Human consciousness as the highest stage in the development of life. Question. Consciousness as the highest stage of development of the psyche. Definition, functions, empirical characteristics of consciousness Consciousness as the highest stage of development of the psyche

Consciousness is the highest form of a generalized reflection of the objective stable properties and patterns of the surrounding world, the formation of an internal model of the external world in a person, as a result of which knowledge and transformation of the surrounding reality is achieved.

The function of consciousness consists in the formation of the goals of activity, in the preliminary mental construction of actions and the prediction of their results, which ensures a reasonable regulation of human behavior and activity. Human consciousness includes a certain attitude towards the environment, towards other people.

The following properties of consciousness are distinguished: building relationships, cognition and experience. This directly implies the inclusion of thinking and emotions in the processes of consciousness. Indeed, the main function of thinking is to identify objective relationships between the phenomena of the external world, and the main function of emotion is the formation of a person's subjective attitude to objects, phenomena, people. These forms and types of relations are synthesized in the structures of consciousness, and they determine both the organization of behavior and the deep processes of self-esteem and self-consciousness. Really existing in a single stream of consciousness, an image and a thought can, being colored by emotions, become an experience.

Consciousness develops in a person only in social contacts. In phylogeny, human consciousness has developed and becomes possible only under conditions of active influence on nature, in conditions of labor activity. Consciousness is possible only under the conditions of the existence of language, speech, which arises simultaneously with consciousness in the process of labor.

And the primary act of consciousness is the act of identification with the symbols of culture, organizing human consciousness, making a person a person. The isolation of the meaning, symbol and identification with it is followed by the implementation, the active activity of the child in reproducing patterns of human behavior, speech, thinking, consciousness, the active activity of the child in reflecting the world around him and regulating his behavior.

There are two layers of consciousness (V.P. Zinchenko).

I. Existential consciousness (consciousness for being), which includes: 1) biodynamic properties of movements, experience of actions; 2) sensual images.

II. Reflective consciousness (consciousness for consciousness), including: 1) meaning; 2) meaning.

Meaning is the content of social consciousness, assimilated by man. These can be operational meanings, subject, verbal meanings, everyday and scientific meanings - concepts.

Sense - subjective understanding and attitude to the situation, information. Misunderstanding is associated with difficulties in understanding meanings. The processes of mutual transformation of meanings and meanings (comprehension of meanings and meaning of meanings) act as a means of dialogue and mutual understanding.

On the existential layer of consciousness, very complex tasks are solved, since for effective behavior in a given situation, it is necessary to actualize the image that is needed at the moment and the necessary motor program, i.e. the mode of action must fit into the image of the world. The world of ideas, concepts, worldly and scientific knowledge correlates with the meaning (of reflective consciousness).

The world of industrial, subject-practical activity correlates with the biodynamic fabric of movement and action (the existential layer of consciousness). The world of representations, imaginations, cultural symbols and signs correlates with the sensual fabric (existential consciousness). Consciousness is born and is present in all these worlds. The epicenter of consciousness is the consciousness of one's own "I".

Consciousness: 1) is born in being, 2) reflects being, 3) creates being.

Functions of consciousness:

1. reflective,

2. generative (creative-creative),

3. regulatory and evaluation,

4. reflexive function - the main function, characterizes the essence of consciousness.

The object of reflection can be:

1. reflection of the world,

2. thinking about it,

3. ways a person regulates his behavior,

4. the processes of reflection themselves,

5. your personal consciousness.

The existential layer contains the origins and beginnings of the reflective layer, since the meanings and meanings are born in the existential layer. The meaning expressed in the word contains: 1) image; 2) operational and subject value; 3) meaningful and objective action. Words, language do not exist only as language, they objectify forms of thinking that we master through the use of language.

consciousness as the highest stage of development of the psyche

Consciousness is the highest form of a generalized reflection of the objective stable properties and patterns of the surrounding world, characteristic of a person, the formation of an internal model of the external world in a person, as a result of which knowledge and transformation of the surrounding reality is achieved.

