Interpersonal relationships and communication. The relationship of communication and interpersonal relationships Types of interpersonal relationships

Each person is a person who differs from other individuals in the system of life values, principles, moral principles, outlook on life and priorities. A person is a person only when he lives in society, communicates, meets, gets acquainted and develops together with other people who surround him. The relationship of a person with other personalities and the ability to read people by non-verbal signs, establish contact with them (some feelings, emotions, arouse interest, etc.) is called interpersonal. In other words, interpersonal relationships are the relationship of one person with another, or with a whole group of people.

Classification of interpersonal relationships

The life of each person is multifaceted, which is why relationships in society are different. Depending on the situation and numerous other factors, interpersonal relationships are classified according to several criteria and are divided into the following types of interpersonal relationships:

formal and informal;
personal and business (professional);
emotional and rational (practical);
parity and subordination.

Before examining each type of relationship in detail, we want to recommend modern techniques for achieving psychology in building relationships in various areas. Having mastered these psychological techniques, you will be able to easily interact with people and build relationships.

Personal relationships

occupy a special niche in human life personal relationships. First of all - love. Marina Komisarova's bestseller “Love. Unfreezing Secrets has helped hundreds of people get out of the crisis of personal relationships.

Also, personal relationships should include:

affection;
dislike;
friendship
respect;
contempt;
sympathy;
antipathy;
enmity;
love;
love, etc.

This category of interpersonal relationships includes those that develop between individuals in addition to the scope of their joint activities. For example, a person may be liked as a specialist and in his field, but as a person he causes hostility and condemnation from his colleagues. Or vice versa, a person is the soul of the company, everyone loves and respects him, but at work he is irresponsible and does not take his duties seriously, for which he causes a wave of indignation among the authorities and in the team.

Business relationship

Under business(professional) contacts are those that develop on the basis of joint activities and professional interests. For example, people work together and their common interest is their work. Students study in the same class - they have a common school curriculum, classmates, teachers and the school as a whole. Such relationships are formed regardless of personal interpersonal contacts, that is, you can not even contact a person in any way (do not communicate and have no feelings towards him), but at the same time, the presence of business ties is not excluded, since these people continue to study or work together. The ability to maintain relationships in stressful situations, when you have to communicate with inadequate people, is especially appreciated, because none of us is immune from this. There is a wonderful book by Mark Goulston about what to do with inadequate and unbearable people in your life. In it you will find techniques and tips that will help you control communication with inadequate people, eliminate unnecessary conflicts.

The basis of the business type of relationships is the distribution of responsibilities between each member of the team (working, creative, educational, etc.).

Rational Relations

Rational relationships are built when one of the parties, or both parties, have the goal of deriving some benefit from these relations. The basis of rational connections is common sense, calculation. In this case, you can use a variety of techniques and knowledge. For example, such as storytelling.

emotional relationship

emotional contacts are formed in a company or group of people based on the emotions and feelings that they have for each other. Only in rare exceptional cases is there an objective assessment of personal qualities in such relationships, so the emotional and rational relationships of individuals often do not coincide. You can dislike a person, but at the same time be “friends” with him for the sake of a certain benefit.

Parity and subordination relationships

Contacts of two or a group of people who line up on the principle of equality are called parity. The complete opposite of these are subordinate connections. They are understood as those in which one side has a higher position, social status, position, as well as more opportunities, rights and powers in relation to the other side. This type of relationship develops between the boss and subordinates, between the teacher and students, parents and children, etc. At the same time, interpersonal contacts within the team (between employees, students, brothers and sisters) are of a parity type.

Formal and informal relationships

Can be divided into two types of interpersonal relationships: formal and informal. Formal (official) communications are formed on a legal basis and are regulated by legislation, as well as all kinds of charters, procedures, instructions, decrees, etc. Such relationships are built independently of personal feelings and emotions. As a rule, such relations are formalized by a contract or agreement in the written form established by law. Formal relationships can be parity (between team members) and subordinate (between superiors and subordinates), business and rational.

Informal (informal) interpersonal relationships develop without any legal restrictions and on the basis of personal interests and preferences. They can be both rational and emotional, as well as parity, subordination, personal and even business. In fact, formal and informal interpersonal contacts are practically the same as personal and business relationships. But there is a fine line here, which in most cases is difficult to determine, since one type of relationship overlaps another, a third, and so on. For example, the relationship between superiors and subordinates. Between them there can be such types of contacts overnight:

business (employer and employee);
formal (the employee is obliged to fulfill his official duties, and the employer to pay him for his work, which is regulated by the employment contract);
subordinate (the employee is subordinate to his employer and is obliged to follow his instructions);
personal (affection, friendship, sympathy);
parity (the employer may be a relative or close friend of his employee);
rational (the employee enters into this relationship for his own benefit - wages);
emotional (the boss is a good person and the employee really likes it).

All types of personal connections in real life between a particular person and others are closely intertwined, which complicates the process of drawing clear boundaries between them.

Feelings and their role in relationships

Each relationship is built on the basis of certain feelings, which can be both positive (sympathy) and negative (antipathy). First, feelings and emotions are formed, caused by the external data of a new acquaintance, and only then certain feelings begin to form for him, his inner essence. Informal relationships between people often develop on feelings that are far from objectivity. The following factors distort the opinion of one individual about the second, which can significantly affect the set of feelings:

lack of ability to discern the true intentions and motivations of other people;
inability to objectively and soberly assess the state of affairs and the well-being of your interlocutor or just a new acquaintance at the time of observing his behavior;
the presence in a person of prejudices, attitudes imposed independently or by society;
the presence of stereotypes that prevent one from seeing the true nature of a person (he is a beggar - he is bad, or all women are mercantile, and men are polygamous, and something like that);
forcing events and the desire to form a final opinion about a person without having figured it out to the end and without knowing what he really is;
inability to accept and reckon with other people's opinions and unwillingness to do this in principle.

Harmonious and healthy interpersonal relationships are built only when each side is able to reciprocate, sympathize, rejoice for the other, empathize. Such contacts of individuals reach the highest forms of development.

Forms of interpersonal relationships

All relationships start with communication. The ability to negotiate with other people in the modern world is the key to success in any area of life. The art of communication is based on four laws. Book "Master of Communication: The Four Essential Laws of Communication" will help you learn how to effectively interact with people in a variety of situations.

