Here all the orders were lined up and the debtors were put on the right, who were beaten with batogs or whips until the priest offered gifts at the Mass and the bell rang. Here all the petitions of the guardsmen were signed and sent to the zemstvo, and what was signed here was just right and by virtue of the decree in the zemstvo they did not contradict it. Thus […].

Outside, servants (Jungen) of princes and boyars kept their horses: when Grand Duke went to the zemshchina, then [on horseback] they could only follow him outside the courtyard (auswendigk).

Through the eastern gate, the princes and boyars could not follow the Grand Duke - neither into the courtyard, nor from the courtyard: [these gates were] exclusively for the Grand Duke, his horses and sleighs.

That's how far the buildings stretched to the south. Next was a gate, clogged with nails from the inside. There was no gate on the western side; [there was] a large square, not built up with anything.

In the north there were (ob.) large gates, upholstered with iron strips covered with tin. Here were all the kitchens, cellars, bread and soap. Above the cellars, where different varieties of honey were stored, and in some there was ice, large sheds (Gemecher) were built on top with stone supports made of boards, about

transparently cut in the form of foliage. They hung all kinds of game and fish, which came mainly from the Caspian Sea, such as beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon and sterlet (pelugo, averra, ceurina und scorleti). There was a gate here so that food and drink could be delivered from the kitchen, cellars and bread to the right [grand prince's] courtyard. The bread that he [the Grand Duke] eats himself is unsalted.

There were two staircases [porches] (Tgerrep); on them it was possible to rise to the big chamber. One of them was against the east gate. In front of them was a small platform, similar to a quadrangular table: the Grand Duke ascends it to sit on a horse or dismount from it. These stairs were supported by two pillars, and the roof and rafters rested on them. The pillars and vault were decorated with carved foliage.

The passage went around all the chambers and up to the very walls. With this passage, the Grand Duke could pass from the chambers (33) along the walls to the church, which stood outside the fence in front of the courtyard in the east. This church was built in the form of a cruciform and its foundation went inland on 8 oak piles; for three years she stood uncovered. This church had bells that the Grand Duke looted and took away in Veliky Novgorod.

Another staircase [-porch] was right hand from the east gate.

Under these two stairs and passages, 500 archers kept guard; [they also carried] and all the night guards in the chambers or chamber, where the Grand Duke usually ate. The south side was guarded by princes and boyars at night.

All these buildings were from a beautiful spruce forest; it was cut down in the so-called Klein forest, near which lies the settlement of the same name and pits - 18 miles from Moscow along high road to Tver and Veliky Novgorod.

Chamber masters or carpenters for these beautiful buildings use only an ax, a chisel, a scraper and one tool in the form of a curved iron knife inserted into the handle.

(about.). When the Tatar king Devlet-Girey ordered the settlements and suburban (auswendige) monasteries to be set on fire, and one monastery [really] was set on fire, then the bell was struck three times, again and again ... - until the fire approached this strong courtyard and church. From here the fire spread to the whole

the city of Moscow and the Kremlin. The bells stopped ringing. All the bells of this church melted and flowed into the ground. No one could escape this fire. The lions that were under the walls in the pit were found dead at the market. After the fire, nothing remained in the city (in alien Regimenten und Ringkmauren) - neither a cat nor a dog.

So the wishes of the zemstvos and the threat of the Grand Duke came true. The zemstvos wanted this courtyard to burn down, and the Grand Duke threatened the zemstvos that he would set them on fire so that they would not be able to put it out. The Grand Duke expected that he would continue to play with the Zemstvo (mit den Semsken spielen) just as he had begun. He wanted to eradicate the lies of the rulers and clerks (der Regenten und Befehlichshaber) of the country, and those who did not serve his ancestors faithfully should not have remained in the country (34) [neither] clan, [nor tribe]. He wanted to arrange it so that the new rulers, whom he would plant, would be judged by the judges without gifts, dachas and offerings. The zemstvo gentlemen (die Semsken Herren) decided to oppose and prevent this and wished that the court would burn down, that the oprichnina would come to an end, and the Grand Duke would rule according to their will and wishes. Then the Almighty God sent this punishment (Mittel), which happened through the mediation of the Crimean king, Devlet Giray.

With this came the end of the oprichnina (darmit nam Aprisnay ein Ende) and no one dared to commemorate the oprichnina under the following threat: [the guilty] was stripped to the waist and beaten with a whip at the auction. “The guardsmen had to return their estates to the zemstvos. And all the Zemstvos who [only] remained alive received their estates, robbed and devastated by the guardsmen.

The next year, after Moscow was burned, the Crimean tsar again came to sack (einzunehmen] the Russian land (rev.); The military people of the Grand Duke met him on the Oka, 70 miles away or in Russian in the "bottom" (Tagereise) from Moscow.

The eye was fortified for more than 50 miles along the coast: two palisades 4 feet high were packed one against the other, one from the other at a distance of 2 feet, and this distance between them was filled with earth dug out behind the rear palisade. These palisades were built by people (Knechten) of princes and boyars from their estates. The shooters could thus take cover behind both palisades or trenches and shoot [because of them] at the Tatars when they crossed the river.

On this river and behind these fortifications, the Russians hoped to resist the Crimean tsar. However, they did not succeed.

