Description of the geographical location of France. Who borders France? The geographical position of France. Who borders France on the European continent

Introduction

concentrated in France great amount cultural values, almost every city, and sometimes small villages, are a real museum of history and culture. In addition to countless cultural monuments and ancient civilizations, the country has wonderful natural conditions- snow-white slopes of the Alpine mountains, beautiful beaches of the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, medieval castles, vast vineyards and charming old distilleries, as well as many places associated with the life and work of various historical figures. This country has huge opportunities for the development of almost all types of tourism.

France is the most visited country in the world. France is rightfully considered one of the universally recognized centers of world tourism. This is no coincidence, because it is in this oldest state of Europe that many cultural and historical monuments successfully integrated into the unique natural landscape.

The cultural center of the country, of course, is noisy and chaotic Paris - the capital of France since the 10th century. n. e., literally flooded with millions of tourists from all over the world.

That is why the study of the main factors and conditions of France is very important for the development of traditional and new types of tourism in the country.

The purpose of this work is to study the main factors and conditions for the development of tourism in France. Based on the purpose of the work, the following tasks were identified:

Study the geographical position of France;

Learn the basic historical stages development of the country;

Consider France's population and language;

Study the infrastructure of the country;

Explore the natural, historical and cultural resources of the country;

Explore the most popular types of tourism in the country.

The object of study is the main factors and conditions of France, which determine the development of tourism in the country.

The subject of study is the tourist complex of France.

When writing term paper These materials were used: reference books, guides, study guides, internet data.

Geography of France

Geographical position

France occupies a very convenient geographical position. Having the shape of a regular hexagon, the country is sheltered from external elements on all sides. Strabo wrote that "providence itself erected mountains, brought the seas closer, laid the channels of the rivers in order to create here the most flourishing place on earth."

France is known for several mountain ranges. The most popular and highest are the Alps, which stretch from north to south for 370 km. Mont Blanc (4807 m) - the most high point Europe.

The Jura Mountains, which are located next to the Alps, became famous for the densest forests.

The Pyrenees are a unique natural border between France and Germany. The mountains stretch for 430 km from west to east, their height is up to 3000 m.

The highest point of the alpine massif in the center of the country is Mount Puy de Sancy (1886 m). Many rivers of France begin their journey here.

In France, there are mountains that divide the country into climatic zones - the Cevennes. The climate is humid to the west of this massif, and dry to the east.

The forested mountains of the Vosges (approx. 1400 m) separate Alsace from Lorraine.

In the north-west of France, the Ardennes mountains (no higher than 700 m) stretch out, the name of which comes from the Celtic word for oak.

The northern part of France is almost at sea level, but the center of the country is above sea level. France is dominated by a flat terrain.

Almost all the rivers of France start in the Massif Central and flow into the Atlantic Ocean or the Mediterranean Sea.

The most famous river in France - the Seine (775 km, from Latin "calm") - flows through the plains of the country. The river has a widely branched system with large right tributaries of the Marne and Oise and the left tributary of the Yonne. The Seine is not only the most beautiful river in the country, it provides traffic between Paris and Rouen.

The sources of the Garonne River (650 km) are located in the Spanish Pyrenees. The river flows through Toulouse and Bordeaux and flows into the ocean. The main tributaries are the Tarn, the Lot and the Dordogne.

The most full-flowing river in France is the Rhone River (812 km, the nickname of the river is "an angry bull"). This river originates from the Rhone Glacier in the Swiss Alps. The major tributaries of the river are the Sonne, the Durance and the Isère.

river with nice name Laura (1020 km) is the longest river in France. It begins in the Central Massif. Laura is navigable, but only in the lower reaches. December and January are considered the most full-flowing months for it. The banks of Laura are valuable for their white limestone, with the help of which temples and palaces were built.

France is almost 20% covered with forests, where oak, beech, pine and ash grow for the most part. In the south of the country in Provence, you can find cork oak and Aleppo pine (Lebanese cedar). The south of France is evergreen trees. And even oaks do not shed their foliage in the off-season.

