The further the tragic years of the Great Patriotic War go down in history, the fuller and brighter the heroic feat of the people and its armed forces rises before us, the clearer it is seen at what cost the victory was won, what contribution medicine made to the cause of victory.
Zhukov
Georgy Konstantinovich
(1896 –1974)
Marshal Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov wrote that "... in the conditions of a big war, the achievement of victory over the enemy depends to a large extent on successful work military medical service, especially military field surgeons". The experience of the war confirmed the validity of these words.
The attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR set before the Government, the People's Commissariat for Health and the military medical service of the Red Army tasks of unprecedented complexity that had to be solved as soon as possible. The most severe fighting did not leave time for lengthy reflections and, first of all, it was necessary to immediately transfer the medical service of the army to a military footing.
Military medicine has already gained some experience of working in combat conditions, operating on the Khalkhin-Gol River and during the Finnish-Soviet conflict.
Following the results of the military campaigns of 1939-1940. Significant changes were made to the staffing and organizational structure of the medical service, including the creation of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army, which was headed by Efim Ivanovich Smirnov (later Colonel General of the Medical Service, Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences). In May 1941 unified forms of personal records of the wounded and sick, statistical reporting on their movement and outcomes of treatment were put into effect, and a staff of chief specialists in medical fields was created.
The war, which began on June 22, 1941, from the first days revealed such problems that the military medical service had to deal with for the first time. This is not only the salvation of the wounded, but urgent evacuation of hospitals for various purposes with hundreds of thousands of beds to the east, these are health care tasks, organizational issues and much more.
Smirnov
Efim Ivanovich
(1904 –1989)
In particular, in the western part of the country there were 39.9% of doctors and 35.8% of hospital beds from the total number of the People's Commissariat for Health.
In general, 472 thousand certified personnel worked in healthcare throughout the country:
Incl. more than 140 thousand doctors (including 96.3 thousand doctors - women; 43.7 thousand - men);
- incl. 228 thousand nurses;
- incl. there were 12,418 regular doctors in the Red Army;
- incl. staff 91 582.
A nurse provides first aid to a wounded Red Army soldier.
(Photo from RGAKFD funds)
The military medical service had a honey. units in units, medical battalions in divisions, field hospitals in armies at the rate of one per rifle corps, garrison and district hospitals with warehouses of medical equipment.
Most of this base was located in the western front-line areas, and they did not have time to transfer them to wartime states. In the very first days of the war, a huge amount of medical equipment and property was lost.
The medical service suffered significant personnel losses. The issue of replenishing the medical service of the army with doctors - specialists, orderlies - instructors and orderlies, the issue of organizing the supply of everything necessary was acute.
All these urgent organizational measures had to be taken up in the first period of the war of 1941-1942, in the course of hostilities, during the chaotic mass retreat of our troops.
Professor Danilov I.V. and Professor Garinevskaya V.V.
at the bedside of a wounded man in one of the hospitals.
(Photo from RGAKFD funds)
Already June 30, 1941. was approved "Instructions for the supply of medical equipment in the army".
In February 1942 developed a unified military field medical doctrine.
- all gunshot wounds are primary infected;
- the only reliable method of combating the infection of gunshot wounds is the primary treatment of wounds;
- most of the wounded need early surgical treatment;
- the wounded, subjected to surgical treatment in the first hours of injury, give the best prognosis.
E.I. Smirnov wrote: “An important place belongs to the organization of medical supplies to the troops. A clear organization should provide maneuver with combat support medical equipment, and the higher the medical commander, the more rights he should have to carry out the maneuver.
Even Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov noted ... "that in order to achieve good results in military field hospitals, it is necessary not so much scientific surgery and medical art as efficient and well-established administration."
Pirogov
Nikolay Ivanovich
(1810 –1881)
The main task of the medical service was to sort the wounded coming from the battlefield to the dressing stations.
One of the most striking indicators of the organization of the field medical service, which was of paramount importance for all subsequent surgical work, was the time of arrival of the wounded after being wounded at the regimental medical center (PMP) where he received first aid. The main requirement for the medical service was to ensure the arrival of all the wounded at the field medical station within 6 hours after the injury and at the medical battalion - up to 12 hours. If the wounded were detained in the company sector or in the area of the battalion first-aid post and arrived after the named dates, then this was considered as a lack of organization of medical care on the battlefield. The optimal period for providing primary surgical care to the wounded in the medical battalion was considered to be within six to eight hours after the injury.
The issue of creating therapeutic hospitals was resolved only in December 1942. Professor Miron Semenovich Vovsi was appointed chief physician of the army. N.N. Anichkov, N.N. Burdenko, M.S. Vovsi, V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky, Yu.Yu. Janelidze, F.G. Krotkov, A.L. Myasnikov, A.I. Evdokimov.
vovsi
Miron Semyonovich
(1897-1960)
For the processing and evacuation of the wounded and sick, in addition to organizing all types of hospital care, in 1941. 286 permanent military hospital trains, 138 temporary VSPs, 295 air ambulance aircraft, 100 medical transport river vessels were formed.
Formed on the territory of the Vologda region, when loading the wounded.
(Photo from RGAKFD funds)
(Photo from RGAKFD funds)
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(Photo from RGAKFD funds)
(Photo from RGAKFD funds)
About Features:
The number of wounded was determined by the folding combat situation.
It is mandatory to take into account troops in battles suffer unequal and non-simultaneous losses in living force.
- shortage of general surgeons and specialists in the treatment of combat damage to organs and tissues of the body.
Another characteristic feature of military medicine is that one has to deal with wounded soldiers who have undergone exceptionally great physical, neuropsychic and pain stress, which often leads to complications during treatment.
(Photo from RGAKFD funds)
(Photo from RGAKFD funds)
In July 1941 The GVSU sent out instructions on military field surgery and to all doctors of the field medical service, which stated that the main task of the medical service is to return soldiers healed of wounds and illnesses to service.
It should be noted what contingent of troops had to be provided in the medical and sanitary aspect of the military medical service.
The number of active Red Army:
About 4.8 million people at the beginning of the war in 1941;
Within 4.2 million people at the beginning of 1942;
Within 6 million people in 1943 - 1945;
34 million people were called up in 1941-1945.
Numerical active Army
(1941-1945)
For 1941 the active army lost more than 4.4 million soldiers killed and missing, not counting the wounded and sick. In 1941 the army suffered huge losses due to the injuries of soldiers and officers, only the Western Front had 30% of losses from total number wounded on all fronts. 5th Army of the ZF lost in December 1941. only wounded 19,479 people.
The Southwestern Front had sanitary losses in the amount of 376,910 fighters in just 47 days of fighting during the retreat.
During the first period of the war 1941-1942. The military medical service lost a significant number of medical battalions and hospitals, medical equipment and medical staff.
On June 30, 1941 The Western Front lost 32 surgical and 12 infectious diseases hospitals, 13 evacuation centers, 3 auto-sanitary companies, 3 sanitary depots, evacuation hospitals for 17,000 beds, and 35 other units of medical units.
A large number of dressing materials and medicines were lost during the bombing.
The front-line warehouse located near Minsk, in which up to 400 wagons of medicines and equipment were stored, was captured by the enemy.
The rapid advance of the enemy led to the fact that 15% of medical facilities remained in service on the Western and Southwestern fronts.
Irretrievable losses of medical and paramedical staff in 1941-1942. amounted to 11.5 thousand people. The loss of medical instructors and orderlies amounted to 22,217 people.
On the Western Front, 90% of doctors went missing, on the South-Western Front - over 90% - during this period.
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(Photo from RGAKFD funds)
(Photo from RGAKFD funds).
In the conditions of hostilities, it was also necessary to urgently resolve personnel issues, issues of training medical specialists, issues of replenishing the medical service with paramedical staff and orderlies.
The main "forge of personnel" for the military medical service was the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. Military doctors who underwent improvement in it, and students who received special military medical knowledge during the training period, formed the backbone of the leadership and medical staff of the medical service of the Red Army. Within its walls, 1829 military doctors were trained and sent to the front. At the same time, in 1941, 2 early graduations were made at the academy. The graduates of the academy showed true heroism, fulfilling their patriotic and professional duty in the war. 532 pupils and employees of the academy died in the battles for their Motherland. A significant contribution to the victory was also made by representatives of other medical educational institutions. Since 1942, the Moscow Dental Institute has been restoring the training of dentists. This branch of medicine was in great demand at the fronts. Of particular importance is the treatment of maxillofacial wounds.
For 1941 - 1945. More than 65,000 doctors were prepared by the country's universities and sent to the army, and 80,000 doctors were called up from the reserve. Basically, the personnel tasks were solved.
XI issue of nurses
Novorossiysk secondary medical school, 1942
(Photo from RGAKFD funds).
A lot of work has been done to analyze the organization of medical support for troops both during the retreat in the first period of the war, and during the offensive operations. At the same time, shortcomings were identified, which E.I. Smirnov divides into three categories:
- errors in the implementation of staged treatment with evacuation according to the destination. Medical primary sorting of the wounded should be complete. wounded after primary processing should be referred to the right hospital with clear documentation, bypassing the intermediate steps.
Errors in the management of the field medical service and the organization of maneuver by field medical institutions in a combat situation. This also applies neglect and maintenance of work cards and operational documentation. Without clear documentation, staged treatment is not feasible.
All these defects in the work of the army and front-line medical service were explained by the weak medical and tactical literacy of personnel, the lack of experience in leading the field medical service in military operations and in planning the medical and sanitary support of military operations.
During the war, the situation improved. In total, more than 17 million wounded and sick were returned to service during the war years. The return of cured fighters to the ranks of such a continent was the result of selfless work, both by practicing physicians and scientists from all over the country.
(Photo from RGAKFD funds).
Comprehension and systematization of medical problems and scientific discoveries of the war experience amounted to 35 volumes of the fundamental work "The experience of Soviet medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." (M. medgiz 1949 - 1955).
The war dictated its laws to medical science and practice. It was necessary to develop and introduce new methods and means of treatment and rehabilitation of wounded and sick soldiers, to prevent the emergence and spread of epidemics at the front and in the rear. Many scientific problems that came to the fore during the war were seriously studied even in the prewar years. For example, the studies of Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko, Vladimir Andreevich Oppel and many others.
The experience of Soviet medicine
in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, volume 35.
At the front and in the rear, the method of local anesthesia developed by A.V. Vishnevsky - it was used in 85-90% of cases.
Approbation of penicillin and treatment of septic processes was developed under the guidance of Professor Ivan Guryevich Rufanov.
Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolyeva, received the first Soviet penicillin in 1942 and subsequently actively participated in organizing the industrial production of antibiotics.
Professor Alexander Nikolaevich Bakulev proposed radical surgical treatment of craniocerebral wounds with blind suture, regardless of the timing of surgical intervention. Among his scientific works wartime: "The tactics of the surgeon in wounds with the presence of foreign bodies", "Treatment of brain abscesses in gunshot wounds of the skull", "Treatment of gunshot wounds of the spine and spinal cord"and a number of others.
Leningrad scientists made a bright village in the history of surgery during the war years. Their results scientific research were published in the collections "Works of Leningrad doctors for the year of the Patriotic War" (1942). It is impossible to list all the works here. We will mention only one - Professor F.I. Mashansky, "Replacement of gunshot nerve defects".
For the work "Foreign bodies of the lungs and pleura of gunshot origin" Professor Yustin Yulianovich Dzhanelidze received Stalin Prize. During the war years, he dealt with the problems of cardiovascular surgery, especially with gunshot lesions, worked on the problems of reconstructive surgery, proposed a method for osteoplastic amputation of the thigh, which entered surgery under the name "Dzhanelidze's method".
Hundreds of reconstructive operations for injuries of the maxillofacial region were carried out by the director of the Moscow State Institute of Civil Engineering, Professor A.I. Evdokimov.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Blokhin was engaged in improving the methods of plastic surgery after injuries and burns. In 1946, the work "Skin Plastics in the Surgery of War Injuries" was published.
Research and development of new effective medicines, dressings, medical devices and devices was carried out - "Everything for the front, everything for victory!". Scientific problems and other topics were developed.
Funds of the MGMSU Museum
them. A.I. Evdokimova
In 1944, a plan for scientific and research work on pediatrics. The main issues in the plan were the problems associated with restoring the health of children affected by the war. They were combined into large blocks:
Children's morbidity and mortality during the war years;
Physical development of children in the war and post-war years;
Rational nutrition of a healthy and sick child in war and post-war times;
New food products;
Tuberculosis in childhood during wartime;
Acute infectious diseases in children, other topics.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
In 1944, studies on epidemiology and microbiology were planned. Since this year, the coordination of research work in all medical disciplines has begun. Only on the problems of epidemiology, infectious diseases, 200 scientific developments were carried out in the medical institutes of the country.
Soviet Soviet immunologist and virologist
Lev Alexandrovich Zilber (1898-1974).
Photo from RGAKFD funds
In the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of February 18, 1944. "Regulations on the research activities of universities" emphasized that the comprehensive development of scientific work is an indispensable duty of pedagogical collectives.
The basis of the scientific potential was 5 academicians, 22 honored scientists, 275 professors, more than 300 doctors and 2000 candidates of medical sciences. Military medical topics were fundamental in the research activities of scientific institutions of medical and biological profile. The coordination of this work in the system of the People's Commissariat of Health was carried out by the Scientific Medical Council.
On July 17, 1942, in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a military sanitary commission was created under the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which included L.A. Orbeli, A.I. Abrikosov, N.N. Burdenko, K.I. Scriabin, A.D. Speransky and others. The Scientific Medical Council of the People's Commissariat of Public Health and the Military Sanitary Commission under the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences worked in close cooperation with the Main Higher Educational Institution of Ukraine and its Scientific Medical Council. Of great importance was the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine - one of the main research institutions of the country, the base of which served as the foundation for the creation of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR.
Active scientific work was also carried out in these difficult years in the troops. The generalization of the experience gained and its further implementation in practice was facilitated by front and army scientific and scientific and practical conferences doctors, where the most pressing issues facing the military medical service were discussed.
Sanitary and hygienic measures, anti-epidemic support and prevention of the incidence of infectious diseases among the personnel of the troops and home front workers were important sections of the activities of physicians. The activity of Soviet military doctors in the field of anti-epidemic protection of troops during the Patriotic War entered the world history of medicine as a glorious page.
