They are the first Polish princely and royal dynasty. They ruled from the end of the 9th century until 1370.
967 - 1025 - the years of the life of Boleslav I the Brave. For 33 years he was a prince, then he became a king. United and expanded the Polish lands. He conquered East Pomerania, Moravia and partly Slovakia.
990 - 1034 Meshka II. Troubled times for Poland: wars, political isolation, civil strife. The king had to suppress the rebellions and give up part of the lands conquered by his predecessor. Mieszko II was killed by conspirators.
1271 - 1305 - Czech ruler Wenceslas II. In 1300 he became the Polish king. He died during the years of the conflict between the pretenders for the imperial throne of the Roman Empire.
1261 - 1333 - Vladislav I (Lokotok). Became king in 1320. He united the Polish lands, fought against foreign domination.
1310 - 1370 - Casimir III. For the development of the country, he engaged in reforms, the creation of a code of laws for the whole of Poland and the establishment of relations with neighbors - the Germans, Czechs and Hungarians. Founded the University of Krakow.
1326 - 1382 - Louis I - the Hungarian king, in 1370 became the Polish king after the death of his uncle, who left no heirs. Despite the fact that he owned vast territories, carried out reforms, the Poles did not respect him, believing that he did little for Poland, limited to collecting taxes.
1373 - 1399 - Jadwiga I, daughter of Louis I, after his death, received Poland as an inheritance. In 1384, she took the title of king, although, according to Polish law, a woman did not have the right to do so. Because of this, she ruled for only a year. After Yadviga got married, the government was carried out jointly with her husband.
Jagiellonian dynasty
1362 - 1434 - years of life of Vladislav II, the first representative of the Lithuanian princely family. In 1386 he took over as king of Poland. His reign is associated with the famous Battle of Grunwald and the christening of Lithuania.
1424 - 1444 - Vladislav III. Fought for the Hungarian throne, died in the war with the Ottoman Turks.
1427 - 1492 - Casimir IV - achieved access to the sea in the fight against the Teutons. During his reign, the gentry increased its influence in the country.
1459 - 1501 - Jan I. He had to constantly fight with his neighbors - the Moscow principality, the Tatars, the peoples of Moldova. Fought with the expansion of the rights of the gentry. Died suddenly.
1461 - 1506 - Alexander I Jagiellon. He continued to fight with his neighbors. Established a set of unified laws.
1467 - 1548 - Sigismund I. He paid tribute to the Tatars, carried out military reform to strengthen the country's defense capability.
1520 - 1572 - Sigismund II. Famous for the conclusion of the Union of Lublin, which united Poland and Lithuania in the Commonwealth. He fought with Ivan the Terrible and ceded Polotsk to him, issued laws. Catholics and Orthodox received equal rights.
Elected kings
1551 - 1589 — Henry III. Achieved the throne by distributing promises to the gentry. Little was involved in the affairs of the country. In 1574 he fled to France, taking her throne.
1533 - 1586 - Stefan Bathory. He fought with the gentry to strengthen royal power, developed education, the monetary system, and the bureaucracy. He continued to fight with Ivan the Terrible for Livonia.
Later, the elected kings had to continue the struggle with the Polish nobility - the gentry, which marched with varying success. The most famous kings of this time are Jan II Casimir (1609 - 1672), Mikhail Vishnevetsky (1640 - 1673), August II the Strong (1670 - 1733).
The last king of Greater Poland - Stanislav II Poniatowski (1732 - 1798) - was an intelligent and educated person. He was engaged in reforms, the financial system, the army. He unsuccessfully fought against the gentry, which led to a civil war and the divisions of Poland between neighbors. Poniatowski had to renounce the throne and live the last years of his life in Russia.
The most proud and independent in spirit (according to its own legend, at least) of the Slavic countries, Poland, was very often ruled by foreigners. Moreover, many legendary Polish kings were aliens. The French, Lithuanians, Hungarians, Germans, Swedes, Czechs and Russians sat on the Polish throne.
True, how Russian the Russian tsars can be considered, each of whom was predominantly of German blood at the time when he was separately crowned in Warsaw, is a big question. But a fact is a fact: when Poland was part of Russia as the Kingdom of Poland and the Russian emperor had to separately undergo a coronation with the Poles for the legitimacy of his reign, all three Alexanders and both Nicholas were kings of Poland.