The following properties of consciousness are distinguished: building relationships, cognition and experience. This directly implies the inclusion of thinking and emotions in the processes of consciousness. Indeed, the main function of thinking is to identify objective relationships between the phenomena of the external world, and the main function of emotion is the formation of a subjective attitude of a person to objects, phenomena, people. These forms and types of relations are synthesized in the structures of consciousness, and they determine both the organization of behavior and the deep processes of self-esteem and self-consciousness. Really existing in a single stream of consciousness, an image and a thought can, being colored by emotions, become an experience.

There are two layers of consciousness (V.P. Zinchenko).

I. Existential consciousness (consciousness for being), which includes: 1) biodynamic properties of movements, experience of actions; 2) sensual images.

II. Reflective consciousness (consciousness for consciousness), including: 1) meaning; 2) meaning.

Meaning is the content of social consciousness, assimilated by a person. These can be operational meanings, objective, verbal meanings, worldly and scientific meanings - concepts.

Meaning is a subjective understanding and attitude to the situation, information. Misunderstanding is associated with difficulties in understanding meanings. The processes of mutual transformation of meanings and meanings (comprehension of meanings and meaning of meanings) act as a means of dialogue and mutual understanding.

Consciousness: 1) is born in being, 2) reflects being, 3) creates being.

Functions of consciousness:

1. reflective,

2. generative (creative-creative),

3. regulatory and evaluation,

4. reflexive function - the main function, characterizes the essence of consciousness.

The object of reflection can be:

1. reflection of the world,

2. thinking about it,

3. ways a person regulates his behavior,

4. the processes of reflection themselves,

5. your personal consciousness.

The existential layer contains the origins and beginnings of the reflective layer, since the meanings and meanings are born in the existential layer. The meaning expressed in the word contains: 1) image, 2) operational and objective meaning, 3) meaningful and objective action. Words, language do not exist only as language, they objectify forms of thinking that we master through the use of language.

Consciousness- the highest form of a generalized reflection of the objective stable properties and patterns of the surrounding world, characteristic of a person, the formation of an internal model of the external world in a person, as a result of which knowledge and transformation of the surrounding reality is achieved.

The function of consciousness consists in the formation of the goals of activity, in the preliminary mental construction of actions and the prediction of their results, which ensures a reasonable regulation of human behavior and activity. A certain relation to the environment, to other people is included in the human consciousness: “My attitude to my environment is my consciousness” (Marx).

Rice. 4.1. Functions, properties of consciousness

The following properties of consciousness are distinguished: construction relationships, knowledge and experience. This directly implies the inclusion of thinking and emotions in the processes of consciousness. Indeed, the main function of thinking is to identify objective relationships between the phenomena of the external world, and the main function of emotion is the formation of a person's subjective attitude to objects, phenomena, people. These forms are synthesized in the structures of consciousness and types of relationships, and they determine both the organization of behavior and and deep processes of self-esteem and self-awareness. Really existing inin a single stream of consciousness, an image and a thought can, being colored by emotions, become an experience. “Awareness of experience is always the establishment of its objective relation to the causes that cause it, to the objects to which it is directed, to the actions by which it can be realized” (S. L. Rubinshtein).

3.2. The development of consciousness in ontogeny.

Consciousness develops in a person only in social contacts. In phylogeny, human consciousness has developed, and becomes possible only under conditions of active influence on nature, in conditions of labor activity. Consciousness is possible only under the conditions of the existence of language, speech, which arises simultaneously with consciousness in the process of labor.

In ontogenesis, the child's consciousness develops in a complex, mediated way. The psyche of a child, an infant, generally speaking, cannot be regarded as an isolated, independent psyche. From the very beginning, there is a stable connection between the psyche of the child and the psyche of the mother. In the pre-natal period and in the postnatal this connection can be called a mental (sensory) connection. But the child is at first only a passive element of this connection, a perceiving substance, and the mother, being the bearer of the psyche, formed by consciousness, already in the state of such a connection, apparently, transfers to the child’s psyche not just a psychophysical, but and human information formed by consciousness. The second point is the actual activity of the mother. The primary organic needs of the child for warmth, psychological comfort and etc. are organized and satisfied from the outside by the loving attitude of the mother to her child. Mother with a loving look "catches" and evaluates everything valuable, from her point of view, in the initially disordered reactivity of the child's organism and smoothly, gradually, lovingly cuts off everything that deviates from the social norm. It is also important here that the norms of development already exist in some particular form in human society, including the norms of motherhood. Thus, by love for the child, the mother, as it were, pulls the child out of organic reactivity, unconsciousness and brings it out, draws it into human culture, into human consciousness. Freud noted that "the mother teaches to love the child", she really puts her love (attitude) into the child's psyche, since the mother (her image) is the real center of all acts, all blessings and troubles for the child's feelings and perception.