Whether a person likes or dislikes another person or group of people depends solely on his ability to accept them as they are and understand their motive and logic.

There are several stages (forms) of the formation of interpersonal contacts:

Getting to know each other. This stage consists of three levels: 1 - a person recognizes the other in person; 2 - both parties recognize each other and are welcomed at the meeting; 3 are welcome and have common themes and interests.
Friendship (showing sympathy on both sides and mutual interest);
Partnership (business relations built on the presence of common goals and interests (work, study));
Friendship;
Love (is the highest form of interpersonal relationships).

A person is a person who is born in society. Each society has its own moral principles, certain rules, prejudices and stereotypes. The formation of personality is primarily influenced by the society in which a person lives. It also depends on how relations develop in society.

Important factors in determining the type of relationship in a company of two or more individuals are not only their belonging to a particular society, but also gender, age, profession, nationality, social status, and others. In the same time by Eric Berne, a person in adulthood is able to control the nature of his communication. And this is an interesting psychological development that helps to understand yourself and others.

Interpersonal relationships

Subjectively experienced relationships between people, objectively manifested in the nature and methods of mutual influences exerted by people on each other in the process joint activities and communication. M. o. is a system of attitudes, orientations, expectations, stereotypes, and other dispositions through which people perceive and evaluate each other. These dispositions are mediated by the content, goals, values and organization of joint activities and act as the basis for the formation socio-psychological climate in a collective .

Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: PHOENIX. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .

See what "interpersonal relations" are in other dictionaries:

Interpersonal relationships- relations between people that develop in the process of communication on the basis of personal preferences, interests, inclinations in a particular culture (and subculture). This is a socio-psychological phenomenon that experiences and "absorbs" in ... ... Fundamentals of spiritual culture (encyclopedic dictionary of a teacher)

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS- INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS. Relationships that arise in a group of people in the process of communication and learning. Most clearly M. o. manifested in the degree of psychological compatibility. Ability to organize the necessary M. about. in the team is one of the most important ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Interpersonal relationships- Interpersonal Relationships ♦ Intersubjectivité A set of relationships between subjects: exchange, mutual feelings, joys and quarrels, conflicts, balance of power and mutual attraction… Otherwise there could be no subjects. Each of us… … Philosophical Dictionary of Sponville

Interpersonal relationships- Is it desirable to improve this article?: Find and arrange in the form of footnotes links to authoritative sources confirming what has been written. Correct the article according to the stylistic rules of Wikipedia ... Wikipedia

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS- a special type of social relations; implementation of impersonal relations in activities, acts of communication and interaction of individuals; fragments of social relations perceived by the individual (as the bearer of the sum of social roles and unique ... ... Glossary of Political Psychology

M. o. are formed in the course of long O. and interaction of people. Relationships are an integral system of individual selective conscious connections of a person with different aspects of objective reality, including 3 related components: ... ... Psychology of communication. encyclopedic Dictionary

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS- subjectively experienced relationships between people, objectively manifested in the nature and methods of mutual influences exerted by people on each other in the process of joint activity and communication. M.O. it is a system of attitudes, orientations, ... ... Sociology: Encyclopedia

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS- - subjectively experienced relationships between people, objectively manifested in the nature and methods of mutual influences exerted by people on each other in the process of joint activity and communication. The range of manifestation of M. o. quite wide: from ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS- phenomena that arise in any group of people as a result of their mental mutual reflection in the process of communication ... Modern educational process: basic concepts and terms

Interpersonal relationships- Subjectively experienced connections between people. M. o. are manifested in the nature and methods of mutual influences exerted by people on each other in the process of joint communication and activity. M.'s character about. largely predetermined individually ... ... Adaptive physical culture. Concise Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

Special psychology and correctional pedagogy: interpersonal relationships of younger schoolchildren with hearing impairment. Textbook for bachelor's and specialist's degree Buy for 517 UAH (Ukraine only)
Theoretical foundations of compensatory and correctional-developing education in primary grades. Interpersonal relationships of children with hearing impairment. Textbook for secondary vocational education, Rechitskaya E.G. The model for studying the interpersonal relations of children with hearing impairment and the model for the complex correctional and pedagogical work of their formation presented in this book were developed ...

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Communication and interpersonal relationships

Introduction

Man is a social being, His life and communication is impossible without interaction with people. Social psychology studies how people communicate and interact with each other. What they think of each other, how they influence each other and how they relate to each other reveals how social conditions affect people's behavior.

At present, it is no longer necessary to prove that interpersonal communication is an absolutely necessary condition for the existence of people, that without it it is impossible for a person to fully form a single mental function or mental process, not a single block of mental properties, personality as a whole.

For interpersonal communication, such a situation is typical when the participants in communication, entering into contacts, pursue in relation to each other goals that are more or less significant for them, which may coincide in their content, or may differ from each other. These goals are a consequence of the action of certain motives that the participants in communication have, their achievement constantly involves the use of various ways of behavior that each person develops as he develops the qualities of the object and subject of communication. All this means that interpersonal communication in its main characteristics is always a type of activity, the essence of which is the interaction of a person with a person. It is about interpersonal communication, as one of the main factors in the formation of personality, that I would like to tell further.

1. Functions and structure of communication

Communication is a non-specific form of human interaction with other people as members of society; in communication social relations of people are realized.

There are three interrelated sides in communication: the communicative side of communication consists in the exchange of information between people; the interactive side is the organization of interaction between people; the perceptual side of communication includes the process of perception of each other by communication partners and the establishment of mutual understanding on this basis.

The following stages are distinguished in the communication procedure: the need for communication - encourages a person to make contact with other people; orientation for the purpose of communication, in a situation of communication; orientation in the personality of the interlocutor; planning the content of his communication - a person imagines what he will say; unconsciously, a person chooses specific means, phrases that he will use, decides how to speak, how to behave; perception and assessment of the specific reaction of the interlocutor, control of the effectiveness of communication based on the establishment of feedback; adjustment of the direction, style, methods of communication.

If any of the links in the act of communication is broken, then the speaker fails to achieve the expected results of communication - it will turn out to be ineffective.

The following communication strategies are distinguished: open - closed communication, monologue - dialogical, role-playing (based on the social role) - personal (heart-to-heart communication).

