First World War, which began in August 1914, was caused by the aggravation of contradictions between the great powers of Europe. On the one hand, Germany and Austria-Hungary (with the Ottoman Empire joining later), and on the other, England, France, Russia (in 1915 Italy joined them) unleashed hostilities that ultimately involved 38 states world, including the USA. It was a struggle for hegemony between the imperialist powers in European continent and all over the world.
The Russian Empire sought in this war to establish its influence on Balkan Peninsula, weaken the German and Austro-Hungarian empires and annex the Black Sea straits of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles from Turkey, through which up to 90% of the country's agricultural exports were carried out. The last task provided for the deployment of extensive military operations of the Russian army against Ottoman Empire especially in the Caucasus.
So, in addition to the main German front for Russia, the Caucasian front also arose. Turkish plans in the Caucasus were very ambitious and provided for the spread of direct Turkish influence not only to the entire Caucasus, but also to the regions of the Volga and Crimea inhabited by Turkic-Muslim peoples. The German military leadership also planned the complete separation of the Caucasus from Russia, with the creation of several buffer Caucasian states with Muslim and Christian populations.
Despite the presence of quite noticeable anti-Russian sentiments not only among the Muslim clergy, but also among part of the mountain intelligentsia, including in Chechnya, neither the Turks nor the Germans managed to shake the strength of the Russian rear in the Caucasus. However, the Caucasian front was initially of secondary importance, and on the main - the German front - the Russian army suffered the heaviest losses.
Shortly before World War I, a law on universal military service was introduced in Russia. However, this law did not apply to the Muslim population of the Caucasus. royal authorities feared to force the highlanders to military service in order to prevent the emergence of new popular unrest. But, as in the previous wars of Russia in the 19th - early 20th centuries, a recruitment of volunteers was announced. Without much difficulty, 6 national regiments were formed in the North Caucasus, including the Chechen one. These regiments formed a separate Caucasian cavalry division, which soon received a colorful name in everyday life - the "Wild Division". This division was sent to the Austrian front, where it proved to be excellent in a combat situation. The regiments of the "Wild Division" distinguished themselves during the famous offensive of the Russian army, known as the "Brusilovsky breakthrough." The riders of the "Wild Division", being at the tip of the breakthrough, crossed the Dniester River in horseback ranks, for which the division was awarded the St. George banner. But the brilliant defeat of the Braunschweig division brought the loudest glory to the highlanders. German army. In total, during the years of the First World War, at least 60 horsemen Chechen regiment were awarded the St. George Cross, which was considered the highest military award in the Russian army.
Various social groups in Chechnya, as among all mountain peoples, the war was treated differently. The peasantry as a whole considered this war to be completely alien to their interests. Bourgeois and officer circles supported the official war slogans to the bitter end. Pro-Turkish sentiments were characteristic only of part of the Chechen clergy.
Gradually, a difficult war caused an aggravation of relations between the highlanders and the Cossacks, which was based on the issue of land. In a number of mountain villages, popular unrest and cases of open disobedience to the authorities reappear.
After the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in February 1917 and the formation of the Provisional Government of Russia, the situation in the North Caucasus, including Chechnya, became even more unstable. Hereditary Cossack M.A. Karaulov was appointed Commissioner of the Provisional Government in the Terek region. But the transformations that he began to carry out were mostly formal. The former was kept Administrative division, only the newly appointed district chiefs were now called commissars.
Settlement national problems M.A. Karaulov was going to hold it within the framework of the program of the Provisional Government, which was developed under the influence of the Cadets Party. On March 20, 1917, the Provisional Government issued a decree abolishing all religious and national restrictions. While maintaining the former administrative-territorial division of the country, the Provisional Government intended to carry out in the national districts through the bodies local government"cultural and national self-determination of peoples". The provision of state autonomy was envisaged only for Poland and Finland, which also enjoyed autonomy under the tsarist regime.