The Crimean Tsar held out against us on the other side of the Oka. The main commander of the Crimean king, Divey-Murza, with a large detachment crossed far from us across the river, so that all the fortifications were in vain. He approached us from the rear from Serpukhov.

Then the fun began (erhup sich das Spill). And it lasted 14 days and nights. (35) One governor after another constantly fought with the khan's people. If the Russians did not have a walk-city (Wagenborgk)1, then the Crimean tsar would have beaten us, would have captured us bound, would have taken everyone to the Crimea, and the Russian land would have been his land.

We captured the chief commander of the Crimean Tsar Divey-Murza and Khaz-bulat. But no one knew their language. We [thought] it was some petty Murza. The next day, a Tatar, a former servant of Divey-Murza, was taken prisoner. He was asked - how long will the [Crimean] tsar stand? The Tatar answered: “Why are you asking me about this! Ask my master Divey-Murza, whom you captured yesterday." Then everyone was ordered to bring their Polonians. The Tatar pointed to Divey-Murza and said: "Here he is - Divey-Murza!" When they asked Divey-Murza: "Are you Divey-Muraa?", he answered: "No! I'm a small Murza!" And soon Divey-Murza boldly and impudently said to Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky and all the governors: “Oh, you peasants! How dare you, miserable ones, to compete with your master, the Crimean (v.) Tsar!" To this, Divey-Murza objected: “If the Crimean tsar had been taken captive instead of me, I would have released him, and [you], peasants, would have driven all the captives. Kami to the Crimea!" The governors asked: "How would you do it?". Divey-Murza answered: “I would starve you out in your walk-city in 5-6 days.” For he knew well that the Russians beat and ate their horses, on which they should ride against the enemy. The Russians lost heart then.

Busy with the war in the West, the tsar tried with all his might to get along with the Crimea. Polish king for a long time he had incited Khan Devlet-Girey to attack Russian Ukraine, and the tsar, in turn, tried in every possible way to appease him, wrote him friendly letters, called Devlet-Girey “his brother”, sent him “commemoration”, that is, gifts, between other things, expensive clothes from his shoulder, precious vessels, and he wrote: “In which we swore an oath (in friendship) to you, our brother, and we sent that dress from our shoulders to you, our brother, and you would, brother ours, then the dress and wore it to health; and from which we drank the charm, and we sent that charm with a scoop to you, and you would drink from it to your health. But nothing helped. Accepting generous gifts from the king, Devlet-Girey, referring to them, only bargained for himself even more handouts from the king. Moreover, the Turkish sultan set out to take Astrakhan and Kazan from Moscow at all costs and ordered his assistant, the Crimean Khan, to set out on a campaign against Astrakhan (1569). The Turkish detachment (17,000 people) and the Crimean horde Devlet Giray (50,000 people) moved to the Volga; but this campaign did not succeed at all. The Turkish army did not want to stay for the winter near Astrakhan and endure shortcomings in everything, they were worried, and when the news reached the Turks that a strong Russian army had come to Astrakhan, they completely went out of obedience and fled without any fight ...

At a time when the fierce executions after the Novgorod pogrom were still fresh in the memory of the people in Moscow, when famine and pestilence were already raging in full force, a new disaster suddenly struck the Russian land.

Even after the unsuccessful Turkish-Tatar campaign, Devlet-Girey continued to demand from the tsar the concession of Astrakhan and Kazan. Obviously, this was only a pretext for an attack. The whole summer of 1570 passed in anxious anticipation of the Crimean raid: Russian scouts saw huge clouds of dust in the steppes, traces of numerous cavalry, but the Tatars appeared everywhere only in small gangs. The tsar and his commanders had already been there and calmed down, thinking that the Tatars were not up to a big deal.

The spring of 1571 came. Tatars suddenly appeared in the southern Russian borders. Devlet Giray gathered all the small hordes subordinate to him, more than a hundred thousand people, and suddenly invaded southern Ukraine. No Cossack villages and Ukrainian fortresses could hold back the pressure of such a horde. There were Russian traitors who told Devlet Giray that famine, pestilence and cruel executions so devastated the Russian land that the tsar was not able to lead a large army into the field. The traitors vouched with their heads that they would lead the Tatars to Moscow itself so that there would be no meeting with the Russian army all the way.

The hastily assembled Russian army set out on the Oka to meet the Tatars. Ivan the Terrible with guardsmen arrived in Serpukhov. But Devlet-Giray, at the direction of the traitors, secretly from the Russians, the governor crossed the Oka and was already on his way to Moscow. The tsar with his guardsmen, cut off from the main army, had to seek salvation and hastily retreated first to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, and from there to Rostov. The Russian army hurried to the rescue of the capital, managed to stand near Moscow the day before Devlet Giray and settled down on the outskirts of the city, instead of meeting the enemy in an open field. This was a fatal mistake.

On May 24, on the Ascension Day, the khan approached Moscow. The morning was clear and calm. Devlet Giray ordered the suburbs to be set on fire. Russian army they were already preparing cheerfully for a mortal battle, when a fire suddenly broke out in many places at once. Wooden houses blazed, first on the outskirts of the suburbs. Fire quickly ran from roof to roof over the crowded wooden buildings and devoured dry wood with a crash. Clouds of smoke swirled over Moscow. A whirlwind arose, and soon a sea of ​​fire spread throughout the city! ..