Types of communication:

- "Contact of masks" - formal communication, when there is no desire to understand and take into account the personality of the interlocutor, they use the usual masks - a set of facial expressions, gestures, standard phrases that allow you to hide true emotions, attitude towards the interlocutor. In the city, the contact of masks is even necessary in some situations so that people do not “hurt” each other unnecessarily in order to “isolate themselves” from the interlocutor.

Primitive communication, when they evaluate another person as a necessary or interfering object: if necessary, they actively make contact, if it interferes, they will push away or aggressive rude remarks will follow. If they get what they want from the interlocutor, then they lose interest in him and do not hide it.

Formally, steering communication, when both the content and means of communication are regulated, and instead of knowing the personality of the interlocutor, they manage with knowledge of his social role.

Business communication, when the characteristics of the personality, character, age, mood of the interlocutor are taken into account, but the interests of the case are more significant than possible personal differences.

Spiritual. Interpersonal communication of friends, when you can touch on any topic and it is not necessary to resort to the help of words - a friend will understand you by facial expressions, movements, intonation. Such communication is possible when each participant has an image of the interlocutor, knows his personality, interests, beliefs, attitude, can anticipate his reactions.

Manipulative communication is aimed at extracting benefits from the interlocutor using various techniques (flattery, intimidation, “splurge”, deceit, demonstration of kindness) depending on the personality of the interlocutor.

Secular communication. The essence of secular communication is its pointlessness, i.e. people do not say what they think, but what is supposed to be said in such cases; this communication is closed, because the points of view of people on a particular issue do not matter and do not determine the nature of communications.

2. Place and nature of interpersonal relationships

In the socio-psychological literature, different points of view are expressed on the question of where interpersonal relations are "located", primarily in relation to the system of social relations. Sometimes they are considered on a par with social relations, at their foundation, or, on the contrary, at the highest level, in other cases - as a reflection in the consciousness of social relations in the system of psychology, etc. It seems (and this is confirmed by numerous studies) that the nature of interpersonal relations can be correctly understood if they are not put on a par with social relations, but if they are seen as a special series of relations that arise within each type of social relations, not outside them (be it "below", "above", "side" or whatever). Schematically, this can be represented as a section by a special plane of the system of social relations: what is found in this “section” of economic, social, political and other varieties of social relations is interpersonal relations.

With this understanding, it becomes clear why interpersonal relations, as it were, "mediate" the impact on the personality of a broader social whole. Ultimately, interpersonal relations are conditioned by objective social relations, but in the final analysis. In practice, both series of relations are given together, and the underestimation of the second series prevents a truly deep analysis of the relations and the first series.

The existence of interpersonal relations within various forms of social relations is, as it were, the realization of impersonal relations in the activities of specific individuals, in the acts of their communication and interaction.

At the same time, in the course of this realization, relations between people (including social ones) are again reproduced. In other words, this means that in the objective fabric of social relations there are moments emanating from the conscious will and special goals of individuals. It is here that the social and the psychological collide directly. Therefore, for social psychology, the formulation of this problem is of paramount importance.

The proposed structure of relations generates the most important consequence. For each participant in interpersonal relationships, these relationships may appear to be the only reality of any relationship at all. Although in reality the content of interpersonal relations is ultimately one or another type of social relations, i.e. certain social activities, but the content and even more so their essence remains hidden to a large extent. Despite the fact that in the process of interpersonal, and hence social relations, people exchange thoughts, are aware of their relations, this awareness often does not go beyond the knowledge that people have entered into interpersonal relations.

Separate moments of social relations are presented to their participants only as their interpersonal relationships: someone is perceived as an "evil teacher", as a "cunning merchant", etc. At the level of everyday consciousness, without a special theoretical analysis, this is exactly what happens. Therefore, the motives of behavior are often explained by this, given on the surface, picture of relations, and not at all by the actual objective relations that stand behind this picture. Everything is further complicated by the fact that interpersonal relations are the actual reality of social relations: outside of them there are no “pure” social relations somewhere. Therefore, in almost all group activities, their participants act as if in two qualities: as performers of an impersonal social role and as unique human personalities. This gives grounds to introduce the concept of "interpersonal role" as a fixation of a person's position not in the system of social relations, but in the system of only group relations, and not on the basis of his objective place in this system, but on the basis of individual psychological characteristics of the individual. Examples of such interpersonal roles are well known from everyday life: individual people in a group are said to be a "shirt-guy", "one on the board", "scapegoat", etc. The discovery of personality traits in the style of performing a social role causes responses in other members of the group, and, thus, a whole system of interpersonal relations arises in the group.

The nature of interpersonal relations differs significantly from the nature of social relations: their most important specific feature is the emotional basis. Therefore, interpersonal relationships can be considered as a factor in the psychological "climate" of the group. The emotional basis of interpersonal relationships means that they arise and develop on the basis of certain feelings that people have in relation to each other. In the domestic school of psychology, there are three types, or levels of emotional manifestations of the personality: affects, emotions and feelings. The emotional basis of interpersonal relationships includes all kinds of these emotional manifestations.

However, in social psychology, it is the third component of this scheme that is usually characterized - feelings, and the term is not used in the strictest sense. Naturally, the "set" of these feelings is unlimited. However, all of them can be reduced to two large groups:

Conjunctive - this includes all sorts of people that bring people together, uniting their feelings. In each case of such an attitude, the other side acts as a desired object, in relation to which a readiness for cooperation, joint actions, etc. is demonstrated;

Disjunctive feelings - this includes feelings that separate people, when the other side appears as unacceptable, maybe even as a frustrating object, in relation to which there is no desire for cooperation, etc. The intensity of both kinds of feelings can be very different. The specific level of their development, of course, cannot be indifferent to the activities of the groups.

At the same time, the analysis of these interpersonal relations alone cannot be considered sufficient to characterize the group: in practice, relations between people do not develop only on the basis of direct emotional contacts. The activity itself defines another series of relations mediated by it. That is why it is an extremely important and difficult task of social psychology to simultaneously analyze two series of relations in a group: both interpersonal and those mediated by joint activity, i.e., ultimately, the social relations behind them.