Wars are always accompanied by epidemics or significant outbreaks of various epidemic diseases. Diseases spread along the routes of movement of troops. In turn, the presence of foci of the disease among the civilian population in the front rear poses a danger to the troops. In the old days, losses from epidemics in the troops always prevailed over combat losses.
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the military medical service of the spacecraft took into account all aspects of the anti-epidemic struggle in past wars and made organizational and scientific-methodological conclusions.
In the period 1941-1942. as a result of the evacuation of the civilian population and the movement of troops from west to east in the settlements of the country, mass gatherings of people formed on transport. All this led to the emergence of foci of the disease with typhus, typhoid and relapsing fever. The general morbidity in the active army began to increase, and the number of epidemic diseases increased. Thus, per 1,000 personnel, the incidence of typhus increased from 0.003% in June 1941 to to 0.35% in February 1942.
A mass of military units from almost all of Europe passed through the occupied territory of the country, spreading various epidemic diseases among the impoverished local population. Lice among the rural population was massive, the incidence of typhus was epidemic, there were outbreaks of typhoid fever, tularemia, and other infectious diseases. (example: During the first year of the war, the incidence of dysentery on the Leningrad front was over 50% of the diseases throughout the entire active army.)
Photo from RGAKFD funds
February 2, 1942 GKO issued a resolution "On measures to prevent epidemic diseases in the country and the spacecraft".
Among the anti-epidemic measures the main role belonged to the timely diagnosis of diseases, isolation of patients and their treatment on the spot, in the areas of occurrence, bathing and laundry and disinfection services for the troops and the population, sanitary and epidemiological intelligence, specific immunoprophylaxis of typhoid fever and dysentery.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
Photo from RGAKFD funds
The resolution provided for the creation of emergency authorities on the ground. anti-epidemic commissions, which included representatives of civil authorities, health authorities, the army sanitary service, police authorities, and party organs. The People's Commissariat of Health, in particular, was entrusted with ensure universal immunization against acute gastrointestinal diseases in cities and towns, general immunization of draft contingents of the population according to the methodology adopted in the army.
In the army to fight epidemics were created sanitary checkpoints stationed at large and junction railway stations to control the sanitary condition of the personnel of the troops, sanitary and epidemiological detachments, washing and disinfection companies of the army level, infectious field mobile hospitals, laundry and disinfection detachments, sanitary and epidemiological laboratories and others.
Hygienic anti-epidemic units of the military medical service during the war, in particular, examined 44,696 settlements, identified 49,612 foci of typhus, 137,364 patients with typhus.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
Photo from RGAKFD funds
Chef's camping kitchen
guards senior sergeant N.K. Ivanov at the forefront.
5,398,680 civilians were washed, 4,500 baths, 3,000 disinfection chambers and much more were built. By the beginning of the transition of our troops on the offensive on all fronts, the medical service had a powerful and well-organized organization that made it possible to provide anti-epidemic protection for the troops.
Huge work was carried out on vaccination and revaccination according to epidemic indications, in particular, when epizootics and foci of plague were detected, vaccinations were made with live plague vaccine in the regions of Stalingrad and Rostov regions.
Polyvaccine NIISI solved the most difficult task of military medicine - a single vaccination against seven infections at the same time.
As a result of attention to the above problems, their solution by medical services during the war, 90.6% of all sick soldiers and officers were returned to the active army.
Recovered wounded soldiers who underwent treatment
in the hospital-hospital. Botkin, say goodbye to the doctor Malyutina V.N. Left: nurse Tarasova Z.N.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
Bandaging a wounded soldier.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
From the experience of anti-epidemic and sanitary support of military operations of troops during the Great Patriotic War, the following conclusions can be drawn:
Epidemic diseases in the troops are not inevitable companions of wars, they arise from the unsatisfactory state of the staffing and organizational structure of the medical service and the lack of necessary specialists;
Previous experience in this work must necessarily be supplemented by the achievements of the relevant sciences, especially biological and medical;
Carrying out routine vaccinations can be possible and successful when the immunization scheme with vaccine preparations is single, and the method is simple, allowing to cover more people in a short time.
According to incomplete data, during the war years of 1941 - 1945, the Nazis destroyed 1710 cities, over 70 thousand villages and villages, 98 thousand collective farms, 1876 state farms, 32 thousand factories, 65 thousand railway lines, other infrastructure on the territory of the USSR. Human losses amount to tens of millions of lives.
Collective farmer of the village Vysokoye, Kharkiv region O. Kononikhina
with children Viktor, Ivan, Vladimir and Nikolai at the house burned by the Germans.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
Issues related to medical care for prisoners of war and repatriates. It was here that the humanism and philanthropy of domestic medicine manifested itself with all its brightness. In accordance with the Regulations on prisoners of war approved by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on July 1, 1941, the wounded and sick from among them were sent to the nearest medical institutions, regardless of their departmental affiliation. They were provided with medical care on the same basis as the soldiers of the Red Army. Food for prisoners of war in hospitals was carried out according to the norms of hospital rations. At the same time, in German concentration camps, Soviet prisoners of war were practically deprived of medical care.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
The solution of the problem was of national importance reducing the level of disability among the wounded and sick. In the context of a sharp decrease in human resources in the country, a decrease in the level of disability increased not only the number of combat-ready soldiers and officers, but also the number of able-bodied population. Already in November 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a special resolution "On measures for employment and training of disabled veterans of the Patriotic War." As a result of the measures taken, more than 80% of war invalids were able to return to full-fledged labor activity in the national economy of the country.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
In the evacuation and sorting hospital No. 2-386
Photo from RGAKFD funds
Without the supply of medical equipment, without coordinated work pharmacists and pharmacists full and timely provision of medical care is impossible. Thanks to the work of the chemical-pharmaceutical, medical-instrumental industry, the medical service was provided with medicines, surgical instruments, and consumables in sufficient volume. In a short time, new pharmaceutical institutions and enterprises were formed. To manage this activity in 1944, the Central Pharmacy Research Institute was formed, and in 1945, the Main Pharmacy Directorate of the USSR NKZ.
In 1941–1945 more than 200,000 doctors, 500,000 paramedics, and a million army of medical instructors and orderlies worked at the fronts and rear hospitals.
The share of women among all medical workers was 46%. Among front-line doctors, women accounted for 41%, among military surgeons - 43%, nurses - 100%, sanitary instructors and nurses - 40%.
A huge contribution to the cause of saving people during the war was made by the scientists of the country with their discoveries in science.
Many decisions in the development of science were the result of the creation in June 1944 of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. 60 academicians were elected to its first composition.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, st. Solyanka, 14.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
This event was preceded by another interesting decision - on November 12, 1942, a military medical museum was created in Moscow, which in 1945 opened for visitors in Leningrad.
The problems of blood substitution and the widespread practice of obtaining live blood were developed. V.N. Shamov was one of the creators of the blood service system in the army. During the war, for the first time, mobile blood transfusion stations were organized on all fronts. The scale of this patriotic movement can be judged at least by such examples. During the war years, Bilchits donated 45 liters of blood, Markov 42, Rossov 30 liters.
During the war years, donors gave the front 1,700,000 liters of blood. By 1944 there were 5.5 million donors in the country. More than 20 thousand Soviet citizens were awarded the badge "Honorary Donor of the USSR".
Photo from RGAKFD funds
From January 1943 doctors returned to service 85 people out of every hundred wounded.
The war dictated its own laws to medical science and practice, set tasks requiring urgent resolution. As Nikolai Nilovich Budrenko wrote: “In the days of difficult trials for our Motherland ... our science fought with all our great people, it helped the country and the Red Army fight against the enemy.”
In this aspect, we will touch upon the issue of maxillofacial surgery as a section of dentistry and the history of the Moscow State Medical Institute, the history of the Moscow State Medical University. In the autumn of 1941 A.I. took over the leadership of the institute. Evdokimov.
Evdokimov
Alexander Ivanovich
(1883-1979)
The staff of the institute developed a number of original methods of wound treatment, created designs of repositioning, splinting, shaping and replacing splints, devices and prostheses. We developed the basis and methodology for plastic surgery on the face, using plastics, cadaveric cartilage, canned and fresh bone homotransplants, the Filatov stem in maxillofacial surgery. A new technique for the treatment of fractures of the upper and mandible, a technique for the treatment of purulent-inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial region, and much more.
For feats in battles on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, 47 doctors were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (23 of them posthumously), 116 thousand military medical workers were awarded government awards. However, we do not yet know how many medical workers died on the battlefields as a heroic death. Everlasting memory!
Baida |
Borovichenko |
Gnarovska |
Kislyak |
 |
Petrova |
One of the most important orders of the Headquarters, which ultimately saved many lives of Soviet soldiers, was the order of the People's Commissar of Defense "On the procedure for submitting military orderlies and porters to the government award for good combat work", signed on August 23, 1941 by I.V. Stalin. It was prescribed to present for the award of orderlies and porters for the removal of the wounded from the battlefield with their weapons: for the removal of 15 people were presented to the medal "For Military Merit" or "For Courage", 25 people - to the Order of the Red Star, 40 people - to the Order of the Red Banner, 80 people - to the Order of Lenin.
The exploits of medical workers in the Great Patriotic War were highly appreciated by the party and government: for the heroism and courage shown in the fight against fascist german invaders, 44 medical workers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Sanitary instructor Valeria Gnarovskaya with a bunch of grenades threw herself under an enemy tank and, at the cost of her own life, saved 20 seriously wounded from inevitable death. She was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
During the war, 285 people were awarded the Order of Lenin, 3,500 - the Order of the Red Banner, 15,000 - the Order of the Patriotic War, I degree, 86,500 - the Order of the Red Star, about 10,000 - the Order of Glory. 18 became holders of the Order of Glory of three degrees. the highest sign honors of the International Committee of the Red Cross - 44 nurses were awarded the Florence Nightingale medal. For achieving excellent results during the war, 39 military hospitals, 8 medical battalions and a number of other medical units and institutions were awarded orders of the Soviet Union.
The scale and complexity of the health problems that Soviet medicine faced during World War II had no analogues!
Photo from RGAKFD funds
Military medicine, as well as the healthcare system as a whole, received a powerful development during the war in the following areas:
Military field surgery;
Military field therapy;
Immunology;
Sanitary and hygienic provision of the active army and rear;
military pathology.
Gained experience in organizing the medical and sanitary support of the army, the interaction of the country's leadership, the army and its military medical service; in the training of medical personnel for the needs of the army. Disaster medicine has been created.
All the data collected and the experience gained during the war are the foundation of modern military medicine.
Medicine of Sevastopol
In the besieged Sevastopol, doctors acted in conditions of tough defense, cut off from the front, from the army in the field. The city was under fire all the time. In the huge blue horseshoe of the Sevastopol bay, the water boiled from explosions of bombs, mines and shells, the city blocks turned into ruins.
For several days of the December battles, the Sevastopol Naval Hospital received about 10,000 wounded. Several surgeons were unable to cope with them. I had to involve therapists, neurologists, radiologists: they performed the simplest operations.
There was no safe place left on the wounded and burned land of Sevastopol. The best thing would be to “hide” medical shelters underground. The quarry adits of Champagnestroy were used. In a matter of days, doctors of the 25th Chapaev division (it was part of the Primorsky army) installed electric lighting here, equipped ventilation, arranged water supply and sewerage.
In general, the uninhabited basement was turned into a hospital with 2,000 beds. In six underground operating rooms and dressing rooms, surgeons served as priests. Experienced surgeons B.A. operated here. Petrov, E.V. Smirnov, V.S. Kofman, P.A. Karpov. Surgeons did not leave the operating rooms for days, each spent more than 40 operations per shift.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
The bitter truth is this: it was not possible to carry out the evacuation of all the wounded, although great efforts were made to do this. By the sea in last days defense there were about 10 thousand soldiers and sailors injured in the battles and with them physicians: doctors, nurses, orderlies.
Moscow medicine
Moscow has become a vast hospital. More than 30,000 additional hospital beds were deployed in Moscow. At the end of 1941, more than 200 hospitals were deployed in the capital and the region. The donor movement spread widely. Along with the central blood transfusion point, 27 donor points were set up in different parts of Moscow. 342 thousand Muscovites became donors. They donated over 500,000 liters of blood.
Photo from RGAKFD funds
More than 750 Moscow enterprises patronized medical institutions. More than 200,000 women cared for the wounded through the Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. For selfless work, more than 300 medical workers were awarded high government awards. More than 30 doctors were awarded the high title of Honored Doctor of the RSFSR. Hundreds of medical workers were awarded the badges "Excellence in Health Care" and "Honorary Donor".
Bagramyan
Ivan Khristoforovich
(1897 –1982)
Marshal of the Soviet Union I. Kh. Bagramyan wrote: “What was done by military medicine during the years of the last war, in all fairness, can be called a feat. For us, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the image of a military doctor remains the personification of high humanism, courage and selflessness.”
In total, 22,326,905 soldiers and officers of the armed forces were hospitalized during the war years. Of these, 14,685,593 - due to injury, the rest - due to illness.
From this huge amount returned to service - 72.3% of the wounded and 90.6% of sick soldiers and officers. Another 17% commissioned. And only 6.1% of the soldiers could not be saved by doctors. In absolute terms, these data are impressive: more than 17 million people continued to fight against the enemy.
It is difficult to overestimate the contribution of doctors to the victory during the Great Patriotic War. Every soviet man tried to make every effort to drive the fascist invaders from their native land. Doctors and medical staff are no exception. From the first days of the war, they saved the fighters, not sparing themselves. They pulled the wounded from the battlefield and operated for several days without sleep - all this for the sake of achieving one goal. Victory.
The beginning of the Great Patriotic War did not take doctors by surprise. Previous hostilities in Far East and in Mongolia made us seriously think about preparing for war. Yet in 1933, the first conference of military field surgery of the USSR was held in Leningrad. It discussed the issues of surgical treatment of wounds, blood transfusion, traumatic shock, etc. In the period from 1940 to 1941, documents were developed to regulate medical activities during hostilities. Among them are "Abstracts on Sanitary Tactics", "Manual on Sanitary Service in the Red Army" and instructions on emergency surgery.