There was no point in putting out a continuous fire. They also forgot about the Tatars. The inhabitants of Moscow, the crowds of people who fled here from the Tatars from all the surrounding places, the soldiers - all mixed up, crowded the streets, all with cries of horror sought salvation and died in thousands ... Eyewitnesses say that on other streets and especially at the gates, the most remote from the enemy, huge crowds of people huddled together; they interrupted each other's road, walked over the heads of the shy crowd, the upper ones crushed the lower ones, the rear ones crushed the front ones. In a few hours, all of Moscow burned to the ground. Only the Kremlin survived thanks to its high stone walls. Several hundred thousand inhabitants died during the terrible fire of Moscow arranged by Devlet-Girey, the like of which, due to terrible consequences, has never happened before or since ... The bodies blocked the Moscow River so that later people had to be put on purpose - to lower the corpses down the river. “Whoever saw this terrible sight,” writes one foreign eyewitness, “he always remembers it with new trepidation and prays to God not to see anything like this again.” This fire struck with fear even the Tatars themselves. In the midst of almost continuous fire, they had no time for robbery. Devlet Giray ordered his horde to retreat to the village of Kolomenskoye; he did not besiege the Kremlin, but, having captured a huge number of prisoners, they say, more than a hundred thousand, he moved back, ruining and plundering everything on the way ...

He sent an arrogant letter to the king.

“I burn and waste everything,” wrote Devlet-Girey, “for Kazan and Astrakhan, and I apply the wealth of the whole world to dust ... I came to you, I burned your city, I wanted your crown and head, but you did not stand against us, and you also boast that you are the Sovereign of Moscow! .. If you want to be friends with us, then give us the yurts of Astrakhan and Kazan ... Although you want to give us world wealth instead of them, it’s not necessary! .. And I saw and recognized the states of your road ".

No matter how hard it was for the proud king, this time he had to put up with it. In a letter of reply, he even agreed to cede Astrakhan to Devlet-Girey, “only now,” he added, “this business cannot soon become: we must have your ambassadors for it, and it is impossible to make such a great cause messengers; until then you would have granted, given a term and did not fight our land.

But Devlet-Girey, relying too much on his own success, was not content with the promised concession to Astrakhan, and demanded Kazan as well. In the summer of 1572, he again rose with his entire horde to Moscow, crossed the Oka with the same forces as the first time. But near Molody, on the banks of the Lopasnya, his governor, Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky, with a large Russian army, overtook him and defeated the Tatars in several heated battles. Devlet Giray fled.

Now Ivan the Terrible spoke to him in a different language. Concession to Astrakhan, of course, was out of the question. Having reconciled with the khan and sending him, as usual, gifts, this time the most insignificant, the tsar laughs at the boasting of the khan's letter. “I sent you a light commemoration,” he writes to Devlet-Giray, “I didn’t send a good commemoration: you wrote that you don’t need money, that wealth is equal to dust for you!”

Everyone who lived outside [the city] in the surrounding settlements - all fled and took refuge in one place: the clergy from the monasteries and the laity, guardsmen and zemstvos.

The next day he set fire to the earthen city - the entire suburb; it also had many monasteries and churches.

In six hours, the city, and the Kremlin, and the oprichny courtyard, and settlements burned out completely.

There was such a great misfortune that no one could escape it!

Not even 300 combat-ready people remained alive. The bells at the temple and the bell tower on which they hung [fell], and all those who decided to take refuge here were crushed by stones. The temple, along with decorations and icons, was burned from the outside and from the inside by fire; bell towers too. And only the walls remained, broken and fragmented. The bells hanging from the bell tower in the middle of the Kremlin fell to the ground and some were broken. The big bell fell and cracked. In the oprichny courtyard, the bells fell and crashed into the ground. Also all [other] bells that hung in the city and outside it on wooden [belf towers], churches and monasteries. The towers or citadels where the potion lay exploded from the fire - with those who were in the cellars; many Tatars suffocated in the smoke, who plundered monasteries and churches outside the Kremlin, in the oprichnina and zemshchina.

In a word, the misfortune that befell Moscow at that time was such that not a single person in the world could have imagined it.

The Tatar Khan ordered to set fire to all the bread that was still not threshed in the villages of the Grand Duke.

The Tatar king Devlet-Girey turned back to the Crimea with a lot of money and goods and a lot of polonyaniki and laid the whole Ryazan land in the desert with the Grand Duke.

When the Tatar king Devlet-Girey ordered the settlements and suburban monasteries to be set on fire, and one monastery [really] was set on fire, then the bell was struck three times, again and again ... - until the fire approached this strong courtyard and church. From here, the fire spread to the entire city of Moscow and the Kremlin. The bells stopped ringing. All the bells of this church melted and flowed into the ground. No one could escape this fire. The lions that were under the walls in the pit were found dead at the market. After the fire, there was nothing left in the city - neither cats nor dogs.