The revolutionary events of February 1917 in Russia intensified national movements in different regions of the country. Chechnya was no exception. In March, a Chechen congress was held in Grozny, bringing together up to 10,000 people. The main speaker at the congress was the famous public figure Chechnya A.-M. Chermoev. Active participation in the congress was taken by political and religious figures, in tsarist times, expelled from the Terek region for political reasons.
At the congress, two political directions were revealed, between which a fierce struggle for power in Chechnya subsequently unfolded. Prominent representatives of the clergy demanded the establishment of theocratic rule in Chechnya. But the sheikhs could not achieve their goal - most of the seats in the Chechen executive committee elected at the congress were received by representatives of the secular intelligentsia. Akhmedkhan Mutushev, a member of the Menshevik Party, a lawyer by education, became the chairman of the Chechen executive committee (he later went over to the side of the Bolsheviks and became an active participant in the civil war in the Caucasus). Prominent businessman M.K. Abdulkadyrov became deputy chairman, T. Eldarkhanov became the first commissioner of the Grozny district, and hereditary officer A.V. Aduev became the commissioner of the Vvedensky district.
Meanwhile, serious agrarian unrest continued to gain momentum in Chechnya. Cases of unauthorized seizure by peasants of not only state lands, but also lands belonging to the Cossacks, but also the possessions of large Chechen owners, have become more frequent. Banditry was on an ever larger scale, from which both Chechen auls and Cossack villages suffered to the same extent. The local authorities, torn apart by political disagreements, could in fact do nothing to oppose rampant crime.
One of the most formidable units of the Russian imperial army during the First World War - the Caucasian native cavalry division, better known as the "Wild". Among others, it included Chechens and Ingush.
On a voluntary basis
According to imperial laws, natives of the Caucasus and representatives of other nationalities living in the outskirts were not subject to conscription into the army. However, the mountaineers themselves volunteered to fight. The "Wild Division" began to form in August 1914. It was decided to create three Caucasian brigades, each of which would include two native cavalry regiments.
The Chechens ended up in the 2nd brigade. Of these, the Chechen cavalry regiment was formed. The Ingush cavalry regiment became part of the 3rd brigade, which also included Circassians, Abkhazians and Karachays. Each regiment had 22 officers and 575 horsemen, and had its own mullah.
Chechen cavalry regiment
The Chechens arrived at the front in Western Ukraine in October. The regiment distinguished itself already in the first battle, which took place in early December. The highlanders suddenly attacked the Austrian units near the village of Verkhovyna-Bystra. In deep snow and complete impassability, they were able to go behind enemy lines and inflict a crushing blow on him, capturing more than 460 soldiers and officers, including a colonel and a major, and also capturing about 400 rifles.
In mid-February 1915, the Chechen cavalry regiment in the Stanislavov region (now Ivanovo-Frankivsk) fought off attacks of the Austrians, who were much superior in strength, who had cavalry and artillery, for a day. The Chechens not only survived, but also went on the counterattack the next day, knocking out the enemy from the village of Poiko, which was then held together with the Kuban Cossacks.
The real triumph of the Chechen regiment was the famous Brusilovsky breakthrough, which began at the end of May 1916. Despite the fact that the command decided to use the cavalry as a reserve, the mountain horsemen were able to distinguish themselves. On the night of May 30, 60 Chechen cavalry, under heavy enemy fire, were the first to cross the Dniester, which served as the line of demarcation between the opposing sides, and captured the right bank with lightning speed.
Immediately, the equipment of the bridgehead began, which the highlanders bravely held until the main forces of the Russian army approached. The dashing courage of the Chechens ensured success offensive operation. The feat of the highlanders did not go unnoticed by the emperor. Nikolai personally awarded each of the riders with St. George's crosses of various degrees.
Ingush cavalry regiment
The Ingush cavalry regiment fought no less bravely and selflessly. It also began to form in August 1914, and arrived at the front in early November. In the first battle, the Ingush went on December 3 near the village of Rybne, and defeated the enemy. In February, they, together with the Circassian regiment, were able to drive the Austrians out of the vicinity of Stanislavov, and on February 18, the cavalry broke into the streets of the city, which was taken the next day.