When the situation in the world began to heat up, N.N. Burdenko initiated the selection of materials for the preparation of instructions and guidelines for military field surgery:
"We have dozens of surgical schools and directions. In the event of war, confusion may arise in the organization of medical care and methods of treating the wounded. This cannot be allowed."
Concerned about such a statement, since 1941, teachers began to teach students the basics of military field surgery. A new generation of physicians studied cast techniques, skeletal traction, blood transfusion, and primary wound care. On May 9, 1941, the "Collection of Regulations on Institutions of the Wartime Sanitary Service" was put into effect. In this way, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the medical support of the troops had a well-established system.
Immediately after the start of the war, the most experienced military field surgeons and highly qualified nurses were sent to the front. But soon the turn came to the reserve. Hands were missing. Doctor V.V. Kovanov recalls:
"In July 1941, I was offered to go to the sorting evacuation hospital located in Yaroslavl, where I was supposed to take the position of a leading surgeon."
Hospitals of the deep rear played a special role in the system of medical care.. In the cities, they were deployed with the expectation of a quick dispersal of the wounded in specialized institutions. This contributed to the speedy recovery of the wounded and their return to duty. One of these points was the city of Kazan.
Little is written about the heroism of the doctors of these hospitals. They operated every day without days off. As soon as one operation ended, another followed. If there were not enough surgeons in the city, then the doctors had to move from one hospital to another in order to perform the next operation. A short break for them was a joy, and one could only dream of a weekend.
Throughout 1941, doctors had a hard time. The lack of practical experience and the retreat of the Soviet troops affected. Only at the beginning of 1942 did the situation stabilize. The system of delivery, distribution and treatment of the wounded was properly established.
During the year of hostilities, the need to inform physicians about the development of hostilities was identified. That's why in the fall of 1942, order No. 701 was issued. The sanitary chiefs had to be systematically and timely oriented in changing the combat situation. The experience of the first year of the war made it possible to outline ways to improve the country's military medicine.
About half of all medical personnel of the Armed Forces during the Great Patriotic War were women. A significant part of which were sanitary instructors and nurses. Being on the front line, they played a special role in helping the wounded soldiers. From the first days of the war, girls pulled soldiers from the other world, not sparing themselves. So, on August 1, 1941, in the evening message of the Sovinformburo, it was reported about distinguished nurses. About M. Kulikova, who saved the tanker, despite her own injury. About K. Kudryavtseva and E. Tikhomirova, who marched in the same ranks with the soldiers and assisted the wounded under fire. Tens of thousands of girls, having mastered medical knowledge, went to field hospitals and hospitals to save Soviet soldiers. P.M. Popov, a former armor-piercer, recalls:
"... It used to be that the battle was still going on, mines were exploding, bullets were whistling, and along the front lines, in trenches and trenches, girls with sanitary bags on their sides were already crawling. They were looking for the wounded, trying to provide first aid as quickly as possible, hide in a safe place, transport them to the rear ."
The feat of doctors during the Great Patriotic War is difficult to describe in one article. And it is absolutely impossible to list them all by name. In this article, we will talk only about a small fraction of the feats that the girls performed. Reveal the same life story as possible more We will try to heroines in separate articles.
The first one I would like to talk about is Tamara Kalnin. On September 16, 1941, a nurse evacuated the wounded to the hospital. On the way, an ambulance was fired upon by a fascist plane. The driver was killed, the car caught fire. Tamara Kalnin pulled all the wounded out of the car receiving severe burns. Having reached the medical battalion on foot, she reported what had happened and reported the whereabouts of the wounded. Tamara Kalnin later died from burns and blood poisoning.
Zoya Pavlova- medical officer of the reconnaissance company. In February 1944, she carried the wounded from the battlefield, placing them in a funnel. At the next call, Zoya Pavlova noticed that the Germans were approaching the funnel. Rising to her full height, the medical officer threw a grenade at them. Zoya Petrova is dead. But the wounded soldiers in the crater were saved.
And the third Heroine Valeria Gnarovskaya. In the autumn of 1943, battles were fought on the banks of the Dnieper. The Germans were driven out of the village of Verbovaya. A company of soldiers moved out of the village, but came under machine-gun fire. The Nazis retreated, but among the Soviet soldiers there were many killed and wounded. Having pitched tents for the wounded before being sent to the hospital, the troops moved on. Valeria Gnarovskaya remained with the wounded. At dawn, cars with a red cross were waiting, but with the sunrise from the rear appeared fascist tank"Tiger". Gnarovskaya, without hesitation, collected bags of grenades from the wounded. Hung with them, she rushed under the caterpillars. Valeria died, but at the cost of her own life she saved 70 wounded soldiers.
During the war years, thanks to the medical staff more than 70% of the wounded and more than 90% of the sick returned to service fighters. 116 thousand doctors were awarded orders and medals. 47 of them became Heroes of the Soviet Union, 17 of whom were women.
MARESEVA Zinaida Ivanovna (1922 - 1943).
Born in the village of Cherkassky, Volsky district, Saratov region. She graduated from the Red Cross courses, went to the front as a medical instructor in a rifle company. Participated in the battles for Stalingrad. For saving the wounded on the battlefield, she was awarded the Order of the Red Star and the medal "For Military Merit". Being in the landing force to seize the bridgehead across the Northern Donets, in only two days of bloody battle she assisted 64 wounded, of which 60 were transported to the left bank. On the night of August 3, 1943, Mareseva transported another wounded man on a boat. An enemy mine exploded nearby. Saving the wounded, the brave Komsomol member covered him with her body and was mortally wounded. 3.I. Mareseva was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
Troyan Nadezhda Viktorovna.
Born in 1921 in Verkhne-Dvinsk, Vitebsk region (BSSR). The war found her in Minsk. Nadezhda Viktorovna joins the Storm partisan detachment. Together with her fighting friends, she helped a group of wounded Soviet prisoners of war escape from fascist captivity. Selflessly bandaged and nursed the wounded partisans. For the exemplary performance of a combat mission in the rear of the Enemy and the courage and heroism shown by N.V. Troyan was awarded the title Heroes of the Soviet Union. Currently, Candidate of Medical Sciences N.V. Troyan heads the Central Scientific Research Institute of Health Education of the USSR Ministry of Health and conducts a great public work.
LEVCHENKO Irina Nikolaevna
Born in 1924 in the city of Kadievka, Luhansk region. Komsomolskaya Pravda. In July 1941, the sanitary combatant of the Red Cross volunteered for the front. Withdrew a convoy with 168 wounded soldiers from the encirclement. She was a sanitary instructor of a tank unit, she saved the lives of 28 tankers in combat operations. Subsequently, she became a tank officer. Has 15 government awards. She was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. She was also awarded the Florence Nightingale medal by the International Committee of the Red Cross for rescuing the wounded on the battlefield and for her dedication. Currently a well-known writer, social activist. Communist I.P. Levchenko lives in Moscow.
KRAVETS Lyudmila Stepanovna.
She was born in 1923 in the village of Kushugum. Zaporozhye district, Zaporozhye region. She graduated from the School of Nursing. In 1941 she went to the front as a sanitary instructor in a rifle division. For saving the lives of the wounded, she was awarded three orders of the Red Star and the medal "For Courage". The communists of the unit accepted the Komsomol member L. S. Kravets as a member of the party. In the battles on the outskirts of Berlin, she was twice wounded, but did not leave the battlefield. At the critical moment of the battle, she inspired the fighters to attack. After the third wound, already on the streets of Berlin, she was taken to the hospital. For courage and heroism L. S. Kravets in 1945 was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Now L.S. Kravets lives and works in Zaporozhye.
PUSHINA Feodora Andreevna (1922-1943).
Born in the village of Tukmachi, Yankur-Bodyinsky district, Udmurt ASSR. She graduated from a medical assistant's school in the city of Izhevsk. In 1942, she was drafted into the army as a paramedic in a medical company. dedication in helping the wounded was awarded the Order of the Red Star. On November 6, 1943, in the battles for Kyiv, she showed heroism in rescuing the wounded in a hospital set on fire by the Nazis. She died from severe burns and injuries. Posthumously F.A. Putina was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Gnarovskaya Valeria Osipovna (1923-1943).
Born in the village of Modolitsa, Kingisep District, Leningrad Region. She graduated from the Red Cross courses in 1942 and volunteered for the front. During the period of offensive battles, V.O. Gnarovskaya appeared in the most dangerous areas among the fighters, saved the lives of over 300 wounded. On September 23, 1943, near the Ivanenkovo state farm (Zaporozhye region), two enemy Tiger tanks broke into the location of our troops. A brave Komsomol member, saving seriously wounded fighters, sacrificing her life, threw herself with a bunch of grenades under a fascist tank and blew it up. Gnarovska was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. A village and a state farm in the Zaporozhye region are named after her.
PETROVA Galina Konstantinovna (1920-1943).
Born in Nikolaev, Ukrainian SSR. She graduated from nursing courses and worked in a hospital as a sanitary instructor of a marine battalion, participated in the amphibious assault to seize a bridgehead on the Kerch Peninsula. For 35 days, she selflessly provided medical assistance to paratroopers under continuous enemy fire. Having received a serious wound, she was taken to the medical battalion, which was located in the school building. During an enemy air raid, one of the bombs hit the building, killing many wounded, including G.K. Petrov. Communist G.K. Petrova was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Her name is forever listed in one of the parts Navy THE USSR.
Tusnolobova-Marchenko Zinaida Mikhailovna.
Born in 1920 in the city of Polotsk (BSSR). She graduated from the Red Cross nursing course and was appointed as a medical instructor for a rifle company. For saving 40 wounded in the battles for the city of Voronezh, she was awarded the Order of the Red Star. Carried out 123 wounded soldiers and officers from the battlefield. In 1943, near Kursk, she was seriously wounded, lay on the battlefield for a long time, and lost a lot of blood. Gangrene set in. Doctors saved her life, but 3.M. Tusnolobova-Marchenko lost her arms and legs. Zinaida Mikhailovna did not lose heart, passionately urged the soldiers to smash the enemy. Tanks and planes were named after her. In 1957 she was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. For her dedication on the battlefield to rescue the wounded, the International Committee of the Red Cross awarded her the Florence Nightingale Medal. At present, the communist Tusnolobova-Marchenko is a personal pensioner, lives in the city of Polotsk, and actively participates in public life.
SAMSONOVA Zinaida Alexandrovna (1924-1944).
Born in the village of Bobkovo, Yegoryevsky district, Moscow region. She graduated from medical school. During the Great Patriotic War, she was a sanitary instructor in a rifle battalion, selflessly assisting the wounded near Stalingrad, on the Voronezh and other fronts. The fearless Komsomol member was accepted into the Communist Party. In the autumn of 1943, she took part in a landing operation to seize a bridgehead on the right bank of the Dnieper near the village of Sushki, Kanevsky district. For steadfastness, courage and bravery 3.A. Samsonova was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. A patriot died, saving the life of a wounded man, from the hands of a fascist sniper in Belarus.
KONSTANTINOVA Xenia Semyonovna (1925-1943).
She was born in the village of Dry Lubna, Trubetchinsky District. Lipetsk region. Studied at the midwifery school. Voluntarily went to the front as a sanitary instructor in a rifle battalion. She showed selflessness and fearlessness. On the night of October 1, 1943, Konstantinova assisted the wounded on the battlefield. Suddenly, a large group of fascists appeared. They fired from machine guns and began to surround the seriously wounded. The brave communist took an unequal battle. She was wounded in the head and, having lost consciousness, was taken prisoner, where she was subjected to brutal torture. The patriot died." She was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
TSUKANOVA Maria Nikitichna (1923 -1945).
Born in the village of Novonikolaevka, Krutinsky district, Omsk region. She was a Red Cross sanitary combatant and volunteered for a separate battalion of the Marine Corps of the Pacific Fleet. In August 1945, medical instructor M.N. Tsukanova participated in the landing to liberate the city of Seishin (now the city of Chongjin, Democratic People's Republic of Korea). For two days, the brave nurse bandaged and carried 52 wounded paratroopers from the battlefield, she did not leave the fighters even after she herself was seriously wounded. In an unconscious state, Tsukanova was captured. Seeking information about the advancing units, the Japanese samurai brutally tortured the girl. But the courageous patriot did not betray the secret, she preferred death to betrayal. In 1945, Maria Nikitichna was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Her name, by order of the Minister of Defense, is forever listed in the lists of the school of sanitary instructors in one of the hospitals of the USSR Navy.
SHERBACHENKO Maria Zakharovna
Born in 1922 in the village of Efremovna, Volchansky district, Kharkov region. Voluntarily joined the army. With a handful of brave submachine gunners, she participated in the landing to seize the bridgehead on the right bank of the Dnieper, after which for ten days she provided assistance and carried 112 seriously wounded soldiers and officers from the battlefield. At night, she personally organized their crossing of the Dnieper River to the rear. For heroism, steadfastness and dedication in rescuing wounded soldiers, she was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. After the end of the war, communist M.Z. Shcherbachenko received legal education. Currently lives in Kyiv.
Baida Maria Karpovna.
Born in 1922 in the village of Novy Sivash, Krasnoperekopsky district. Crimean region. During the period of the heroic defense of Sevastopol, sanitary instructor M.K. Baida selflessly assisted the wounded soldiers and commanders. Saving the lives of the fighters, she entered into combat with the Nazis. The whole front knew about her fearlessness and heroism. The fighters of the unit accepted the glorious daughter of the Soviet people into the party. In 1942 she was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In the last days of the defense of the hero city of Sevastopol, she was seriously wounded and shell-shocked, and was taken prisoner. In fascist captivity, the patriot carried out orders for an underground organization. Currently, Maria Karpovna lives and works in Sevastopol.
SHKARLETOVA Maria Savelievna.
Born in 1925 in the village of Kislovka. Kupyansky district. Kharkov region. After studying at the courses of sanitary instructors, she took part in the liberation of Ukraine, Belarus, and Poland. In 1945, she showed heroism in saving the lives of the wounded, participating in the landing to seize a bridgehead on the western bank of the Vistula River. For her courage, steadfastness and heroism in the captured bridgehead and the removal of more than 100 wounded from the battlefield, she was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The brave communist ended the war in defeated Berlin. For her dedication to saving the wounded on the battlefield, she was awarded the Florence Nightingale medal by the International Committee of the Red Cross. M.S. Shkarletova graduated from a paramedic school, lives and works in the city of Kupyansk.