3. Communication in the system of interpersonal and public relations

An analysis of the connection between social and interpersonal relations makes it possible to place the right emphasis on the question of the place of communication in the entire complex system of human relations with the outside world. However, first it is necessary to say a few words about the problem of communication in general. The solution to this problem is very specific within the framework of domestic social psychology. The term "communication" itself has no exact analogue in traditional social psychology, not only because it is not quite equivalent to the commonly used English term "communication", but also because its content can be considered only in the conceptual dictionary of a special psychological theory, namely the theory of activities.

Both series of human relations - both public and interpersonal - are revealed, realized precisely in communication. Thus, the roots of communication are in the very material life of individuals. Communication is the realization of the whole system of human relations. “Under normal circumstances, a person’s relationship to the objective world around him is always mediated by his relationship to people, to society, i.e. included in communication. Here it is especially important to emphasize the idea that in real communication not only interpersonal relations of people are given, i.e. not only their emotional attachments, hostility, etc. are revealed, but social ones are also embodied in the fabric of communication, i.e. relationships are inherently impersonal. Diverse relationships of a person are not covered only by interpersonal contact: the position of a person outside the narrow framework of interpersonal ties, in a broader social system, where his place is not determined by the expectations of individuals interacting with him, also requires a certain construction of a system of his connections, and this process can also be realized only in communication. Without communication, human society is simply unthinkable. Communication acts in it as a way of cementing individuals and, at the same time, as a way of developing these individuals themselves. It is from here that the existence of communication follows at the same time both as a reality of social relations and as a reality of interpersonal relations. Apparently, this made it possible for Saint-Exupery to draw a poetic image of communication as "the only luxury that a person has."

Naturally, each series of relations is realized in specific forms of communication. Communication as the realization of interpersonal relationships is a process more studied in social psychology, while communication between groups is more studied in sociology. Communication, including in the system of interpersonal relations, is forced by the joint life of people, therefore it must be carried out in a wide variety of interpersonal relationships, i.e. given both in the case of a positive and in the case of a negative attitude of one person to another. The type of interpersonal relationship is not indifferent to how communication will be built, but it exists in specific forms, even when the relationship is extremely aggravated. The same applies to the characterization of communication at the macro level as the realization of social relations. And in this case, whether groups or individuals communicate with each other as representatives of social groups, the act of communication must inevitably take place, is forced to take place, even if the groups are antagonistic. Such a dual understanding of communication - in the broad and narrow sense of the word - follows from the very logic of understanding the connection between interpersonal and social relations. In this case, it is appropriate to appeal to Marx's idea that communication is an unconditional companion of human history (in this sense, we can talk about the importance of communication in the "phylogenesis" of society) and at the same time an unconditional companion in everyday activities, in everyday contacts with people. In the first plan, one can trace the historical change in the forms of communication, i.e. changing them as society develops along with the development of economic, social and other social relations. Here the most difficult methodological question is solved: how does a process appear in the system of impersonal relations, which by its nature requires the participation of individuals? Speaking as a representative of a certain social group, a person communicates with another representative of another social group and simultaneously realizes two types of relations: both impersonal and personal. A peasant, selling a product on the market, receives a certain amount of money for it, and here money is the most important means of communication in the system of social relations. At the same time, this same peasant bargains with the buyer and thus "personally" communicates with him, and the means of this communication is human speech. On the surface of phenomena, a form of direct communication is given - communication, but behind it is communication, forced by the very system of social relations, in this case, the relations of commodity production. In socio-psychological analysis, one can abstract from the "second plan", but in real life this "second plan" of communication is always present.

4. Factors Determining Interpersonal Communication

In the vast majority of cases, interpersonal interaction of people, referred to as communication, almost always turns out to be woven into the activity and acts as a condition for its implementation. So, without people communicating with each other, there can be no collective work, teaching, art, games, and the functioning of the media. At the same time, the type of activity that communication serves invariably leaves its mark on the content, form, and course of the entire process of communication between the performers of this activity.

Interpersonal communication is not only a necessary component of activity, the implementation of which involves the interaction of people, but at the same time an indispensable condition for the normal functioning of a community of people.

When comparing the nature of interpersonal communication in different associations of people, the presence of similarities and differences is striking. The similarity appears in the fact that communication turns out to be a necessary condition for their existence, a factor on which the successful solution of the tasks facing it, their movement forward depends. At the same time, each community is characterized by the type of activity that prevails in it. So, for a study group, such an activity will be the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities, for a sports team - a performance designed to achieve the planned result in competitions, for a family - raising children, providing living conditions, organizing leisure, etc. Therefore, in each type of community, it is clear the predominant type of interpersonal communication is visible, providing the main activity for this community.

At the same time, it is clear that the way people communicate in a community is influenced not only by the main activity for this community, but also by what this community itself is.

If we take a family, then its daily goals - raising children, doing household chores, organizing leisure activities, etc. - directionally program the interpersonal communication of family members with each other. However, how it turns out in reality depends on the composition of the family, whether it is a complete or incomplete family, “three or two” or “one-generation”. Specific characteristics of intra-family interpersonal communication are also associated with the moral and general cultural image of the spouses, with their understanding of their parental responsibilities, the age and health of children and other family members. As in any other community, the features of interaction in the form of interpersonal communication and in the family are also largely determined by how family members perceive and understand each other, what emotional response they mainly evoke in each other, and what style of behavior they have towards each other. allow to a friend.

The communities to which a person belongs form the standards of communication that a person gets used to following. Bearing in mind the persistent influence of the type of activity and the characteristics of the community of people in which interpersonal communication unfolds, it is necessary in the analysis to make allowances for the constant variability of the process of activity and the community of people. All these changes, taken together, necessarily affect the interpersonal communication of the performers of this activity.

In the interaction of people, each person constantly finds himself in the role of an object and a subject of communication. As a subject, he gets to know other participants in communication, shows interest in them, and maybe indifference or hostility. As a subject solving a certain problem in relation to them, he influences them. At the same time, he turns out to be an object of knowledge for everyone with whom he communicates. It turns out to be an object to which they address their feelings, which they try to influence, to influence more or less strongly. At the same time, it should be specially emphasized that this stay of each participant in communication simultaneously in the role of an object and a subject is characteristic of any type of direct communication between people.

