Researchers of the history of the Russian army are well acquainted with this genre of literature - descriptions of the history of the regiment. There are about two hundred such works, their creation has become a kind of tradition for Russian officers of the 19th century. This work was undertaken by educated and worthy representatives of the officers, who were able to systematize and present specific and complex material so that it would be of interest to researchers and the general public.

Captain Nikolai Ivanovich Geniev, under the leadership of the regiment commander and with the support of fellow soldiers, created a valuable work, not only about the military history and fate of a particular regiment, but about the culture and people of his own and previous times.

"History of the Pskov Infantry, Field Marshal Prince Kutuzov of the Smolensk Regiment, 1700-1881" is primarily a description of the regiment's combat operations and significant historical events associated with it.

They trace in detail not only the battles, but also the formation and reorganization of its units, the changes that took place in the name of the regiment, uniforms and insignia. The book contains lists of regimental commanders and officers of the regiment who were awarded orders and insignia. When writing regimental histories, regimental archives and memoirs of officers were involved.

The history of the regiment begins with the reform of Peter I: “The first recruitment, made by decree on November 8, 1699 of the sovereign builder of military affairs in Russia, Peter 1, put 27 regiments in the ranks of the army, and among them the first in time of formation (June 5, 1700 d.) was Ivan Mevs, who is now the 11th Pskov Infantry Field Marshal Prince Kutuzov-Smolensk Regiment. The eldest of 27, he, together and one of the oldest in the general military family, occupied fourth place in it.

The regiments were named after their commanders and were divided into three divisions. The future Pskov infantry was given command to a colonel from foreigners Ivan Ivanovich Mevs. His father, Johann Mevs, arrived in Moscow during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and he and his three sons devoted themselves to military service in the Russian troops.

The first military operations even before the Battle of Poltava, the new formation, which entered the army of Sheremetyev, carried out under the name of the Mevs Regiment and repeatedly lodged in Pskov. In 1706, the regiment was renamed after the chief of the regiment, General Peter von Dolbon, into the Dolbon Regiment.

The Tsar's Decree of March 10, 1708 concerned the general renaming of the Russian regiments "by city" and from that moment on the name "Pskov" remained in the name of the regiment until 1918, when the decrees of the Soviet government disbanded the regiments established by Peter the Great. The history of the regiment by that time totaled 200 years.

The name of the regiment over the course of 80 years (this period is covered by the book) changed 16 more times, it was infantry, musketeer, jaeger, but "Pskov" remained unchanged.

In 1712, Peter's regiments were assigned banners depicting the coat of arms of the province of the same name regiment. Therefore, in the Pskov Infantry Regiment, such "banners were blue, with an image in the upper corner of the cloth of a golden leopard and above it a hand emerging from the clouds."

The work of Captain Geniev describes in detail all the military campaigns of the Pskov Infantry Regiment, but special attention is paid to the participation of the regiment in the Patriotic War of 1812 under the command of Colonel Dmitry Petrovich Lyapunov. The regiment took part in the defense of Smolensk, the battle of Polotsk and the battle of Borodino.

This is the most important page in the combat history of the regiment, especially when you consider that from 1799 to 1813, that is, until his death, Field Marshal Prince Kutuzov-Smolensky was the chief of the regiment.

The word "huntsman" comes from the German word Jager, which means a shooter, a hunter, a specialist in the hunting economy, serving amateur hunters and monitoring compliance with the rules of hunting. The military meaning of the word huntsman refers to a warrior of light infantry or cavalry in the armies of most European states ...

The word "huntsman" comes from the German word Jager, which means a shooter, a hunter, a specialist in the hunting economy, serving amateur hunters and monitoring compliance with the rules of hunting. The military meaning of the word huntsman refers to a light infantry or cavalry warrior in the armies of most European states. Jaegers as a type of special forces appeared in European armies in the 17th - 19th centuries. As combat-ready military units, the huntsmen proved themselves as early as the 30-year war of 1618-1648. Such detachments were formed from former hunters and good shooters.