At the end of May 1915, the Ingush assigned to the rearguard of the Russian troops retreating to the Dniester. Despite the numerical superiority of the Austrians, the mountaineers were able not only to hold back all their attacks, but also defeated their infantry battalion at Yasenevo-Polnoe. The Ingush were among the last to cross the river, taking up defensive positions in the area from Zalishchikov to Usechka. There they fought off the Austro-Germans until May 1916, when the Brusilovsky breakthrough began.
On May 30, the Ingush Cavalry Regiment crossed the Dniester and launched an offensive against enemy positions. One of the brightest pages of his combat biography was the defeat of the units of the "invincible" Iron Division of the German army, from which Russia's allies in the Entente were horrified. On July 15, 500 highlanders with sabers rushed into a frontal attack on three thousand German bayonets, who were supported by machine guns and heavy artillery. A couple of hours later, Kaiser Wilhelm's pride was destroyed.
Pursuing the remnants of the German troops, the Ingush attacked an artillery battery. The resisting Germans were cut down by sabers and daggers. The cavalrymen captured five heavy guns and 20 boxes of shells.
Journalist Nikolai Breshko-Breshkovsky described the attacks of the Ingush with admiration, comparing them with a spontaneous, furious avalanche. The Germans and Austrians, he noted, had long called the dashing highlanders "devils in furry hats", sowing panic among the enemy at their very appearance.
"Dzhigit" instead of "bird"
After Brusilov breakthrough The "Wild Division" was engaged in reconnaissance, and after February Revolution was transferred to the rear. This ended the war for the mountaineers. In just a few years, more than seven thousand highlanders passed through the unit. By March 1916, the division had lost 260 horsemen and over 1,400 were wounded.
In general, the Chechens and Ingush fought very bravely. This is evidenced by the fact that more than 3,500 highlanders received St. George's crosses and medals. Many have been awarded more than once. So, the second lieutenant of the Ingush regiment Aslambek Mamatiev was full Knight of St. George, in addition, in his award list there were orders of St. Stanislav, St. Vladimir and St. Anna.
By the way, at the first stage of the war, the highlanders (as well as other representatives of the national outskirts) were honored with a cross depicting not the defender of Christians George the Victorious, but a double-headed eagle - the state symbol. However, the riders expressed dissatisfaction about this and asked to give them a "jigit". The command went towards the highlanders and began to reward them with the St. George Cross with the image of a rider.
Armed conflict in 1994-1996 (the first Chechen war)
Chechen armed conflict 1994-1996 - hostilities between Russian federal troops (forces) and armed formations Chechen Republic Ichkeria, created in violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In the autumn of 1991, in the conditions of the beginning of the collapse of the USSR, the leadership of the Chechen Republic declared the state sovereignty of the republic and its secession from the USSR and the RSFSR. Organs Soviet power on the territory of the Chechen Republic were dissolved, the effect of the laws of the Russian Federation was canceled. The formation of the armed forces of Chechnya began, headed by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief President of the Chechen Republic Dzhokhar Dudayev. Defense lines were built in Grozny, as well as bases for waging a sabotage war in mountainous regions.
The Dudayev regime had, according to the calculations of the Ministry of Defense, 11-12 thousand people (according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, up to 15 thousand) regular troops and 30-40 thousand people of the armed militia, of which 5 thousand were mercenaries from Afghanistan, Iran, Jordan, the republics of the North Caucasus and etc.
On December 9, 1994, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed Decree No. 2166 "On Measures to Suppress the Activities of Illegal Armed Groups on the Territory of the Chechen Republic and in the Ossetian-Ingush Conflict Zone." On the same day, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted Decree No. 1360, which provided for the disarmament of these formations by force.
On December 11, 1994, the advance of troops began in the direction of the Chechen capital - the city of Grozny. On December 31, 1994, troops, on the orders of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, began the assault on Grozny. Russian armored columns were stopped and blocked by Chechens in different parts of the city, combat units of the federal forces that entered Grozny suffered heavy losses.