Being in the position of the object (subject) of communication, people differ greatly from each other in the nature of their role. First, "doing" can be more or less conscious. As an object, a person can show other people his physical appearance, expressive behavior, appearance design, his actions, naturally without thinking at all about what kind of response they evoke in those with whom he communicates. But he may try to determine what impression he makes in others throughout his communication with them or at some particular moment, purposefully do everything in his power to form in others exactly the impression of himself that he would like them to have. It was. Secondly, differing in the degree of complexity of their personal structure, which characterizes their individual identity, people present different opportunities for successful interaction with them.

At the same time, being the subjects of communication, people differ from each other in the ability inherent in each of them to penetrate into the mentioned originality of another personality, to determine their attitude towards it, to choose the most appropriate, in their opinion, for the purposes of their communication, ways of influencing this personality.

At present, the phenomenon of the so-called compatibility or incompatibility of people is being widely studied in psychology. The facts collected at the same time show that the named greater or lesser compatibility makes itself felt most strongly in the communication of people, directly determining how they manifest themselves as objects and subjects of communication.

Now it is very important for psychological science, using comparison, to develop a typology of communication of individuals who are similar to each other in certain parameters or differ from each other also in certain parameters.

5. Communication and personality formation

Recently, scientists representing various fields of psychological science have shown an increased interest in a range of problems that, after being solved all together, will make it possible to fairly comprehensively cover the laws of the mechanism of communication.

Their efforts have enriched psychology with a number of general and more particular facts, which, being considered from the standpoint of a holistic theory of human development as an individual and as a person, convincingly show the extremely necessary role of communication in the formation of many important characteristics of mental processes, states and properties throughout a person's life.

We must consistently consider all these facts and try to trace how and why communication, along with labor, is an obligatory personality-forming factor and how to strengthen its significance in education.

If by activity we mean the activity of a person aimed at achieving certain goals that he realizes with the help of methods learned by him in society and stimulated by equally specific motives, then activity will be not only the work of a surgeon, a painter, but also the interaction of people with each other in the form of communication.

After all, it is clear that, entering into communication with each other, people also, as a rule, pursue some goal: to make the other person like-minded, to achieve recognition from him, to keep him from doing the wrong thing, to please, etc. In order to implement it, they more or less consciously use their speech, all their expression, and encourage them to act in such cases in exactly this way, and not otherwise, their needs, interests, beliefs, value orientations.

At the same time, characterizing communication as a special type of activity, it is necessary to see that without it, the full development of a person as a person and a subject of activity, as an individuality, cannot take place.

If the process of this development is not considered one-sidedly and realistically assessed, then it turns out that the objective activity of a person in all its modifications and his communication with other people are intertwined in life in the most intimate way.

While playing, the child communicates. Long-term learning necessarily involves fellowship. Work, as you know, in the vast majority of cases requires constant interaction of people in the form of communication. And the results of substantive practical activity of the people involved in it depend on how communication proceeds, how communication is organized. In turn, the course and results of this activity constantly and inevitably affect many characteristics of the communicative activity of people involved in the objective activity.

Both the formation of a number of stable characteristics of mental processes, states and properties of a person’s personality, and the formation of the structure of these properties, are influenced by objective activity and communication activity in combination, with different effects depending on their ratio.

If the moral norms according to which people communicate in their main work activity do not coincide with the norms underlying their communication in other types of activity, then the development of their personality will be more or less contradictory, the formation of a whole personality for everyone will be difficult .

Trying to find out the reasons that make communication one of the strongest factors involved in the formation of personality, it would be simplistic to see its educational value only in the fact that in this way people get the opportunity to transfer to each other the knowledge they possess about the reality around them, as well as skills and abilities. skills required by a person for the successful performance of subject activities.

The educational value of communication lies not only in the fact that it expands the general outlook of a person and contributes to the development of mental formations that are necessary for him to successfully perform activities of an objective nature. The educational value of communication also lies in the fact that it is a prerequisite for the formation of a person’s general intellect, and above all, many of his mental and mnemonic characteristics.

What requirements do the people around a person make to his attention, perception, memory, imagination, thinking, when they communicate with him on a daily basis, what kind of “food” is given to him, what tasks are set for him and what level of his activity they cause - from this in to a greater extent depends on the specific combination of different characteristics that the human intellect carries.

Communication as an activity is of no less importance for the development of the emotional sphere of a person, the formation of his feelings. What experiences are predominantly provoked by people communicating with a person, evaluating his deeds and appearance, responding in one way or another to his appeal to them, what feelings he has when he sees their deeds and actions - all this has a strong influence on the development in his personalities of stable emotional responses to the impact of certain aspects of reality - natural phenomena, social events, groups of people, etc.

Communication has an equally significant impact on the volitional development of a person. Whether he gets used to being collected, persistent, resolute, courageous, purposeful, or the opposite qualities will prevail in him - all this is largely determined by how favorable the development of these qualities are those specific situations of communication in which a person finds himself day after day.

Serving objective activity and contributing to the formation of typical for a person general characteristics of his horizons, the ability to handle objects, as well as his intellect and emotional-volitional sphere, communication to an even greater extent turns out to be an indispensable condition and a necessary prerequisite for the development of a complex of both simpler and more complex qualities that make him able to live among people, coexist with them and even rise to the realization of high moral principles in his behavior.

The completeness and correctness of a person's assessment of other people, the psychological attitudes that manifest themselves in the perception of others and the manner of responding to their behavior bear the stamp of a specific communication experience. If on his life path he met people who were similar to each other in virtues and shortcomings, and he had to communicate day by day with a small number of people who did not represent different age, gender, professional and national-class groups of people, then this limited personal impressions from meetings with people cannot but have a negative impact on the formation of evaluative standards in a person, which he begins to apply to other people, and on the result of his emotional reactions to their behavior, on the nature of the ways of responding to the actions of people with whom he, for one reason or another communicates now.

Own experience is only one of the ways in which a person develops the qualities he needs for successful communication with other people. Another way that complements the first one is the constant enrichment of it with theoretical information related to various areas of human knowledge, penetration into new layers of the human psyche, comprehension of the laws governing his behavior through reading scientific and genuine fiction, watching realistic films and performances that help penetration into the inner world of man, understanding the mechanisms that ensure his existence. The enrichment of people coming from different sources with generalized knowledge about the main manifestations of a person as a person, stable dependencies that connect its internal characteristics with his actions, as well as with the surrounding reality, makes these people more sighted in relation to the personal essence and, so to speak, the momentary state of each of those specific individuals with whom these people have to interact.