The climate of France is very mild, as it is predominantly of the marine type. Throughout the year, the country is warm, the air is humid. The eastern part of the country is continental in places. The southeast is characterized by a subtropical climate with hot summers and warm winters. In mountainous areas - altitudinal climatic zonality, especially pronounced in the Alps and the Pyrenees.

The state is located in Western Europe. In the northeast it borders with Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany, in the east with Germany and Switzerland, in the southeast with Monaco and Italy, in the southwest with Spain and Andorra.

The sea shores, stretching for 3120 km, are washed by the North and Mediterranean seas, the Pas de Calais, the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay.

Area - 551 thousand square meters. km. Population - 61.9 million people (2008), including 93% French. The official language is French. Believers are predominantly Catholics.

Paris is the cultural capital of France. Every stone here literally breathes medieval history Europe, in the capital of France are the main museums of the country.

France includes: the overseas departments of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana, Reunion, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon; overseas territories of the island of New Caledonia, French Polynesia, etc. The capital is Paris. The head of state is the president. (Appendix 1)

France is a republic. The country has the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, adopted in 1958, with subsequent changes. The head of state is the president. Legislature- Parliament, consisting of two chambers: the National Assembly and the Senate. executive power carried out by the President and the Council of Ministers. Administratively, the territory of France is divided into 96 departments, including a special territorial-administrative unit - Corsica, 22 regions and communes. The names of the 37 historical provinces into which France was divided before the French Revolution are also widely used.

The head of state is the president, who is elected for 5 years. Before the constitutional reform of 2000, initiated by President Jacques Chirac, he was elected for 7 years. The government is headed by the prime minister.

France is currently a presidential-parliamentary republic. The head of state is the president, who is elected for a 7-year term by popular vote. The bicameral parliament consists of the National Assembly and the Senate.

France is the most big country Western Europe. From north to south and from west to
east France stretches for almost 1000 km after Russia, it is the largest
European country. In terms of area (551 thousand sq. km, including Corsica), it is more than
twice the size of both the UK and Germany. The capital of France is the city
Paris. France includes the island of Corsica and several other smaller
islands in the Mediterranean and the Baltic.
France consists of: overseas departments - Guadeloupe, Martinique,
Guiana, Reunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon; overseas territories - New Islands
Caledonia, French Polynesia and others. French overseas territories
spanning four continents, bordered by four oceans. Any
overseas territory can secede from France after
the majority of the population will express such a wish.
France has possessions in America, Africa and Oceania. Their total area is 127 thousand sq.
sq. km, and the population is about 1.5 million people.
France occupies the extreme western part of the European mainland. She can be called
country of the Atlantic and Mediterranean, the Rhine and the Pyrenees. On the
in the northeast the country borders on Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany, in the east
- with Germany, Switzerland and Italy, in the southeast - with Monaco, in the south - with
Spain and Andorra. The country's maritime borders are longer than
land. The sea border stretches for 3120 km, divided into three lanes:
Mediterranean coast, the Atlantic coastline with the Bay of Biscay and
shores of the English Channel in the North Sea. In the north, France is separated from England
narrow straits of the English Channel and Pas de Calais, in the west it is washed by waters
Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean, and in the south - the Mediterranean Sea. Many
sections of the coast, especially in Brittany and Provence, are heavily indented, have
there are many bays suitable for mooring ships. /cm. rice. 2/
Most - almost a quarter of the land border runs along the ridge
Pyrenees on the border with Spain, in the southeast the border with Italy and Switzerland
goes through the Alps and the Jura. As a result, the French themselves call their country "Hexagone" -
"hexagon". This name, on the one hand, creates the impression of her as
about a single whole, and on the other hand, it implies an extraordinary diversity.
The river serves as the Franco-West German border for a considerable length.
Rhine, only in the north of the lowlands of France imperceptibly merge with
lowlands of Belgium.
Convenience of sea and land communications, position at the crossroads of international
ways have long strengthened the economic position of France, contributed to
the development of its economy, the growth of trade and cultural relations with other
countries.