Kashcheeva Vera Sergeevna.
Born in 1922 in the village of Petrovka, Trinity District. Altai Territory. Graduated from the Red Cross Nursing Course. The sanitary instructor of the rifle company V.S. Kashcheeva received a baptism of fire at the legendary walls of Stalingrad. In October 1913, among the first 25 paratroopers, she crossed the Dnieper. On the captured bridgehead, when repelling enemy attacks, she was wounded, but did not leave the battlefield until our units approached. In 1944, the brave sanitary instructor was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Came with a victory to Berlin. Now communist V.S. Kashcheeva lives and works in the village of Vira, Khabarovsk Territory.
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"Soviet artist", 1969.
Saint Petersburg State University
Faculty of Medicine
Abstract on the discipline "History of Medicine" on the topic
COURAGE AND COURAGE OF MEDICINES DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
1st year student 101 gr. Surovegina O.V.
Content
Introduction
Chapter 1. Medicine during the Great Patriotic War
1.1. Problems faced by medicine at the beginning of the war
1.2. The tasks of health care during the Second World War
1.3. Help of science
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
In the five thousand years of recorded human history, only 292 years have passed on Earth without wars; the remaining 47 centuries have preserved the memory of 16 thousand large and small wars that claimed more than 4 billion lives. Among them, the most bloody was the Second World War (1939-1945). For the Soviet Union, it was the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the 65th anniversary of which we celebrate this year.
This was the period when service to duty goes beyond science and one's profession and is done in the name of the Motherland, in the name of the people. During this difficult time, medical workers showed true heroism and devotion to their homeland, their exploits during the war years are unique.
Suffice it to say that over 200,000 doctors and a half-million army of paramedical workers worked at the front and in the rear, showing miracles of courage, unprecedented mental fortitude and humanism. Military doctors returned millions of soldiers and officers to the ranks of the defenders of the Motherland. They provided medical assistance on the battlefield, under enemy fire, and if the situation required it, they themselves became warriors and dragged others along. Protecting their land from fascist invaders, the Soviet people, according to incomplete estimates, lost more than 27 million lives on the battlefields during hostilities. Millions of people were left disabled. But among those who returned home with victory, many survived thanks to the selfless work of military and civilian doctors.
The famous commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Khristoforovich Bagramyan, after the end of the war, wrote: “What was done by Soviet military medicine during the years of the last war, in all fairness, can be called a feat. For us, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the image of a military doctor will remain the personification of high humanism, courage and dedication.”
Chapter 1. Medicine during the Great Patriotic War.
1.1. Problems faced by medicine at the beginning of the war.
From the first days of the war, the medical service experienced serious difficulties, there was a sharp shortage of funds, there were not enough personnel. A significant part of the mobilization material and human health resources, which accounted for 39.9% of the total number of doctors and 35.8% of the number of hospital beds, was located in the western regions of the Soviet Union and was captured by the advancing enemy units already in the first days of the war. The medical service suffered heavy losses directly on the battlefield. More than 80% of all its sanitary losses were accounted for by privates and sergeants, that is, by the advanced link operating on the front line. During the war, more than 85 thousand doctors died or went missing. Of these, 5,000 doctors, 9,000 paramedical workers, 23,000 sanitary instructors, 48,000 orderlies and porters. In this regard, early graduations of the last two courses of military medical academies and medical faculties were held, and accelerated training of paramedics and junior military paramedics was organized. As a result, by the second year of the war, the army was staffed by 91% doctors, 97.9% paramedics, and 89.5% pharmacists.
Fig.1. Foreman of the medical service Lisenko V.F. dressing a wounded man, 1944
The main "forge of personnel" for the military medical service was the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov (VMedA). Military doctors who underwent improvement in it, and students who received special military medical knowledge during the training period, formed the backbone of the leadership and medical staff of the medical service of the Red Army. Within its walls, 1829 military doctors were trained and sent to the front. At the same time, in 1941, 2 early graduations were made at the academy. The graduates of the academy showed true heroism, fulfilling their patriotic and professional duty in the war. 532 pupils and employees of the academy died in the battles for their Motherland. A significant contribution to the victory was also made by representatives of other medical educational institutions, including the 1st Moscow Medical Institute named after I.M. Sechenov: 2632 students of the institute served the troops of the army and the rear of the country.
1.2. Problems of public health during the Second World War.
Fig.2. Komsomol military paramedic Maslichenko O. assists wounded soldiers, 1942
During the war years, the main tasks of health care were:
1.Help for the wounded and sick wars;
2. Medical care for home front workers;
3. Children's health protection;
4. Broad anti-epidemic measures.
The struggle for the life of the wounded began immediately after the injury, directly on the battlefield. All medical personnel clearly understood that main reason deaths of the wounded on the battlefield, in addition to injuries incompatible with life, are shock and blood loss. When solving this problem, the most important condition for success was the timing and quality of first aid, first medical and qualified medical care.
Particular attention was paid to the requirement for the removal of the wounded with weapons, which restored not only the human, but also the military-technical potential of the Red Army. So, in the order of the People's Commissar of Defense "On the procedure for submitting military orderlies and porters to the government award for good combat work", signed on August 23, 1941 personally by I.V. Stalin, it was instructed to present for the award of orderlies and porters for the removal of the wounded from the battlefield with their weapons: for the removal of 15 people were presented to the medal "For Military Merit" or "For Courage", 25 people - to the Order of the Red Star, 40 people - to the Order of the Red Banner, 80 people - to the Order of Lenin.
A wide network of evacuation hospitals (single-profile and multi-profile) was created in the country, a system of staged treatment of the wounded and sick with evacuation according to the destination took shape. In the theoretical substantiation of this system, the works of N.I. Pirogov, V.A. Oppel, B.K. Leonardov. The system of staged treatment with evacuation according to the destination was established already at the beginning of the war and, depending on the strategic situation, was constantly modified and improved. The main elements of the system included a clear and consistent provision of medical care to the wounded and sick, starting with the first medical care on the battlefield and ending with an exhaustive specialized hospital base in the front and rear of the country.
The evacuation of the wounded from the hospital bases of the front to the rear hospitals of the country was carried out in the vast majority of cases by military hospital trains. The volume of railway transportation from the frontline region to the rear of the country amounted to more than 5 million people.
The organization of specialized medical care was improved (for those wounded in the head, neck and spine, in the chest and abdomen, thigh and large joints). During the war, vital importance had the creation of an uninterrupted system for the procurement and delivery of donor blood. Unified leadership of civil and military services blood provided a higher recovery rate for the wounded. By 1944 there were 5.5 million donors in the country. In total, about 1,700 tons of canned blood was used during the war. More than 20 thousand Soviet citizens were awarded the badge "Honorary Donor of the USSR". The joint work of military and civilian health authorities in the prevention of infectious diseases, their active interaction at the front and in the rear to prevent the mass development of epidemics, dangerous and previously integral satellites of any war, fully justified themselves and made it possible to create the most stringent system of anti-epidemic measures, which included:
- creation of anti-epidemic barriers between the front and the rear;
- systematic observation, with the aim of timely detection of infectious patients and their immediate isolation;
- regulation of sanitary treatment of troops;
- use of effective vaccines and other measures.
A large amount of work was done by the chief epidemiologist and infectious disease specialist of the Red Army I.D. Ionin.
The efforts of hygienists contributed to the elimination of the danger of beriberi, a sharp reduction in alimentary diseases in military units, and the preservation of the epidemic well-being of the troops and the civilian population. First of all, due to targeted prevention, the incidence of intestinal infections and typhoid fever was insignificant and did not tend to increase. So, if in 1941 14 million vaccinations against typhoid fever were carried out, then in 1943 - 26 million. To maintain a favorable sanitary and epidemic situation great importance had vaccines developed by domestic scientists: a polyvaccine built on the principle of associated vaccine depots using complete microbial antigens; tularemia vaccines; typhoid vaccine. Tetanus vaccinations with tetanus toxoid have been developed and successfully used. The scientific development of issues of anti-epidemic protection of troops and the population continued successfully throughout the war. The military medical service had to create an effective system of bath, laundry and disinfection services.
A well-organized system of anti-epidemic measures, sanitary and hygienic provision of the Red Army led to an unprecedented result in the history of wars - during the Great Patriotic War there were no epidemics in the Soviet troops. Issues related to the medical care of prisoners of war and repatriates remain little known. It was here that the humanism and philanthropy of domestic medicine manifested itself with all its brightness. In accordance with the Regulations on prisoners of war approved by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on July 1, 1941, the wounded and sick from among them were sent to the nearest medical institutions, regardless of their departmental affiliation. They were provided with medical care on the same basis as the soldiers of the Red Army. Food for prisoners of war in hospitals was carried out according to the norms of hospital rations. At the same time, in German concentration camps, Soviet prisoners of war were practically deprived of medical care.
During the war years, special attention was paid to children, many of whom lost their parents. For them, children's homes and nurseries were created at home, dairy kitchens were arranged. By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in July 1944, the honorary title "Mother Heroine", the order " Mother glory” and “Medal of motherhood”.
1.3 Help of science.
The successes achieved in the treatment of the wounded and sick, their return to duty and work,
equal in importance and volume to winning the largest strategic battles.
G.K. Zhukov. Memories and reflections.
It is difficult to overestimate the feat of Soviet doctors in these difficult years.
4 academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 60 academicians and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, 20 laureates of the Lenin and State Prizes, 275 professors, 305 doctors and 1199 candidates of medical sciences worked as chief specialists in the army in the field. Important features of Soviet medicine were formed - the unity of civil and military medicine, the scientific leadership of the medical service of the rear front, the continuity of medical care for the wounded and sick.
In the course of their work, medical scientists developed uniform principles for wound treatment, a common understanding of the “wound process”, and unified specialized treatment. The main specialists, surgeons of the fronts, armies, hospitals, medical battalions performed millions of surgical operations; methods for the treatment of gunshot fractures, primary treatment of wounds, and the application of plaster bandages have been developed.
Chief Surgeon Soviet army N.N. Burdenko was the largest organizer of surgical care for the wounded.
A well-known domestic military field surgeon, scientist, Professor Nikolai Nikolaevich Elansky made an invaluable contribution to the development of both military field surgery and surgical science in general. His name is among the most prominent figures in Russian medicine. Starting in 1939, from the fighting in the Khalkhin Gol region, N.N. Elansky at the front as a consultant surgeon. Realizing that the combat defeats of the personnel of the troops, occurring in qualitatively new conditions, cannot be compared with the trauma of peacetime, N.N. Elansky resolutely objected to the mechanical transfer of ideas about such an injury to the practice of military field surgery.
In addition, the indisputable contribution of N.N. Elansky in the organization of surgical care was the development of the issues of surgical triage and evacuation. Received a final decision from one of critical issues military field surgery - refusal to suture a treated gunshot wound in a combat situation. The implementation of these proposals of the scientist made it possible to achieve high performance indicators of the medical service of the army. The number of surgical complications has sharply decreased. The experience of medical and evacuation support of past combat operations was summarized in a number of works by N.N. Elansky. The most important of them is the "Military Field Surgery" published already at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. In subsequent periods of the war, as the tactics of hostilities changed, and, consequently, the forms and methods of medical support for the troops, it repeatedly became necessary to revise some provisions of the textbook. As a result, it was reprinted four times, and the 5th edition, which came out after the war, was awarded the USSR State Prize. The textbook has been translated into many foreign languages. The scientific development by scientists of such urgent problems of military pathology as the fight against shock, the treatment of gunshot wounds of the chest, limbs, craniocerebral wounds, contributed to a significant improvement in the quality of medical care, a speedy recovery and return to duty of the wounded.
The method of skin graft transplantation and the method of transplantation of the cornea of the eye, developed by V.P. Filatov, have been widely used in military hospitals.
At the front and in the rear, the method of local anesthesia developed by A.V. Vishnevsky was widely used - it was used in 85-90% of cases.
In the organization of military field therapy and the provision of emergency care, the main merit belongs to the therapists M.S. Vovsi, A.L. Myasnikov, P.I. Egorov and others.
The science of antibiotics began to develop after the discovery in 1929 by the English scientist A. Fleming of the antimicrobial action of the fungus Penicillinum. Active substance produced by this fungus. Ah, Fleming called it penicillin. In the USSR, the first penicillin was obtained by Z.V. Ermolyeva and G.I. Badesino in 1942. The development of methods for the biological synthesis of penicillin on a mass scale, its isolation and purification, the elucidation of the chemical nature, and the manufacture of drugs created the conditions for the medical use of antibiotics. During the war years, penicillin was used to treat complicated infected wounds and saved the lives of many Soviet soldiers.
The epidemiological scientist T.E. Boldyrev ensured the epidemiological well-being of the front, and G.A. Miterev - the rear of the country.
VN Shamov was one of the creators of the blood service system in the army. During the war, for the first time, mobile blood transfusion stations were organized on all fronts.
On the basis of evacuation hospitals, field mobile hospitals and other military medical institutions, thousands of scientific papers and dissertations have been completed. In order to further develop medical science, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on June 30, 1944 adopted a resolution "On the Establishment of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR" in Moscow. The opening of the Academy took place on December 20, 1944. The academy included 22 research institutes and 5 independent laboratories. In total, there were 6,717 employees in the academy system, of which 158 were doctors and 349 were candidates of medical sciences. Already after the war, from 1949 to 1956, a 35-volume work “The experience of Soviet medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945” was published in the USSR.
Also, many chemical scientists came to the aid of medicine, who created the medicines necessary for the treatment of the wounded. So, the polymer of vinyl butyl alcohol obtained by M.F. Shostakovsky - a thick viscous liquid - turned out to be a good tool for healing wounds, it was used in hospitals under the name - "Shostakovsky's balm".
Leningrad scientists developed and manufactured more than 60 new medicinal products, in 1944 they mastered the method of plasma transfusion, created new solutions for blood conservation.
Academician A.V. Pallady synthesized means to stop bleeding.
Scientists at Moscow University have synthesized the enzyme trombone, a drug for blood clotting.
