development of science.

Criterion of truth – a way to distinguish between true and untrue in the body of knowledge.

The main criterion of truth is practice.

The opposites of truth are lies, disinformation, and delusion.

Lie – deliberate raising of obviously incorrect ideas into the truth.

Disinformation - transmission false knowledge as true or true as false.

Misconception – unintentional inconsistency of judgments or concepts with the object.

Types of knowledge.

I.Non-scientific knowledge:

Ordinary (everyday)

Practical (folk wisdom)

Religious

Mythological

Artistic (through the means of art).

II. Scientific knowledge –cognition aimed at obtaining objective knowledge. Target – description, explanation, prediction of reality phenomena. Signs: objectivity, consistency, validity, reliability, special language, the need for special devices and specialists.

2 levels of scientific knowledge: empirical and theoretical.

Empirical level:

Observation - purposeful perception of phenomena of objective reality.

Description - recording information about an object using natural or artificial language.

Measurement - comparison of an object based on any similar properties or aspects.

Experiment - observation under specially created and controlled conditions, which makes it possible to restore the course of the phenomenon when the conditions are repeated.

Theoretical level:

Hypothesis – assumptions made during scientific research.

Theory – a system of interconnected statements.

Law – conclusions about significant, recurring connections between phenomena.

Scientific methods:

1. General: dialectics (dialectical studies phenomena in motion) and metaphysics (metaphysical studies phenomena at rest).

2. General scientific: Analysis is the real or mental division of an object into its component parts. Synthesis - unification components into a single whole. Induction - the movement of thought from the individual to the general. Deduction is the ascent of the process of cognition from the general to the individual. Analogy (correspondence, similarity) - establishing similarities in certain aspects, properties and relationships between non-identical objects.

3. Private scientific: questionnaire, examination, interviewing, graphic method.

III. Social Cognition –cognition aimed at studying the nature of social connections, social groups, social structure of society.

Peculiarity - the subject and object of knowledge coincide, the knowledge obtained is always related to the interests of individuals, the subjectivity of conclusions and assessments.

Target: identification of historical patterns of social development, social forecasting.

Methods: content analysis (analysis of statistical data, documents), survey, observation, experiment.

IV.Self-knowledge – self-knowledge, self-esteem, creation of the “I-concept” - the image of the Self.

Feature – the object is the subject itself.

Goal: knowledge of your physical, mental, spiritual capabilities, your place among other people.

Self-knowledge is accomplished:

1. In analyzing the results of one’s own activities, one’s behavior, and relationships with others.

2. Awareness of the attitude of others towards oneself (the qualities of one’s personality, character traits), through the opinions of others

people and relating oneself to others.

3. Self-observation of your states, experiences, thoughts.

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2. Man.

Human	Individual	Individuality	Personality
The highest level of living organisms on earth, a subject of social historical activity and culture	A single representative of the human race	Unique, original traits and qualities inherent in a person (biological, psychological, social)	A set of socially significant traits that characterize a person as a member of a given society, a person as a subject of relationships and conscious activity

Origin theories:religious, evolutionary(C. Darwin), Marxist (labor made man)

Biosocial problem– the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social in man.

At the moment of birth, a person is an individual. A person becomes a person through the process of socialization.

Socialization - the process of a person’s assimilation of social experience and forms of behavior acceptable for a given society.

Primary socialization: agents (relatives, teachers) and institutions of socialization (family, school).

Secondary socialization: agents (colleagues, teachers, officials) and institutions (universities, army, church).

Desocialization –the process of moving away from old values, norms, rules, roles.

Resocialization – the process of learning new values, norms, rules, roles.

Freedom of the individual- the ability to create oneself and the world of other people, make choices, be responsible. “Freedom is a recognized necessity” - G. Hegel.

Interpersonal relationships -relationships between different individuals for different reasons.

Interpersonal relationships

Worldview of the individual– a set of principles, views, beliefs and attitudes towards objective reality and man’s place in it.

Worldview:

everyday, religious, mythological, scientific, philosophical, humanistic.

Activity - human activity aimed at changing and transforming the world around us and ourselves. Subject - the one who carries out the activity. An object - what the activity is aimed at.

Activity structure:

Motive - goal - means - action - result.

Motive – a material or ideal object that encourages action.

Target – a conscious image of the expected result.