The first European ranger units (from the Old English "ranger" - persons making large foot crossings), which mainly included huntsmen, hunters and foresters, appeared in 1756 in the British colonial army in North America. The initiator of the creation of this type of military units and the commander of the first detachment was Major Richard Rogers. The several companies of royal rangers he created were recruited on a voluntary basis and were intended mainly to fight Indian tribes. Their tactics were based on the rules of action in enemy territory borrowed from the Indians. The rangers gained their fame in 1759 after a detachment of about 400 people marched through enemy territory. During the sortie, they destroyed the French garrisons and the settlements of the Huron Indians. However, in terms of military discipline, Rogers' detachment was not much different from a gang of robbers. Therefore, when the war for independence began, George Washington declared that bandits - rangers had no place in the regular army of colonists, and refused the services of Rogers, who by that time had become a general. Later, already in the USA, Robert Edward Lee, the most famous American general who commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War of 1861-65, inflicted a number of sensitive defeats on the northerners. At the same time, Lee actively used deep cavalry raids and guerrilla tactics of cavalry rangers.

In the Russian army, the first experimental battalion of rangers was formed by Field Marshal Count Pyotr Rumyantsev in 1761. And at the beginning of 1763, regular light infantry, called rangers, appeared in the Russian army. For the first time, such units were created in the Finnish division, commanded by the future participant in the assassination of Emperor Paul I, Count Panin. It was a contingent formed from selected shooters in the amount of 300 people - 5 people per company. This experience was crowned with success, and already in 1765, with 25 infantry regiments (about half of their total number), separate jaeger teams were established, consisting of one officer and 65 chasseurs. In 1769, such jaeger teams were introduced in all infantry regiments, and a year later jaeger teams began to be reduced to battalions, and then to corps. The latter constituted special chasseur regiments.

The purpose of the rangers was to serve as "skirmishers", i.e. leading search engines, who should have been able to fight in a loose battle. At the same time, they had to “produce fire”, but not according to the Prussian model at 30 paces, but according to their own “manual skill” with a maximum charge rate and integrity of the butt, which meant the ability to carry out the so-called. "selective targeting", i.e. conduct sniper fire "on priority targets of destruction."

The huntsmen were dressed in a special uniform - a dark green dolman with cords, dark green tight-fitting trousers, as well as a small huntsman cap and knee-high boots.

During this period, the organization of infantry regiments remained the same as under Peter III - two battalions of six companies, consisting of one guards and five musketeer teams, one team of gunners (four guns - two per battalion) and from 1765 to 1769. jaeger team. In addition to the guardsmen and musketeers, since January 1788, horse-chasseur teams were introduced in all light horse regiments of the Russian army, later reorganized into horse-chasseur regiments. In total, as of December 1801, there were 19 regiments of chasseurs in the Russian army, distinguished by their special courage.

In 1798, when Suvorov's troops stormed the Saint Gotthard Pass, which was defended by 9,000 French soldiers, the fate of the Devil's Bridge, hanging at a 22-meter height above the foaming stream of a mountain river, was decided by the maneuvering of the Jaeger regiment under the command of Bagration. Part of the French soldiers managed to cross the Devil's Bridge and gain a foothold. A direct attack on the bridge was unthinkable. But unexpectedly for the enemy, in his rear was a bypass column of Russian rangers, who had forded a stormy mountain river. The soldiers, having dismantled a nearby wooden structure, crawled to the part of the bridge destroyed during the battle and threw the logs and boards across the gap, tying them with officer belt scarves. The rangers crossed the bridge under bullets and immediately entered the battle. They were supported by the soldiers of the Absheron regiment beloved by Suvorov.

The heroism of the rangers, who were part of the partisan detachments of 1812, should be attributed to the number of exploits of the partisan hunters operating in the rear of the Napoleonic troops.