Then comes the next act of development, which can be called primary act consciousness- this is identification of the child with the mother, that is, the child tries to put himself in the place of his mother, to imitate her, to liken himself to her. This identification of the child with the mother seems to be the primary human relationship. In this sense, the primary is not an objective relation, but a relation of consciousness, a primary identification with a cultural symbol. The mother here gives, first of all, a cultural model of social behavior, and we, specific people, only

Rice. 4.2. Development of consciousness

follow these patterns. What is important is the fulfillment, the active activity of the child in reproducing patterns of human behavior, speech, thinking, consciousness, the active activity of the child in reflecting the world around him and regulating his behavior.

But the fulfillment of the meaning of a cultural symbol, a model, entails a layer of consciousness rationalized by it, which can develop relatively independently through the mechanism of reflection, analysis (thinking activity). In a sense, awareness is the opposite of reflection. If awareness is the comprehension of the integrity of the situation, gives a picture of the whole, then reflection, on the contrary, divides this whole, for example, looks for the cause of difficulties, analyzes the situation in the light of the purpose of the activity. Thus, awareness is a condition for reflection, but, in turn, reflection is a condition for a higher, deeper and true awareness, understanding of the situation as a whole. Our consciousness in its development experiences many identifications, but not all of them are fulfilled, realized. These unrealized potentialities of our consciousness constitute what we usually designate by the term "soul", which is for the most part an unconscious part of our consciousness. Although, to be precise, it must be said that a symbol as an infinite content of consciousness is in principle unrealizable to the end, and this is a condition for the periodic return of consciousness to itself. From here follows the third fundamental act of consciousness (“development of consciousness”) - awareness of one's unfulfilled desire. Thus the circle of development closes and everything returns to its beginning.

There are two layers of consciousness (V.P. Zinchenko).

I. existential consciousness (consciousness for being), which includes: 1) biodynamic properties of movements, experience of actions; 2) sensual images.

P. Reflective Consciousness(consciousness for consciousness), including: 1) meaning; 2) meaning.

Meaning- the content of social consciousness, assimilated by man; it can be operational meanings, objective, verbal meanings, worldly and scientific meanings - concepts.

Meaning- subjective understanding and attitude to the situation, information. Misunderstanding is associated with difficulties in understanding meanings. The processes of mutual transformation of meanings and meanings (comprehension of meanings and meaning of meanings) act as a means of dialogue and mutual understanding.

Very complex tasks are solved on the existential layer of consciousness, because for effective behavior in a given situation, it is necessary to actualize the image that is needed at the moment and the necessary motor program, i.e., the image of action must fit into the image of the world. The world of ideas, concepts, worldly and scientific knowledge correlates with the meaning (of reflective consciousness). The world of human values, experiences, emotions correlates with the meaning (of reflective consciousness).

The world of industrial, subject-practical activity correlates with the biodynamic fabric of movement and action (the existential layer of consciousness). The world of representations, imaginations, cultural symbols and signs correlates with the sensual fabric (existential consciousness). Consciousness is born and is present in all these worlds. The epicenter of consciousness is the consciousness of one's own "I". Consciousness: 1) is born in being, 2) reflects being, 3) creates being. Functions of consciousness: 1) reflective, 2) generative

The following properties of consciousness are distinguished: building relationships, knowing and experiencing. This directly implies the inclusion of thinking and emotions in the processes of consciousness. Indeed, the main function of thinking is to identify objective relationships between the phenomena of the external world, and the main function of emotion is the formation of a subjective attitude of a person to objects, phenomena, people. These forms and types of relations are synthesized in the structures of consciousness, and they determine both the organization of behavior and the deep processes of self-esteem and self-consciousness. Really existing in a single stream of consciousness, an image and a thought can, being colored by emotions, become an experience.

There are two layers of consciousness (V.P. Zinchenko).

I. Existential consciousness(consciousness for being), which includes: 1) biodynamic properties of movements, experience of actions; 2) sensual images.