(Military encyclopedia. Moscow. In 8 volumes 2004)
The further course of events was extremely negatively affected by the failure of the eastern and western groupings of troops, the task was not completed and internal troops MIA.
Fighting stubbornly, federal troops took Grozny by February 6, 1995. After the capture of Grozny, the troops began to destroy illegal armed formations in other settlements and in the mountainous regions of Chechnya.
From April 28 to May 12, 1995, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, a moratorium was implemented on the use of armed force in Chechnya.
Illegal armed formations (IAF), using the started negotiation process, carried out the redeployment of part of the forces from the mountainous regions to the locations of Russian troops, formed new groups of militants, fired at checkpoints and positions of federal forces, organized terrorist attacks on an unprecedented scale in Budennovsk (June 1995), Kizlyar and Pervomaisky (January 1996).
On August 6, 1996, after heavy defensive battles, the federal troops left Grozny, having suffered heavy losses. The illegal armed formations also entered Argun, Gudermes and Shali.
On August 31, 1996, agreements on the cessation of hostilities were signed in Khasavyurt, which put an end to the first Chechen war. After the conclusion of the agreement, the troops were withdrawn from the territory of Chechnya within the shortest possible time from September 21 to December 31, 1996.
On May 12, 1997, the Treaty on Peace and Principles of Relations between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria was concluded.
The Chechen side, not observing the terms of the agreement, took a line towards the immediate withdrawal of the Chechen Republic from Russia. Terror in relation to employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and representatives of local authorities has intensified, attempts have intensified to rally around Chechnya on an anti-Russian basis the population of other North Caucasian republics.
Counter-terrorist operation in Chechnya in 1999-2009 (second Chechen war)
In September 1999, a new phase of the Chechen military campaign began, which was called the counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus (CTO). The reason for the start of the operation was the massive invasion of Dagestan on August 7, 1999 from the territory of Chechnya by militants under the overall command of Shamil Basayev and the Arab mercenary Khattab. The group included foreign mercenaries and Basayev's militants.
For more than a month there were battles between the federal forces and the invading militants, which ended with the fact that the militants were forced to retreat from the territory of Dagestan back to Chechnya.
On the same days - September 4-16 - a series of terrorist attacks were carried out in several cities of Russia (Moscow, Volgodonsk and Buynaksk) - explosions of residential buildings.
Considering Maskhadov's inability to control the situation in Chechnya, Russian leadership it was decided to carry out military operation for the destruction of militants on the territory of Chechnya. On September 18, the borders of Chechnya were blocked Russian troops. On September 23, the President of the Russian Federation issued a Decree "On Measures to Increase the Efficiency of Counter-Terrorist Operations on the Territory of the North Caucasus Region" Russian Federation", providing for the creation of the Joint Grouping of Troops (Forces) in the North Caucasus to carry out the CTO.
On September 23, Russian aviation began bombing the capital of Chechnya and its environs. On September 30, a ground operation began - armored units Russian army from the Stavropol Territory and Dagestan entered the territory of the Naursky and Shelkovsky regions of the republic.
In December 1999, the entire flat part of the territory of the Chechen Republic was liberated. The militants concentrated in the mountains (about 3,000 people) and settled in Grozny. On February 6, 2000, Grozny was taken under the control of federal forces. To fight in the mountainous regions of Chechnya, in addition to the eastern and western groups operating in the mountains, a new grouping "Center" was created.
On February 25-27, 2000, the "West" units blocked Kharsenoy, and the "Vostok" group closed the militants in the area of Ulus-Kert, Dachu-Borzoy, Yaryshmardy. On March 2, Ulus-Kert was liberated.
The last large-scale operation was the liquidation of Ruslan Gelaev's group in the area of the village. Komsomolskoye, which ended on March 14, 2000. After that, the militants switched to sabotage and terrorist methods of warfare, and the federal forces countered the terrorists with the actions of special forces and operations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
During the CTO in Chechnya in 2002, a hostage-taking took place in the Theater Center on Dubrovka in Moscow. In 2004, a hostage-taking took place at school number 1 in the city of Beslan in North Ossetia.