Having received intelligence from his rangers, the famous partisan A. S. Figner reported to M. I. Kutuzov an intelligence report in early October 1812, which stated:

“the enemy army stands in its original place, 15 versts from Voronovo to Kaluga ... a detachment recently went to Moscow, which should cover a large transport with provisions ... the guard is still in Moscow ... two infantry regiments are stationed in Voronovo, which can be exterminated in 2 hours by the detachment of General Dorokhov and mine, I vouch for their extermination with my head.

When on October 7, 1812, Napoleon left Moscow, which included the detachment of Major General Ilovaisky IV, the French army of 100 thousand people with a convoy of 40 thousand wagons made an attempt to break through to the food-provided Kaluga road.

In the avant-garde of the main forces of the Russian army, headed by Matvey Platov, there was Captain Alexander Nikitich Seslavin, who acted as a partisan detachment of rangers, who was the first to report to Kutuzov a reconnaissance report of the following content: “The Emperor and the guard are on all roads between Borovskoy and Kaluga roads.” At this time, scouts from another partisan detachment of rangers, Colonel N.D. Kudashev captured Marshal Berthier's order to the French general to send all the burdens to the Mozhaisk road, after which Kutuzov abandoned the pursuit of the defeated vanguard of Marshal Murat and concentrated the main forces on the Kaluga road, blocking the French way to the south.

Then the rangers-partisans of Seslavin broke into the city of Borisov, taking up to 3 thousand prisoners, and a detachment of rangers of Colonel Yegor Vlastov from the vanguard of Wittgenstein surrounded the division of French General Louis Partuno, retreating from Borisov.

On October 11, 1812, the first battle after Borodin took place between the Russian and French troops near the Chernishnya River (a tributary of the Nara River) north of the village of Tarutino (Kaluga province). Kutuzov's army, in cooperation with the partisan detachments of the rangers Dorokhov and Figner, forced the vanguard of the French army, commanded by Napoleon's son-in-law King Murat of Naples, to retreat to their previous positions. By this time, Murat had lost 2.5 thousand killed and 2 thousand prisoners. The Russians lost 300 killed and 904 wounded.

The first subdivisions of military counterintelligence, which were created in June 1815 by the commander-in-chief M.B. Barclay de Tolly. During the Foreign Campaign of 1815, he issued an order for the allocation of one trustworthy officer and five privates from each cavalry regiment, who were supposed to keep order on the march, bivouacs, be responsible for combating looting, and also for taking the wounded during battles to dressing stations. points. The order ordered "... the people of these teams to be called gendarmes, on their right hand they must wear a red armband." They made up special mobile (mounted) rapid response formations to any threats to the battle formations on the march.

Another area of ​​activity of rangers was customs and border guards. In August 1827, Russia approved the "Regulations on the organization of customs border guards." Instead of civilian officials, the military began to be appointed to the guard. Soon, uniforms were introduced for border units and guard units, which were based on brigades, semi-brigades, companies and detachments.

In modern Russia, rangers remained only in hunting farms and in those units of law enforcement agencies that provide courier communications. The latter are called couriers. The history of courier takes its origins in the Order of Secret Affairs of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. In those days, the most capable and proven clerks from other orders were selected to perform fast-walking functions, who had to go through a special training school at the Spassky Monastery. They received a "salary" greater than their colleagues from other orders. It should be recalled that in the 17th century in tsarist Russia there were about 80 orders, so there was no shortage of personnel.

For foreign ambassadors, especially important letters from the tsar were delivered exclusively by courier officers from among the clerks of the Order of Secret Affairs. Usually, this category of clerks was given additional tasks of an intelligence nature, for example, to collect information about the mood of the local population of the countries and regions through which they had to pass. Great importance in the Order of Secret Affairs was attached to the cipher case and the "gibberish letter", as the encoded messages were then called. For carrying out such a wide profile of intelligence and counterintelligence activities, the courier received, in modern terms, significant social security, which should not be forgotten by the modern leaders of the Russian special services.