So the wishes of the zemstvos and the threat of the Grand Duke came true. The zemstvos wanted this courtyard to burn down, and the Grand Duke threatened the zemstvos that he would set them on fire so that they would not be able to put it out. The Grand Duke expected that he would continue to play with the Zemstvo in the same way as he had begun. He wanted to eradicate the untruth of the rulers and clerks of the country, and those who did not serve his ancestors faithfully should not have remained in the country [neither] clan, [nor tribe]. He wanted to arrange it so that the new rulers, whom he would plant, would be judged by the judges without gifts, dachas and offerings. The zemstvo gentlemen decided to oppose and prevent this and wished that the court would burn down, that the oprichnina would come to an end, and the Grand Duke would rule according to their will and wishes. Then the almighty God sent this punishment, which happened through the Crimean king Devlet Giray.<…>

The next year, after Moscow was burned, the Crimean tsar again came to fill the Russian land. The military people of the Grand Duke met him on the Oka, 70 versts or in Russian in the "bottom" from Moscow.

The eye was fortified for more than 50 miles along the coast: two palisades 4 feet high were packed one against the other, one from the other at a distance of 2 feet, and this distance between them was filled with earth dug out behind the rear palisade. These palisades were built by the people of princes and boyars from their estates. The shooters could thus take cover behind both palisades or trenches and shoot [because of them] at the Tatars when they crossed the river.

On this river and behind these fortifications, the Russians hoped to resist the Crimean tsar. However, they did not succeed.

The Crimean Tsar held out against us on the other side of the Oka. The main commander of the Crimean king Divey-Murza with a large detachment crossed far from us across the river, so that all the fortifications were in vain. He approached us from the rear from Serpukhov.

Here comes the fun. And it lasted 14 days and nights. One governor after another constantly fought with the khan's people. If the Russians didn’t have a walk-city, then the Crimean tsar would beat us, take us prisoner and take everyone bound to the Crimea, and the Russian land would be his land.

We captured the chief commander of the Crimean king Divey-Murza and Khazbulat. But no one knew their language. We [thought] it was some petty Murza. The next day, a Tatar, a former servant of Divey-Murza, was taken prisoner. He was asked - how long will the [Crimean] king stand? The Tatar answered: “Why are you asking me about this! Ask my master Divey-Murza, whom you captured yesterday.” Then everyone was ordered to bring their Polonians. The Tatar pointed to Divey-Murza and said: "Here he is - Divey-Murza!" When they asked Divey-Murza: "Are you Divey-Murza?", he answered: "No! I'm a small Murza! And soon Divey-Murza boldly and impudently said to Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky and all the governors: “Oh, you peasants! How dare you, miserable ones, to compete with your master, with the Crimean Tsar!” They answered: "You [yourself] are in captivity, and you are still threatening." To this, Divey-Murza objected: “If the Crimean tsar had been taken into captivity instead of me, I would have released him, and [you], peasants, would have driven everyone to the Crimea!” The governors asked: "How would you do it?" Divey-Murza answered: "I would starve you out in your walk-city in five or six days." For he knew well that the Russians beat and ate their horses, on which they must ride against the enemy. The Russians lost heart then.

Exercise 1.

What judgments about this postal block are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered. Record in a table numbers under which they are listed.

1. The monument of Russian foundry art, presented in the lower right corner of the post block, was created in the 17th century.
2. The postal block was issued to commemorate an event that took place during the period when the capital Russian state was Moscow.
3. The postal block depicts a temple – place of coronation of Russian tsars
   and emperors.
4. All architectural structures presented on the post block were built under the same ruler
5. In the lower left corner of the post block there is a monument of Russian foundry art, created by master Andrey Chokhov

What monuments were erected in the city to which this post block is dedicated? Write in your answer two digits under which these monuments are indicated.

Task 2.

From the memoirs of a foreign diplomat

“The whole country, now under the rule of one sovereign, includes the following main principalities, or regions: Vladimir (which takes first place in the title of kings, because their house comes from the princes of this region), Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Novgorod the Great and others. These are the indigenous regions belonging to Russia, but they are much larger and more extensive than the English counties, although they are less populated. Other areas and lands conquered by the Russian tsars and recently annexed by them to other possessions are the following: Tver, Perm, Vyatka, Chernigov and others with a significant part of Siberia, whose inhabitants, although not native Russians, nevertheless obey the Russian tsar, are governed by the laws of his land
and pay tribute and taxes on a par with his own people. Moreover, the kingdoms of Kazan and Astrakhan, recently conquered, are subject to him. As for all his possessions in Lithuania (of which there are up to 30 significant cities and more) with Narva and Derpt in Livonia, they are completely lost, having been taken away in last years kings of Poland and Sweden.

The royal house in Russia has the nickname Bely. This name (it is supposed) comes from the kings of Hungary, and it seems all the more probable that the kings of Hungary were at one time actually called that.

The main sovereigns of this house, who increased its strength and extended its possessions, were the last three who occupied the throne before the present sovereign took it, namely: Ivan, Vasily and Ivan, the father of the present king. Of these, Vasily, the father of Ivan and the grandfather of the current sovereign, was the first to take the title and the title of tsar, while before they were content with the title of the Grand Dukes of Moscow. In addition to the current sovereign, who has no children, there is only one more member of this house, namely a child of six or seven years old, in whom lies all hope and all the future generation of the royal family. He is kept in a remote place from Moscow under the supervision of his mother.
and relatives from the house of the Naked, but (as you hear) his life is
in danger from the attempts of those who extend their views on the possession of the throne in the event of the childless death of the king.