Activities:

1. By content: work, play, communication, study.

Work - a type of human activity aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

Communication- the process of interaction between people, consisting of perception and understanding and the exchange of information (communication)

2. By direction: spiritual, practical, creative, managerial.

Creation - activity that generates something new that has never existed before.

Heuristic - a science that studies creative activity.

Human needs- an experienced or perceived need for something.

Needs:

biological, social, ideal.

Needs according to A. Maslow.

1. Physiological, 2. Existential, 3. Social, 4. Prestigious, 5. Spiritual

Primary, congenital Secondary, acquired

The needs of each level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

Interest – perceived need, which characterizes people’s attitude towards objects and phenomena that have important social development for them. Interests are incentives for various types of activities.

Capabilities – individual characteristics people on whom the success of various activities depends.

Abilities have a biological basis.

Talent - a set of abilities that allows you to obtain a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty and significance.

Genius – the highest level of talent development, allowing for fundamental shifts in a particular field of activity.

Genius is a cultural phenomenon of human nature.

"Conscious" and "Unconscious"- these are correlative concepts that express the peculiarities of the work of the human psyche. A person thinks about situations and makes decisions. Such actions are called conscious . However, often a person acts thoughtlessly, and sometimes he himself cannot understand why he did this.Unconsciousactions presuppose that a person acts on an internal impulse, without any analysis of the situation, without clarifying the possible consequences. ( Z. Freud).

Being - anything existing that exists at all (being is studied by the section of philosophy ontology).

Forms of being : material existence, spiritual existence, human existence, social existence.

The spiritual world of man(microcosm) – a complex system inner world a person whose elements are spiritual needs, thoughts, feelings, worldview, emotions, values, etc.

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4. Social sphere

Sociology – the science of patterns, formation, functioning, development of society and social relations.(O. Comte).

Structure social sphere includes:

I. Social connections –dependencies of social groups and people on each other (they can be formal and informal).Social connections:

1. Social contacts –unstable connections that arise for specific reasons (for example, subway passengers).

2. Social interactions– stable, regular connections based on joint activities (for example, colleagues at work).

3. Social relationships– ultra-stable, self-renewing connections that are systemic in nature (for example, friends).

II. Social groups –communities of individuals united according to some characteristic.(T. Hobbes).

Signs:

number: small groups (characterized by direct contact and informal communication), medium, large

demographic:by gender, age, education, marital status

settlement criterion:townspeople, villagers

confessional:Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims

according to ethnicity, professionally etc.

III. Social communities– groups capable of self-reproduction.

Ethnosocial communities: clan (tribe), nationality, nation.

Genus - unification of people based on consanguineous ties, tribe - unification of clans, nationalities - unification of people based on territorial and linguistic characteristics, nation – large groups of people united by economic space, language, culture, traditions, and national identity.

IV. Social institution –see chapter Society.The main social institution is the family.

Function family as a social institution: child production.The family is also a small group. Family functions: educational, socialization, leisure, creating a sense of security, economic. Family: matriarchal, patriarchal, partnership.Nuclear family– consisting of 2 generations.

V. Social culture– social norms and social values ​​on the basis of which they are formed social relations.

VI. Social values- goals that people strive for in society.Core values– vital for society (health, well-being, family, etc.)

VII. Social norms – rules of social behavior.

Social norms(there are written and unwritten):

Moral norms, ethical norms, norms of traditions and customs, religious norms, political norms, legal norms.

Functions of social norms:regulating, unifying, educational.

Conformist behavior -consistent with accepted standards.

Behavior that does not correspond to social norms – deviant.

Deviant behavior:

Deviant behavior -violation that does not meet the standards.

Deviation can be positive (heroes) and negative (drug addicts, murderers)

Delinquent behavior –committing crimes.

Compliance with standards is ensured by the use of sanctions – the reaction of society to the behavior of an individual or group. Sanctions function – social control.

Sanctions:

Positive (rewarding) and negative (punishing)

Official and unofficial.

Social stratification

Social stratification (differentiation) –stratification and hierarchical organization of society.(P. Sorokin).

Differentiation criteria: income(economic), volume of power (political), education (occupation type), also distinguished prestige - society's assessment of the social significance of an individual's status. Prestige depends on the real usefulness of the activity and the value system of society.

Social layers:

Castes – strictly closed layers of traditional societies.

Estates – groups of people with different rights and responsibilities.