French on the Polish throne
First of all, this phrase recalls the story of Henry III of Valois, who so persistently sought the Polish throne and so dishonorably fled from his throne after a very short reign. He, of course, entered the Polish legends, but not in the way he would have liked.However, even before Henry, there were Frenchmen on the Polish throne. The first was Louis of Anjou, who entered the history of neighboring Hungary as Lajos the Great - since he ruled both countries. However, strictly speaking, Louis belonged to the Neapolitan, that is, Italian, branch of the dynasty, so that he can be remembered in exactly the same way as the Italian on the Polish throne.
Louis of Anjou had no sons, only two daughters. To the eldest, Maria, he bequeathed Hungary, and to the youngest, Jadwiga, Poland. Moreover, he died when both were still just girls, and it was not easy for them to keep the thrones. Under pressure from the Poles, Jadwiga had to marry the old, ugly Lithuanian prince Jogaila, who was considered a bit of a scumbag in his family, instead of taking as her husband an Austrian young duke, whom she really liked. When the wedding took place, the bride was not even fifteen, and she walked down the aisle in dark clothes, without a single decoration, so that no one could suspect that she was glad for this day.
Even during her lifetime, the Polish people fell in love with Jadwiga very much, and after her death, many believed that she was a saint. But the Catholic Church canonized her only in our time. When this happened in 1997, Pope John Paul II, himself a Pole, arrived in Krakow and turned to the queen's tombstone: "You have been waiting for a long time, Jadwiga ..."
Well, you should always remember that Poland, like many other countries, was once conquered by Napoleon and even married a Polish noblewoman.
Hungarian - object of all-Polish love
Polish history was connected with Hungary not only by Jadwiga's father, but also by the king who replaced the escaped Henry of Valois, Stefan Batory, nee Istvan Bathory. The Bathory family was at one time one of the most influential in Eastern Europe thanks to a cunning system of marriage unions, and when one of them ascended the throne, the rest probably thought that they had won a big dynastic game and from now on the Bathory family will be remembered as royal. But Istvan failed to found a dynasty - his wife Anna, a Pole, a distant descendant of Jogaila, was over fifty and she could not conceive a child, and Istvan did not see the point in making heirs on the side.
Stefan Batory did not just become the great Polish king - he is remembered with admiration and love by all the peoples whom he then ruled: Poles, Lithuanians and Belarusians. Moreover, he did not speak any of the three languages and he had to write decrees in Latin. In the ebullient activity, this did not stop Stefan at all, he also corresponded with the Russian Tsar Ivan IV - he challenged him to a duel. Simply because he believed that it was impossible to be so cruel in the world. In addition to being challenged to a duel, he sent the king a pile of books for self-education.
Czechs also wanted to be Poles
Some of the Czech kings were not averse to being also the Polish king. This distinguished two representatives of the Přemyslid dynasty, Wenceslas II and his son Wenceslas III. Wenceslas father received from the hands of the Polish king Przemysl II the Principality of Krakow. In fact, this gesture was already preparing Wenceslas to receive the throne after Przemysl, it was believed that whoever owns Krakow also owns Poland. He also later received the crown of Hungary, establishing the glorious tradition of the future kings of Poland (or Hungary) to rule both of these countries.
Vatslav himself was a very interesting person. He became the king of the Czech Republic after his stepfather-regent, who had been too long, suddenly turned out to be guilty of various kinds of crimes and had to be beheaded. From the age of seven to twelve, Vaclav spent his childhood held hostage by a stern German knight who went down in history as Otto the Long, and this probably spoiled Vaclav's character a little, otherwise his stepfather would have got off with some exile.
In Polish history, he was not marked by anything interesting, except for marrying the daughter of King Przemysl after the death of the latter, and acquiring a crowd of illegitimate children. Why did he need Poland at all, except for pride, it was not very clear. In any case, the son of Vaclav Vaclav Poland almost drank it away, but he was killed earlier. After that, the Czechs on the Polish throne were no longer announced.
Sweden also wants Poland
At a time when the kings in Poland were already elected, one of the Swedish kings almost managed to establish a dynasty in Poland - that is, not only he himself was king, but also his two sons. We are talking about Sigismund Vasa, where Vasa is not a nickname, but the surname of the Swedish royal dynasty.Prince Sigismund participated in the elections with some reason - his mother was Katerina Jagiellonka, one of the offspring of Jagiello. By seating the Swedish prince on the throne, Poland hoped to settle land disputes on the Lithuanian shores (Lithuania generally plays a huge role in Polish history). They waited for him with great enthusiasm, but no one liked the prince on the spot. He doesn’t walk like that, he doesn’t sit like that, he doesn’t look like that, he doesn’t talk like that ... Hostility was mutual, and the prince even thought about transferring the crown along with the country to the Austrians, but later his thoughts turned in a different direction: how to make Sweden with Poland single country?