By the beginning of 2005, after the destruction of Maskhadov, Khattab, Baraev, Abu al-Walid and many other field commanders, the intensity of the sabotage and terrorist activities of the militants had significantly decreased. The only large-scale operation of the militants (a raid on Kabardino-Balkaria on October 13, 2005) ended in failure.
From midnight on April 16, 2009, the National Anti-Terrorist Committee (NAC) of Russia, on behalf of President Dmitry Medvedev, abolished the CTO regime on the territory of the Chechen Republic.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
The active participation of Chechens in this or that war is always hushed up, their exploits are undeservedly consigned to oblivion, despite the fact that the Chechens have always made a significant contribution to the victory over the enemy.
About one of the unstudied pages of history Chechen people said the participants of the round table at one of the meetings in the studio of the Grozny-inform agency. This is, first of all, the participation of Chechens in the First World War as part of the Caucasian Cavalry Division, which went down in history under the name "Dikayadivizia".
The participants in the discussion were Magomed Muzaev, head of the Archival Department of the Government of the Chechen Republic, his deputy Zarema Musaeva, well-known journalist and publicist Oleg Dzhurgaev, and candidate of historical sciences Islam Khatuev. Moreover, some of them are descendants of the glorious heroes of the First World War. The participants of the round table spoke very interestingly about the participation of the Chechens in the war, about their valiant deeds that terrified the enemy. brought historical facts, showed photographs of their relatives of those times. Among them was a photograph of the young Abubakar Dzhurgaev, who, at the age of 12, volunteered for the front along with his father Yusup, leaving his studies at the Grozny real school. At the age of 14, Abubakar received an honorary St. George ribbon bandaged to him personally by Grand Duke Mikhail Romanov, the commander of " Wild division».
This is just one of the many heroes of that war. The highlanders of the Caucasus went to the front as volunteers, according to the laws Russian Empire they were not subject to conscription into the army. Unfortunately, as M. Muzaev said, all the names of the Chechens who were part of the "Wild Division" are unknown. Small lists have been published in republican newspapers, now another one is being prepared for publication, but they do not reflect the real picture. In this regard, the participants of the round table also asked the viewers to take part in the restoration of this page in the history of the Chechen people. Now we need to collect material bit by bit, because this is necessary in order to refute the slanderers who invent different stories, thereby slandering the people, to help educate the younger generation in the spirit of patriotism. We have someone to be proud of. Among the Chechen people there were famous heroes - General Iriskhan Aliev, a participant in the Russian-Turkish, Russo-Japanese Wars. Denikin spoke of him with admiration, - the participants of the round table said. - Even when the whole army trembled, he showed indescribable audacity, as a result of which the Japanese retreated during one of the attacks. He also took an active part in the Civil War.
The "Wild Division" was always at the forefront of attacks, and so it was during the famous Brusilov breakthrough, when the glorious blows of the Chechen regiment repelled enemy attacks. General Ortsu Chermoev was the commander of the Chechen regiment of the division, Tapa Chermoev, the brothers Borshchikov, Dubaev, Abubakar Eldarkhanov and many, many others showed miracles of courage fighting for the Fatherland. True, the Chermoevs, after the 1917 revolution, managed to leave for France and avoid the fate of the others.
- The exploits of the heroes are consigned to oblivion, although in those days they were awarded honorary awards, and even St. George's crosses. But there is not a single historical study on this topic. The only book that reliably tells about the "Wild Division" and the Chechens is the book by O. Oprishko "Caucasian Cavalry Division". (He was the son of a physician who served in this division), says M. Muzaev.
O. Dzhurgaev spoke about one episode when A. Kerensky asked Kornilov in the office of the Provisional Government: “Do we have a combat-ready, loyal Military Unit, which could save Petrograd from the capture of the Bolsheviks? To which Kornilov replied that only the "Wild Division" could help with this. But the leader of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, Boris Savinkov, objected. “History will not forgive us if we allow the natives to save Russia from the red plague,” he said. But, despite this, Kerensky resorted to the help of the "Wild Division", but after that he immediately disbanded it.
