One ancient Greek, allegedly Plutarch, said: they say, as soon as the Moon slows down its run, it will immediately fall to the Earth, like a stone thrown from a sling. This was said even when the stars were falling, not meteorites.

Fifty years later, Newton put in his three kopecks: they say, dear, if the Moon moved only by inertia, it would move in a straight line, long ago disappearing into the abyss of the Universe; The earth and the moon are held near each other by the force of mutual gravity, forcing the latter to move in a circle. Moreover, he said, gravity, being, most likely, the root cause of any movement in the Universe, is capable of even accelerating the slightly slowed down run of the Moon in certain parts of the elliptical (Keplerian) orbit ... Fifty years later, Cavendish, using lead ingots and torsion balances, allegedly proved the existence forces of mutual attraction between celestial bodies.

That's all. Therefore, it is inertia and gravity, forcing the Moon to move in a closed orbit, and are the reasons that do not allow the Moon to fall to Earth. It turns out that if the gravitational mass of the Earth suddenly increases, then the Moon will only move away from it in its higher orbit due to an increase in speed and a proportionally increasing centrifugal effect. But…

There can be no closed orbits - circular and elliptical - for the satellites of the planets. Now we will look at the joint "fall" of the Earth and the Moon on the Sun and make sure of this.

So, the Earth and the Moon together "fall" in the gravitational space of the Sun for about 4 billion years. At the same time, the speed of the Earth relative to the Sun is approximately 30 km / s, and the Moon - 31. In 30 days, the Earth travels along its trajectory 77.8 million km (30 x 3600 x 24 x 30), and the Moon - 80.3. 80.3 - 77.8 \u003d 2.5 million km. The radius of the Moon's orbit is approximately 400,000 km. Therefore, the circumference of the Moon's orbit is 400,000 x 2 x 3.14 = 2.5 million km. Only in our reasoning, 2.5 million km is already the "curvature" of the almost straight trajectory of the Moon.

A large-scale display of the trajectories of the Earth and the Moon may also look like this: if there is 1 million km in one cell, then the path traveled by the Earth and the Moon in a month will not fit in the entire spread of the notebook in the box, while the maximum distance of the Moon's trajectory from the Earth's trajectory in the phases of the full moon and new moon will be equal to only 2 millimeters.

However, you can take a segment of arbitrary length, which means the path of the Earth, and draw the movement of the Moon in a month. The movement of the Earth and the Moon occurs from right to left, that is, counterclockwise. If we have the Sun somewhere at the bottom of the figure, then on the right side of the figure we will denote the Moon in the full moon phase with a dot. Let the Earth at this time be exactly under this point. After 15 days, the Moon will be in the new moon phase, that is, just in the middle of our segment and just under the Earth in the figure. On the left side of the figure, we again denote by points the position of the Moon and the Earth in the full moon phase.

The moon crosses the Earth's trajectory twice in the course of a month at the so-called nodes. The first node will be approximately 7.5 days from the full moon phase. From the Earth at this time, just half of the lunar disk is visible. This phase is called the first quarter, since the Moon by this time has passed a quarter of its monthly path. The second time the Moon crosses the Earth's trajectory is in the last quarter, that is, approximately 7.5 days from the new moon phase. Have you drawn?

Here's what's interesting: the Moon at the node of the first quarter is 400,000 km ahead of the Earth, and at the node of the last quarter - already 400,000 km behind it. It turns out that the Moon "along the upper crest of the wave" moves with acceleration, and "along the lower" - with deceleration; the path of the moon from the node of the last quarter to the node of the first quarter is 800,000 km longer.

Of course, the Moon in its movement along the “upper arc” does not accelerate spontaneously, it is the Earth that captures it with its gravitational mass and, as it were, throws it over itself. It is this property of moving planets - to capture and accelerate, dragging along - that is used to accelerate space probes in the so-called gravitational maneuver. If the probe crosses the path of the planet in front of it, then we have a gravitational maneuver with the deceleration of the probe. Everything is simple.

The climax of the full moon repeats after 29 days 12 hours and 44 minutes. This is the synodic period of the Moon's revolution. Theoretically, the Moon should complete its orbit in 27 days, 7 hours and 43 minutes. This is a sidereal period of revolution, which, in fact, simply does not exist, just as there is no closed orbit with a certain circumference. The discrepancy of two days in textbooks is explained by the movement of the Earth and the Moon in a month relative to the round Sun ...

So, Newton explained the "non-fall" of the Moon to the Earth by its temporal accelerations when moving along an elliptical orbit. We think we have explained it even more simply. And most importantly - more correct and more practical.