Stanislav Lekarev

The history of the Russian army is an integral part of the national culture, which everyone who considers himself a worthy son of the great Russian land needs to know. Despite the fact that Russia (subsequently Russia) waged wars throughout its existence, the specific division of the army, the assignment of each of its components to a separate role, as well as the introduction of appropriate distinctive signs began to occur only in the time of the emperors. The infantry regiments, the indestructible backbone of the empire, deserved special attention. This type of troops has a rich history, as each era (and each new war) made tremendous changes to them.

Regiments of the new order (17th century)

The infantry of the Russian Empire, like the cavalry, dates back to 1698 and is a consequence of the army reform of Peter 1. Until that time, archery regiments prevailed. However, the desire of the emperor not to differ from Europe took its toll. The number of infantry was more than 60% of all troops (not counting the Cossack regiments). War with Sweden was predicted, and in addition to the existing soldiers, 25,000 recruits undergoing military training were selected. The officers were formed exclusively from foreign military and people of noble origin.

The Russian military was divided into three categories:

1. Infantry (ground forces).
2. Landmilitia and garrison (local forces).
3. Cossacks (irregular army).

In general, the new formation amounted to about 200 thousand people. Moreover, the infantry stood out as the main type of troops. Closer to 1720, a new system of ranks was introduced.

Changes in weapons and uniforms

Uniforms and weapons have also been changed. Now the Russian soldier is fully consistent with the image of the European military. In addition to the main weapon - a gun, the infantrymen had bayonets, swords and grenades. The mold material was of the best quality. Great importance was attached to its tailoring. From that time until the end of the 19th century, there were no significant changes in the Russian army. Except for the formation of elite regiments - grenadiers, rangers, etc.

Infantry in the War of 1812

In view of the upcoming events (Napoleon Bonaparte's attack on Russia), which became known for sure from intelligence reports, the new Minister of War Barclay de Tolly, recently appointed to this post, found it necessary to make massive changes in the Russian army. This was especially true of the infantry regiments. In history, this process is known as the military reforms of 1810.

The infantry of the Russian Empire at that time was in a deplorable state. And not because there was a shortage of personnel. The problem was organization. It was to this moment that the attention of the new Minister of War was devoted.

Army training in 1812

The preparatory work for the war with France was presented in a memorandum entitled "On the protection of the western borders of Russia." It was also approved by Alexander 1 in 1810. All the ideas set out in this document began to be embodied in reality.

The army's central command system was also reorganized. The new organization was based on two points:

1. Department of War Establishment.
2. Administration of a large active army.

The Russian army of 1812, its condition and readiness for military operations were the result of 2 years of work.

Structure of the infantry in 1812

The infantry made up the majority of the army and included:

1. Garrison units.
2. Light infantry.
3. Heavy infantry (grenadiers).

As for the garrison component, it was nothing more than a reserve of the ground unit and was responsible for the timely replenishment of the ranks. Marines were also included, although the command of these units was carried out by the Ministry

Replenishment of the Lithuanian and Finnish regiments organized the Life Guards. Otherwise, it was called the elite infantry.

Composition of heavy infantry:

• 4 guards regiments;
• 14 regiments of grenadiers;
• 96 regiments of foot troops;
• 4 regiments of marines;
• 1 battalion of the Caspian fleet.

Light infantry:

• 2 guards regiments;
• 50 regiments of rangers;
• 1 naval crew;

Garrison troops:

• 1 garrison battalion of the Life Guards;
• 12 garrison regiments;
• 20 garrison battalions;
• 20 internal guard battalions.

In addition to the above, the Russian army included cavalry, artillery, Cossack regiments. Militia formations were recruited in every part of the country.

Military regulations of 1811

A year before the outbreak of hostilities, a document appeared showing the correct actions of officers and soldiers in the process of preparing for battle and during it. The name of this paper is the military charter on infantry service. It included the following points:

• features of officer training;
• soldier training;
• the location of each combat unit;
• a set of recruits;
• rules of conduct for soldiers and officers;
• rules for building, marching, saluting, etc.;
• firing;
• hand-to-hand combat techniques.