It is necessary to raise another issue that is directly related to educating a person's ability to interact with other people at a psychologically competent level - this is the formation of a setting for creativity in communication. A person, especially if he is an educator, manager, doctor, must be able to carry out an individual approach to each of those with whom he has to work, overcome formalism in communication and, moving away from evaluative stereotypes, identify, stepping over old behavioral patterns, seek and try the most educational methods of treatment suitable for this case.

To achieve tangible results in covering all areas of the process of personality formation in communication, it is necessary to raise new questions and look for scientifically convincing answers to them. These include the development of ways to manage communication in order to increase its educational impact on the individual and, in this regard, the definition of a directed correction of communication of a person with these specific properties; clarification of the most favorable characteristics of communication for the comprehensive development of the personality, its goals, means, actualization of motives, taking into account the age, gender and profession of those communicating; search for an educationally optimal organization of communication when people perform various types of activities; creation of reliable diagnostic tools to establish the degree of formation in the personality structure of the traits that form the "communicative block".

communication interpersonal personality educational

Conclusion

All of the above illuminates one idea: since communication is one of the main activities of people, it not only reveals the most significant characteristics of them as objects and subjects of communication, but depending on how it proceeds, what requirements it imposes on their cognitive processes, emotionally - the volitional sphere and how much it generally corresponds to the ideal of communication that each of them has, in different directions affects the further formation of their personality and most clearly on such blocks of properties in it, in which its attitude to other people and to itself is expressed. And the changes that take place in them under the influence of one way or another (with a positive or negative result for the goals of each participant) of unfolding communication, in turn, more or less strongly affect such basic personality properties, which express its attitude to various social institutions and communities of people, to nature, to work.

It is necessary to correctly evaluate the role of communication in a timely manner in order to stimulate the optimal emotional mood of the individual, to maximize the manifestation of his socially approved inclinations and abilities, and, finally, to form it as a whole in the direction necessary for society, it is necessary because communication as a value in the system of values that most people have very high place.

Bibliography

1. Stolyarenko L.D. Fundamentals of psychology. Tutorial. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2006, 672.

2. Ilyin E. Psychology of communication and interpersonal relations. - St. Petersburg: Piter, 2011, 573 p.

3. Nemov R.S. "General Foundations of Psychology". Moscow, 1994

4. Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. M: 1998.

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1. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND COMMUNICATION

1.1 PLACE AND NATURE OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

In the socio-psychological literature, different points of view are expressed on the question of where interpersonal relations are "located", primarily in relation to the system of social relations. The nature of interpersonal relations can be correctly understood if they are not put on a par with social relations, but if they are seen as a special series of relations that arise within each type of social relations, not outside them.

Relations between people do not develop only on the basis of direct emotional contacts. The activity itself defines another series of relations mediated by it. That is why it is an extremely important and difficult task of social psychology to simultaneously analyze two series of relations in a group: both interpersonal and mediated by joint activity, i.e. ultimately the social relations behind them.

All this raises a very acute question about the methodological means of such an analysis. Traditional social psychology focused primarily on interpersonal relationships, therefore, regarding their study, an arsenal of methodological tools was developed much earlier and more fully. The main of these means is the method of sociometry, widely known in social psychology, proposed by the American researcher J. Moreno, for which it is an application to his special theoretical position. Although the failure of this concept has long been criticized, the methodology developed within the framework of this theoretical framework has proved to be very popular.

Thus, we can say that interpersonal relationships are seen as a factor in the psychological "climate" of the group. But for diagnosing interpersonal and intergroup relations in order to change, improve and improve them, a sociometric technique is used, the founder of which is the American psychiatrist and social psychologist J. Moreno.

1.2 THE ESSENCE OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Interpersonal relationships are a set of connections that develop between people in the form of feelings, judgments and appeals to each other.

Interpersonal relationships include:

1) people's perception and understanding of each other;

2) interpersonal attractiveness (attraction and liking);

3) interaction and behavior (in particular, role-playing).

Components of interpersonal relationships:

1) cognitive component - includes all cognitive mental processes: sensations, perception, representation, memory, thinking, imagination. Thanks to this component, there is a knowledge of the individual psychological characteristics of partners in joint activities and mutual understanding between people. The characteristics of mutual understanding are:

a) adequacy - the accuracy of the mental reflection of the perceived personality;

b) identification - identification by an individual of his personality with the personality of another individual;

2) emotional component - includes positive or negative experiences that arise in a person during interpersonal communication with other people:

a) likes or dislikes;

b) satisfaction with oneself, partner, work, etc.;

c) empathy - an emotional response to the experiences of another person, which can manifest itself in the form of empathy (experiencing those feelings experienced by another), sympathy (personal attitude to the experiences of another) and complicity (empathy accompanied by assistance);

3) behavioral component - includes facial expressions, gestures, pantomime, speech and actions that express the relationship of a given person to other people, to the group as a whole. He plays a leading role in regulating relationships. The effectiveness of interpersonal relationships is assessed by the state of satisfaction - dissatisfaction of the group and its members.

Types of interpersonal relationships:

1) industrial relations - are formed between employees of organizations in solving industrial, educational, economic, domestic and other problems and imply fixed rules of behavior for employees in relation to each other. They are divided into relationships:

a) vertically - between managers and subordinates;

b) horizontally - relations between employees who have the same status;

c) diagonally - the relationship between the leaders of one production unit with ordinary employees of another;

2) domestic relationships - are formed outside of work activities on vacation and at home;

3) formal (official) relations - normatively stipulated relations fixed in official documents;

4) informal (informal) relationships - relationships that actually develop in relationships between people and are manifested in preferences, likes or dislikes, mutual assessments, authority, etc.

The nature of interpersonal relationships is influenced by such personal characteristics as gender, nationality, age, temperament, state of health, profession, experience of communicating with people, self-esteem, need for communication, etc. Stages of development of interpersonal relationships:

1) the stage of acquaintance - the first stage - the emergence of mutual contact, mutual perception and evaluation of each other by people, which largely determines the nature of the relationship between them;

2) the stage of friendly relations - the emergence of interpersonal relationships, the formation of an internal relationship of people to each other on the rational (realization by interacting people of the advantages and disadvantages of each other) and emotional levels (the emergence of appropriate experiences, emotional response, etc.);

3) companionship - rapprochement of views and support to each other; characterized by trust.