In addition to chemical scientists, who made an invaluable contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany, there were also ordinary chemical warriors: engineers and workers, teachers and students. The senior teacher of the Dnepropetrovsk Chemical-Technological Institute, former front-line soldier Z.I.Barsukov dedicated his poem to the memory of front-line chemists.
“Who said about the chemist: “He fought a little”,
Who said: “He didn’t shed enough blood?”
I call my chemist friends as witnesses, -
Those who boldly beat the enemy until the last days,
Those who sang in the same ranks with the native army,
Those who defended my homeland with their breasts.
How many roads, front lines have been traveled ...
How many young guys died on them ...
The memory of the war will never fade,
Glory to the chemists alive, the fallen - the honor is doubly.
Chapter 2
Fig.3. Marine fighter N.P. Kudryakov says goodbye to hospital doctor I.A. Kharchenko, 1942
I've only been in hand-to-hand combat once.
Once upon a time. And a thousand times in a dream.
Who says that war is not scary,
He knows nothing about the war.
Yu.V. Drunina
Warm love for their fatherland gives rise to the determination in Soviet people to go on exploits, to strengthen the might of the Soviet state by selfless work in any post, increase its wealth, defend the gains of socialism from all enemies / protect peaceful life in every possible way.
In all this struggle, the role of Soviet women, including female doctors, is great.
During the years of the pre-war five-year plans, millions of women in the Soviet Union, together with the entire Soviet people, ensured by their labor the transformation of our Motherland into a mighty industrial-collective-farm power.
During the Great Patriotic War, during the period of the greatest tension of all the material and spiritual forces of the people, when the male part of the population went to the front, the places of men everywhere - both in production and on collective farm fields - were taken by women. With honor they coped with the work in the rear at all posts.
At the same time, unparalleled valor, courage and courage were shown by Soviet women at the front. In the halo of glory are the names of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Lisa Chaikina and many thousands of others. Sanitary guards, nurses, sisters, doctors, partisans, anti-aircraft gunners, famous pilots, scouts, snipers, signalmen - all of them showed fearlessness and heroism on a par with men in various sectors of the front.
Soviet women have taken and are now taking the most active part in the common struggle for world peace, for disarmament, for the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction.
The role of the Soviet Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is honorable and noble.
The Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies is doing enormous and strenuous work and is one of the most important links in strengthening the defense capability of the socialist state. The Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in wartime and peacetime stands guard over public health, being a powerful reserve and assistant to the Soviet health authorities. Work in the organizations of the Soviet Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies was especially extensive during the Great Patriotic War. Hundreds of thousands of nurses and sanitary teams were trained on the job at schools, courses, and in the sanitary teams of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. Here they received initial training in providing first aid to the wounded and sick, in caring for them, and in conducting recreational activities.
Selflessly, under enemy fire, brave patriots provided first aid to the wounded and carried them out of the battlefield. With caring care and great attention they surrounded the seriously wounded in field hospitals and hospitals in the rear. At the front and in the rear, nurses, nurses, sanitary combatants, Red Cross activists were donors, giving their blood to the wounded.
During the years of peaceful construction, the Red Cross and Red Crescent societies continue to train nurses, sanitary combatants, GSO badges, organize sanitary posts at enterprises, collective farms, and institutions.
In 1955 there were more than 19 million members of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Currently, the sanitary asset of the Society provides effective assistance to health authorities in improving medical and sanitary and preventive services for the population.
Orderlies, sanitary instructors, nurses, doctors - they all selflessly performed their duty on the fields of the Great Patriotic War, at the bedside of the wounded, in the operating room, in front-line and rear hospitals far from the front. Thousands and tens of thousands of medical workers received orders and medals, the best of the best were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Most of those awarded were active members of the Red Cross Society.
The names of twelve women doctors who received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union are known. Here are these glorious names: sanitary instructor Gnorovskaya Valeria Osipovna; guard senior sergeant of the medical service Kascheeva Vera Sergeevna; foreman of the medical service Konstantinova Ksenia Semyonovna; Guard Senior Sergeant Lyudmila Stepanovna Kravets; sanitary instructor - senior sergeant Mareseva Zinaida Ivanovna; chief foreman of the medical service Petrova Galina Konstantinovna; lieutenant of medical service Pushina Faina Andreevna; sanitary instructor senior sergeant Samsonova Zinaida Alexandrovna; partisan Troyan Nadezhda Viktorovna; sanitary instructor Tsukanova Maria Nikitichna; sanitary instructor - senior sergeant Shkarletova Maria Savelyevna; foreman of the medical service Shcherbachenko Maria Zakharovna.
The largest scientist of our country, chief surgeon of the Soviet Army N. N. Burdenko, who participated as an orderly in Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 and then awarded the soldier's St. George's Cross, pointed out during the Great Patriotic War that "behind the shoulders of a soldier with a sanitary bag, bending over a wounded comrade, is our entire Soviet country."
Assessing the high moral qualities of the orderlies and nurses who worked under a hail of bullets and mines in the name of saving their comrades, he said that our glorious orderlies show miracles of courage and selflessness, that the orderlies risk their lives every minute, but they perform their duty heroically, and examples such heroism - thousands.
The feat of Russian women will forever remain on the pages of history, let us keep the memory of him in our hearts, the memory of the women who brought freedom to our Motherland.
Chapter 3. History in faces.
In this chapter, I will talk about people who, during the Great Patriotic War and after it, occupied the highest positions in the field of healthcare. They not only took part in helping the wounded directly on the battlefield, but also ensured the development of medicine in general.
Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was the chief surgeon of the Red Army Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko(1876-1946). His assistants and deputies were S.S. Girgolav, V.V. Gorinevskaya, V.S. Levit, V.N. Shamov, S.S. Yudin. Chief Surgeon of the Navy Yustin Yulianovich DzhanelidzeMiron Semenovich Vovsi(1897-1960); in 1952 - 1953 he was repressed in the “doctors' case” (stopped in 1953). The chief physician of the Navy was Alexander Leonidovich Myasnikov(1899-1965).
Supervised the medical support of the Red Army throughout the war, the head of the Main Military Medical Directorate Efim Ivanovich Smirnov(1904-1989), later Minister of Health of the USSR (1947-1953).(1883-1950). The chief therapist of the Red Army during the war was (and the Soviet Army - in the post-war period) - academician
Nikolai Nilovich Burdenko (1876-1946), surgeon, one of the founders of neurosurgery in the USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), first president of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1944), colonel general of the medical service (1944), Hero of Socialist Labor (1943). On the eve of the war, he participated in the development of the scientific and organizational foundations of military field surgery, during the war years he was the chief surgeon of the Red Army. Under the leadership of Burdenko, uniform principles for the treatment of gunshot wounds were introduced at the fronts, which contributed to the success of Soviet military medicine in saving lives, restoring the health and combat capability of the wounded.
Yustin Yulianovich Dzhanelidze (1883-1950), surgeon, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945), lieutenant general of the medical service (1943). Since 1939 Chief Surgeon of the Navy and since 1943 Head of the Department of Hospital Surgery of the Naval Medical Academy. He developed the problems of surgical treatment and medical and evacuation support for the wounded in the Navy, exactly in case of damage to the musculoskeletal system (one of the operations bears his name) and burns.
Miron Semenovich Vovsi (1897-1960), therapist, major general of the medical service (1943). In 1941-1950 the chief physician of the Soviet Army. He made a great contribution to the development of military field therapy. Participated in the development of a system of therapeutic measures in the army. Works devoted to the peculiarities of the course of internal diseases in wartime conditions, exactly, in the wounded.
Alexander Leonidovich Myasnikov (1899-1965), therapist, academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1948). Since 1942, the chief physician of the Navy, head of the department of the Naval Medical Academy (1940-1948), was in besieged Leningrad; repeatedly in active fleets. Under the leadership of Myasnikov, a system of therapeutic service for the fleet was created.
Efim Ivanovich Smirnov (1904-1989), scientist in the field of health, colonel general of the medical service (1943). Works on the organization and tactics of the military medical service, epidemiology, the history of military medicine. During the war years, the head of the Main Military Sanitary Directorate of the Red Army. He developed the doctrine of staged treatment with evacuation according to the destination and put into practice a system of treatment of evacuation measures that contributed to the return to service of the majority of the wounded and sick. The system of anti-epidemic support for the troops, developed under the leadership of Smirnov, determined the epidemic well-being of the army in the field. Chief Editor scientific work "The experience of Soviet medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945" in 35 volumes.
Conclusion
Medical workers made an invaluable contribution to the victory. At the front and in the rear, day and night, in the incredibly difficult conditions of the war years, they saved the lives of millions of soldiers. 72.3% of the wounded and 90.6% of the sick returned to service. If these percentages are presented in absolute figures, then the number of wounded and sick returned to service by the medical service for all the years of the war will be about 17 million people. If we compare this figure with the number of our troops during the war years (about 6 million 700 thousand people in January 1945), it becomes obvious that the victory was won to a large extent by soldiers and officers returned to service by the medical service. At the same time, it should be especially emphasized that, starting from January 1, 1943, out of every hundred killed in battles, 85 people returned to service from medical institutions of the regimental, army and front-line regions, and only 15 people from hospitals in the rear of the country. “The armies and separate formations,” wrote Marshal K.K. Rokossovsky, “were replenished mainly by soldiers and officers who returned after treatment from front-line, army hospitals and from medical battalions. Truly, our doctors were hardworking heroes. They did everything to put the wounded on their feet as soon as possible, to give them the opportunity to return to duty again.
Who's to say the doctor didn't fight?
That he did not shed his blood,
That he slept through the night,
Or what hid like a mole.
If someone will tell this news,
I want to carry them all
There, where the earth groaned,
There, where the fields were burning,
Human, where blood was shed,
Where there was a terrible groan,
It was impossible to look at everything
Only a doctor could help them.
The Great Patriotic War was the most difficult and bloody of all the wars ever experienced by our people. She took more than twenty million human lives. In this war, millions of people were killed, burned in crematoria and exterminated in concentration camps. A groan and pain stood on the ground. The peoples of the Soviet Union rallied into a single fist.
terrible, harsh days of 1941 until the victorious spring of May 1945, Soviet doctors, women doctors.
During these years, more than two hundred thousand doctors and half a million paramedical personnel worked at the front and in the rear. And half of them were women. They provided assistance to more than ten million wounded. In all units and subunits of the active army, in partisan detachments, in local air defense teams, there were soldiers of the health service, ready at any moment to come to the aid of the wounded.
The working day of doctors and nurses of medical battalions and front-line hospitals often lasted several days. Sleepless nights, medical workers stood relentlessly near the operating tables, and some of them pulled the dead and wounded out of the battlefield on their backs. Among the doctors there were many of their "sailors", who, saving the wounded, covered them with their bodies from bullets and shell fragments.
The Soviet Red Cross then made a great contribution to the rescue and treatment of the wounded.
During the Great Patriotic War, several hundred thousand nurses, sanitary combatants, an orderly were trained, more than 23 million people were trained under the program “Ready for the sanitary defense of the USSR”.
This terrible, bloody war demanded a large amount of donated blood.
During the war, there were over 5.5 million donors in the country. A large number of the wounded and sick soldiers were returned to service again.
Several thousand medical workers were awarded orders and medals for their painstaking, hard work.
And the International Committee of the Red Cross awarded the Florence Nightingale* medal to 38 nurses - pupils of the Union of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Society of the USSR.
Farther and farther into the depths of history go the events of the Great Patriotic War, but the memory of the great feat of the Soviet people and their Armed Forces forever be preserved among the people.
I will give just a few examples of female doctors who, not sparing, as they say, their belly, raised the spirit of the soldiers, raised the wounded from the hospital bed and sent them back to battle to defend their country, their homeland, their people, their home from the enemy.
________________________________________________
* The medal was established in 1912 as the highest award for nurses, nurses who distinguished themselves in wartime or in peacetime with their courage and exceptional devotion to the wounded, the sick, whose health was in danger of life.
The Englishwoman Florence Nightingale, in Britain in the 19th century, was able to organize and lead Crimean War(1854-1856), nursing courses. Sisters of Mercy squad. They provided first aid to the wounded. After, all her fortune, she bequeathed to use for the institution awards for mercy, which will be shown on the battlefield and in peacetime by nurses and nurses.
The medal was approved by the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1912. It is awarded on May 12, Florence Nightingale's birthday, every two years. For all the years of existence of this award, more than 1170 women from different countries of the World have been awarded and received.
In the USSR, 38 Soviet women were awarded this award.
In the small town of Kamyshin, Volgograd region, there is a museum, which is not found in any large city with a million inhabitants, and is not found in such major cities, as in Moscow and St. Petersburg. This is the only and the first in the country museum of nurses, sisters of mercy, who were awarded the Florence Nightingale medal by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Among the large army of doctors, I would like to mention the name of the Hero of the Soviet Union Zinaida Aleksandrovna SAMSONOVA, who went to the front when she was only seventeen years old. Zinaida, or, as her brother-soldiers cutely called her, Zinochka, was born in the village of Bobkovo, Yegoryevsky district, Moscow region.
Before the war, she went to study at the Yegorievsk Medical School. When the enemy stepped on her native land, and the country was in danger, Zina decided that she must go to the front. And she rushed there.
She has been in the army since 1942 and immediately finds herself at the forefront. Zina was a sanitary instructor in a rifle battalion. The soldiers loved her for her smile, for her selfless assistance to the wounded. With her fighters, Zina went through the most terrible battles, this is the Battle of Stalingrad. She fought on the Voronezh Front and on other fronts.
In the autumn of 1943, she took part in a landing operation to seize a bridgehead on the right bank of the Dnieper near the village of Sushki, Kanevsky district, now Cherkasy region. Here she, together with her brother-soldiers, managed to capture this bridgehead.
Zina took out more than thirty wounded from the battlefield and transported them to the other side of the Dnieper.
Burning, melting earth
Burning all around the field
There was one pitch hell
But only "Forward", not back,
Courageous sons shouted
Heroes of that past war.
And Zinochka was carrying fighters,
Hiding the pain of her face
I dragged on myself, "carried",
Spreading like two wings.
The shells exploded, as luck would have it,
"Please save us dear God"
Her lips whispered
She prayed to him all the time.
There were legends about this fragile nineteen-year-old girl. Zinochka was distinguished by courage and courage.