As well as many other components of the military service. The infantry of the Russian Empire became not only protection, but also the face of the state.

War of 1812

The Russian army of 1812 was 622 thousand people. However, only a third of the entire army was withdrawn to the western border. The reason for this was the disbandment of individual parts. The southern Russian army was still in Wallachia and Moldavia, since the war with Turkey had just ended, and it was necessary to control the territory.

The Finnish corps, under the command of Steingel, was about 15 thousand people, but its location was in Sveaborg, since it was intended to be a landing group that would land on the Baltic coast. Thus, the command planned to break Napoleon's rear.

Most of the troops were garrisoned in various parts of the country. A large number of soldiers were located in Georgia and other regions of the Caucasus. This was due to the conduct of the war with the Persians, which ended only in 1813. A considerable number of troops were concentrated in the fortresses of the Urals and Siberia, thereby ensuring the safety of the borders of the Russian Empire. The same applies to the Cossack regiments concentrated in the Urals, Siberia and Kyrgyzstan.

In general, the Russian military was ready for a French attack. This applied to the quantity, and uniforms, and weapons. But for the reasons listed above, by the time the invaders invaded, only a third of them went to repel the attack.

Armament and uniform of 1812

Despite the fact that the command adhered to the use of guns of one caliber (17.78 mm) by the troops, in fact, more than 20 different calibers of guns were in service. The greatest preference was given to the rifle of the 1808 model with a trihedral bayonet. The advantage of the weapon was a smooth barrel, a well-coordinated percussion mechanism and a convenient butt.

Melee infantry weapons are sabers and broadswords. Many officers had As a rule, it was a melee weapon, the hilt of which consisted of gold or silver. The most common type was the saber engraved "For Courage".

As for the armor, it practically came out of the infantry uniforms. Only in the cavalry could one find a semblance of armor - shells. For example, cuirasses, which were intended to protect the body of a cuirassier. Such armor was able to withstand the impact of a cold weapon, but not a firearm bullet.

The uniforms of Russian soldiers and officers were uniforms, exquisitely sewn and fitted to the owner of the vestments. The main task of this form was to provide its owner with freedom of movement, while not restricting him at all. Unfortunately, the same could not be said about dress uniforms, which cause serious inconvenience to officers and generals at dinner parties.

Elite regiments - huntsmen

Observing how the special military formations of the Prussians, called "huntsmen", allow the enemy to achieve their goals, one of the domestic commanders-in-chief decided to form a similar unit in the Russian army. Initially, only 500 people with experience in hunting became candidates. Jaeger regiments of the Russian Empire are a kind of partisans of the late 18th century. They were recruited exclusively from the best warriors who served in the musketeers and

The outfit of the huntsmen was simple and did not differ in bright colors of the uniform. Dark colors prevailed, allowing them to merge with the environment (bushes, stones, etc.).

The armament of the rangers is the best weapon that could be in the ranks of the Russian army. Instead of sabers, they carried bayonets. And the bags were intended only for gunpowder, grenades and provisions, which could last for three days.

Although they played a key role in many battles and were an indispensable support for light infantry and cavalry, they were disbanded in 1834.

grenadiers

The name of the military formation came from the word "Grenada", i.e. "grenade". In fact, it was infantry, armed not only with guns, but also with a large number of grenades, which were used to storm fortresses and other strategically important objects. Because Since the standard grenada weighed a lot, in order to hit the target, it was necessary to get closer to it. Only warriors distinguished by courage and great experience were capable of this.

Russian grenadiers were recruited exclusively from the best soldiers of conventional infantry. The main task of this type of troops is to undermine the fortified positions of the enemy. Naturally, the grenadier had to be distinguished by hefty physical strength in order to carry a large number of grenades in his bag. Initially (under Peter 1), the first representatives of this type of troops were formed into separate units. Closer to 1812, divisions of grenadiers were already being created. This type of troops existed until the October Revolution.