- It's time to restore justice. Pay tribute undeservedly forgotten exploits glorious sons of Chechnya. Even the Cossacks have started talking about this today, the participants of the round table noted. They also reported on the letter that was received from the Kuban Cossack Society addressed to the President of the Chechen Republic A. Alkhanov. In it, in particular, it is reported that in November a meeting of the descendants of the horsemen of the "Wild Division" will take place. In this regard, the chieftain of the Kuban Cossack army, Cossack General V. Gromov, invites the descendants of the horsemen of the "Wild Division" from among the Chechens to take part in the celebrations.
In Russia, the loyal action does not cease, who is the greatest patriot. In the forefront of the campaign - the top of Chechnya. Meanwhile, as history shows, with the weakening of Russia, the Chechens go over to the side of the enemy. In 1941-42, almost the entire republic sided with Hitler.
There were several such critical situations with the highlanders in the history of Russia - in the middle of the 19th century, when their environment was stuffed with English agents (the Interpreter's Blog wrote about this); during the Revolution and civil war 1917-21; finally, during the formation of the statehood of the Russian Federation in the 1990s, when hundreds of thousands of people of other nationalities (primarily Russians) were expelled from Chechnya, and the republic itself turned into a terrorist enclave (thousands of Russian soldiers died during the liquidation of this bandit formation).
The Great Patriotic War is a special example of the betrayal of the representatives of Chechnya. We will touch only on its first period - 1941-42, and present only a small part of the collaborationism of the Chechens.
DESERTION
The first accusation that should be brought against the Chechens following the results of the Great Patriotic War is mass desertion. Here is what was said on this occasion in a memorandum addressed to People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Lavrenty Beria "On the situation in the regions of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", compiled by Deputy People's Commissar of State Security, Commissar of State Security 2nd rank Bogdan Kobulov based on the results of his trip to Checheno-Ingushetia in October 1943 and dated November 9, 1943:
“The attitude of the Chechens and Ingush towards the Soviet government was clearly expressed in desertion and draft evasion in the Red Army.
During the first mobilization in August 1941, out of 8,000 people to be drafted, 719 deserted. In October 1941, out of 4,733 people, 362 evaded the draft. In January 1942, when completing the national division, only 50% of the personnel were called up.
In March 1942, out of 14,576 people, 13,560 deserted and evaded service (i.e. 93%), who went underground, went to the mountains and joined gangs.
In 1943, out of 3,000 volunteers, the number of deserters was 1,870.
In total, during the three years of the war, 49,362 Chechens and Ingush deserted from the ranks of the Red Army, another 13,389 people evaded the draft, which in total is 62,751 people.
And how many Chechens and Ingush fought at the front? Local historians compose various fables on this score. For example, doctor historical sciences Hadji Murat Ibrahimbayli states:
“More than 30,000 Chechens and Ingush fought on the fronts. In the first weeks of the war, more than 12,000 communists and Komsomol members, Chechens and Ingush, left for the army, most of whom died in battle.”
The reality looks much more modest. While in the ranks of the Red Army, 2.3 thousand Chechens and Ingush died or went missing. Is it a lot or a little? The Buryat people, twice as small in number, to whom German occupation did not threaten in any way, lost 13 thousand people at the front, one and a half times inferior to the Chechens and Ingush Ossetians - 10.7 thousand.
As of March 1949, among the special settlers there were 4248 Chechens and 946 Ingush who had previously served in the Red Army. Contrary to popular belief, a certain number of Chechens and Ingush for military merit were exempted from being sent to the settlement. As a result, we find that no more than 10 thousand Chechens and Ingush served in the ranks of the Red Army, while over 60 thousand of their relatives evaded mobilization or deserted.
Let's say a few words about the notorious 114th Chechen-Ingush cavalry division, about the exploits of which pro-Chechen authors love to talk about. Due to the stubborn reluctance of the indigenous inhabitants of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR to go to the front, its formation was never completed, and the personnel that managed to be called up were sent to spare and training units in March 1942.