When the commander died near the village of Holm in 1944, Zina, without hesitation, took command of the battle and raised the fighters to attack. In this fight last time fellow soldiers heard her amazing, slightly hoarse voice: “Eagles, follow me!”
Zinochka Samsonova died in this battle on January 27, 1944 for the village of Kholm in Belarus. She was buried in a mass grave in Ozarichi, Kalinkovsky district, Gomel region.
Zinaida Alexandrovna Samsonova was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for her steadfastness, courage and bravery.
The school where Zina Samsonova once studied was named after her.
Zinaida Mikhailovna TUSNOLOBOV - MARCHENKO, was born in the city of Polotsk, in Belarus, on November 23, 1920, in a peasant family. Zina also spent her childhood and studies in Belarus, but at the end of the seven-year period, the whole family soon moved to Siberia, to the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsk, Kemerovo region.
Soon, her father dies in Siberia. The breadwinner in the family was gone, and Zina went to work at the plant as a laboratory chemist.
In 1941, three months before the start of the war, she married Iosif Petrovich Marchenko. The war began, and her husband was called to the front. Zina immediately enrolled in nursing courses and after graduating she went to the front as a volunteer.
Serve Zina got into the 849th Infantry Regiment of the Siberian Division. She received her first baptism of fire on July 11, 1942 near Voronezh. The battle lasted three days. She, along with the male fighters, went on the attack and there, on the spot, provided medical assistance, tried to immediately take the wounded out of the battlefield. From that three-day battle, she carried 40 wounded. For this brave, selfless feat, Zina was awarded the Order of the Red Star. As Zinaida Mikhailovna later said:
“I knew that I still had to justify this award.”
She tried her best to work.
For saving 123 wounded soldiers and an officer, she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. But tragedy was yet to come. The last battle with the enemy turned out to be fatal for her.
In 1943, the regiment fought near Gorshechnoye station, Kursk region. Zina rushed from one wounded to another, but then she was informed that the commander was wounded. She immediately rushed towards him. At this time, the Germans went on the attack across the field. She ran, crouching at first, but feeling that a hot wave burned her leg and liquid filled into her boot, she realized that she was injured, then she fell and crawled. Shells exploded around her, but she continued to crawl.
The shell exploded again not far from her, she saw that the commander was dead, but next to him was a tablet, where, as she knew, there were secret papers.
Zina crawled with difficulty to the body of the commander, took the tablet, managed to hide it in her bosom, but then an explosion rang out again, and she lost consciousness.
It was winter, the crackling frost froze her to the ground. Waking up, Zina saw that the Germans were walking across the field and finishing off the wounded. The distance to her was no longer significant, Zina decided to pretend to be dead. Approaching her, seeing that it was a woman, the German began to beat her with a butt on the head, stomach, face, she again lost consciousness. She woke up at night. She couldn't move her arm or leg. Suddenly she heard Russian speech. They were walking across the field, porters were picking up the dead.
Zina groaned. Then, louder and louder, by this she
tried to get attention. Finally, the nurses heard her. She woke up already in the hospital, where she lay next to the men. She was ashamed, her naked body was not always covered by a sheet. The head physician turned to the villagers so that someone would take her to his house. One widow agreed to take Zina to her rest. She began to feed Zina as much as she could, and cow's milk did its job. Zina went on the mend.
But one night she became ill, a very high temperature rose, the hostess, who was caring for Zina, got scared and immediately quickly, on a cart, took Zina back to the hospital.
The doctor, having examined her, saw that she had gangrene of her arms and legs. Zina was sent to a rear hospital in Siberia.
Upon arrival at the hospital on the twentieth day, in order to save her life, her right arm was amputated above the elbow, the next day her right leg was amputated above the knee. Ten days have passed, and now her left hand is being amputated, and after a month and a half, half a foot of her left leg was taken away.
The doctor was amazed at the patience and resilience of this fragile woman. He did everything to somehow alleviate the fate of Zina.
Zina, silently, endured all operations, practically without anesthesia. She only asked the doctor: “I will withstand everything, just leave me life ...”
The surgeon designed her a special cuff to put on Zina's right arm, whose arm was cut off above the elbow. Zina, thanks to this device, learned to write.
The surgeon convinced her to do one more operation. On the remainder of the left arm, he made a complex incision. As a result of this operation, a semblance of two thumbs was formed. Zina trained hard every day and soon learned to hold with her left hand: a fork, a spoon, a toothbrush.
Spring came, the sun peeped through the windows, the bandaged wounded went out into the street, those who could not walk simply crawled out. Zina lay alone in the ward and looked at the branches of the trees from the open window.
A fighter passing by, looking out the window, seeing Zina lying, shouted: “Well, what a beauty, let's go for a walk?”
Zina has always been an optimist, and then she was not at a loss, she immediately retorted to him: "I have no hair."
The young fighter did not retreat and immediately appeared in her ward.
And suddenly he stood up, as if rooted to the spot. He saw that not a woman was lying on the bed, but a stump, without legs and without arms. The fighter sobbed and knelt before Zina. "I'm sorry sis, I'm sorry..."
Soon, having learned to write with her two fingers, she writes a letter to her husband: “My dear, dear Iosof! Forgive me for this letter, but I can no longer be silent. I have to tell you the truth…” Zina described her condition to her husband, and at the end she added:
"Sorry, I don't want to be a burden to you. Forget me and goodbye. Your Zina.
For the first time, Zina cried into her pillow almost all night. She mentally said goodbye to her husband, said goodbye to her love. But time passed, and Zina received a letter from her husband, where he wrote: “My dear, dear wife, Zinochka! Received a letter, very happy. You and I will always live together and it's good, if, of course, God forbid, I stay alive ... I'm waiting for your answer. Your sincerely loving Joseph. Get well soon. Be healthy both physically and mentally. And don't think bad. Kisses".
At that moment, Zina was happy, she had nothing more precious than this letter now, now she clutched at life like a straw, with renewed vigor.
She took a pencil in her teeth and tried to write with her teeth. In the end, she learned to even insert a thread into the eye of a needle.
From the hospital, Zina, through the newspaper, wrote letters to the front:
"Russian people! Soldiers! Comrades, I walked in the same ranks with you and smashed the enemy, but now I can no longer fight, I ask you: avenge me! For more than a year I have been in the hospital, I have neither arms nor legs. I am only 23 years old. The Germans took everything from me: love, a dream, a normal life. Do not spare the enemy who came uninvited to our house. Destroy the Nazis like mad dogs. Revenge not only for me, but also for the desecrated mothers, sisters, your children, for hundreds of thousands driven into slavery ... "
On the 1st Baltic Front, an inscription appeared on the Il-2 attack aircraft and on the tank: "For Zina Tusnolobova."
The war ended, Zinaida returned to the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky, where she lived before leaving for the front.
She looked forward to meeting her husband with impatience and anxiety.
My husband also had one leg amputated. A young, handsome order bearer - Senior Lieutenant Marchenko hugged Zina and whispered: "Nothing dear, everything will be fine."
Soon Zina gives birth, one after another, to two sons, but the happiness did not last long. With the flu, children die. Zina could bear everything that concerned her health, but she could not bear the death of her children. She got depressed. But even here, having broken herself, she persuades her husband to leave for her hometown, where she was born, in the city of Polotsk, in Belarus. Here she gives birth to a son again, and then a daughter. When the son grew up, he once asked his mother: "Mommy, where are your arms and legs?"
Zina was not at a loss and answered her son: "In the war, dear, in the war. Here, grow up, son, I'll tell you, then you can understand, but now you are still small."
Once, upon arrival in Polotsk, she went with her mother to a reception at the City Committee of the Party, asking for help with housing, but after listening to her, the boss began to shame her: “Aren't you ashamed, dear? You ask for housing, look how many people we have on the waiting list...? But what if you are a Hero, do you know how many of these I have? You came from the front with legs and arms, while others, after all, returned from the front without legs, I can’t give them anything yet, and you are standing in front of me with arms and legs. You can still wait…”
Zina, silently, left the office and sat down on a chair near her mother, who accompanied her here.
Going out into the corridor, following her, the official saw how the old mother straightens Zina's stockings on her legs, lifting her skirt and exposing two prostheses. He also saw that his visitor had no hands. He was amazed at the endurance and self-control of this woman.
For dedication and mercy shown on the battlefield on December 6, 1957, Zinaida Mikhailovna Tusnolobova-Marchenko was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Gold Star medal and the Order of Lenin.
And in 1965, the International Committee of the Red Cross awarded her the Florence Nightingale medal.
In 1980, Zina, already with her adult daughter, came, by invitation, to the city of Volgograd, to celebrate Victory Day. There was a terrible heat. All those who died in Stalingrad were read by name. Zina stood for two hours in the heat with all her fellow soldiers, at this solemn parade. She was offered to leave, but Zina refused and endured the entire ceremony. Returning home, she died.
A museum of the heroine has been opened in the city of Polotsk. In the museum-apartment of N.A. Ostrovsky in the house on Tverskaya Street in the city of Moscow there is a stand dedicated to the resilience and courage of Zina Tusnolobova.
“I would call Zina a Phoenix bird,
How bright and bright she is!
What an impulse in a wounded soul,
An example to all of us living on Earth…”
Maria Sergeevna BOROVICHENKO, was born on October 21, 1925, in the village of Myshelovka, near Kiev, now one of the districts of the city of Kyiv.
Maria's father was a worker, often returning home late, so Maria lived with her aunt. She lost her mother at an early age.
After the end of the seven-year period, Masha entered the courses of nurses.
When the German entered the territory of Ukraine, Masha was not yet sixteen years old. Seeing the horrors of the war, she could not stay at home and watch the enemy trample her native Ukraine with bloody boots. On August 10, 1941, a fragile, dark-haired teenage girl approached General Rodimtsev, who was at the command post and, standing opposite him, could not utter a word when he asked her the question: “When, how and why did you cross the front line?” Masha, silently, took out a Komsomol card from her pocket, her dirty cotton dress, and then she spoke. She told how she got here, laid out to him all the information about the location of the enemy’s army batteries, all the machine-gun points, how many Germans had warehouses with weapons.
In August 1941, sixteen-year-old Komsomol member Maria Borovichenko, at her urgent request, was enrolled as a nurse in the first rifle battalion of the 5th airborne brigade. And two days later, after the battle in one of the districts of Kyiv, where the fighters were resting in the agricultural institute, shocked by what they saw, they asked an unfamiliar girl who carried eight soldiers out of the battlefield, and even managed to shoot two Fritz, saving Simkin’s battalion commander: “ And why are you so desperate, as if bewitched by bullets?
Masha answered: “From the Mousetrap…”
No one guessed, and she did not begin to explain that Mousetrap is her native village. But everyone laughed, and began to call her that - Masha from the mousetrap.
In September 1941, the Seim River, which flowed near the city of Konotop, was seething from explosions and fire. The end of this battle was decided by one heavy machine gun, the position of which was chosen by a fragile, little teenage girl, Masha Borovichenko, who had already been able to save more than twenty fighters. Under the enemy's bullets, she helped her fighters to establish the firing point of this easel machine gun.
A year passed in battles and battles, in 1942, it was also summer, near the village of Gutrovo, Masha, in a scorched overcoat, raised the spirits of her fighters with her example. When a fascist knocked her pistol out of her hands, she immediately picked up a captured machine gun and destroyed four fascists.
Then kilometers of military roads were covered, and not only passed, but also crawled with the most important load - it was a load - human life.
The summer of 1943 arrived. The corps of General Rodimtsev, under whose leadership Maria served, fought fierce battles near Oboyan, the Germans tried to break through to Kursk.
Here comes the battle - it is cruel,
When is the shortest vacation?
Now let's go on the attack again,
I hope we get the city back.
We'll have to fight in a fight,
Let the fascist run,
Then I hope we can rest
While we are on the attack.
So Masha wrote in her notebook, when at least some kind of respite was possible. In the battle near Kursk, protecting Lieutenant Kornienko with her breast, she saved his life, but this bullet, hitting her right in the heart, cut off Maria's life.
It happened on July 14 near the village of Orlovka, Ivnyansky district, Belgorod region.
On May 6, 1965, Maria Sergeevna Borovichenko was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
There is a school in Kyiv named after Maria Sergeevna Borovichenko.
Valeria Osipovna GNAROVSKAYA was born in the village of Modolitsa, Kingisep District, Leningrad Region, on October 18, 1923.
Valeria's father worked at the post office, as a head. Valeria's mother was a housewife. When Valeria was five years old, her parents moved to the Leningrad region, Podporozhsky district. After the end of the seven-year period, her parents arranged for her to study at a secondary school in the regional town of Podporozhye, near where they lived, there were no ten-year schools.
Before the war, she successfully graduated from high school. Everyone at home had fun that day, her parents were happy about the successful completion of her studies. There were flowers everywhere. Valeria was in high spirits all day. There were many plans in my head, further admission to the university.
But all this was not destined to come true, the war began.
Father immediately went to the front, instead of him, Valeria's mother went to work, like her mother, Valeria also went to work, there, at the post office.
In the autumn of 1941, their area became a front line, the evacuation of the population to Siberia began. The entire Gnarovsky family, and these are: mother, grandmother, Valeria's younger sister and Valeria herself, arrived by train in Omsk region, in the village of Berdyuzhye.
Having settled down, he and his mother immediately went to work. They worked in a communications office.
There were no letters from her father, and Valeria, on the sly from her mother, repeatedly applied to the military registration and enlistment office with a request to send her to the front, but each time she was refused.
And finally, in the spring of 1942, she, like other Komsomol girls like her, was sent to the Ishim station, where the Siberian division was formed.
To calm her mother, Valeria wrote warm, affectionate letters. In one letter she wrote: “Mommy, don’t be bored and don’t worry… I’ll be back soon with a victory or I’ll die in a fair fight…”.
In the division, in the same year, she graduated from the courses of nurses of the Red Cross and voluntarily went to the front.
The division that Valeria ended up at the front arrived at the Stalingrad front in July 1942. And immediately joined the fight. Bomb explosions, artillery shells that rushed and thundered endlessly, mixed up in a single, continuous rumble, in this terrible hell no one could stick their head out of the trench. It seemed that the black sky crushed the earth, the earth trembled from explosions. It was impossible to hear the man lying next to him in the trench.