Russian involvement in World War I

The prevailing economic rivalry between England and Germany caused the clash of more than 30 powers to begin. The Russian Empire had its place in the First World War. Being the owner of a powerful army, she became the guardian of the interests of the Entente. Like other powers, Russia had its own views and counted on land and resources that could be appropriated by intervening in the world battle.

Russian army in World War I

Despite the lack of aviation and armored vehicles, the Russian Empire did not need soldiers in the First World War, since their number exceeded 1 million people. There were enough guns and ammunition. The main problem was with the shells. In history, this phenomenon is known as the “shell crisis”. After five months of warfare, the warehouses of the Russian army were empty, which led to the need to buy shells from the allies.

The uniform of the soldiers consisted of a cloth shirt, trousers and a dark green khaki cap. Boots and a belt were also indispensable soldier attributes. In winter, an overcoat and hat were issued. During the war years, the infantry of the Russian Empire did not suffer changes in uniform. Unless the cloth was changed to moleskin - a new material.

They were armed with Mosin rifles (or three-ruler), as well as bayonets. In addition, the soldiers were given pouches and gun cleaning kits.

Mosin rifle

Also known as a trilinear. Why is it called so - the question is relevant to this day. It is known that the Mosin rifle is a weapon that has been in demand since 1881. It was used even during the Second World War, as it combined three main characteristics - ease of operation, accuracy and range.

Why is it called a three line? The fact is that before the caliber was calculated based on the length. Special lines were used. At that time, one line was 2.54 mm. The cartridge of the Mosin rifle was 7.62 mm, which was suitable for 3 lines.

Chasseur regiments in the Russian Empire existed from the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars to the end of the Crimean War.
In essence, these were regiments of light infantry that appeared under Rumyantsev (although they did not then bear the name of chasseurs) and were intended for operational operations in forests, villages, ambushes, and also to support the actions of light cavalry.
The equipment of the huntsmen was the lightest: instead of swords, bayonets were put into the harness; heavy grenadier bags were replaced by light musketeers, tents were taken away, galloons were torn from hats, raincoats were left only to those who wished. Each soldier was supplied with a shnobzak (sack), and later with a knapsack, with a three-day supply of food.
Historically, rangers often came out of people who became famous for their military talents. So, among the commanders of the Jaeger corps were Kutuzov, Gudovich, Mikhelson, and the commanders of the battalions were at different times Barclay de Tolly, Bagration and Count M.F. Kamensky.
During the Crimean War, the Russian army consisted of 42 regiments of chasseurs, i.e. almost half of the entire infantry (there were 110 infantry regiments in total). However, in the course of this military campaign, rifle rifle battalions showed their huge advantage over the rangers, and immediately after its completion, a complete transformation of the rangers regiments took place.
In 1856, all carabinieri regiments of chasseurs were renamed grenadier regiments; all chasseur regiments became infantry (with the exception of the Tiflis and Mingrelian chasseur regiments, which were renamed grenadier regiments). The Life Guards Jaeger Regiment was renamed the Life Guards Gatchinsky (the name Jaegersky was returned in 1871) and reorganized into a general infantry position. Thus, the Jaeger regiments ceased to exist, they merged with the line troops into single rifle companies, battalions and regiments.

2. The uniform of the huntsman of the Russian army for the period of the Crimean War consists of a forage cap (better known to the people as a peakless cap), an overcoat, a set of shoulder straps, a cartridge and capsule bag, a knapsack, a shirt, a tie, a flamish linen pantaloon and boots. The main external difference from the infantryman's kit was that all leather equipment was painted black.