The bowels of the earth are poor in minerals - oil and gas, copper and chromium, nickel and
France has to import lead from abroad. High level of development
energy, but there is not enough fuel of its own, and it has to import more than 1/2
energy resources. The country produces only 1 million tons of oil. Its main
part has to be imported, and mainly from the countries of the Middle East.
Large reserves of bauxite in the south of the country and cheap hydroelectric power have served
an incentive for the development of the aluminum industry. Bauxite mining France
ranks second among European countries. The most important mines are
near Marseille - near Brignoles. Rapidly increasing industrial and domestic
the use of natural gas, and the country does not have enough of its own gas, and
France buys it in the Netherlands, Algeria.
Due to the competition of oil, gas and imports of quality coal and coke from the US and
Germany's own coal production in France is declining. Main mining areas
coal - Northern region and Lorraine; coal is mined in the eastern
parts of the Central Massif. France ranks first in iron ore production
place in capitalist Europe, 5 in the world.
France is one of the most economically developed countries and
ranks fourth in the list of the richest countries in the world.

The official name of the country is Republique Francaise (French Republic), the location is the western part of Europe, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The total area of the country is 547 square meters, the capital is Paris. The population according to 2014 data is 66 million people, official language- French, although such nationalities as Moroccans, Italians, Portuguese and others live on the territory. The currency since 2002 is the euro, formerly the French franc.

Geographic characteristics

Geographically, France lies between 4°27'W, 8°47'E, 42°20' and 51°5'N. The total length of the country from east to west is 950 km, from north to south 975 km. In the south, the country is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, in the west - by the Atlantic Ocean and the Bay of Biscay, in the north - by the English Channel and Pas de Calais.

The territories of France are not only on the mainland, the Atlantic and Southern Overseas Territories, French Polynesia, Futuna and Wallis Islands, New Caledonia are an integral part of the country. France also includes such overseas departments as Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, San Pierre, Mayotte, Miquelon. The total area of overseas territories is 4 thousand square meters, the population is approximately 1.8 million people.

Nature

Mountains and plains

The relief of France is very diverse, in the north and west plains and lowlands prevail, which gradually turn into high mountain ranges. The highest point is in the Alps in the southwestern part of the country, on the border with Switzerland and Italy. It is here that the highest point in Western Europe is located - Mount Mont Blanc with a height of 4807 m.

The southwestern part of France is characterized by mountainous relief, it is here that the Pyrenees mountain system is located, the height of which is only slightly lower than that of the Alpine ranges. The highest point of the Pyrenees reaches 3500 m...

Rivers and lakes

France's inland water resources are diverse, with a developed river system and many lakes. Most of the rivers originate in the basins of the Atlantic Ocean and the central mountainous regions. The Loire is rightfully considered the longest with a length of 1020 km and a pool of 115,120 sq.m.

The lakes are divided into three large groups - mountain, located on the sea coast, flat. The origin of the lakes is predominantly glacial, the largest is Bourges with a total area of 45 sq.m, located in the Alps. The second largest Lake Annecy has an area of 28 square meters, it is also located in the Alps, and the deepest Lake Geneva is located on the border between Switzerland and France - in the Pre-Alpine trough ...

The seas and oceans surrounding France

Geographical position The country is very profitable, France is rich in inland water resources, on the south side it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea, to the west - by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. This has a positive effect on the country's climate - milder and not as dry as for many other neighboring countries of France ...

Forests

Approximately 20% of the territory is occupied by forests concentrated in the Pyrenees, the Alps, Aquitaine, in the east of the Paris Basin. The upper border of the forest belt is located at the level of 1800-2100 m above sea level in the Alps, subalpine shrubs and alpine meadows are located above. The southern part of the country is rich in sparse forests, including pine and evergreen oak, and thickets of shrubs. For the northwest, meadows and moorlands are predominantly observed ...

Plants and animals of France

The fauna of France is concentrated in the mountainous and forest regions of the country, the most common are mammals, including foxes, wild forest cats, deer, fallow deer, squirrels. Mountain goat, alpine marmot, chamois are found in mountainous and high-mountainous regions. Birds are predominantly represented by kites, snipes, hawks, hazel grouses.