Valeria was the first to jump out of the trench and shouted:
“Comrades! It's not scary to die for the Motherland! Went!"
And then everyone rushed to run from the trenches towards the enemy.
Valeria immediately, in the first battle, surprised everyone with her courage and courage, her fearlessness.
For seventeen days and nights the division fought, losing its comrades, and eventually was surrounded.
Everything, the hardships of the environment, Valeria endures calmly and courageously, but then she falls ill with typhus. Having broken through the encirclement, the fighters carried out Valeria, barely alive.
In the division, Valeria was affectionately called "dear Swallow."
Sending their swallow to the hospital, the soldiers wished her a speedy return to her division.
After lying in the hospital, where she receives her first award - the medal "For Courage", she again returns to the front.
During the fighting, Valeria was in the most dangerous areas, where she was able to save more than three hundred soldiers and officers.
On September 23, 1943, in the area of the Ivanenkovo state farm, in the Zaporozhye region, enemy Tiger tanks broke through to the disposal of our troops.
Rescuing seriously wounded soldiers, Valeria threw herself with a bunch of grenades under a fascist tank and blew it up.
The earth is groaning, and there are no more forces,
Tanks, like animals, accelerated the run.
"God! How can I get over the pain?
Make it so that the "evil spirits" go away.
Give me strength, you, Motherland,
To drive the enemy out of the country,
So that the earth does not groan around,
The tanks are coming and have closed the circle.
Dear mother, goodbye and forgive
Tanks are in my way
I have to take them away from the fighters,
There are many wounded, I have to go ...
All the pain is gone, and the fear after it,
Only to throw a grenade would be faster,
If only I could get in, I would save the guys,
Mom, goodbye, dear, I'm sorry ... ".
June 3, 1944 Valeria Osipovna Gnarovskaya was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union - posthumously.
In the Zaporozhye region, a village is named after her.
"Over the plywood star of lightning,
Like flowers, spring has spread.
In the name of a beautiful Russian bird,
The quiet village is named…”.
In one of the halls of the Military Medical Museum in Leningrad, now St. Petersburg, a painting by the artist I.M. Penteshina, it depicts the heroic deed of my heroine.
Matryona Semyonovna NECHIPORCHUKOVA was born on April 03, 1924 in the village of Volchiy Yar, Balakleyevsky district, Kharkiv region, Ukraine. In a simple, peasant family.
In 1941 she graduated from the Balakleyevsky Obstetrics and Nursing School and worked as a nurse in a district hospital.
Working in a hospital and living in her village, Matryona Semyonovna ended up in the territory occupied by the Germans. She immediately asks the military enlistment office to send her to the army, but is refused.
At that time, she was not taken because of her age, but then she was only seventeen years old. With the onset of 1943, her dream came true - she was enrolled as a medical instructor in the medical platoon of the 100th Guards Regiment of the 35th Infantry Division.
The brave girl helped more than 250 wounded soldiers and officers. Repeatedly donated blood for the wounded of her fighters. The first medical baptism took place near Grzybow, in the Polish Republic, where she treated twenty-six wounded. And a little later, in the same place in Poland, in the city of Magnuszew, she carried an officer out of the shelling and managed to send him to the rear.
For courage and selflessness in rescuing the wounded, Matryona Semyonovna was awarded the Order of Glory of three degrees.
Being a medical instructor of the 35th Guards Division, 8th Guards Army, 1st Belorussian Front, Guards Sergeant Nechiporchukova Matryona Semyonovna in 1945, left with a group of wounded, of whom there were more than twenty-seven people, and with several medical workers, repelled the German attack who got out of the environment. After the battle, she brought all the wounded without a single one killed to their destination.
Dnieper steeps, how high you are!
You are cool, dear, protect "your" ones,
Let me break through to the river, drink some water,
Close from the enemy so that he could not kill.
You, dark night, hide from the shooting,
While everyone will send rafts along the river,
After all, there are many wounded, all our fighters,
Please, the dark night of the fighters save us ...
Save, save us, dear river,
And there will be enough blood for everyone - I got drunk with interest,
Here again is a young fighter under the wave.
He would still live, meet love,
Yes, he would swing small children,
Well fatal fate is destined to die,
And in the waves of the Dnieper here to find their death.
Dnieper steeps, how high you are ...
Dear, you are cool, please protect
Let me gather with strength to go into battle again
Yes, to expel the enemy at any cost to us.
Noisy, splashing waves of the holy Dnieper,
How many fighters buried then?!
In March 1945, in the battles in southern Poland, near the town of Kustrin, Matrena Semyonovna provided medical assistance to more than fifty wounded, including twenty-seven seriously wounded. As part of the same rifle regiment, the 35th Guards Rifle Division, on the Ukrainian front, Matryona Semyonovna, during the breakthrough of the enemy on the left bank of the Oder River and in the battles that went on in the Berlin direction, carried seventy-eight wounded soldiers and officers out of the fire.
With her infantry, she, having overcome the Spree River, near the city of Furstegwald, and already being wounded herself, continued to provide medical assistance.
The German who fired at her wounded colleagues was killed by her. When she and her fighters reached Berlin, she remembered for the rest of her life, one inscription on the wall: "Here it is, the damned fascist country."
The Germans fought to the last breath, hiding in basements, ruins, but they did not part with their weapons and, if possible, shot back.
Matryona also remembered how early in the morning on May 9 Victory Day was announced! And the fighting was still going on, and there were a lot of wounded. Those who were very heavy were sent to the rear without asking, and those who were lighter wounded, the commander, at their request, allowed them to celebrate Victory Day in Berlin. And only on the tenth of May they sent everyone home. There, during the war, she found her future husband, Viktor Stepanovich Nozdrachev, who fought in the same regiment with Matryona.
Until 1950, Matryona Semyonovna lived with her family in Germany, and in 1950 they returned to their homeland and lived in the Stavropol Territory. Here she worked in a clinic.
In 1973, Matryona Semenovna Nechiporchukova was awarded the Florence Nightingale medal by the International Committee of the Red Cross. This award was presented to her in Geneva by representatives of the Red Cross.
Matryona Semyonovna after the end of the war was a public person, she tried to convey the whole truth and all the hardships of the war to the younger generation.
Maria Timofeevna KISLYAK, was born on March 6, 1925, in the village of Lednoe, now one of the districts of the city of Kharkov, in a peasant family. After graduating from the seven-year plan, she entered the Kharkov feldsher-obstetric school.
Then she worked as a nurse in a hospital.
When the enemy entered the land of Ukraine, she, without hesitation, organized in her village, with her comrades, an underground hospital, which she then led.
In this hospital, she treated the wounded soldiers who were surrounded. As soon as they got better, friends, and sometimes she herself, ferried them over the front line.
Opening my eyes, my face is in front of me,
It looked funny to me...
I groaned and whispered softly:
"Forgive me, dear, the city passed to the Germans ...".
She gently touched me
And she said warm words to me:
“Sleep, my dear, you will still return,
Get better and fight again.
And the silushka came from somewhere,
The body is strong, the soul is torn to fight,
The enemy fled from my native country,
I remember the words of a cute nurse:
“Sleep, my dear, you will still return ...”
Answer, dear, when you read the verse.
In the days of the occupation of the city of Kharkov, she actively fought against the enemy. She cooked and, together with friends, distributed leaflets in her village, and also destroyed German officers.
She saved more than forty wounded.
In 1942, the last wounded left the Mariyka hospital, as her friends called her. A group of young avengers, which included Maria, operated until mid-1943.
On the denunciation of one traitor, Maria was captured by the Gestapo, as well as all her associates.
Mary was then only eighteen years old.
A month later, after painful torture, where she never said a single word, she and her friends were executed in full view of the villagers. Before her death, Maria managed to shout: “We are dying for the Motherland! Comrades, kill enemies, clear the land of vipers. Revenge us!"
May 8, 1965 Maria Timofeevna Kislyak was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union - posthumously.
One of the streets of the city of Kharkov is named after the hero Maria Kislyak.
The enemy was advancing, it seemed he was everywhere,
And there is no rest on holy ground.
And blood was shed, after all, day and night there was a fight,
And the young girl behind her
led the wounded, in the blood of fighters,
and hid by the forest, across the river.
So that the enemy could not find, kill,
How will she live on earth then?
Mariya often did not sleep at night,
Tried to save every fighter.
Tried to drown out the moans
Whom she brought in, brought into her house.
From pity I wanted to howl sometimes,
I wanted to forget everything as soon as possible
But, clenching her teeth, she walked again,
She led, dragged a fighter on her.
Zinaida Ivanovna MARESEVA, was born in the village of Cherkassky, Volsky district, Saratov region in 1923, in a peasant family. Zina's father worked as a shepherd on a collective farm.
After graduating from the seven-year plan, Zina entered the paramedical and obstetric school in the city of Volsk. But, not having had time to finish it, as the war began. Zina's father from the very first days of the war went to the front. She had to leave school and go to work in a factory. She repeatedly tried to get to the front, but to no avail. Then the young patriot entered the courses of nurses of the Red Cross, after which, in 1942, she nevertheless went to the front as an orderly-instructor of a rifle company. This company was sent to Stalingrad. Here Zina showed herself to be a brave and courageous fighter. Under enemy bullets, she dragged meter by meter of the wounded to the shelter, or to the river, where they sent everyone on rafts to the other side of the river, where it was safe, and immediately returned back to the battlefield. Often, Zina used any stick, the wounded man's rifle, any boards, branches, to apply a splint, for a fixed bandage, so that the arm or leg was not movable.
And next to her was always a flask of water. After all, water was a saving sip for a wounded soldier.
Any fighter at the front was waiting for news from home: from relatives, friends, loved ones. And whenever possible, in moments of rest, everyone tried to write at least a few lines.
Zina always wrote letters home, reassured her mother, and
loved ones. Her mother received her last letter from Zina in 1942, where her daughter wrote: “Dear mother, sister Shurochka, all relatives, relatives and friends, I wish you all success in work and study. Thank you, dear mother, for the letters that Nikolai writes, I am grateful to him. From the letter I learned that you work without rest. How I understand you! We are now on the defensive, holding it firmly, firmly. We move forward and liberate cities and villages. Stay tuned for more emails from me...
But this letter was her last.
For rescuing the wounded on the battlefield, Zinaida Ivanovna was awarded the Order of the Red Star and the medal "For Military Merit", and in the battles on the Voronezh Front she took out about forty wounded soldiers and commanders from the battlefield.
On August 1, 1943, together with the landing force, she landed on the right bank of the Northern Donets. In just two bloody days, she helped more than sixty wounded and managed to transport them to the left bank of the Donets River. Here Zina had a particularly difficult time, the enemy pressed on and threatened to go in from the flank.
Under a hail of bullets and shells, Zina did not stop bandaging the fighters for a minute.
She ran from one fighter to another. There was no strength, but she continued to do her job, and also consoled each fighter, motherly tried to caress with a kind, gentle word. Bandaging one soldier, Zina suddenly heard a muffled cry, it was the wounded commander who fell. Zina rushed to him, seeing that the Fritz was aiming at him, she, without hesitation, ran up to the commander and covered him with her body.
There were explosions here and there
As if Zeus would smash here himself.
Lightning flashed from heaven
It was like a demon took possession of everyone.
They shot everything here and there,
There was an unbearable roar.
The girl dragged the fighter,
Our own nurse.
And the mines exploded, as luck would have it,
Now she didn't care
Just one thought whetted the brain,
“Yes, where, where is this bridge?
Where is the medical battalion located?
(He is under the bridge, got used to the dugout).
She crawls, nowhere to hide
And a whisper behind your back: "Water, sister,"
She bent down to give water,
I plucked a branch of grass
To extract a drop of moisture,
But "earned" buckshot.
She covered him up
A stray bullet instantly mowed ...
The comrades buried Zinochka, as the soldiers affectionately called her, in the village of Pyatnitskoye, Kursk Region.
On February 22, 1944, Zinaida Ivanovna Mareseva was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union - posthumously.
In 1964, the plant where she began her career was named after her, and she was enrolled forever in the lists of workers of this enterprise.
Feodora Andreevna PUSHINA, was born on November 13, 1923 in the village of Tukmachi, Yankur-Bodyinsky district, Udmursk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in a working class family. By nationality, Fenya, as everyone called her in childhood, was Ukrainian.
Fenya has always been a cheerful, lively and cheerful girl.
Her parents' neighbors always said, "Oh! Well, you have a nimble daughter, she manages to do everything, she will make her own way.
Her friends followed her without fear. Where Fenya appeared, it was always fun there. The boys were jealous, envied her for her courage, cheerfulness, and for the fact that there were always a lot of guys near her. But she was never afraid of the boys, even if they wanted to annoy her in some way. She helped her mother in everything and she was proud of her daughter, and other children. She often praised them, caressed them and supported them in everything.
Once the children went to the forest. Fenya took her sisters and brother with her, and even invited the children of her aunt Maria to go with her.
We went into the forest, and the forest was noisy, swaying. They go further, listen to the rustle of leaves, how the birds sing and reached the clearing. And there is such beauty! The forest makes noise, sings its forest song. Brother climbed a tree, and Fenya even higher and she began to swing on a branch. It then seemed to her that she was flying above the ground.
She swings, picks berries and throws them down. "Catch ..." - shouts. The wind did not subside, swaying the branches stronger and stronger. Suddenly, the branch on which Fenya was sitting broke off and she, together with the basket, flew down.
She woke up at home when she heard her mother's voice:
“Oh, daughter, daughter, so, after all, it won’t be long and without a leg. You should have been born a boy…”
But Fenya quickly got stronger, cheered up, her cheeks reddened again, and she was again in the circle of her friends.
Fenya studied well at school. Even the parents were surprised:
“Really about our fidget, teachers speak so well?”
After graduating from the seven-year plan, in 1939, Fenya, without thinking twice about where to go, entered the paramedic school in the city of Izhevsk. Probably, even then she decided, when she fell from the bird cherry tree, that she would be a doctor.
In her childhood soul, respect for people in white coats was born.
She wrote to her brother: “It’s hard to study, I probably won’t master it, I’ll quit. I'm going home to my parents."
Her brother answered her: “You weren’t such a coward as a child, are you really going to retreat now?”