3. Since the 1820s, the overcoat has become the main type of outerwear for military campaigns.
During the Crimean War, the active army wore only overcoats, and parade uniforms were stored in warehouses.
A gray cloth overcoat was worn both in winter and in summer, both in cold and in heat. They slept in it, they hid in it during overnight stays. For the soldiers, she was at the same time clothing, a tent and a blanket.
Sufficiently spacious cut allowed free movement. Unlike the uniform, it did not hinder movement. The long floors kept the heat well and, moreover, allowed you to wrap yourself in it, like in a blanket.
In hot weather, the floors were pulled up inside, and the overcoat turned into a kind of semi-caftan.

4. It should be noted that in total the Russian army numbered 1 million people, who were distributed throughout the vast territory of the Russian Empire. This fact and the technological level of the country led to the fact that there was no centralized supply in the army.
The regiments received the necessary material, from which the soldiers themselves made uniforms. Or they made an order to specially trained people with money collected from salaries. But most often everything was done in the regiments, in their free time, in the evenings with a torch.
Due to supply difficulties, the soldier actually had one set of uniforms, which, as mentioned above, were worn all year round.
To say that the soldier was hot in summer is to say nothing.
Little of. The infantryman's trousers were white. Naturally, they got dirty very quickly both in battle and during normal service. And the army is an army, and the soldier, among other things, also had to constantly make sure that his uniform looked clean and tidy.

5. Boots - the traditional footwear of a Russian soldier. Unlike modern military boots, they were sewn from inside out leather. They were painted black only to the base of the bootleg.

6. The color of shoulder straps and collars differed from regiment to regiment. There were four colors in total: white, red, blue and green. Each color meant a certain number of the regiment in the division. The color of the edging also mattered. He determined the number of the battalion. For example, the 1st one was red, the 2nd one was blue, and so on.
The numbers of companies, batteries or squadrons were applied to the caps. The buttons are also numbered. But, in fact, it was rather a tribute to fashion, adopted from the French, and they did not matter.
This infantryman of the Borodino Chasseurs of His Imperial Highness the Sovereign Heir to the Tsarevich Regiment, who he served in the 3rd Chasseur Company (number on the cap) of the 33rd Regiment (number on the button) of the 17th Division (number on the shoulder strap).

7. The equipment of the Russian army included a special bag for storing capsules. She was attached to the shoulder straps.
By the way, each soldier had a knapsack. According to the regulations approved on October 20, 1851, it was supposed to contain the following things:
"... a) Things that are required both on a campaign and at inspector reviews - two pairs of footcloths; shoe or boots; two shirts; earmuffs; mittens with mittens (in summertime); a forage hat; a tin for capsules; several feathers, with cut ends; a greasy cloth; a dry rag; a screwdriver, a tannery, a pointed cleaner made of hard wood, all three on one strap; a spare seed rod, strung on a piece of glass, lubricated with bacon (whoever has it).
b) Things that are supposed only in the campaign - crackers and salt for 4 days; a pair of soles; tin with wax or lard.
c) Small things that fit in a backpack - a button plate; brushes: clothes, shoe and whitewash; chalk and glue; soap; scissors; mustache factory; factory comb; at least 3 needles; threads; thimble; awl; fight; wax; knife; head comb; pocket for packing small things ... "(c)

8. The soldiers were armed with muzzle-loading primer shotguns copied from French models. The state of the Russian Empire at the time of the Crimean War did not allow the army to be re-equipped with rifled guns. This did not have the best effect on the course of the campaign.

The technical side of the defeat of the Russian army in the Crimean War of 1853-1856 was the relative backwardness of its weapons. The Anglo-French troops had rifled fittings that allowed the loose formation of rangers to open fire on the Russian troops before they approached a distance sufficient for a volley of smoothbore guns. The close formation of the Russian army, designed mainly for one group salvo and a bayonet attack, with such a difference in armaments, became a convenient target and suffered significant losses in each attack.

Many thanks to the Borodino Jaeger. 1855 reconstruction group (Moscow-St. Petersburg, leader Ilya Ulyanov), rangers Boris Megorsky and Mikhail Papsuev (pictured) for preparing this story, as well as