Name the Russian tsar during whose reign these memoirs were written.

1. Name his predecessor on the throne. Name the possible minor heir mentioned in the text.
2. How does the author explain the fact that the Vladimir principality occupies the first place in the title of kings? What "nickname", according to the author, has royal house in Russia? How does he explain the origin of this name?
3. Indicate the war mentioned in the text with the participation of Poland and Sweden. Indicate any two terms of the contracts concluded as a result of this war

Task 3

From the notes of a foreigner, a contemporary of the events

“The Crimean king Devlet-Girey ordered to set fire to the settlements
and suburban monasteries, from here the fire spread to the entire city of Moscow and the Kremlin. The bells stopped ringing. All the bells melted and flowed into the ground. No one could escape this fire. nothing after the fire
not left in the city.

So the wishes of the zemstvos and the threat of the Grand Duke came true. The zemstvos wanted this court to burn down, and the Grand Duke threatened the zemstvos that
he will make such a fire for them that they will not be able to put it out. The Grand Duke expected that he would continue to play with the Zemstvo in the same way as he had begun. He wanted to eradicate the lies of the rulers and clerks of the country, and those who
did not serve his ancestors faithfully, neither clan nor tribe should have remained in the country. He wanted to arrange it so that the new rulers, whom he would plant, would be judged by the judges without gifts, dachas and offerings. The zemstvo gentlemen decided to oppose and prevent this and wished that the court would burn down, that the oprichnina would come to an end, and the Grand Duke would rule according to their will and wishes. Then the almighty God sent this punishment, which happened through the Crimean king Devlet Giray.

With this, the oprichnina came to an end, and no one dared to commemorate the oprichnina under the following threat: the culprit was stripped to the waist and beaten with a whip
at the auction. Oprichniki were supposed to return their estates to the zemstvos. And all the zemstvos who were still alive received their estates back.

Although the almighty God punished the Russian land so hard and cruelly that no one can describe, nevertheless, the current Grand Duke has achieved that throughout the entire Russian land, throughout his state - one faith, one weight, one measure! He alone rules! Whatever he commands, everything will be fulfilled.
and everything that forbids, indeed remains forbidden. Nobody to him
do not reread: neither the spiritual nor the laity.

1. Indicate the decade in which the described events took place. Name the Grand Duke referred to in the passage. Name the state whose ruler was Devlet Giray mentioned in the text
2. Indicate any two tasks that, in the author's opinion, the Grand Duke tried to solve with the help of the oprichnina policy. Indicate any one consequence of the oprichnina policy, named by the author
3. Please provide the name of the informal advisory body that provided big influence on the policy of the Grand Duke mentioned in the passage
   during the first years of his independent reign. List any two reforms that took place during the existence of this body

Task 4.

From the message of the Russian monarch

“When, by the will of God, with the crusading banner of the entire Orthodox Christian army, for the sake of protecting Orthodox Christians, we moved to Kazan, and defeated Kazan, and returned home unharmed with the whole army, what can I remember about the good done to us by people whom you call martyrs? And here's what: like a prisoner, having put in a ship, they were transported with a small number of people through a godless and unfaithful land! If the hand of the Almighty had not protected me, the humble, I would certainly have lost my life.

When we returned to the reigning city of Moscow, God then gave us an heir - the son of Dmitry; but when, a little while later, I, as happens with people, became very ill, then those whom you call well-wishers,
with priest Sylvester and your boss Alexei Adashev decided that we were already in oblivion and, having forgotten our good deeds, and even more so - our souls
and an oath to our father and to us - not to look for another sovereign, except for our children, they decided to put our distant relative Prince Vladimir on the throne, and they wanted to destroy our baby, like Herod ...

When, by the grace of God, we learned everything and fully comprehended everything, and this plan crumbled to dust, the priest Sylvester and Alexei Adashev, and after that did not stop cruelly oppressing us and giving evil advice, under various pretexts expelled our well-wishers, indulged Prince Vladimir in everything, persecuted with fierce hatred, our queen Anastasia and likened her to all impious queens, but they did not even want to remember about our children.

And after that, the dog and the old traitor, Prince Semyon of Rostov, who was admitted by us to the Duma not for his merits, but by our grace, treacherously betrayed our plans to the Lithuanian ambassadors, Pan Stanislav Dovoina and his comrades, and vilified us, our queen and our children…”

1. Name the author of this document. Indicate the age in which he lived. Name his former associate, whose correspondence is considered an outstanding example of journalism of that era.
2. What accusations does the author make against his associates in this document? List any three accusations.
3. What lengthy war was waged by Russia during the life of the author of this document? Indicate any two outcomes of this war.

Task 5.

What statements about this postage stamp are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1. This stamp depicts the last of the representatives of the Rurik dynasty who were on the throne.
2. This stamp was issued in honor of the 400th anniversary of the accession to the throne of the ruler depicted on the stamp.
3. During the reign of the tsar depicted on the stamp, the red-brick Kremlin was erected in Moscow.
4. The right side of the stamp symbolically reflects the establishment of the patriarchate in Russia.
5. During the reign of the king depicted on the stamp, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was opened.