And Fenya did not back down, she still graduated from this school. Then she worked in the village as a paramedic.
When the war began, Fenya tried to get to the front, but they still didn’t take her, and only in April 1942 she was called to the draft board. She quickly packed her suitcase and headed to the station with her sister Anya. We walked through ravines and meadows, our feet got wet, my sister kept scolding Fenya: “Well, why didn’t you put on your boots?” Fenya replied:
“I didn’t have time for boots, I was in a hurry to the military registration and enlistment office! Boots are still boring.
At the station they boarded the train and in the evening were already in the city of Izhevsk. Fenya was drafted into the army as a paramedic in a sanitary company. On the platform Anya, hugging Fenya, saying goodbye to her, cried. Fenya herself could not stand it, tears rolled down her cheeks in a stream.
The train carried Fenya far, far away, to where there were fierce battles. In August 1942, she was assigned to the 520th Rifle Regiment of the 167th Ural Rifle Division as a military assistant.
In 1943, when winter was in the yard, in the battles near the village of Puzachi, Kursk Region, Fenya brought out more than fifty wounded from under enemy fire, including her commander, and immediately provided them with first aid.
In the spring of the same year, she was awarded the Order of the Red Star.
There, in the war, among the blood, dirt and roar, Faina, as her colleagues now called her, for the first time had bright, warm feelings, she fell in love. Love was born. One guy, also a medical instructor. When he came to the regiment, Faina's heart fluttered with excitement and happiness. But the road separated them. He was sent to another military unit and they never met again.
Faina often remembered him and the words he said to her:
“Write, Faina. I will never forget you. The war will end and we will be together."
"Who knows if we'll see each other," she replied to him.
“Well, why are you so unsure? he got angry. Stay alive, I'll find you."
Faina shared about her friend only with her sister Anna, but even then she did not write his name. So this guy remained unknown.
Fenya also served in the 1st Ukrainian Front.
In the late autumn, the regiment where Fenya served fought heavy battles in the city of Kyiv. This diverts the forces of the enemy. All the wounded were taken to the suburbs of Kyiv in Svyatoshino.
Early in the morning, November 6, 1943, the enemy bombed the village. The building, where the hospital with the wounded was located, caught fire. Faina, together with the commander, rushed to save the wounded. From the fire, she took out more than thirty seriously wounded soldiers, when she returned again for the last soldier, the building began to collapse. The commander took her out of the wreckage of the tanned house, but Fenya was severely burned and injured. She died in his arms.
How I want to see the dawn again
See the sun, my bird cherry,
Walk barefoot on the grass
"Which" is covered with morning dew...
Goodbye mommy, goodbye father
I love you folks. Oh! heavy lead,
He presses and squeezes my chest,
I'm sorry, dear, I'm leaving you ...
On January 10, 1944, the lieutenant of the medical service Feodora Andreevna Pushina was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union - posthumously.
Fenya was buried in the capital of Ukraine - the hero city of Kyiv, at the Svyatoshinsky cemetery.
In the city of Izhevsk and in the village where Fenya once lived, in Udmurdia, monuments to the heroine were erected. And the Izhevsk Medical College is also named after her.
Irina Nikolaevna LEVCHENKO, was born in the city of Kadievka, Luhansk region, on March 15, 1924, (now the city of Stakhanov), in the family of an employee. Irina's father worked as the head of Donugl, then headed the Donetsk Railways, and then served as Deputy People's Commissar of Railways. Was repressed.
Irina's grandfather was killed by the tsarist police, for revolutionary views. During the arrest, he was shot dead.
Her grandmother was a hero of two orders of the Red Star, she was a brigade commissar of the Chongar cavalry division of the 1st Cavalry Army.
After graduating from 9 classes high school, in the city of Artyomovsk, Irina was at the front from the very first days. At that time, thousands of young people were burning with only one dream - to get to the front.
Among these young people was Irina Levchenko, a seventeen-year-old girl. In the very first days of the war, she came to the Red Cross and asked for a task for herself.
She was taken to serve as the commander of the sanruzhina section and was assigned an observation post. These were public baths. But Irina was not entirely satisfied with these tasks, she still wanted more activity. She never stopped dreaming of going to the front. There were fierce battles. She wanted to save the wounded.
In 1941, people's militias were created in Moscow, these militias were joined by those who, for some reason, were not called up to the front, to the active army. These militias required sanitary instructors, "sanitary troopers", signalmen.
Irina was sent to the medical battalion of the 149th Rifle Division, which arrived in July 1941 in the city of Kirov, Smolensk region.
The Germans were just approaching Smolensk and Roslavl. Heavy, incessant fighting began. Day and night, bombs and shells exploded, bullets rushed without stopping. There were many, many wounded. Here Irina received her first baptism of fire. She saw not a scratch, as she used to have to bandage, but lacerations, open wounds. Directly on the battlefield, she provided first aid. I tried to pull out and hide the wounded in a shelter.
Being surrounded, she evacuated more than 160 wounded by cars.
After leaving the encirclement, Irina Nikolaevna connected her service with tank troops.
In 1942, when tanks came out of hiding in the Kerch direction and went on the attack, medical instructor Irina Levchenko ran behind one of the tanks, hiding behind its armor.
When one of the tanks was hit by the Germans, she rushed to this tank, quickly opening the hatch, and began to pull out the wounded.
Immediately another tank caught fire, its crew managed to evacuate from it on their own and take cover in a hollow. Irina ran up to the tankers and helped those who needed it.
In the battles for the Crimea, Irina Nikolaevna Levchenko pulled out about thirty fighters from flaming tanks, where she herself was wounded and sent to the hospital.
Lying on a hospital bed in the hospital, she got the idea to become a tanker. After being discharged from the hospital, Irina seeks admission to a tank school.
School time goes by quickly. And here she is again at the front, and again in battle.
At first, Irina Nikolaevna was a platoon commander, then a communications officer of a tank brigade.
She ended the war near Berlin.
For the exploits she accomplished during the war years, she was awarded what she deserved: three Orders of the Red Star, and in 1965 she was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
For saving the wounded on the battlefield, the International Committee of the Red Cross awarded her the Florence Nightingale medal.
In addition, she was awarded medals:
"20 years of the Bulgarian People's Army" and "Fighter against fascism".
After the end of the war, Irina Nikolaevna Levchenko graduated from the Academy of Armored Forces in Moscow.
In the future, Irina Nikolaevna developed a tendency, passion, and then serious work, to write her memoirs.
She wrote many works, all of which were associated with memories of the war.
Having gone through the harsh school of war, the officer, writer Irina Nikolaevna Levchenko, with great love and warmth, spoke in her works about a Soviet man who stood up to defend his homeland.
One of the quarters of the city of Luhansk is named after her. And at the school, in Artyomovsk, where she studied, a memorial plaque was installed.
A memorial sign: “The Hero of the Soviet Union, lieutenant colonel, writer Irina Nikolaevna Levchenko lived here, installed on one of the facades of a house in Moscow.
Irina Nikolaevna Levchenko lived and died in Moscow on January 18, 1973.
Heavy, oh! tank has armor
But Ira went to him only loving,
And she called him: "Darling, dear,"
Even though their strengths were not equal.
Nadezhda Viktorovna TROYAN, was born on October 24, 1921 in the Vitebsk region - Belarus. After graduating from ten years, she enters the 1st Moscow Medical Institute, but soon, due to family circumstances, she had to transfer to Minsk.
The war found Nadia in Belarus. From the first days of the war, she sought to get to the front. During explosions and shelling, when the enemy bombed the city, she tried to provide first aid to the victims. Soon the city was occupied by the Germans. The youth began to be deported to Germany, Nadia was threatened with the same fate, but she was helped to establish contact with the partisans. After she successfully completed several tasks, she was accepted into the partisan detachment.
In this detachment, she was not only a doctor, but also an excellent scout. In addition to providing medical assistance, she also collected information in the occupied city, prepared and pasted leaflets, and agitated reliable, trusted people to join the partisan detachment. Nadia repeatedly participated in operations to blow up bridges, in attacks on enemy carts, she also fought with punitive detachments.
In 1943, she received a task from her leadership. The duty of this task was to penetrate the city, establish contact with reliable people, in order to carry out the sentence on the Nazi governor Wilhelm von Kube. Nadia did a good job.
This feat of the Soviet partisans was told and shown in the feature film The Clock Stopped at Midnight.
In the same year, she was summoned to Moscow and awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin, for courage and heroism shown in the fight against the invaders.
After Nadia continued her studies at the 1st Moscow Medical Institute, which she graduated in 1947, becoming a surgeon. After graduating from the university, Troyan Nadezhda Viktorovna worked at the USSR Ministry of Health.
She was a member of the Presidium of the Committee of War Veterans, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Union of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Society of the USSR. Several thousand nurses and sanitary workers were trained on the job in schools, courses, and sanitary units in the Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. In such schools, they received initial training in first aid for the wounded.
Already in 1955, more than 19 million people were members of these communities. Nadezhda Viktorovna Candidate of Medical Sciences. She was also an assistant professor at the 1st Moscow Medical Institute. She was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of the Patriotic war I degrees, the Order of the Red Star, the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
A rustle is heard in the forest. - "Who goes?
"This is yours!" - Here the stranger will not pass.
The partisan looks vigilantly in the forest,
He prepares the squad for the fight.
Explosions everywhere behind enemy lines,
"Partisan? Did he come here too?
No, here is the life of the enemy in the rear,
He loses "his" in battle.
“In vain you came here to fight,
In vain I came to burn everything, to kill,
Here the peoples are not subject to you,
And all your labors are in vain.
If you don't go far, you will fall
You will perish here, you will still be lost,
In vain came to holy Russia,
Beat the enemy partisans - do not be afraid!
Silence around, the forest is noisy,
The partisan guards him,
The enemy is defeated, he runs back,
"You need to know your place."
Maria Zakharovna SHERBACHENKO was born in 1922 in the village of Efremovka, Kharkov region. When she was ten years old, she lost her parents.
After graduating from the seven-year plan in 1936, Maria went to work on a collective farm, at first as an ordinary collective farmer, and then she became an accountant on the same collective farm.
When the war began, Maria began to ask for the front.
She did this very often, but to no avail.
June 23, 1943 she voluntarily goes to the front. There he joins the ranks of the Soviet Army, as a nurse.
To overcome the fear of bomb explosions and endless shooting, of the blood and death of her fighters, each time she inspired herself with the same words: "I can do anything, I'm not afraid ...".
She believed: "If my comrades, with whom I serve, endure these difficulties, then I can overcome these difficulties." And she soon managed to step over her fear and go along with the male fighters to the front line with a sanitary bag at the ready.
“The position of a nurse at the front,” wrote Maria Zakharovna Shcherbachenko, is sometimes harder than that of a soldier. A fighter fights from a trench, and a nurse or a nurse has to run from one trench to another under bullets and under explosions of shells ... "
Maria Zakharovna was right. After all, any nurse, hearing the groans, cries for help of wounded soldiers, sought to come to his aid as quickly as possible.
In the first week, Maria provided medical assistance and carried several dozen wounded from the battlefield. For this brave feat, she was awarded the medal "For Courage".
With a small group of brave submachine gunners, Maria participated in the landing to seize a bridgehead on the right bank of the Dnieper. A rainy night hung over the Dnieper. Rarely were shots fired. There was the sound of waves crashing against the shore. A cold wind pierced through the thin overcoat of the girl through and through. She was shivering a little, either from the cold or from fear, although she had already learned to overcome fear.
Fifteen people divided into two boats and sailed away.
Maria was also in the first boat.
They reached the middle of the Dnieper, enemy lanterns lit up, searchlights pierced the entire expanse of the river. And then the shooting began, mines began to explode, at the beginning, somewhere far away, and then very close. But the boats continued to move forward. Unexpectedly for everyone, the boat that was ahead ran aground. Fighters quickly jumped out of it, straight into the icy water and waist-deep in water ran to the shore, Maria rushed to run after them.
Again, as if on someone's command, the searchlights flashed again and the cannons fired, the machine guns chirped.
But, now the second boat crashed into the shore, the soldiers jumped out of it with a bullet and rushed to catch up with the fleeing soldiers ahead.
Having reached the slope, having climbed up on it, the fighters took up defense. They fought off the projectiles flying at them.
By morning, in the same way, another 17 fighters from the same company arrived. There were more than thirty fighters on the bridgehead, the same number of machine guns, five machine guns, several armor-piercing rifles. This handful of people repulsed eight furious attacks of the enemy. Enemy planes were circling over the Dnieper, they dropped bombs without interruption and fired from machine guns. There were no reinforcements.
Ammunition was already running out, there were many wounded. Maria tried her best. She rushed from one wounded man to another. On a small plot of land, a small handful of fighters fought to the last bullet.
Sitting in the trenches, they fought off the remaining grenades from there, the attack of German tanks. The much-awaited help has finally arrived. Along the entire right bank of the Dnieper, interrupting the enemy’s defenses, our troops crossed at night and during the day on boats, rafts, barges and pontoons, on which it was only possible to sail. From above they were covered by the aviation of the Red Army.
Noisy, splashing waves of the Dnieper,
Save, save us, river,
Enough blood, drunk with a vengeance,
Again a young fighter under the wave
He would still live and love,
In the arms of small children to wear,
But fate is destined to be fatal,
Get a bullet here, as luck would have it.
Soon the crossing over the built bridge began.
Maria tirelessly bandaged the wounded, gave them water to drink and took them to the shelter, where at night she evacuated across the river to the rear.
In 1943, Maria, and her comrades who held the bridgehead, were awarded the title of Hero by the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Soviet Union, with the award of the Gold Star medal, as well as the Order of Lenin.
For ten days of fighting on the bridgehead, Maria carried out more than a hundred seriously wounded soldiers and officers from the battlefield. And then at night she organized their shipment to the other side of the Dnieper.
After the end of the war, Maria graduated from law school and worked as a lawyer in Kharkov, then she moved to the city of Kyiv.
In her city, she always did a lot of public work on the patriotic education of young people.
These gentle hands bandaged me,
"My dear, dear" - that's what they called me,
She gave me the last drop from the flask,
Then all doused, but still saved.
From trench to trench you ran little sister,
Dirt stuck to the overcoat, it was evidently tired,
But, leaning towards the fighter, and sometimes over me.