Bandit Khasan Israilov
The next accusation is banditry. Starting from July 1941 to 1944, only in the territory of the CHI ASSR, which was later transformed into the Grozny region, 197 gangs were destroyed by state security agencies. At the same time, the total irretrievable losses of the bandits amounted to 4532 people: 657 were killed, 2762 were captured, 1113 turned themselves in. Thus, in the ranks of the gangs that fought against the Red Army, almost twice as many Chechens and Ingush died and were captured than at the front. And this is not counting the losses of the Vainakhs who fought on the side of the Wehrmacht in the so-called "Eastern battalions"!
By that time, the old "cadres" of abreks and local religious authorities, through the efforts of the OGPU, and then the NKVD, were basically knocked out. They were replaced by young gangster growth - Komsomol members and communists who were brought up by the Soviet government and studied in Soviet universities.
Its typical representative was Khasan Israilov, also known under the pseudonym "Terloev", taken by him from the name of his teip. He was born in 1910 in the village of Nachkhoi, Galanchozh region. In 1929 he joined the CPSU (b), in the same year he entered the Komvuz in Rostov-on-Don. In 1933, to continue his studies, Israilov was sent to Moscow, to the Communist University of the Workers of the East. I. V. Stalin. In 1935 he was sentenced to 5 years in labor camps, but already in 1937 he was released. Returning to his homeland, he worked as a lawyer in the Shatoevsky district.
1941 uprising
After the start of the Great Patriotic War Hasan Israilov, together with his brother Hussein, went underground, developing activities to prepare a general uprising. To this end, he held 41 meetings in various villages, created combat groups in the Galanchozhsky and Itum-Kalinsky districts, as well as in Borzoi, Kharsinoy, Dagi-Borzoi, Achekhna and other settlements. Representatives were also sent to the neighboring Caucasian republics.
Initially, the uprising was scheduled for the autumn of 1941 in order to coincide with the approach of German troops. However, as the Blitzkrieg schedule fell apart, its deadline was moved to January 10, 1942. A single coordinated action did not take place, resulting in scattered premature actions of individual groups.
So, on October 21, 1941, residents of the Khilokhoy farm of the Nachkhoevsky village council of the Galanchozhsky district plundered the collective farm and offered armed resistance to the task force trying to restore order. An operational detachment of 40 people was sent to the area to arrest the instigators. Underestimating the seriousness of the situation, his commander divided his people into two groups, heading for the Khaibakhai and Khilokhoy farms. This turned out to be a fatal mistake. The first of the groups was surrounded by rebels. Having lost four people killed and six wounded in a skirmish, she, as a result of the cowardice of the head of the group, was disarmed and, with the exception of four operatives, was shot. The second, having heard the skirmish, began to retreat and, being surrounded in the village of Galanchozh, was also disarmed. As a result, the performance was suppressed only after the introduction of large forces.
A week later, on October 29, police officers detained Naizulu Dzhangireev in the village of Borzoi, Shatoevsky district, who evaded labor service and incited the population to do so. His brother, Guchik Dzhangireev, called on fellow villagers for help. After Guchik's statement: "There is no Soviet power, you can act" - the gathered crowd disarmed the policemen, defeated the village council and plundered the collective farm cattle. With the rebels from the surrounding villages who joined, the Borzoevites offered armed resistance to the NKVD task force, however, unable to withstand the retaliatory strike, they scattered through the forests and gorges, like the participants in a similar performance that took place a little later in the Bavloevsky village council of the Itum-Kalinsky district.
Here Israilov intervened in the case. He built his organization on the principle of armed detachments, covering a certain area or group with their activities. settlements. The main link was the village committees, or troika-five, which carried out anti-Soviet and insurgent work in the field.
Already on January 28, 1942, Israilov held an illegal meeting in Ordzhonikidze (now Vladikavkaz), at which the "Special Party of Caucasian Brothers" (OPKB) was established. As befits a self-respecting party, the OPKB had its own charter, a program providing for “creation in the Caucasus of a free fraternal Federal Republic states of the fraternal peoples of the Caucasus under the mandate of the German Empire".