Which of the structures below was built in the same century as the ruler depicted on this stamp? In your answer, write down the number that indicates this building.

Task 6.

1. Name the city indicated by the number "1" on the diagram.
2. What judgments relating to the historical situation indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

a) The city, indicated on the diagram by the number "2", was founded by Russian explorers.

b) The campaign along the route indicated in the legend of the scheme by the number "5" was headed by Ermak Timofeevich.

c) Intercession Cathedral that was erected on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral)
in Moscow in honor of the successful completion of the campaign, the route of which is indicated in the legend of the scheme by the number "4".

d) The city, indicated on the diagram by the number "3", was annexed
to the Russian state during the reign of the same monarch, during which the campaigns indicated by arrows in the diagram took place.

e) The diagram shows and signs the river, along which in ancient times the trade route passed, connecting Russia with the countries of the Arab East.

f) The diagram shows the city that was the starting point of the trip,
described in "Journey Beyond the Three Seas".

3. The river is marked and signed on the diagram, the name of which has been changed
as a result popular uprising 1773– 1775 Specify modern name rivers.

4. Fill in the gap in the sentence: “The territory indicated by hatching on the diagram became part of the Russian state in the middle of the _____________________ century.” Write the answer in words.

Task 7.

What statements about this coin are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1. The historical figure depicted on the coin died in the campaign to which it is dedicated
2. The campaign, to which the coin is dedicated, was launched under the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty
3. A contemporary of the historical figure depicted on the coin was the Russian pioneer Ivan Fedorov.
4. As a result of the campaign to which the coin is dedicated, Eastern Siberia was annexed to Russia.
5. The campaign to which the coin is dedicated is described in the work of Afanasy Nikitin "Journey Beyond the Three Seas"

What building was erected during the reign of the king, during which the campaign indicated on the coin took place? In your answer, write down the number with which this building is indicated.

Task 8.

From a historical document

“In the twentieth year of his age, seeing the state in great anguish and sorrow from the violence of the strong and from untruths, the king intended to bring all
into love. After consulting with the metropolitan, how to destroy sedition, destroy lies, quench enmity, he ordered to collect his state from cities of all ranks.

When the elect came,<…>on Sunday, he went out with crosses to the Execution Ground and after the prayer service he began to say to the metropolitan: “I beg you, holy master! Be my helper and champion of love. You know yourself that
I stayed after my father four years, after the mother of eight; my relatives did not take care of me, and my strong boyars and nobles did not take care of me
and they were sovereign.

Bowing in all directions<…>continued: “People of God and given to us by God! Now we cannot correct your grievances, ruins and taxes due to my prolonged immaturity, emptiness
and helplessness, due to the unrighteousness of my boyars and authorities, the lack of justice of the unrighteous, covetousness and greed; I beg you, leave each other enmities and hardships, except perhaps for very big cases: in these matters and in new
I myself will be for you, as much as possible, a judge and defense, I will destroy lies and return stolen things.

At this time, the tsar's disposition towards Alexei Fedorovich reached the highest degree: on the very day on which the speech was spoken to the people,<…>granted Alexei Fedorovich and said to him: “Alexey! I took you
from the poorest and most insignificant people. I heard about your good deeds
and now I have sought you beyond your measure for the help of my soul. I instruct you to accept petitions from the poor and offended and analyze them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who stole honors and destroy the poor and weak with their violence; do not look at the false tears of the poor, who slanders the rich, who wants to be right with false tears, but consider everything carefully and bring the truth to us, fearing the judgment of God; choose truthful judges from the boyars and nobles.

1. Name the king whose name is omitted three times in the text. Name his father and mother mentioned in the document.
2. Indicate the surname of the royal entourage, whose elevation is referred to in the document. What reason does the king give for his rise? What appointment (order) does the confidant receive from the king?
3. Name the informal government, which included the approximate one mentioned in the text. Specify any two domestic political reforms carried out by the king under the influence of this government.

Battle of Molodi- a major battle in which Russian troops defeated the army of the Crimean Khan Devlet I Giray, which included, in addition to the Crimean troops themselves, Turkish and Nogai detachments. Despite more than twofold numerical superiority, the 40,000-strong Crimean army was put to flight and almost completely killed. In terms of its significance, the Battle of Molodi is comparable to Kulikovo and other key battles in Russian history. The victory in the battle allowed Russia to maintain its independence and became a turning point in the confrontation between the Muscovite state and the Crimean Khanate, which abandoned its claims to the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates and henceforth lost most of its power.

FIFTY VERSTS FROM MOSCOW

and the king of Crimea came to Moscow, and with him were his 100 thousand and twenty, and his son the prince, and his grandson, and his uncle, and the voivode Divy Murza - and God help our governors of Moscow over the Crimean power of the tsar, Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky and other governors of the Moscow sovereigns, and the Crimean tsar fled from them innocently, not by roads, in a small retinue; and our voivodes of the forces of the Crimean Tsar killed 100 thousand on Rozhai on the rivers, near Resurrection in Molodi, on Lopast, in the Khotinsky district, it was the case of Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky, with the Crimean Tsar and his governors ... and there was a case from Moscow for fifty miles.