Kyiv Institute of Business and Technology

TEST

on exchange rate

« Fundamentals of psychology and pedagogy"

on the topic :

« Communication and interpersonal relationships»

2nd year students

group 97 - 1

Faculty of Economics and Management

Likholay Lilia Evgenievna

Kyiv - 1999

PLAN

Introduction.

I. Factors that determine interpersonal communication.

II. The relationship between the characteristics of the circle of communication of the individual and its properties:

a) changing the circle of direct communication depending on

age and environment;

b) the problem of the influence of the composition of people on the development of personality.

III. Communication and personality formation:

a) interaction of practical activity and communication;

b) the educational value of communication;

c) a person's assessment of other people;

IV. Conditions for psychologically comfortable and personally developing communication:

a) features of knowledge of the participants in the communication of each other;

b) ways of influencing the participants of communication.

Conclusion.

INTRODUCTION

Since communication is the interaction of people and since it always develops mutual understanding of each other, certain relationships are established, a certain mutual circulation takes place (in the sense of the behavior chosen by the people participating in communication in relation to each other), then interpersonal communication turns out to be such a process. , which, provided that we want to comprehend its essence, should be considered as a person-person system in all the multidimensional dynamics of its functioning (other types of communication can be called: communication of a person with various communities of people, communication of these communities among themselves).

CHAPTER I

At the same time, it is clear that the way people communicate in a community is influenced not only by the main activity for this community, but also by what this community itself is.

If we take a family, then its daily goals - raising children, doing household chores, organizing leisure activities, etc. - directionally program the interpersonal communication of family members with each other. However, how it turns out in reality depends on the composition of the family, whether it is a complete or incomplete family, “three or two” or “one generation”. Specific characteristics of intra-family interpersonal communication are also associated with the moral and general cultural image of the spouses, with their understanding of their parental responsibilities, the age and health of children and other family members. As in any other community, the features of interaction in the form of interpersonal communication and in the family are also largely determined by how family members perceive and understand each other, what emotional response they mainly evoke in each other, and what style of behavior they have towards each other. allow to a friend.

Being in the position of the object (subject) of communication, people differ greatly from each other in the nature of their role. First, "doing" can be more or less conscious. As an object, a person can show other people his physical appearance, expressive behavior, appearance design, his actions, naturally without thinking at all about what kind of response they evoke in those with whom he communicates. But he can try to determine what impression he makes in others throughout his communication with them or at some particular moment, purposefully do everything in his power to form in others exactly the impression of himself that he would like them to have. . Secondly, differing in the degree of complexity of their personal structure, which characterizes their individual identity, people present different opportunities for successful interaction with them.

CHAPTER II

A person's personality is formed in the process of communicating with people. If in the initial period of life a person is not free to choose for himself the people who make up his immediate environment, then in adulthood he himself can to a large extent regulate the number and composition of the people who surround him and with whom he communicates. Thus, a person provides himself with a certain stream of psychological influences from this environment.

As you know, the immediate environment of a person is made up of people with whom he lives, plays, studies, rests, and works together. A person mentally reflects all of them, gives an emotional response to each, in relation to each he practices a certain way of behavior. The nature of the mental reflection, emotional attitude and behavior of the person communicating with them to a greater extent depend on the personal characteristics of these people.

At the same time, this mental reflection, emotional attitude and behavior always bear the imprint of the characteristics of the motivational-need-to-requirement sphere of a person who communicates with people around him. Related to these features is his choice of people with whom he prefers to communicate.

Numerous facts show that depending on how people, with their external and internal appearance, knowledge, skills and actions, satisfy the needs of a person communicating with them, the frequency and nature of his communication with them are determined. The correspondence of the characteristics that the people communicating with him carry, the features of his need-motivational sphere, determines the subjective significance of each of these people for a person.

At the same time, people become subjectively significant for a person and cause a desire to communicate with them not only when they correspond to the standards learned by a person, traditional for the people of his environment. The choice of people for more frequent communication is influenced by such specific individual needs of the individual as the need for empathy, guardianship, dominance, self-protection or self-assertion.

The quantitative and qualitative parameters of a person's circle of direct communication are in a certain way influenced by such characteristics as social affiliation and circumstances, such as teaching at a university, features of work, or leaving it by a woman to raise children.

The expansion of the boundaries of the circle of communication in most people is characterized by breaks in gradualness. A significant renewal of the composition of people with whom each person communicates occurs at such points in the life path as entering kindergarten, school, transition to its middle, then senior classes, leaving for the army, entering college, starting independent work, marriage or marriage. The volume of communication with peers from the same gender group is increasing and the circle of communication with adults is expanding with the transition to the middle classes of the school.

With age, there is a significant change in the nature of the reasons forcing a person to enter into direct communication with other people. So, if in the time period of life of 15-23 years there is a significant increase in contacts, which were based on the need to satisfy a cognitive need, then there is a noticeable decrease in them. The most intense period of direct communication falls on the age of 23-30 years. After this age, a person's social circle decreases, i.e. the number of subjectively significant people who were in the circle of direct communication is decreasing.

Changes in the subjective significance of other people for a person, as a rule, are determined, on the one hand, by her position in relation to herself in the system of needs, and on the other hand, by the attitude towards her from the people who make up her social circle. These attitudes of other people towards him, which are significant to varying degrees for a person, influence not so much his leading needs, but rather the subordinate tendencies to protect his “I”, manifested in the search for and in the implementation of ways of behavior that affirm this “I”.

The problem that needs further solution is to find out how the specific composition of people who form a person's social circle in different years of his life affects the formation of personality.

To solve this problem, it is necessary not only to general conditions that make other people significant for a person and increase the degree of his susceptibility to their influences, but also to establish how these conditions should change from age to age, depending on the person’s gender, his profession and individually. -personal properties, so that he retains a high degree of susceptibility to the influence of certain people. It is also necessary to find out what kind of social circle each individual person should have at each stage of his life in order for the formation of his personality to proceed most successfully. Finally, how to manage the creation of such a circle of communication for a person so that not only subject-practical activity, but also his interaction with other people can be consciously and purposefully used for the optimal development of his personality.