Now the plans seem ridiculous: where are the Swedes and where are the Poles. But at that time, Poland owned much more of the Baltic lands, and the Swedes owned modern Finnish and Estonian lands, so it would have turned out to be a wonderful empire with the Baltic Sea in the middle. The project, however, failed. Moreover, having become the Swedish king, Sigismund discovered that the Swedes did not like him in the same way as the Poles, and that this was the only point on which the two peoples were ready to unite.
Germans in the city
From time to time the Germans also ruled Poland. We are talking not only about the Second World War, but also about the times of kings. For example, at the end of the seventeenth century, the Elector of Saxony, who entered the history of Poland as Augustus the Strong, was chosen as the Polish king. He was allowed to the throne only on the condition of accepting the Catholic faith.
August entered Russian history as an ally of Peter I in the war against Sweden. However, at the same time, he made secret agreements with the Swedish king. In general, he pursued a two-faced policy. His son Augustus also became the King of Poland (yes, diversity in royal families was found superfluous), but this one became even less famous - solely for his special waste and love for a beautiful life. In general, the Poles did not work out with the Germans long before Hitler. Although no one can surpass Hitler: he was very fond of building death camps in Poland. And kill thousands of people in them.
It is impossible to write about Poland under Nazi Germany without shuddering. , and this is only one of the few testimonies of a huge tragedy.
Queens of Poland from 1282 to 1757
I have long wanted and today I will tell you about the queens of Poland.
Yadviga Boleslavovna (1266-1339)
The wife of the King of Poland Vladislav Loketek (Lokotok - a nickname given for small stature, some sources indicate 130cm). She gave birth to six children
Elizabeth of Bosnia (1340-1387)
Daughter of Ban of Bosnia Stephen II of the House of Kotromanic. Her mother, Elizaveta Kuyavskaya, was the granddaughter of the Polish king Vladislav Loketek. The second wife of the King of Hungary and Poland, Louis I the Great. She had two daughters - Jadwiga and Maria. The youngest daughter of Elisabeth of Bosnia, Jadwiga, became Queen of Poland. After the death of her husband, Elizabeth was regent for her minor daughter Mary, who became the Hungarian queen. During the struggle for power in Hungary, both Elizabeth and Mary were imprisoned. Elizabeth was strangled in prison in front of her daughter.
Elizabeth and Mary in prison (artist Orlai Petrics Soma)
Jadwiga of Anjou (1373-1399)
Queen of Poland. Daughter of the King of Hungary and Poland, Louis I of Anjou. February 18, 1385 married Vladislav II Jagiello. Having given birth in 1399 to a daughter who died a month later, Jadwiga herself went down to the grave herself.
Portrait by Marcello Baciarelli
Anna of Celes (1381-1416)
After the death of Jadwiga, her husband Jagiello became king of Poland. In 1402 he married Anna of Celje, the only daughter of Count William of Celje and Anna of Poland, the youngest daughter of Casimir III the Great. Anna gave birth in 1408 to a daughter, Jadwiga. Little else is known beyond his death in 1416.
Anna and her husband Jagiello (artist unknown)
Elzbieta Granowska (1372-1420)
The only child of the governor of Sandomierz, Otton of Pilecki, and, probably, his second wife, Jadwiga from Melsztyn (Godmother of Jagiello). After her father's death in 1384, she inherited his vast estates, including Pilica and Lancut. Elzbieta became the richest girl in Poland. Before her marriage to Jagiello in 1417, she was supposedly married twice. Queen of Poland from 1417, but two years later the queen began to show symptoms of tuberculosis and died in 1420.
(artist unknown)
Sofia Andreevna Golshanskaya (1405-1461)
The last fourth wife of Jagiello. From the noble Lithuanian princely family of the Golshansky (Olshansky) coat of arms Hypocentaur. The second of three daughters of Andrei Ivanovich Golshansky, the Kiev governor, Prince Vyazinsky, and Alexandra Dmitrievna, a representative of the princely Drutsky family. She got married at the age of 17, Jagalo was supposedly 71 years old. She gave birth to three sons. Two survived - Vladislav and Kazimir. After the death of her husband, she actively helped her sons rule. She was the initiator of the first translation of the Bible into Polish (the so-called "Bible of Queen Sophia").