I remember that Kepler and Galileo together laughed at the "obsession with roundness" of the orbits of their advanced contemporaries: they say, let's laugh, my Kepler, at the great human stupidity ... However, only the one who laughs last laughs well. True, it is somehow not customary to laugh at the stupidity that got into the textbooks. And we won't.

Now is the time to answer the difficult question "Why is the Moon always sideways to the Earth?". The answer is simple: because the trajectory of the Moon is not a wave, but a spiral with an axis located on the Earth.

If one plane just flies, and the other makes a "barrel" around it, then only the "belly" of the second is always visible from the first plane. In this case, the second plane is alternately exposed to the sun's rays with all its sides, if the sun is somewhere on the side of them. Thus, the change of light and dark times of the day occurs on the Earth due to its daily rotation, and on the Moon, day and night are replaced due to its movement along a spiral trajectory.

Reviews

Excuse me, but Sir Isaac Newton

Galileo Galilei (Italian Galileo Galilei; February 15, 1564, Pisa - January 8, 1642, Arcetri) - Italian physicist, mechanic.

Henry Cavendish is a British physicist and chemist, a member of the Royal Society of London. Born: October 10, 1731, Nice, France Died: 24 February 1810, London

In other words, Isaac Newton was born in the year of the death of Galileo Galilei and died on March 31, 1727! Four years later, Henry Cavendish was born.

But how do all these facts then fit in with your words like this:

Seventeen centuries later, Galileo, armed not only with the art of reasonable generalizations, but also with a telescope, continued: the Moon, they say, does not slow down its run because it moves by inertia, and obviously nothing prevents this movement. Said it suddenly and bluntly.

Two hundred years later, Newton put in his three kopecks: they say, dear, if the Moon moved only by inertia, it would move in a straight line, long ago disappearing into the abyss of the Universe; The earth and the moon are held near each other by the force of mutual gravity, forcing the latter to move in a circle. Moreover, he said, gravity, being, most likely, the root cause of any movement in the Universe, is capable of even accelerating the slightly slowed down run of the Moon in certain parts of the elliptical (Keplerian) orbit ... A hundred years later, Cavendish, using lead ingots and torsion balances, allegedly proved the existence of force mutual gravitation between celestial bodies.

And thank you for your sincere hope, desire to make your own changes to the version of "Why the Moon does not fall to Earth." As for me, as an adherent of Sir Isaac Newton rather than Galileo in solving this issue, I cannot but notice that Newton's version is a priori closer to me.

Closer only because Newton, unlike the stubborn Galileo, agreed on his judgments on this issue with the student of Leucippus from Miletus, Democritus, and other Ancient Greeks, who substantiated the so-called. planetary model of the structure of the atom. Model of the atom as the smallest and indivisible particle of matter, preserving all its properties and consisting, following the example of our solar system, of a star named the Sun and the smallest particles that revolve around our Sun in their orbits, and which we call planets.

In other words, following Newton, I am deeply convinced that all the planets do not fall on their stars only because they, as well as all other material particles, are subject to the Law that the Ancient Greeks already knew!

The law that Isaac Newton formulated is concise, including with the help of mathematical formulas. Remember, the laws of physics are written in the language of mathematics, and which is called the Law of Universal Gravitation!

Do you know that "During the fall of an apple, the Earth bounces towards it by half the diameter of the atomic nucleus" (Wikipedia)? And for the Earth to be able to jump to the middle of the height of the apple tree, the stump is clear, the weight of the apple must be exactly equal to the weight of the Earth. This is the mathematical law of falling apples discovered by Newton. However, only a mobile atom is both a source and a receiver of gravimagnetic induction, and not a body and not a mass; the reaction of the moving atoms of the body to this induction creates the appearance of the action of a force. "Bodies gravitate with the dependent probability of the translational impulses of their oscillating particles" - this is a physical law of gravity, not a mathematical one. However, it's not that hard to screw it up.

As for the movement of the Earth-Moon tandem around the Sun, I like your desire to understand everything scrupulously, so to speak, once and for many years, at least, for example, and not as it is described in our textbooks. For what, at least, it is necessary to decide, finally, with the question "The reasons for the change of seasons." Namely, to know exactly what the ecliptic is? I tried to discuss this issue with Nikolai Kladov, but he refused to discuss this topic and said, read the PRIMER, everything is written correctly there! And that's what it says!

1. The ecliptic is a large circle of the celestial sphere, along which the apparent annual movement of the Sun relative to the stars occurs. Accordingly, the plane of the ecliptic is the plane of revolution of the Earth around the Sun. Wikipedia

2. The reason for the change of seasons is the tilt of the earth's axis with respect to the plane of the ecliptic and the rotation of the earth around the sun. Due to the elliptical shape of the earth's orbit, the seasons have different lengths. So, in the Northern Hemisphere, autumn lasts approximately 89.8 days, winter - 89, spring - 92.8, summer - 93.6.