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER IV

At present, the enormous role of communication in the development of a particular psychological state in a person, in the actualization of certain characteristics of mental processes and properties, as well as in the formation of his entire personality, is generally recognized.

In order for communication to optimally contribute to the satisfaction of the positive needs of the persons participating in communication, to give them a state of emotional comfort, high intellectual and volitional activity that allows them to successfully achieve the goals of their collective activities, it must be characterized by a number of psychological features.

If we keep in mind the features of the participants in communication each other, which favor the increase in the psychological effectiveness of interpersonal interaction, enhance their role in the development of individual properties and the personality of each participant in communication, then they are as follows:

1) communicators must carry the ability to perceive and adequately psychologically interpret each other's behavior directly at every moment of communication, fix changes in cognitive processes, feelings and actions of communication partners, determine the reasons that these changes cause;

2) communicators should form a wide range of evaluative standards that allow them to compare the nature of the changes that occur in the verbal and non-verbal behavior of each participant in communication, and make correct conclusions about their essence in a timely manner;

3) some participants in communication must constantly be aware of how the other participants in this communication perceive and psychologically interpret their appearance and behavior and, accordingly, “correct” for this influence;

4) communicators should have, if possible, deep knowledge of typical errors such as the "halo effect", "stereotyping", "projection" and others, which are often made when assessing the external and internal appearance of other people, as well as in the psychological explanation of the observed picture of their behavior; they must also constantly show the ability not to fall into dogmatism and inertia when evaluating the appearance and behavior of each other, to reveal the ability to isolate themselves from prejudice when knowing another person, imposed by a stranger, perhaps even an authoritative opinion, for the sake of comprehending the individually unique originality of this person.

The condition for the development of a comfortable state for those who communicate, their behavior at their characteristic optimal level of intellectual-volitional activity is also their manifestation of goodwill towards each other during interpersonal contacts, as well as the ability to empathize and sympathize.

Sincerity in expressing feelings is always an important condition for successful communication, because only if it is present, it is possible to build a truly psychologically adequate and constructive behavior of the participants in communication in relation to each other.

Communicating people should develop in themselves a stable habit of creativity, which manifests itself in the constant search and use, when establishing and maintaining contacts with each other, of ways of behavior that take into account the individual originality of those to whom they are addressed, and at the same time work to the maximum to achieve the goals of communication.

When selecting methods of influencing participants in communication and using them in the process of establishing contacts with each of them, one must remember that the basis of a person’s ability to influence other people is the ability to deeply and comprehensively understand both these people and himself and himself. , relying on this knowledge, to develop various forms of cooperation with all participants in communication. Moreover, our ability to understand the content, scope and causes of overt and hidden conflicts that arise between us and those with whom we interact on a daily basis is the most important condition for finding effective ways to reduce or completely eliminate these conflicts in a timely manner. In this regard, it can be directly stated that the immunity of a person to the influences that he is exposed to from the person communicating with him, usually turns out to be evidence that one hundred and last resorted to methods of treatment that do not correspond to the personal characteristics of the person in relation to whom they were used. .

Evidence of psychological blindness and deafness to these features are the poverty and monotony of methods of influence that representatives of a certain type of personality resort to when they come into contact with different people and with the same person in different situations, as well as their characteristic great opportunity to use these ways. For example, the habit inherent in some educators of influencing students with the help of punishments and threats, as a rule, causes a defensive reaction in the latter, requires them to spend considerable energy in order to cope with fear and apprehensions, and to a large extent suppresses their intellectual and volitional activity, t .e. causes the opposite result; on the other hand, human behavior in communication, which weakens and, even worse, removes any self-control over their actions from other participants in communication, as a rule, has a negative result for their behavior in the present and future.

Therefore, human creativity, aimed at enriching the ways of behavior in communication, should not be subordinated to the formation of the ability to manipulate people or, on the contrary, facelessly adapt to their desires found in their behavior during communication, but is aimed at mastering the ability to create psychological conditions by their treatment of people. facilitating the manifestation of the intellectual-volitional and moral potential of these people at the optimal level.

Mastering the ways of dealing with other people, striving to ensure that they give rise to people's trust, tune in to cooperation, it must be remembered that the degree of their effectiveness to a large extent depends on their compliance with the personal characteristics of the person who uses these methods in his communication with other people. . Therefore, each person should strive to form for himself (although this is not easy) a style of communication that most accumulates the dignity of this person, when he has to act as an object and subject of communication, at the same time taking into account the personal characteristics of those with whom he predominantly to communicate. Moreover, the development of this style of communication will be more successful if we have the courage and skills to constantly be self-critical towards ourselves, in addition, understanding that our treatment of people can be affected by our existing and not always conscious attitudes, for example, to adapt to the expectations of others or the rejection of certain characteristics in oneself.

Thinking and organizing the treatment of other people, a person does this to achieve various goals. And, as already indicated, the psychological effect of the action of his treatment of a person in communication in some cases turns out to be really the way he planned it, in others it is achieved only partially, in others it does not work at all. The conditions that increase the degree of psychological effectiveness of the appeal or, conversely, reduce it in communication, were discussed above, now I would like to emphasize the following: so that the treatment of one person with other people, along with the solution of local problems (labor, educational, gaming, domestic, etc. .) worked optimally for the positive development of the individual, it must from beginning to end meet the principle of exactingness towards another person and respect for him.

If we mean communication aimed at helping a person to move forward in his personal development, then the task of the persons helping him in this is, first of all, to activate his internal resources as much as possible by their influence on him in the process of communication, so that he he himself, at a high moral level, could successfully cope with a variety of life problems.

CONCLUSION

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2. Zeigarnik V.V. "Personality Theories in Foreign Psychology". Moscow, 1982

3. Maslow A. "Self-actualization of personality and education." Kyiv-Donetsk, 1994

4.A.A. Bodalev "Psychology about personality". Moscow, 1988

5. Nemov R.S. "General Foundations of Psychology". Moscow, 1994

6. Kostyuk G.S. “The initial-spiritual process and mental

development of individuality". Kiev, 1989