The marine world is also diverse, there are sardine, flounder, cod, tuna, mackerel in the seas, trout, pike, pike perch, perch in the rivers ...

Climate of France

The climate is temperate, the main factor is the air masses coming from the Atlantic Ocean. A feature of the climate is a clear zoning:

the western part of the country has a maritime climate with mild winters without frost, rain and high humidity;
the central part has a mild climate, but the winters are colder here, and the summers are hot, the rains are not as frequent as on the west coast;
the northeast has a temperate continental climate with relatively mild winters with little frost;
the south has a Mediterranean, pronounced climate, rainy winters and rather dry, hot summers.

The climate of the mountainous regions is characterized by sharp changes in daily temperatures, snowy and cold winters, hot summers....

Resources

France is considered to be the richest country in Europe in terms of resources. The leading place is occupied by reserves of niobium, uranium, tantalum, lithium, and iron. In addition, there are reserves of barite, gold, copper, tin, talc, and aluminum ores. On the territory of the country there are rich deposits of bituminous limestones, kyanite, limestone, quartz sand, andalusite, feldspar, diatomite. The geography of minerals includes such departments and districts as Puy-de-Dome, Lozère, Glomel, Pont du Chateau and others...

Industry and agriculture in France

Agriculture includes large lands under state care, and medium and small farms, which occupy the main share of this sphere. In terms of agricultural production, France ranks third in the world and first among other countries in Western Europe, offering cheese, beef, butter, and wheat.

The industry is heterogeneous, a large share falls on the automotive, aviation, electronics, space and rocket industries, petrochemistry, oil refining and energy...

culture

Peoples of France

The population of France in 2014 amounted to 66 million people, of which 63.9 million permanently reside in the country, 2.1 million - in the overseas provinces, 600 thousand - in New Caledonia. Approximately 6% of those living in the territory do not have French citizenship - this is about 3.8 million people. Another 2 million French citizens permanently reside outside the country.

Approximately 94% of the population are native French, the rest of the nationalities occupy 1-1.5% each, these are Italians, Moroccans, Algerians, Portuguese. Indigenous people represented by Franks, Burgundians, Visigoths, about 1 million people are Bretons, 1.3 million are Alsatians, 100 thousand people are Flemings, 200 thousand are Catalans, 300 thousand are Corsicans ...

France is the largest country in Western Europe. Its area is 551.5 sq. km, and the population is 66 million people. France is in an advantageous economic and geographical position, as it borders on many developed countries, and also has access to Atlantic Ocean.

Geographic location of France

France is located in Western Europe and has mainland borders with five countries of the European Union, as well as with Switzerland. France is linked to Britain through the Channel Tunnel. The shores of the state are washed by the Atlantic Ocean from the western side (the Bay of Biscay, the English Channel) and the Mediterranean Sea from the east.

Rice. 1. France on the world map.

Countries of the European Union with which France borders - Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain

The relief of the country is very diverse. Flat and hilly plains predominate in the west and north (Garonne lowland, Parisian basin), in the center and east - mountains of medium height (Vaghes, partly Jura, Central French massif), and in the south-east rise the ridges of the Alps. It is in this area that the highest mountain in Western Europe, Mont Blanc, is located. Its height is 4807 meters.

Rice. 2. Mont Blanc.

There are many rivers in the western part. The largest is the Loire River, which flows into the Bay of Biscay. Also considered large are the Rhone and Saone, which flow into the Mediterranean Sea, and the Seine, which flows into the English Channel.

Economic and geographical position of France

The EGP of France is due to its location. Most of the country is located on a flat territory with a temperate climate in the main part and subtropical in the south. Great importance have water resources. There are more than 500 hydroelectric power stations on the territory of the country, which in total generate about 20,000 megawatts of energy.

What have we learned?

France is the largest country in Western Europe. It has borders with many European states. The highest mountain is Mont Blanc, and the most major river- Loire. France has access to the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea through which the main European trade routes pass.

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