Classes – social groups, distinguished by the method of their participation in social production and distribution, their place in the social division of labor.

Strata – informal groups that have relatively equal social status, the criteria of which are income, access to political power, and education.

Status

Status – a position in the social structure of society, connected with other positions through a system of rights and obligations.

Personal status - the position an individual occupies in a small group

Social status– the position of the individual in a social group.

Status set – a set of statuses of one person.

Prescribed (natural) status: gender, age, nationality, kinship

Acquired (achieved) status: profession, education, position, Family status, religion.

Social role - a certain pattern of behavior recognized for people of a certain status.

Social mobility

Social mobility(P. Sorokin ) – the transition of an individual or group from one position in the hierarchy of social stratification to another.

Social mobility: horizontal -inside one layer and vertical – transition from one layer to another. Vertical mobility can bedescending and ascending.

Channels of social mobility (“social elevators”) –education, army, schools, family, property.

Marginal – an individual who has lost his previous social status and is unable to adapt to a new social environment("on the edge").

Marginality – the intermediate position of an individual between social groups, associated with his movements in social space.

Lumpen - people who have sunk to the bottom of social life.

Social conflict.

Social conflict(G. Spencer ) - a clash of opposing interests, goals, views, ideologies between individuals, groups, classes in society.

Structure of the conflict: conflict situation - incident - active actions - completion

Types of behavior in conflict: adaptation, compromise, cooperation, ignoring, competition.Most scientists consider conflict to be a natural, progressive phenomenon.

Types of conflicts:internal, external, global, local, economic, political, family, national.

National conflictsassociated with exacerbationnational issue -about the self-determination of peoples and overcoming ethnic inequality, as well as trends in the modern world.

Two trends in the modern world:

1. International – integration, bringing nations closer together.

2. National – differentiation, desire for independence.

Social policy of the state- purposeful activities of the state to improve the social sphere of society. Directions: 1. improvement of the social structure of society, 2. regulation of relationships between different layers, 3. development of human potential (education development programs, pensions, healthcare, ecology).

Social politics: active - direct influence of the state (can be centralized and decentralized) and passive - mediated by economic factors

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8. Right

Right

1. A system of rules and norms of behavior established and protected by the state.

2. The ability to do, implement, have something (the right to work, education).

Signs of law (and norms of law):normativity, obligation, general character, formal certainty.

Theories of the origin of law: theory of natural law (T. Hobbes), liberal tradition (first law - then the state), statist tradition (first the state - then law), Marxist, sociological. Statism - a theory that states that state highest result and the goal of social development

Functions of law – regulatory, educational, protective.

Legal culture:legal knowledge, attitude to law, law enforcement activities.

Differences between law and morality:

Source (form) of law– specific types of social phenomena that shape the law and the result of law-making by the state.Sources (forms) of law:

1. Legal custom- patterns of behavior that have become rooted in society as a result of their repetition and turned into rules of behavior.

2. Judicial practice.

3. Legal (judicial) precedent- a legal decision made earlier in a specific legal case and served as an example for subsequent decisions.

4. Regulatory agreement– an agreement between the parties containing the rules of law

5. Legal act– an act of lawmaking by public authorities that establishes or repeals rules of law.

Legal act: laws and regulations.

I. Laws – regulatory legal acts adopted by the highest legislative body state (or referendum), consolidating the most significant social relations. There areFederal Laws And Laws of the subjects of the Federation.

The laws are divided into:

1. Constitutional laws(1. Constitution, 2. Laws amending the Constitution.

3. Laws provided for by the Constitution).

2. Ordinary laws– regulatory legal acts of current legislation. They are current (valid for a certain period) andcodified(codes of laws - codes).

II. Regulations– regulatory legal acts specifying the provisions of laws. – decrees, resolutions, decrees.

Legal system (family) - unification of states based on legal regulation.

1. Romano-Germanic– the main source is the regulatory legal act. (Russia).

2. Anglo-Saxon– main source – legal precedent

3. Muslim – the main source is legal custom.

The right is shared for private law -serves private interests (family, civil) andpublic law(constitutional, criminal).

Realization of the right – implementation of law.Forms of exercising the right:

1. Use of the right –use of rights

2. Execution of rights– fulfillment of duties

3. Respect for the law- not a violation of the law

4. Application of law– carried out with the help of officials.

Legal system – a set of interconnected norms, institutions and branches of law.