Jagiello and Sophia. Drawing by A. Leser
Elizabeth of Habsburg (1436-1505)
Daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Albrecht II, wife of King Casimir IV of Poland. For 30 years of marriage, she gave birth to 13 children: 6 sons and 7 daughters. Four of her sons became kings, which is why she is also called the "mother of kings".
(artist unknown)
Elena Ivanovna of Moscow (1476-1513)
Daughter of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III, wife of King Alexander Jagiellon of Poland. I wrote about her 
Alexander King of Poland and Queen Helena (unknown Polish artist)
Barbara Zapolya (1495-1515)
Daughter of the Hungarian Prince Stefan Zapolya, the first wife of King Sigismund I of Poland. She gave birth to two daughters - Anna and Jadwiga.
(artist unknown)
Bona Sforza (1494-1557)
The second wife of King Sigismund I, daughter of the Duke of Milan Gian Galeazzo Sforza and Isabella of Aragon. She gave birth to six children (the last boy was stillborn). Bona was famous for her beauty and was distinguished by her great energy. Even during the life of her elderly spouse, she actually ruled the country, but pride and an alien manner of government repelled the then Polish nobility from her.
Engraving depicting Bona, 1517
Elisabeth of Austria (1526-1545)
Daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I and his wife Anna of Bohemia. First wife of King Sigismund II August of Poland. Married at the age of 16. She developed a hostile relationship with her mother-in-law, Bona Sforza, and later her husband began to avoid her proximity, presumably because Elizabeth suffered from epilepsy. She died without children at the age of 19.
(artist unknown)
Barbara Radziwill (1520-1551)
She was born into the family of the most powerful Lithuanian magnates Radziwills: her father was Yuri Radziwill, her brother was Nikolai the Red Radziwill, and her cousin was Nikolai the Black Radziwill). In 1547, she secretly married Sigismund II Augustus. In 1548 he officially announced this marriage. Barbara was declared the Queen of Poland, which was fiercely resisted by the mother of King Bona Sforza and the Polish nobles, who feared the dominance of the Radziwills - supporters of the complete independence of Lithuania from Poland. Only on May 7, 1550, Barbara was crowned in Krakow, but she soon fell ill and died on May 8, 1551. Hypotheses have been put forward that she was poisoned by her mother-in-law, Bona Sforza. The husband was in grief, he loved her very much.
Joseph Simler. Death of Barbara Radziwill (1860)
Catherine Habsburg (1533-1572)
Third wife of Sigismund II Augustus, sister of his first wife. The king married at the behest of his mother, Bona Sforza, but he soon separated from his wife and tried to initiate a divorce. No kids. 
Jan Matejko. "Death of Sisigmund II in Knyshin" (Catherine on the left in a green dress)
Anna Jagiellonka (1523-1596)
Daughter of Sigismund I the Old, Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania from 1575. In 1574, when Henry of Valois became king of Poland, one of the conditions was that he marry Anna. Henry did not fulfill his promise (Anna was 51 years old, he was 23 years old and he did not burn with desire) and fled to France as soon as his brother, the French king, died. Anna was declared the queen of Poland and married to Stefan Batory (he was 10 years younger than Anna). Stefan was in charge of the country.
(artist Martin Kober)
Anna of Habsburg (1573-1598)
Daughter of Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Styria. In 1592 she married the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa. At first, the Polish gentry did not want to agree to this marriage and even convened an inquisitorial diet, at which they decided to depose the king from the Polish throne, but, having recognized her heart and high qualities of mind, everyone fell in love with her. Anna was the mother of King Vladislav IV of Poland. She gave birth to five children in six years of marriage. She died on the fifth birth.
(artist unknown)
Constance of Habsburg (1588-1631)
Anna's sister, second wife of Sigismund III. She gave birth to seven children.
(artist - Joseph Heintz the Elder)
Maria Luisa Gonzaga (1611-1667)
Frenchwoman. Queen of Poland (under the name Louis Maria), wife of the last kings of the Vasa dynasty - Vladislav IV and Jan II Casimir. Daughter of the French Duke Charles de Nevers of the House of Gonzaga and Catherine de Mayenne (niece of the famous Duke of Guise). Cardinal Richelieu for a long time did not give her permission to marry for political reasons. Therefore, the first time she married only in 1645 for Vladislav IV, and after his death in 1648 for his brother Jan II Casimir. She had a great influence on the kings of husbands. But she had no children.