II. Reflective Consciousness(consciousness for consciousness), including: 1) meaning; 2) meaning.

Meaning- the content of social consciousness, assimilated by man. These can be operational meanings, objective, verbal meanings, worldly and scientific meanings - concepts.

The world of industrial, subject-practical activity correlates with the biodynamic fabric of movement and action (the existential layer of consciousness). The world of representations, imaginations, cultural symbols and signs correlates with the sensual fabric (existential consciousness). Consciousness is born and is present in all these worlds. The epicenter of consciousness is the consciousness of one's own "I".

Consciousness: 1) is born in being, 2) reflects being, 3) creates being.

Functions of Consciousness:

1. reflective,

2. generative (creative-creative),

3. regulatory and evaluation,

4. reflexive function - the main function, characterizes the essence of consciousness.
The object of reflection can be:

1. reflection of the world,

2. thinking about it,

3. ways a person regulates his behavior,

4. the processes of reflection themselves,

5. your personal consciousness.

The existential layer contains the origins and beginnings of the reflective layer, since the meanings and meanings are born in the existential layer. The meaning expressed in the word contains: 1) image, 2) operational and objective meaning, 3) meaningful and objective action. Words, language do not exist only as language, they objectify forms of thinking that we master through the use of language.

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1. The problem of consciousness in philosophy.

2. What is consciousness?

3. Natural prerequisites for consciousness.

4. The emergence of man and his consciousness.

One of the highest forms of being is also the inner, spiritual world of man. In scientific philosophy, it is usually called consciousness. Questions about the origin of consciousness, its nature, essence, have always worried, worried, and will continue to excite the best minds of mankind. The study of these problems, as well as other philosophical issues, took place in two directions - idealism and materialism. Christian theology has always had a special view of the origin and nature of consciousness.

Idealists, as a rule, identified consciousness with the soul. The soul was interpreted by them as an intangible entity that does not arise simultaneously with the body, but exists forever and is connected by invisible channels with the World Mind. The soul possessed activity, and connecting with inert matter, it gave rise to a person.

Christian theology also proceeds from the fact that a person consists of a body and soul, and both body and soul are created by God. But for the full development of a Christian person, the acquisition of the Holy Spirit is also required. It follows that the ideal human consciousness is the harmonious unity of the Holy Spirit and the soul.

In solving the problem of consciousness, materialists have always proceeded from the fact that consciousness is secondary to matter and is a special function of the brain.

The rigid confrontation between idealism and materialism led to one-sided interpretations of the most important problems of consciousness and their insufficient development in philosophy. And only in the 20th century, a comprehensive study of the problems of consciousness by modern specialized sciences begins.

The human mind is complex, a multifaceted phenomenon, therefore it is studied by many sciences: philosophy, psychology, biophysics, biochemistry, psychiatry, cybernetics and others. But due to its versatility and immateriality, consciousness is very difficult to study, and any of its definitions, unless a special direction of this definition is specified, turns out to be incomplete, not conveying all the peculiarities of this amazing phenomenon.

Therefore, as a point of support, we will take the most frequently used definition of consciousness used in the philosophical theory of knowledge - epistemology. Consciousness is the highest function of the brain, peculiar only to man and associated with speech, which consists in a generalized, evaluative and purposeful reflection and constructive and creative transformation of reality, in reasonable regulation and self-control of human behavior.

Conventionally, consciousness can be divided into four spheres. The main goal of the first sphere of consciousness is the regulation of the behavior of the human body in the surrounding world, based on the analysis of information coming through the senses. The second sphere is the sphere of thinking, with the help of which a person goes beyond the limits of the sensually perceived being into the world of abstractions. The third sphere is connected with the emotional component of consciousness. This includes emotions (anger, fear, delight, etc.) and feelings (love, hate, pleasure, etc.). And, finally, the fourth sphere includes the value-motivational complex of consciousness. Here are rooted the highest motives of activity and spiritual ideals of the individual, as well as the ability to form them creatively in the form of intuition, imagination, fantasy, etc. But one must always remember that all these components of consciousness are intertwined, interact closely and it is almost impossible to separate them.