System elements -1. Legal norm(rule of law) – a unit of the system.2. Institute of Law– a small group of rights regulating one type of relationship. (For example, the institution of gift in civil law, the institution of marriage in family law). 3. Branch of law – a set of homogeneous legal norms.

Rule of law - the basic element of the legal system, a rule of conduct established and protected by the state.

Structure of the rule of law:

1. Hypothesis - part of the norm indicating the conditions for the emergence of rights and obligations.

2. Disposition – part of the norm indicating the content of the norm

3. Sanction – part of a norm indicating the legal consequences of a violation.

Types of law

1. By function: regulatory (establish rights and obligations) and protective (measures against violators)

2. By industry:family, civil, etc.

3. By content:1. binding norms(What do we have to do)2. prohibiting norms(what not to do)3. norms enabling(what can be done).

Branches of law.

1. Constitutional (state) law –regulates socially significant social relations and the structure of the state.

2. Family law– regulates issues of marriage and family relations, kinship.

3. Civil law– regulates property and related non-property relations.

4. Administrative law– regulates public relations in the field of management, associated with the activities of the executive branch.

5. Labor law– regulates the relationship between employee and employer

6. Criminal law– regulates relations related to the commission of criminal acts.

Legal relations– types of social relations regulated by law.

To become participants in legal relations, legal entities and individuals (subjects of public relations) must have legal capacity and capacity.

Legal capacity –the ability of subjects of legal relations to have legal rights and bear responsibilities. It begins at birth and ends with death.

Capacity– the ability of subjects of legal relations to independently realize rights and obligations.1. Full– from 18 years old.2. Partial– (in criminal from 16 years, for some crimes from 14 years, in family from 16 years, in civil - from 14 years, in administrative - from 16 years)3. Limited- according to the court.

Legal fact– living conditions in connection with which legal relations arise.

Legal facts– 1. Law-formers. 2. Law-altering. 3. Legally terminating.

Legal facts:1. Events(do not depend on the will of people), 2. Actions(depend on the will of people).

Actionsthere arelegitimateAndillegal(offences).

Offenses– acts contrary to the requirements of legal norms are expressed asaction, soinaction.

Offensesare divided intomisconductAndcrimes.

Misdemeanors (torts) and legal liability.

1. Administrative(in the field of state and local regulation) –administrative responsibility (warning, fine, deprivation of rights, confiscation of an item, correctional work, administrative arrest)

2 . Disciplinary(in the field of official relations) –disciplinary liability(remark, reprimand, dismissal),material liability(compensation for damage)

3. Civil(in the field of property and non-property relations) – civil liability.

Crimes– socially dangerous illegal acts that cause special harm or threat. Comingcriminal liability.

Signs of an offense:guilt, illegality, social danger.

Legal structure of the offense:

1.Object of the offense –what the action is aimed at.2. Subject of the offense –who committed

3. The objective side of the offense– a characteristic that includes signs of illegality, social danger, and socially dangerous consequences.

4. The subjective side of the offense - internal characteristic offenses (motive and purpose).

5. Motive for the offense- conscious inducement to commit an act.

6. Purpose of the offense- the mental result that the subject was striving for.

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What does social studies study?

The object of study of social science issociety.Society is a very complex system that is subject to various laws. Naturally, there is no one science that could cover all aspects of society, so several sciences study it. Each science studies one aspect of the development of society: economics, social relations, development paths, and others.

Social science -a general name for sciences that study society as a whole and social processes.

Every science hasobject and subject.

Object of science -phenomenon objective reality which studies science.

Subject of science -A person, a group of people cognizing an object.

Sciences are divided into three groups.

Science:

Society is studied by public ( humanitarian sciences).

The main difference between social sciences and humanities:

Social (humanitarian) sciences that study society and man:

archaeology, economics, history, cultural studies, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology, law, ethnography, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics.

Archeology- a science that studies the past from material sources.

Economy– the science of economic activity society.

Story- the science of the past of humanity.

Cultural studies- a science that studies the culture of society.

Linguistics- the science of language.

Political science- the science of politics, society, the relationship between people, society and the state.

Psychology– the science of the development and functioning of the human psyche.

Sociology- the science of the laws of formation and development of social systems, groups, individuals.

Right –a set of laws and rules of behavior in society.

Ethnography- a science that studies the life and culture of peoples and nations.

Philosophy- the science of the universal laws of social development.