3. It's all about the angle of inclination of the earth's axis with respect to the plane of the ecliptic, which is 23.5 °. Actually, it is he who is responsible for the change of seasons on our planet.

So let's try to sort out all this apparent confusion! So I, I say to Nikolai, it doesn’t work !! You, Victor, as far as I understand, are on my side in this matter. That is, I think, you need to know exactly what the angle of the ecliptic is? At least its size and do not poke it in the nose when solving important, for example, issues!

So here is the angle of the ecliptic, as I understand it of course, and I ask you to either support me or refute me, this is the maximum angle of deviation of the planes of the orbits of all planets, no matter how many there are, from each other when they orbit the Sun! Well, as you said: We take a thick table. In the center of this thick table is the Sun, around which the planets naturally move in elliptical orbits with their satellites and all other cosmic bodies that revolve around the Sun. So here it is! The angle of the ecliptic, as it naturally turns out then, is some maximum angle of deviation of the planes of the orbits of all planets from each other! And then it turns out that this angle of the ecliptic to the change of seasons, in principle, cannot even have anything to do with the change of seasons, including on Earth!

Since the change of seasons on Earth depends solely on the angle of inclination of the earth's axis of rotation to the plane formed by the elliptical, no doubt, orbit of the Earth-Moon tandem around the Sun! And this angle has a strictly defined value, and not equal to 23°44", but exactly 66°16"! And this angle, due to the gyroscopic moment of the Earth's revolution around its axis, has a constant value for the entire period of the Earth's revolution around the Sun. Sincerely,

Victor! That is why I am discussing with you in order to clarify what is true on Wikipedia, and what is a lie! Moreover, I do not say that all laws of motion, namely Newton's 3 Law of motion, which quite correctly states that the forces with which bodies interact are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and that the line of action of the forces lies on one straight line connecting centers of all masses of these bodies.

They lead exactly to what you described so colorfully and emotionally !! So naturally, in the course of comprehending and understanding what is actually happening, it is necessary to make additions and clarifications to these laws so that there would be complete clarity of what is taking place, what is actually happening. I mean the inertia of bodies, substances, which depends on the mass of bodies, substances and which does not allow the Earth to fall on an apple, while forcing this same apple to fall on the Earth in full accordance with the Law of universal gravitation.

That is, the gravitational force of both the Earth and the apple is the same! But, due to the inertia of the bodies of substances, what happens is what happens and what we observe. So don't deny it all at once! And what in return?! Since indeed, it is not so difficult to cheat any supposed Law. And what in return?! Sincerely,

It is necessary to explain not the reason for the change of seasons, but the very fact of the existence of the solstices. Then the reason for the change of seasons will be explained correctly. And fucking Wikipedia can't even give a proper definition of the ecliptic. The ecliptic is simply the plane containing the orbits of all the planets in the solar system and the sun. Now this plane is in the plane of the oak table of Crates of Mallus, and the axis of rotation of the Sun is inclined to this plane at an angle of 2.2. And if this plane is deflected from this table by 7.2 degrees, raising the right edge, an explanation of the days of the solstices immediately appears, and an explanation of the angle of inclination of the Sun itself, and the average angle of libration of the planets, and the absence of days of equinoxes on equinox days. Everything is simpler than a steamed turnip. And this topic doesn't interest me at all.

Really! Fucking Wikipedia is to blame! And all because, as I understand it, of course, that we, unlike the Ancient Greeks, for example, do not know how to establish among ourselves such comradely relations that could reveal to us the truth of the phenomena and events we are considering, at least as all this happened before in Greece, for example.

After all, what happens? There are opinions of researchers: Viktor Babintsev, Mikhail Bliznetsov, Nikolai Kladov, Vladimir Danilov, Pavel Karavdin, Alexei Stepanov, other researchers, for example, who take part in solving problems:

"The reason for the change of seasons."

“So the Earth inside is empty, that is, hollow”?!

And what is the output? But at the output there is no agreed solution to problems even between any two researchers. And then, in fact, it turns out that there is only a reaction to problems, and then naturally there is no solution to problems! So I propose to conduct a dialogue the way the Ancient Greeks did, for example, that is, to behave not like relativists, who, as you know, always speak the ultimate truth, but like dialecticians! That is, to coordinate any of your judgments with your comrades, and only after, thus, an agreed judgment, you can discuss something further! No matter what happens, there are so many judgments and explanations as many researchers!!

So I propose to start our agreements with the development of a common opinion on the question, what, excuse me, is the ecliptic? Here, Victor and I have already established at least that there is an axis of rotation, and not only for one Earth, but for all planets, and also, which is very important, including the Sun! That is, according to the most general even judgments of the formation of the solar system, at first there was some kind of huge hot ball of matter rotating around its axis, from which our entire solar system later formed.