Later, to better please the Germans, Israilov renamed his organization the National Socialist Party of Caucasian Brothers (NSPKB). Its number, according to the NKVD, soon reached 5,000 people.
Uprisings of 1942
Another large anti-Soviet group on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia was the so-called "Chechen-Mountain National Socialist Underground Organization" created in November 1941. Its leader Mairbek Sheripov, like Israilov, was a representative of a new generation. Son royal officer and younger brother the famous commander of the so-called "Chechen Red Army" Aslanbek Sheripov, was born in 1905. Just like Israilov, he joined the CPSU (b), was also arrested for anti-Soviet propaganda - in 1938, and released in 1939. However, unlike Israilov, Sheripov had a higher social status, being the chairman of the Forestry Council of the ChI ASSR.
Having gone underground in the autumn of 1941, Mairbek Sheripov united gang leaders, deserters, fugitive criminals hiding in the Shatoevsky, Cheberloevsky and part of the Itum-Kalinsky districts around him, and also established ties with the religious and teip authorities of the villages, trying with their help to persuade population to an armed uprising against the Soviet regime. Sheripov's main base, where he hid and recruited like-minded people, was in the Shatoevsky district. There he had extensive family ties.
Sheripov repeatedly changed the name of his organization: the Society for the Salvation of the Highlanders, the Union of Liberated Highlanders, the Chechen-Ingush Union of Mountain Nationalists, and, finally, the Chechen-Gorsk National Socialist Underground Organization. In the first half of 1942, he wrote the program of the organization, in which he outlined its ideological platform, goals and objectives.
After the front approached the borders of the republic, in August 1942, Sheripov managed to establish contact with the inspirer of several past uprisings, mullah and associate of Imam Gotsinsky, Javotkhan Murtazaliev, who since 1925 had been with his whole family in an illegal position. Taking advantage of his authority, he managed to raise a major uprising in the Itum-Kalinsky and Shatoevsky regions.
The uprising began in the village of Dzumskaya, Itum-Kalinsky District. Having defeated the village council and the board of the collective farm, Sheripov led the bandits rallied around him to the district center of the Shatoevsky district - the village of Khimoy. On August 17, 1942, Khimoi was taken, the rebels destroyed the party and Soviet institutions, and the local population looted and plundered the property stored there. The capture of the regional center was a success thanks to the betrayal of the head of the department for combating banditry of the NKVD CHI ASSR Ingush Idris Aliyev, who kept in touch with Sheripov. A day before the attack, he prudently withdrew from Himoy a task force and a military unit, which were specially intended to protect the regional center in case of a raid.
After that, about 150 participants in the rebellion, led by Sheripov, set off to capture the Itum-Kale regional center of the district of the same name, joining the rebels and criminals along the way. One and a half thousand rebels surrounded Itum-Kale on August 20. However, they failed to take the village. The small garrison stationed there repelled all attacks, and two companies that approached put the rebels to flight. The defeated Sheripov tried to unite with Israilov, but the state security agencies were finally able to organize a special operation, as a result of which on November 7, 1942, the leader of the Shatoev bandits was killed.
The next uprising was organized in October of the same year by the German non-commissioned officer Reckert, who was abandoned in Chechnya in August at the head of a sabotage group. Having established contact with the gang of Rasul Sakhabov, with the assistance of religious authorities, he recruited up to 400 people and, having supplied them with German weapons dropped from aircraft, managed to raise a number of auls in the Vedensky and Cheberloevsky districts. However, thanks to the operational and military measures taken, this armed uprising was liquidated, Reckert was killed, and the commander of another sabotage group, Dzugaev, who joined him, was arrested. The asset of the rebel formation created by Reckert and Rasul Sakhabov in the amount of 32 people was also arrested, and Sakhabov himself was killed in October 1943 by his bloodline Ramazan Magomadov, who was promised forgiveness for this gangster activity