Ethics- the science of morality.

Aesthetics -the science of beauty.

Sciences study societiesin the narrow and broad senses.

Society in the narrow sense:

1. The entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples.

2. Historical stage development of humanity (feudal society, slave society).

3. Country, state (French society, Russian society).

4. Uniting people for some purpose (animal lovers club, soldiers’ society

mothers).

5. A circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (high society).

6. Methods of interaction between the authorities and the population of the country (democratic society, totalitarian society)

Society in the broad sense -a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification. Policy: micro level, macro level (state level), mega level (between states).

Politic system– a set of elements in which political power is exercised.

The type of political system determines the political and legal regime: democratic, totalitarian, authoritarian.

Elements of the political system (spheres or subsystems):

1. Institutional:state, parties, movements (institutions)

2. Communication– a set of relations between groups regarding power

3. Regulatory– rules and regulations

4. Cultural-ideological– ideology, political culture, views, emotions.

Power– the ability to exercise one’s will and influence.

Power structure:

1. Subjects of power- state, political leaders, parties

2. Objects of power– individuals, groups, masses

3. Bases of power- legal, economic, security, social, information

4 . Power resources– coercion, persuasion, law, traditions, fear, encouragement, myths

5. Functions of power– domination, leadership, regulation, control, management, coordination, organization, mobilization.

Power is legal- legally legitimate authority,legitimate power- that which is not imposed by force is accepted by the people voluntarily.

Legitimacy or dominance of power (M. Weber)

1. Traditional dominance– due to traditions

2. Legal domination– on the recognition of legal norms

3. Charismatic dominance– relies on the authority of the leader.

Political power is divided into:state and public power.

Theories of the origin of the state:

1. Patriarchal theory - Aristotle2. Religious theory – Thomas Aquinas3. Contract theory – D. Locke, T. Hobbes4. Organic theory – G. Spencer5. Class theory – K. Marx

State- a special organization of power and management, which has a special coercive apparatus and is capable of making its orders binding for the entire country.

Signs of the state –

1. The presence of special public authority

2. Availability of a special control apparatus

3. Territorial organization

4. Taxes

5. Sovereignty of power

6. Monopoly on lawmaking.

Functions of the state – basic, social significant directions activities of the state.

Functions:

1. By objecty: internal and external

2. By content: political, economic, social, cultural and educational, legal, organizational, environmental.

3. By the nature of the impact:protective (ensuring the protection of public relations) and regulatory (development of public relations).

State form– a set of basic methods of organization, structure and exercise of state power, expressing its essence.

State forms:

1. Form of government –way of organizing supreme power.

Form of government: 1. Monarchy– power is concentrated in the hands of one head and is inherited.2. Republic- power is exercised by elected bodies elected for a certain period of time.Monarchy:1 . absolute, 2. parliamentary, 3. dualistic.Republic:1. presidential, 2. parliamentary, 3. mixed.

2. Form of government – method of national and administrative-territorial structure.Forms: 1. unitary state, 2. federation, 3. confederation.

3. Political and legal regime – a set of political and legal means and methods of exercising power.Regime: 1. democratic, 2. anti-democratic (1. authoritarian, 2 totalitarian, 3. military).

Democracy – recognition of the principle of equality of all people, active participation of the people in political life.

Signs of democracy:1. recognition of the people as the source of power and sovereignty,2. presence of rights and freedoms, 3. pluralism, 4. separation of powers(legislative, executive, judicial), 5.publicity. 6. election of power, 7. developed system of local governments.

Forms of democracy: 1. direct (immediate), 2 indirect (representative).

Institutions of direct democracy: 1. elections, 2. referendum (popular vote).

Electoral system(includes electoral law, electoral process and procedure for recalling deputies) –procedure for the formation of elected bodies.

Suffrage– principles and conditions for citizen participation in elections.Suffrage: 1. active(right to vote),2. passive(the right to be elected).Signs: 1. universal, 2. equal, 3. vowel, 4. open.The results are determined using two systems: 1. majoritarian electoral system –The candidate who receives the majority of votes is considered the winner.2. proportional electoralsystem – voting according to party lists and distribution of mandates between parties is strictly proportional to the number of votes cast.Mandate– a document certifying the rights of a deputy.