The Solar System was formed, which includes the Sun rotating around its axis, as well as all the planets rotating around their own axes, together with their satellites, which can also either rotate around their planets, or, like the Moon, be always turned to the Earth with one of its sides.

Summarize! That is, let's clarify which of the colleagues agrees with such judgments:

The Earth, as well as all other planets, rotates around its axis and at the same time revolves around the Sun in an orbit, the plane of which passes through the center of the Sun and makes an angle with the axis of rotation of the Sun, which we will call the angle of the Earth's ecliptic!

Moreover, as I believe, now astronomers know the exact value of not only the angle of the Earth's ecliptic, but also the exact value of the ecliptic angle of all the other planets of the solar system! However, for us, I mean the general public, for some reason this information is not available. As a result, let's say so carefully, we do not know whether the angle of the Earth's ecliptic, for example, when the Earth revolves around the Sun in its orbit, remains constant, or whether it changes its value during the year.

The daily audience of the Proza.ru portal is about 100 thousand visitors, who in total view more than half a million pages according to the traffic counter, which is located to the right of this text. Each column contains two numbers: the number of views and the number of visitors.

One ancient Greek, allegedly Plutarch, said: they say, as soon as the Moon slows down its run, it will immediately fall to the Earth, like a stone released from a sling. This was said even when the stars were falling, not meteorites. Seventeen centuries later, Galileo, armed not only with the art of reasonable generalizations, but also with a telescope, continued: the Moon, they say, does not slow down its run because it moves by inertia, and obviously nothing prevents this movement. Said it suddenly and bluntly. Two hundred years later, Newton put in his three kopecks: they say, dear, if the Moon moved only by inertia, it would move in a straight line, long ago disappearing into the abyss of the Universe; The earth and the moon are held near each other by the force of mutual gravity, forcing the latter to move in a circle. Moreover, he said, gravity, being, most likely, the root cause of any movement in the Universe, is capable of even accelerating the slightly slowed down run of the Moon in certain parts of the elliptical (Keplerian) orbit ... A hundred years later, Cavendish, using lead balls and torsion balances, proved the existence of a force of mutual gravity. That's all. Therefore, it is inertia and gravity, forcing the Moon to move in a closed orbit, and are the reasons that do not allow the Moon to fall to Earth. In short, if the gravitational mass of the Earth suddenly increases, then the Moon will only move away from it in its higher orbit. But... There can be no closed orbits - circular and elliptical - for satellites of planets. Now we will look at the joint "fall" of the Earth and the Moon on the Sun and make sure of this. So, the Earth and the Moon together "fall" in the gravitational space of the Sun for about 4 billion years. At the same time, the speed of the Earth relative to the Sun is approximately 30 km / s, and the Moon is 31. In 30 days, the Earth travels along its trajectory 77.8 million km (30 x 3600 x 24 x 30), and the Moon - 80.3. 80.3 - 77.8 \u003d 2.5 million km. The radius of the Moon's orbit is approximately 400,000 km. Therefore, the circumference of the Moon's orbit is 400,000 x 2 x 3.14 = 2.5 million km. Only in our reasoning, 2.5 million km is already the "curvature" of the almost straight trajectory of the Moon. A large-scale display of the trajectories of the Earth and the Moon may also look like this: if there is 1 million km in one cell, then the path traveled by the Earth and the Moon in a month will not fit in the entire spread of the notebook in the box, while the maximum distance of the Moon's trajectory from the Earth's trajectory in the phases of the full moon and new moon will be equal to only 2 millimeters. However, you can take a segment of arbitrary length, which means the path of the Earth, and draw the movement of the Moon in a month. The movement of the Earth and the Moon occurs from right to left, that is, counterclockwise. If we have the Sun somewhere at the bottom of the figure, then on the right side of the figure we will denote the Moon in the full moon phase with a dot. Let the Earth at this time be exactly under this point. After 15 days, the Moon will be in the new moon phase, that is, just in the middle of our segment and just under the Earth in the figure. On the left side of the figure, we again denote by points the position of the Moon and the Earth in the full moon phase. The moon crosses the Earth's trajectory twice in the course of a month at the so-called nodes. The first node will be approximately 7.5 days from the full moon phase. From the Earth at this time, just half of the lunar disk is visible. This phase is called the first quarter, since the Moon by this time has passed a quarter of its monthly path. The second time the Moon crosses the Earth's trajectory is in the last quarter, that is, approximately 7.5 days from the new moon phase. Have you drawn? Here's what's interesting: the Moon at the node of the first quarter is 400,000 km ahead of the Earth, and at the node of the last quarter - already 400,000 km behind it. It turns out that the Moon "along the upper crest of the wave" moves with acceleration, and "along the lower" - with deceleration; the path of the moon from the node of the last quarter to the node of the first quarter is 800,000 km longer. Of course, the Moon in its movement along the “upper arc” does not accelerate spontaneously, it is the Earth that captures it with its gravitational mass and, as it were, throws it over itself. It is this property of moving planets - to capture and throw - that is used to accelerate space probes in the so-called gravitational maneuver. If the probe crosses the path of the planet in front of it, then we have a gravitational maneuver with the deceleration of the probe. Everything is simple. The full moon phase repeats after 29 days 12 hours and 44 minutes. This is the synodic period of the Moon's revolution. Theoretically, the Moon should complete its orbit in 27 days, 7 hours and 43 minutes. This is the sidereal period of revolution. The "inconsistency" of two days in textbooks is explained by the movement of the Earth and the Moon in a month relative to the round Sun. We explained this by the absence of any orbit on the Moon. So, Newton explained the "non-fall" of the Moon to the Earth by its temporal accelerations when moving along an elliptical orbit. We think we have explained it even more simply. And most importantly - more correctly. Viktor Babintsev