In a portrait by van Egmont (1645)
Eleanor Maria of Austria (1653-1697)
Daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III and his third wife Eleanor Gonzaga. Archduchess of Austria, married to Mikhail Koribut Vishnevetsky - Queen consort of Poland. The king died three years later, their only son died at birth on November 29, 1670. She married a second time to Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, becoming the Duchess of Lorraine.
(artist unknown)
Marysenka - Marie Casimir Louise de Grange d'Arquien (1641-1716)
A Frenchwoman from the Nevers nobility. From the age of 5 - in Poland, in the retinue of Queen Maria Louise Neverska. At the age of 17, she married the last descendant of the “great hetman”, Jan Zamoyski, after his death 6 years later, she married the brilliant Jan Sobieski, who courted her before. She used her extensive connections at the Polish court in order to get a crown for her husband. And she achieved her goal: her husband became the king of Poland, Jan III Sobieski. Marysenka had 14 children from her marriage to Sobieski (including the mother of Emperor Charles VII).
Maria Kazimira surrounded by children (artist - Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter)
Christiane Eberhardina of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1671-1727)
Wife of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, since 1697 titular queen of Poland. Christiane remained true to her Protestant faith when her husband converted to Catholicism in order to acquire the crown of Poland. Christiana was the godmother of "Arap Peter the Great" Abram Petrovich, who later received the surname Hannibal. Christiane lived alternately in the palaces in Pretsch and Torgau and rarely appeared at the Dresden court. Christiane Ebergardina died alone at the age of 55 and was buried on 6 September in the city church of Bayreuth. Neither her husband nor her only son attended the funeral.
(artist unknown)
Ekaterina Opalinskaya (1680-1747)
Wife of the King of Poland Stanislaw Leshchinsky. She gave birth to two daughters - Anna and Maria. Mary later became Queen of France, wife of Louis XV.
(artist - Jean-Baptiste van Loo)
Maria Josepha of Austria (1699-1757)
Eldest of two daughters of Holy Roman Emperor Joseph I and Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg. On August 20, 1719, she married August of Saxony, who later became Elector of Saxony and King of Poland. For 20 years she gave birth to 14 children, of which 11 survived.
Maria Josepha of Austria (artist - Rosalba Carriera)- the last queen of Poland, because. King Stanislaw II August Poniatowski was not married, and the civil war that began under him caused the intervention of neighboring powers and led to the first partition of the Commonwealth in 1772 between them.
Standard of the rulers of the Commonwealth
Since ancient times, the banners of Polish monarchs depicted a white eagle on a red field. As a standard of the Commonwealth, a white cloth with the image of the small coat of arms of the Commonwealth was originally used. But since red and white were the national colors in both Poland and Lithuania, in the 17th century a single state began to use a standard consisting of three or four horizontal stripes of red and white, ending in a dovetail. In addition, the Commonwealth coat of arms was present on the standard (in the figure - the standard with the coat of arms of the Vaza dynasty).
Historical coat of arms of the Piasts
The legend says that the legendary progenitor of the Poles founded his capital Gniezno in the place where he saw a white eagle sitting on the branches of trees, against the backdrop of a sky flaming from the sunset, and since then the white eagle has become a symbol of Poland. However, if we proceed not from legends, but from historical facts, then the white eagle was originally a personal sign, and became a national symbol at the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th century.
The coat of arms of the Commonwealth was a combined coat of arms of Poland and Lithuania in a four-part shield, in the first and fourth parts - the Polish white eagle, in the second and third - the Lithuanian "Pursuit". A small shield with the coat of arms of the reigning monarch was usually superimposed on the main shield.
Crown of Bolesław the Brave
(modern copy)
Kingdom of Poland
Krolestwo Polishie(Polish)
People settled the territory of modern Poland already during the Paleolithic period, about 800 thousand years ago. By the period of classical antiquity (400 BC - 500 AD), tribes of Celts, Germans and Balts lived here. They did not have their own written language, but, according to indirect evidence, they reached a high level in material culture and social organization. Perhaps they already had "princes". At least some of the burials unearthed by archaeologists stand out in terms of richness.