Civil society(G. Hegel)– this is a non-state part of socio-political life, protected from direct government intervention, equality of rights and freedoms of all people;Signs of civil society:1. the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; 2. development and ramifications of democracy; 3. legal protection of citizens; 4. a certain level of civic culture.

Constitutional state- a state that is subject to the law in its activities.Signs of a rule of law state: 1. law supremacy, 2 . respect for rights and freedoms, 3. principle of separation of powers, 4. mutual responsibility of the state and citizens.

Political Party- an institution of the political system, a group of adherents of certain goals, uniting to fight for power.Signs of the party: 1. power struggle, 2. programwith goals and strategy, 3.charter, 4. organizational structure, 5. presence of governing bodies.

Types of parties: 1. By methods:revolutionary, reformist. 2. By nature of membership:personnel, mass.3. By ideology: conservative, liberal, social democratic, communist.4. By representation in government: ruling, opposition.5. By the nature of the actions:radical, reactionary, moderate, extremist, conservative.

Political culture (G. Almond, S. Verba) – the totality of a system of opinions, positions, values ​​dominant in a society or group.

Types of political culture:

1. Patriarchal– orientation of citizens towards local values,2. subject– passive attitude of citizens in the political system.3. political culture of participation (activist) – active participation of citizens in political life.Absenteeism– non-participation, avoidance of political life.

Political ideology– system of ideas. Types of ideologies:

1. Conservatism- maintaining order. 2.liberalism– freedom of individuality, entrepreneurship, law. 3.Socialism- a fair structure of society. 4.anarchism– elimination of the state 5.nationalism– superiority of the nation 6.extremism- violent methods.

Constitution of Russia– 1918 (first), 1925, 1937, 1978,1993 (12 December). The first in the world -1787 – US Constitution.December 10, 1948– “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, 1966 – “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” and “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”.1959 – "Declaration of the Rights of the Child"1989 – "Convention of the Rights of the Child".

The Unified State Examination in social studies is very popular among schoolchildren. The exam is considered easy: no calculations are required, no time-consuming calculations are required. This ease is deceptive, and passing the exam can be difficult for two reasons. Firstly, the social studies course consists of several sections that are only conditionally related to each other, so structuring the acquired knowledge can be difficult. Secondly, during the test you will have to quickly switch between different sections, which will require composure and the ability to concentrate.

Item Features

Social science is a discipline that includes a complex of sciences that are somehow related to society. These are sociology, psychology, social philosophy, history, history, cultural studies, political science, economics, jurisprudence, ethics, etc.

The training course is divided into several topics:

• Human and society
• Right
• Policy
• Economy
• Social relations

You will be asked questions on all of these topics in the exam. Coping with assignments without preparation will be very difficult even for those who received good grades in social studies classes from fifth to eleventh grade. It is necessary to refresh your knowledge, remember definitions, systematize what you have learned. This requires studying theory in social science.

Exam

Every Examination ticket contains four types of tasks:

• with the need to choose one or more correct answers;
• to identify structural elements concepts;
• knowledge of terminology, definition of concepts;
• to establish the correspondence of positions.

20 tasks require a short answer, 9 require a detailed answer. Graduates will also have to write an essay. When passing an exam, it is impossible to do without knowledge of theory.

Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies

Start preparing early. The subject seems easy only at first glance: getting the highest score is not so easy.
• During the preparation process, you will have to memorize many terms and definitions. You shouldn’t just mechanically cram the wording, facts, events, names proposed in the textbook. Try to understand the essence, and then it will be easier for you to remember the material.
• Write everything you need to memorize in a special notebook.
• Start with tasks that seem easy to you. You shouldn’t skip them - even if you are confident in yourself, it won’t hurt to brush up on your knowledge.
• After that, move on to more difficult topics. Study the theory, repeat the definitions several times, and then begin practical exercises. Finally, again make sure you remember the terminology exactly.
• When doing practice tests, practice reading the questions carefully. Practice shows that misunderstanding of questions is one of the common causes of errors.
• Experienced tutors recommend starting your preparation in December-January by studying economics. This section is small in volume.
• After this, you should take on the most difficult thing - law. Practice shows that it is this section of social studies that causes the greatest difficulties for graduates. Spend more time studying law.
• Social relations, man and society are relatively simple sections. You can tackle them last.
• Ideally, theory studies should be completed in April. After that, give yourself a little rest and do the repetition. Make sure you remember all the wording and definitions, and can repeat all legal acts by heart.