Department of Education of the Administration of the Kemerovo Municipal District

Xregional scientific and practical conference

"World of Discovery"

Section "Geography, geology »

Why doesn't the moon fall to earth?

research project

Semenov Lavr Yurievich,

1st grade student "B"

MBOU "Yagunovskaya secondary school"

Supervisor:

Kalistratova

Svetlana Borisovna,

primary school teacher

MBOU "Yagunovskaya secondary school"

2016

Content

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………. 3

Chapter 1

1.1. Study of sources …………………………………………………………… 5

1.2. Moon observations...................................................................................... 7

Chapter 2. Organization and results of the study ……………………………...9

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….. 13

List of literature and Internet resources……………………………………….. 14

Introduction

I love everything that has to do with space. I love watching the stars, finding constellations, so we chose this topic for research.

Kemerovo State University has an amazing place - a planetarium. It is included in the list of planetariums in Russia, of which there are 26 in total, as well as in the list of planetariums in the world. The "founder" of our planetarium, teacher, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences of the Kemerovo State University, Kuzma Petrovich Matsukov is better than anyone else, understands "stellar affairs". The planetarium hosts guided tours that reveal the mysteries of the cosmos, the birth of the universe and stars. Here you can see a picture of a real starry sky! With the help of a projector of the starry sky under the dome of the planetarium, we can see about five thousand stars, planets, the sun and the moon.

Some planets have many moons, while others don't. We decided to figure out what a satellite is. Of course, we were interested in the Moon, since it is a satellite of our Earth.

Having asked Kuzma Petrovich why the Moon always hangs in the sky and does not fly away, they found out that the Earth has an amazing property: it attracts everything to itself. But the Moon hangs in the sky and for some reason does not fall to the Earth. Why? Let's try to find the answer to this question.

Purpose of the study: find out why the moon does not fall to the earth.

Research objectives:

1. Study various sources on this issue (encyclopedias, the Internet), visit the planetarium of the Kemerovo State University.

2. Find out how the Moon was formed, how the Moon affects the Earth, what links the Moon to the Earth.

3. Conduct a study and, based on the data obtained, find out why the Moon does not fall to the Earth.

Research hypothesis: it is likely that the moon will fall if it approaches the earth. But maybe there is something that keeps the moon at a distance from the earth, so the moon does not fall to the earth.

Chapter 1

1.1 Study of sources

Before we look for the answer to the question “What is, in fact, the Moon?” Let's conduct a small survey among adults (5 people) and children (5 people), and find out how deep their knowledge in this area is.

2 people - right;

3 people - wrong.

4 people - right;

1 person - wrong.

Citizens of which country first landed on the moon? (Americans)

0person - right;

5 people - wrong.

5 people - right;

0person - wrong.

What was the name of the self-propelled vehicle that traveled on the surface of the moon? ("Lunokhod")

3 people - right;

2 people - wrong.

5 people - right;

0person - wrong.

We know that the Earth is a magnet. Why doesn't the Moon, the Earth's satellite, fall to the Earth? (It revolves around the earth

1 person - right;

4 people - wrong.

4 people - right;

1 person - wrong.

Where did the craters on the moon come from? (from collisions with meteorites)

2 people - right;

3 people - wrong.

5 people - right;

0person - wrong.

After conducting a survey, we found out that adults can answer questions about the moon, but children cannot. So we continued our research.

The word "moon" means "bright". In ancient times, people considered the moon to be the goddess - the patroness of the night.

The Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth. The second brightest object in the earth's sky after the Sun.Today, astronomers using modern laser-beam instruments can determine the distance between the Earth and the Moon to within a few centimetres.The Moon is at a distance of 384,400 km from the Earth. Traveling there on foot would take nine years!By car, we would need to go to the moon without stopping for more than six months.

The lunar globe is much smaller than the earth: in diameter - almost 4 times, and in volume - 49 times. From the substance of the globe, 81 balls can be made, each of which would weigh as much as the moon.

We can always see only one side of the moon. A sort of "small" disk, the diameter of which is 3480 km. Approximately half the area of ​​all of Russia.The period of rotation of the Moon around its axis coincides with the period of revolution of the Earth, which is 28 and a half days, so the Moon always faces the Earth with one side.

The moon revolves around the Earth not strictly in a circle, but in a flattened circle - an ellipse. And when the moon gets as close as possible, the distance between the earth and the moon shrinks356,400 kilometers. This minimum approach of the Moon to the Earth is calledperigee . The maximum distance is calledapogee and equals whole406,700 kilometers.

There is no atmosphere, so humans cannot breathe on the Moon. Surface temperature from -169 °C to +122 °C.

Gray spots on the moon in the old days were considered seas. It is now known that there is not a drop of water on the Moon, and there is no air shell - the atmosphere. The lunar "seas" are deep depressions covered with gray volcanic rocks. Some of the lunar craters were formed when iron or stone bodies - meteorites - fell on the Moon from interplanetary space. The bright parts of the Moon are its mountainous regions.

American astronauts have landed on the moon. Our lunar rovers controlled from Earth also told a lot of interesting things about it. Machine guns and astronauts delivered lunar soil to Earth. The moon is very small, and therefore the force of gravity on it is also small. Astronauts on the Moon weighed about 1/6 of their usual weight on Earth.

Moon 4.5 billion years - about the same as the Earth. It was formed as a result of the collision of the Earth with one of the small planets. The planet was destroyed, and the Moon was formed from its fragments and began to gradually move away from the Earth. The distance between it and the Earth is increasing at about the same rate as fingernails grow.

As the Moon revolves around the Earth, the force of gravity acts on our seas. This attraction causes ebb and flow.

1.2 Observations of the Moon.

Let's watch the moon, and we will see that its appearance changes every day. First, a narrow crescent, then the Moon grows fat and after a few days becomes round. After a few more days, the full moon gradually becomes smaller and smaller and again becomes like a sickle. The crescent moon is often called the month. If the sickle is turned with a bulge to the left, like the letter "C", then the Moon is said to be "aging". After 14 days and 19 hours after the full moon, the old month will disappear completely. The moon is not visible. This phase of the moon is called the "new moon". Then gradually the Moon, from a narrow crescent turned to the right (if you mentally draw a straight line through the ends of the crescent, you get the letter "P", i.e. the month "grows"), turns again into the full Moon. Sometimes during the new moon, the moon obscures the sun. At such moments, a solar eclipse occurs. If the Earth casts a shadow on the Moon during a full moon, then a lunar eclipse occurs. For the Moon to “grow up” again, the same period of time is required: 14 days and 19 hours. Changing the appearance of the moon, i.e. the change of lunar phases, from full moon to full moon (or from new moon to new moon) occurs every four weeks, more precisely, for 29 and a half days. This is a lunar month. It served as the basis for compiling the calendar. It is possible to calculate in advance when and how the Moon will be visible, when there will be dark nights, and when there will be bright ones. During the full moon, the moon is turned to the Earth with the illuminated side, and during the new moon, it is unlit. The moon is a solid, cold celestial body that does not emit its own light, it shines in the sky only because it reflects the light of the Sun with its surface. Turning around the Earth, the Moon turns to it either as a fully illuminated surface, or as a partially illuminated surface, or as a dark one. That is why the appearance of the Moon is constantly changing during the month.

Chapter 2. Organization and results of the study

Today, astronomers imagine the structure of the solar system as follows: the Sun is located in its center, and the planets circle around it, as if tied. There are eight in total - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune and Uranus. Why, after all, the planets run around the Sun, as if tied? They are indeed tied, only this connection is invisible. Isaac Newton formulated a very important law - the law of universal gravitation. He proved that all the bodies of the Universe - the Sun, the planets with their satellites, individual stars and star systems - are attracted to each other. The strength of this attraction depends on the size of the celestial bodies and on the distances between them. The smaller the distance, the stronger the attraction. The greater the distance, the weaker the attraction. Let's do some experiments.

Experience 1. Let's try to jump in place. What came of it? That's right, we flew up a few centimeters and sank back to the ground. Why don't we jump up and fly high into the sky, and then into space? Yes, because we are also tied to our planet by the same force of attraction.