Novgorod Chronicle

MEANED MUCH, LITTLE KNOWN

The battle of Molodin in 1572 is an important stage in the history of Russia's struggle with the Crimean Khanate in the 16th century. Russian state occupied at that time by the Livonian War, i.e., the fight against a bloc of European powers (Sweden, Denmark, Polish-Lithuanian state), was forced to simultaneously repel the onslaught of joint Turkish-Tatar attacks. Of the 24 years of the Livonian War, 21 years were marked by attacks Crimean Tatars. Late 60s - early 70s. Crimean raids on Russia intensified sharply. In 1569, on the Turkish initiative, an attempt was made to capture Astrakhan, which ended in complete failure. In 1571, a large Crimean army led by Khan Devlet Giray invaded Russia and burned down Moscow. In the next 1572, Devlet-Giray with a huge army again appeared within Russia. In a number of battles, of which the battle of Molodi was the most decisive and fierce, the Tatars were utterly defeated and put to flight. However, there is still no special study on the Battle of Molodin in 1572, which is partly due to the lack of sources on this issue.

The circle of published sources telling about the battle of Molodi is still very limited. These are brief readings of the Novgorod II chronicle and a brief chronicler of time, published by Acad. M. N. Tikhomirov, bit books - a short edition ("Sovereign category") and an abbreviated edition. In addition, an interesting story was published about the victory over the Crimean Tatars in 1572, which was also used by A. Lyzlov and N. M. Karamzin; G. Staden cites curious data in his notes and autobiography, who in some cases was a witness, in others - a participant in the events of 1572. Finally, S. M. Seredonin published the order of Prince. M. I. Vorotynsky, commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the Battle of Molodin, and the painting of this army, but this publication is extremely unsatisfactory.

Site "Oriental Literature"

PROGRESS OF THE BATTLE

On July 28, forty-five miles from Moscow, near the village of Molodi, Khvorostinin's regiment started a battle with the rearguard of the Tatars, commanded by the sons of the khan with selected cavalry. Devlet Giray sent 12,000 soldiers to help his sons. A large regiment of Russian troops set up a mobile fortress near Molodiy - "walk the city", and entered it. The advanced regiment of Prince Khvorostinin, with difficulty withstanding the attacks of the three times the strongest enemy, retreated to the "walk-city" and with a quick maneuver to the right led his soldiers to the side, bringing the Tatars under the deadly artillery-squeaking fire - "many Tatars were beaten." Devlet Giray, who on July 29 settled down to rest in a swampy area seven kilometers north of the Pakhra River near Podolsk, was forced to stop the attack on Moscow and, fearing a stab in the back, “because he was afraid, he didn’t go to Moscow that the sovereign boyars and governors were following him "- returned back, intending to defeat Vorotynsky's army - "nothing will prevent us from fearlessly hunting over Moscow and over the cities." Both sides were preparing for battle - "they were poisoned with the Crimean people, but there was no rented battle."

On July 30, near Molodi, between Podolsk and Serpukhov, a five-day battle began. The Muscovite state, practically crushed by the power of the tsar, who was in Novgorod and had already written a letter to Devlet Girey with a proposal to give him both Kazan and Astrakhan, in case of defeat, could again lose its independence, won in a hard struggle.

A large regiment was in the "walking city", set on a hill surrounded by dug ditches. Three thousand archers with squeakers stood at the foot of the hill beyond the river Rozhai. The rest of the troops covered the flanks and rear. Having gone on the assault, several tens of thousands of Tatars knocked out the archers, but could not capture the "walk-city", suffered heavy losses and were repulsed. On July 31, the entire army of Devlet Giray stormed the “walk-city”. The fierce assault lasted the whole day, during the assault the leader of the Nogais, Tereberdey-Murza, was killed. All Russian troops took part in the battle, except for the regiment of the left hand, which especially guarded the "walk-city". “And on that day there were many battles, from the wallpaper came many, and the water was mixed with blood. And in the evening, the regiments dispersed into the convoy, and the Tatars to their camps.

On August 1, the Tatars led the assault on Devey-Murza himself - “I’ll take a Russian convoy: and as a terrifying one, they’ll tremble, and we’ll beat them.” After several unsuccessful attacks and vainly trying to break into the “walk-city” - “climbed onto the convoy many times in order to break it,” Divey-Murza with a small retinue went on reconnaissance in order to identify the weakest points of the Russian mobile fortress. The Russians made a sortie, near Divey, who began to leave, the horse stumbled and fell, and the second person after the khan in the Tatar army was taken prisoner by Temir-Ivan Shibaev, the son of Alalykin, from Suzdal - “the argamak stumbled under him, and he did not sit. And then they took it from the Argamaks dressed in armor. The Tatar attack became weaker than before, and the Russian people became braver and, climbing out, fought and killed many Tatars in that battle. The storm has stopped.