The Slavs entered the territory of Poland around the 5th-6th centuries as a result of the Great Migration of Nations. In ancient chronicles, legends about the rulers of those times are widespread, who, as usual, allegedly traced their lineage from the biblical patriarchs and were related to the Roman Caesars. These legends are distinguished by a variety of variants (the same deeds are attributed to different princes with the same name) and chronological inconsistencies. Thanks to these legends, Poland acquired two centers of statehood - Krakow, allegedly built by the first legendary prince of the Lechites, where subsequent monarchs were crowned and the possession of which meant supremacy over all the rulers of the Polish land, and Gniezno, the former residence of the first historical rulers of Poland.
More or less reliable information about the Polish princes begins in the 10th century, when he accepted Christianity. The subsequent history of Poland until the 14th century is a series of ups and downs, when some sovereigns collected lands, trying to equal the power of the German emperors, while others divided them among their children. And one of their descendants again began the process of unification. Poland reached the first at . Having united the Polish lands after the death of his father, shortly before his death in 1025, he assumed the royal title. However, his death was followed by a traditional strife between his sons, as a result of which he lost a significant part of the land and the royal title. He put an end to it, not in vain called the Restorer. His son influenced affairs in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Kievan Rus and in 1076 was proclaimed king. Under his grandson, Ancient Poland reached . annexed Pomorie and repelled the attack of the German emperor. However, his "Statute" (testament), issued with the intention of preventing internecine wars between his sons, marked the beginning of more than two hundred years of feudal fragmentation.
According to the "Statute of Boleslaw Wrymouth" in 1138, Poland was divided into four parts between his sons. Krakow land, Sieradzsko-Lenchitsky land, Western Kuyavia and the eastern part of Greater Poland stood out as a special "delnitsa", which was supposed to belong to the eldest of the Piasts. The descendants began a long struggle for the seignorate, even though over time the possession of Krakow became simply a matter of prestige and did not give any real advantages. Pomorie was deposited, the northern regions fell under the control of the Teutonic Knights, the Germans began to advance from the west, and the Tatar-Mongols attacked from the east. At the end of the XIII - beginning of the XIV centuries, most of Poland became part of, and in 1300 he was crowned in Krakow with the Polish crown.
Against the background of numerous troubles in Poland, centripetal tendencies began to be observed again. In 1295, the prince of Greater Poland independently assumed the royal title in Gniezno, but was soon killed by the magnates of Greater Poland, who entered into an agreement with the Elector of Brandenburg. In 1306, the Přemyslid empire suddenly collapsed, and Krakow again went to Piast, the Kuyavian prince. The energetic prince in a short time annexed East Pomerania and Greater Poland and in 1320 was crowned in Krakow with the royal crown, although he did not succeed in complete unity of the Polish lands. This was achieved by his son, the only one of the Polish kings who deserved the nickname Great. He managed to restore order in internal affairs and achieve success in foreign policy with the help of not force, but diplomacy. Unfortunately, he did not leave his sons, which is why the Polish throne for the first time went to a foreigner - his nephew. Owning from the Baltic to the Black and Adriatic seas, he did not have the strength and time to carefully delve into the affairs of a foreign country. Not having a strong foothold in Poland, in 1374 he issued the Kosice Privilege, which granted all the magnates and gentry the rights and privileges that had previously been enjoyed only by the highest secular and spiritual feudal lords. Priviley gave impetus to the growth of the power of the Polish nobility and the decline in the authority of the king. Kosice privilege was conceived as a means of securing the Polish throne for one of the daughters.
Old Polish state
Princes and kings of Poland
| prince around 964-992 | |
| prince 992-1025 king 1025 |
|
| (1) | king 1025-1031 |
| prince 1031-1032 | |
| (2)
| co-princes 1032-1033 |
| (3) | prince 1033-1034 |
| Bezkrulevye | 1034-1038 |
| prince 1039-1058 | |
| prince 1058-1076 king 1076-1079 |
|
| prince 1079-1102 | |
| (part of Poland) (part of Poland) | princes 1102-1106 |
| prince 1106-1138 |
(titular prince)
(King of Poland)
Kings of Poland
United Kingdom of Poland
| 1320-1333 | |
| 1333-1370 | |
| 1370-1382 | |
| 1384-1386 | |
| (co-ruler) | 1386-1399 |
| 1399-1434 | |
| 1434-1444 | |
| "Rollless" | 1444-1447 |
| 1447-1492 | |
| 1492-1501 | |
| 1501-1506 | |
| 1506-1529 | |
| (co-ruler) | 1529-1548 |
| 1548-1569 | |
| Union of Lublin: unification of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into the Commonwealth | 1569 |