Experience 2. Let's take the ball. It does not fly anywhere, it is at rest, in our hand. We are standing on the floor. We release the ball from our hands, it falls to the floor.

Experience 3. We pick up a paper sheet, throw it up, but it also smoothly falls to the floor.

We observe the earth's gravity in nature. We see snow, raindrops fall on the ground. Even icicles do not grow up, but down to the ground.

Conclusion. The earth holds on its surface everything that is on it with a really powerful attraction. It holds not only us and everything living on Earth, but also all objects, stones, rocks, sands, water of the oceans, seas and rivers, the atmosphere surrounding the Earth.

Then why doesn't the moon fall to the earth?

To begin with, we conducted a survey among the children and their parents on the website "Kemdetki". The question was asked: "Why do you think the Moon does not fall to the Earth?" Here are some of the answers:

1. Dasha, 7 years old: "Because there is air in the sky, and he holds the moon."

2. Anya, 7 years old: “Because there is no gravity in zero gravity, it’s a planet!”

3. Olya, 9 years old: “Because the Moon revolves around the Earth in its orbit and cannot leave it.”

4. Matvey, 5 years old: “The moon is a satellite of the Earth. And in the Earth there is a core-magnet and it attracts.

5. Olya, 5 years old: "Holding on to the air."

6. Alice, 7 years old: “Because her sky is holding her and she cannot push off ...”.

7. Roma, 6 years old: "Because she stuck to the night ...".

8. Masha, 6 years old: “Where does she fall here? We don't have enough space here."

Having studied articles in encyclopedias and the Internet, they found out that the Moon would instantly fall to the Earth if it were stationary. But the Moon does not stand still, it revolves around the Earth. During rotation, a force is formed, which scientists call centripetal, that is, tending to the center, and centrifugal, running away from the center. We can verify this for ourselves by conducting a series of simple experiments.

Experience 1. Tie a thread to a regular felt-tip penand start spinning it.A felt-tip pen on a thread will literally break out of our hand, but the thread will not let go. A centrifugal force acts on the felt-tip pen, trying to throw it away from the center of rotation. So onThe centrifugal force acts on the moon, which does not allow it to fall to the Earth. Instead, it moves around the Earth in a constant path. If we rotate the felt-tip pen very strongly, the thread will break, and if we rotate it slowly, the felt-tip pen will fall. Therefore, if the Moon moved even faster, then it would overcome the attraction of the Earth and fly away into space, if the Moon moved more slowly, gravity would attract it to the Earth.

F1 - centrifugal force (running from the center)

F2- centripetal force (seeking the center)

Experience 2. Let's take dad's hands, as in a round dance. Without letting go of his hands, let's start running around dad, looking at his face, and let dad turn after us. Dad is, and we will be the moon. If you spin really, really fast, you can even fly without touching the floor with your feet. And so that we do not fly away to the wall, dad will have to hold us very tightly. It's the same in heaven. The hands of the father - the Earth strongly grabbed the Moon and do not let her go.

Experience 3. You can also give an example with the attraction "Carousel", which is located in the City Garden of Kemerovo. The rotation speed of the Carousel is specially calculated, and if the centrifugal force were less than the chain tension, otherwise it would end in disaster.

Experience 4. A washing machine - an automatic machine will also be an example. The linen that is washed in it is attracted to the walls of its drum, when it moves with acceleration, the linen is spun out, and falls only when the drum stops.

Conclusion. So is the Moon. If it did not revolve around the Earth, then, for sure, it would fall on it. But centrifugal forces do not allow her to do this. And the Moon cannot escape either - the Earth's gravitational force keeps it in orbit.

Conclusion

So, having studied the literature on this issue and visiting the planetarium of the Kemerovo State University, we found out:

That the Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth.Moon 4.5 billion years - about the same as the Earth.

With the help of observations, we have noticed that the appearance of the moon changes every day. Such changes in the shape of the moon are calledphases.

We also concluded that the Moon is held by the Earth by the force of attraction between the bodies. The force that keeps the moon from "running away" as it rotates isEarth's gravity (centripetal) . And the force that prevents the moon from falling to the Earth -is the centrifugal force , which occurs when the moon rotates around the earth. If the Moon moved faster, then it would overcome the attraction of the Earth and fly away into space, if the Moon moved more slowly, the force of gravity would attract it to the Earth.Rotating around the Earth, the Moon moves in orbit at a speed of 1 km / s, that is, slowly enough not to leave its orbit and "fly away" into space, but also fast enough not to fall to Earth.

Literature and Internet resources

New school encyclopedia "Heavenly bodies", M., Rosmen, 2005.