On this day, Russian troops captured many prisoners. Among them was the Tatar prince Shirinbak. When asked about the future plans of the Crimean Khan, he replied: “I am a prince, but I don’t know the thoughts of the king; now you have all the thought of de Tsareva: you took Divey-Murza, he was an industrialist in everything. Divey, who said simple warrior, was identified. Heinrich Staden later wrote: “We captured the chief commander of the Crimean king Divey-Murza and Khazbulat. But no one knew their language. We thought it was some small Murza. The next day, a Tatar, a former servant of Divey-Murza, was taken prisoner. He was asked - how long will the Crimean tsar stand? The Tatar answered: “Why are you asking me about this! Ask my master Divey-Murza, whom you captured yesterday.” Then everyone was ordered to bring their Polonians. The Tatar pointed to Divey-Murza and said: "Here he is - Divey-Murza!" When they asked Divey-Murza: “Are you Divey-Murza?”, He answered: “No, I am not a great Murza!” And soon Divey-Murza boldly and impudently said to Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky and all the governors: “Oh, you peasants! How dare you, miserable ones, to compete with your master, with the Crimean Tsar!” They answered: "You yourself are in captivity, and you are still threatening." To this, Divey-Murza objected: “If the Crimean tsar had been taken into captivity instead of me, I would have released him, and I would have driven all of you, peasants, into the Crimea!” The governors asked: "How would you do it?" Divey-Murza answered: "I would starve you out in your walk-city in 5-6 days." For he knew well that the Russians beat and ate their horses, on which they must ride against the enemy. Indeed, the defenders of the "walk-city" all this time had almost no water or provisions.

On August 2, Devlet Giray resumed the assault on the "walk-city", trying to recapture Divey-Murza - "many regiments of foot and horseback to the walk-city to knock out Divey Murza." During the assault, a large regiment of Vorotynsky secretly left the "walk-city" and, moving along the bottom of the hollow behind the hill, went to the rear of the Tatar army. The regiment of Prince Dmitry Khvorostinin with artillery and the German Reiters, who remained in the "walk the city", fired a cannon salvo at the agreed signal, left the fortifications and again started a battle, during which the large regiment of Prince Vorotynsky hit the Tatar rear. "The battle was great." Tatar army was completely destroyed, according to some sources, the son and grandson of Devlet Giray, as well as all seven thousand Janissaries, died in the cabin. The Russians captured many Tatar banners, tents, convoys, artillery, and even the Khan's personal weapons. All the following day, the remnants of the Tatars were driven to the Oka, twice knocking down and destroying the rearguards of Devlet Giray, who brought back to the Crimea only every fifth warrior from among those participating in the campaign. Andrei Kurbsky wrote that after the Battle of Molodino, the Turks who went on a campaign with the Tatars “all disappeared and did not return, they say, not a single one to Constantinople.” On August 6, Ivan the Terrible also learned about the Molodin victory. On August 9, Divey Murza was delivered to him in Novgorod.

DOG CRIMEAN TSAR

Song about the invasion of the Crimean Tatars in Russia

“And not a strong cloud clouded,

and not strong thunders thundered:

where is the dog of the Crimean king going?

And to the mighty kingdom of Moscow:

“And now we will go to stone Moscow,

and we’ll go back, we’ll take Rezan.”

And how will they be at the Oka River,

and here they will set up white tents.

“And you think with a whole mind:

who we have to sit in stone Moscow,

and to whom we have in Volodimer,

and who we have to sit in Suzdal,

and to whom we keep Rezan Old,

and to whom we have in Zvenigorod,

and who will sit in Novgorod with us?

Exit Divi-Murza son Ulanovich:

“And thou art our sovereign, the Crimean king!

And taba, sir, we sit in stone Moscow,

And to your son in Volodimer,

and to your nephew in Suzdal,

and relatives in Zvenigorod,

and the stable boyar to keep Rezan the Old,

and me, sovereign, perhaps the New City:

I have light-good-days lying there, father,

Divi-Murza son Ulanovich.

From the collection Songs Recorded for Richard James in 1619-1620. Creation date: end of XVI — early XVII centuries

AFTER THE BATTLE

The firmness shown by the Muscovite state in response to Turkish claims to Kazan and Astrakhan, successful military operations against the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray, in whose ranks, as you know, were not only Nogais (Murza Keremberdeev with 20 thousand people), but also 7 thousand Janissaries sent khan by the great vizier Mehmed Pasha, finally, the successful raid of the Don Cossacks in 1572 on Azov, when they, taking advantage of the ruin of the city from the explosion of a powder warehouse, caused great damage to the Turkish garrison - all this somewhat sobered the Sultan's government. In addition, Turkey after 1572 was distracted by the struggle that Sultan Selim II had to wage in Wallachia and Moldavia, and then in Tunisia.

That is why, when Selim II died in 1574, the new Turkish sultan Murad III decided to send a special envoy to Moscow to announce the death of Selim II and his accession.

This was a sign of reconciliation, especially pleasing for Russia, since the predecessor of Murad III, his father Selim II, did not consider it necessary to notify the Moscow government of his accession.

However, Turkish politeness did not at all mean a rejection of a hostile offensive policy.

The strategic task of the Turks was to form a continuous line of their possessions through the Azov and the North Caucasus, which, starting from the Crimea, would encircle the Russian state from the south. With the successful completion of this task, the Turks could not only cut off all relations between Russia and Georgia and Iran, but also keep these countries under attack and the eternal threat of an unexpected attack.

Russian historian I.I. Smirnov