Most modern philosophers proceed from the concept of the natural origin of consciousness. This is supported by the data of many sciences, and above all biology. So one of the main properties of human consciousness is the ability to reflect the surrounding reality and adequately respond to it. But these abilities are manifested, albeit in primitive forms, already in organisms at a lower stage of development. For example, the first form of reflection in wildlife was irritability (a response to external influences). We know that single-celled organisms react to changes in temperature and light. In plants, this is expressed in the opening and closing of flowers, the opening and dropping of leaves, etc.

The emergence of sensory organs and the nervous system in more complex organisms led to the emergence of new forms of reflection, and hence new forms of behavior. These creatures have unconditioned reflexes (innate instincts), which now regulate the behavior of these individuals.

The appearance of the brain added to the previous abilities, the ability to respond to the external environment through conditioned (acquired) reflexes. At the same time, the reflective function of conditioned reflexes is based on the principle of feedback: the reflex process begins with the perception of the stimulus, continues with the nervous processes of the brain and ends with the response of muscles and organs. In this case, the resulting impulses signal the results of this work and return to the brain. This makes it possible to make adjustments to the actions taken and, therefore, comes close to reasonable behavior.

From the point of view of modern science, already in the psyche of higher animals one can see the beginnings of rational behavior based on individual and collective experience. For example, during the hunt, wolves perfectly orient themselves in the current situation, develop a specific plan of action and carry it out. It can be said that wolves have practical intelligence, which manifests itself in direct activity.

Numerous experiments show that higher animals are characterized not only by instinctive, but also by rational behavior associated with the existence of a complex psyche and the presence of analytical forms of mental activity based on imaginative thinking. The difference between the mental activity of a person is expressed in the fact that, along with figurative thinking, a person also has the ability to think abstractly.

Man is the only real being with consciousness. Therefore, the question of the origin of man has become one of the most important for philosophy.

Already primitive people begin to think about this question and look for answers to it. These answers were determined by the worldview of ancient people. Under the dominance of mythological consciousness, people felt themselves an integral part of nature and traced their ancestry from some animal, less often a plant. So people from the bear clan believed that they were descended from a bear, people from the wolf clan - from a wolf, etc.

With the appearance of national and world religions on the historical arena, the worldview of a person has also changed. At this time, the biblical version of the origin of man begins to dominate. According to the Bible, the first man - Adam - was created by God on the sixth day of creation, in his own image and likeness. And if inanimate and living nature was created from nothing, then man is created from earthly soil. “And the Lord God created man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his face the breath of life, and man became a living soul,” Then God put Adam to sleep, took out his rib, and created a woman from him - Eve. Thus, the ancestors of mankind, Adam and Eve, were born.

In modern times, the scientific version of the origin of man was established. It is based on the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin and the labor theory of F. Engels. According to this version, man descended from one of the extinct species of great apes. At present, most philosophers and scientists stand on the positions of this particular theory of the origin of man, but corrected on the basis of the latest achievements of modern science.

According to the latest data, the separation of man from the animal world (anthropogenesis) began about 4 million years ago. The main factors or causes of anthropogenesis were:

Hereditary variability, including mutations;

Natural and sexual selection;

Labor activity.

Today, no one has any doubts that it was labor activity that became the main reason for the transformation of apes into humans. But the question arises: “Why did the monkeys begin to make and use tools?” Experiments with great apes show that they are able to use various objects to solve certain problems, primarily to obtain food. But this happens only when it is impossible to do this in the usual way. From this we can conclude that the beginning of labor activity is associated with a rather sharp change in the environment. Having lost their usual food supply, the monkey population is faced with the choice of either dying or finding new ways to get food. Naturally, mutated individuals with new traits that allow them to survive in changed conditions get an advantage here. In this case, the mutations probably affected the brain and forelimbs, which allowed these individuals to survive through the use of the simplest tools: sticks, stones, bones and horns of dead animals. And then, as a result of natural selection, new qualities begin to be fixed and strengthened. Thus, human evolution begins. The main stages of this evolution were:

Transition to upright posture;

mastery of fire;

The emergence of articulate speech and abstract thinking;

The emergence of religious beliefs and tribal organization. This shows that the decisive factor for the formation of human consciousness was the emergence of articulate speech and, on its basis, the ability to abstract thinking. This is what led to the appearance of a modern type of man about 40 thousand years ago - Homo sapiens (reasonable man).