"Why" Children's Encyclopedia, M., Rosmen, 2005

"Why doesn't the moon fall to Earth?" Zigunenko S.N., Why books, 2015

Rancini. J. “Space. Supernova Atlas of the Universe”, M.: Eksmo, 2006.

- "Kids!" site for parents of the Kemerovo region.

Wikipedia

Website for children. Why"

Website "Astronomy and laws of space"

"How simple!"

According to Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, all material objects are attracted to each other, with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Well, don't think too hard. I know how you don't like to do it. Next, I will explain everything in detail! So, keep in mind that when you bounce, the Earth pulls you back, the same thing happens with the Earth, you also pull it towards you. But this is not noticeable, because your mass is negligible compared to the mass of the earth!
Now let's remove everything: air, the Sun, satellites, other systems and objects of the universe. Let's leave only the experimental Moon and Earth!


Do you think that in such an ideal system, the Moon will collide with the Earth?
Well, in principle, this is how it should happen, based on the above law, the Earth must attract the Moon to itself, the Moon must attract the Earth to itself, and they will unite into one thing! But this is not happening! Something is interfering! Now let's add me to our system! Well, for clarity, let's give me a stone in my hand! (that's how it should be)


Notice that I am already on the Earth, I was pulled in and I can’t unhook from it! And the stone in my hand is still reaching for the Earth, but I don't let it get pulled... I gloat over the Earth.
So experiment:
I launch the stone with all my might along the surface of the Earth!


He flies some distance and would fly away, with joy, to another solar system, if the insidious Earth did not begin to attract him. He could not resist this law of universal gravitation. From which Newton suffered. Surely the apple gave him a good bump! So that he...
Now I launch this stone with even greater force ... Well, in short, with all the force I fired!


He circled almost more than half of the Earth. But still, the Earth turned out to be stronger and still pulled him!
And what do you think...
I will not rest on this, now I launched the stone at a speed of almost 8000 m / s.
A stone flies to itself and thinks: "Finally, I am moving away from this hefty planet ... Or not? ... AAAAAAAAA She again attracts me to her ...!"


Before I had time to look back, my stone flies at the back of my head ... And if I duck down? ... Obviously, it will fly further on the next round!
It remains only to give the stone a second cosmic one and we will see ...


... As a stone will leave the orbit and possibly the solar system, if no one else, of course, attracts it!
That's it!
The sun is here and nothing to do with it! And the Moon is the same stone, and if you slow it down, it will certainly fall to the Earth!

Looking at the Moon, many children wonder: how does it stay in its place and why does it not fall to the Earth? The question is quite logical, because the artificial satellites that people launch really fall, but the natural satellite of our planet has a simple secret.

What prevents the moon from falling on us

The force of gravity acts on the Moon - the gravitational field of the Earth. Because of the same force, we do not float in weightlessness, but walk on the ground. Gravity could pull the Moon towards it, but it doesn't because it orbits the Earth. In the process of such movement, another force arises - centrifugal, which repels the night star from our planet.

Think of the amusement park rides that go in circles. Can you move to the center of the carousel while it is spinning? It won’t work: you will be very strongly repelled from it, as if someone is pressing on your chest or you are being blown away by a powerful wind. The same thing happens to the Moon as it moves around the Earth.

What happens if you push the ball in two opposite directions at the same time? He will stay put. In the same way, the balance of forces that attract and repel the Moon allows it to stay on its path for millions of years, along which it runs around the planet.

Why doesn't the moon fall into the sun

The Moon is the closest satellite to the Sun, and the main star of our galaxy also has a powerful force that can attract it - this is the Sun's magnetic field. It is several times stronger (compared to the Earth's field) pulls the Moon towards itself.

But the moon will not fall on this burning ball for the same reason. It revolves not only around the Earth: together with the Earth, the satellite moves around the Sun, and centrifugal force arises between them. It pushes the Moon away from the Sun and compensates for its attraction.

Because of this, other planets of our solar system and their satellites will not fall on the Sun - they also rotate, and therefore they are simultaneously attracted and repelled. If the movement stopped, they could fall, but for billions of years this cosmic mechanism has been working without failure.

Why are human-made satellites falling to Earth?

The small "moons" that are launched into space by human hands must revolve around the Earth at a certain speed and at a certain distance in order to stay in their orbit. If the speed is greater, they will be torn out of the gravitational field and carried into the Universe, and if less, they will deorbit and fall.

In space, there are many factors that can slow down a satellite: substances from the Earth's atmosphere, which are found even at high altitude, the solar wind - particles that the Sun releases into space, the gravity of the Earth and other celestial bodies in our galaxy. In addition, when creating satellites, scientists sometimes make mistakes and honestly admit that they do not know why their spacecraft fall.

But be that as it may, with satellites created by man, you can be sure in the Moon: it will definitely not fall to Earth.