History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century: in 10 volumes. T. I. Ancient and ancient history (according to archaeological data): from the Paleolithic to the 5th century. BC. / Ch. ed. S.L. Tikhvinsky; resp. ed. A.P. Derevianko. - M.: Eastern literature, 2016. - 974 p. ISBN: 978-5-02-036576-6
The first volume of "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century", which treats a diverse range of problems associated with the formation modern man as a biological species, the beginning of its instrumental activity, the adaptation of early human groups to the changing natural environment the vast region of East Asia, is on the verge of interaction between the sciences of nature and the humanities. The combination of archaeological data with information from historical documents makes it possible to verify many aspects of the early history of Chinese statehood, the complex course of the historical process that turned the scattered collectives of the agricultural population of Northern and Southern China into a single demographic structure capable of experiencing both bright ups and periods of decline with the same degree of stability. interspersed in the development of the country for thousands of years.
To the reader (S.L. Tikhvinsky).....5
Introduction (A.P. Derevianko).....8
HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND HISTORIOGRAPHY OF CHINESE ARCHEOLOGY
Chapter 1. History of archaeological research in China.....19
The origin of Chinese archeology (P.M. Kozhin, S.A. Komissarov).....19
Foreign scientific expeditions in China in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (B.A. Litvinsky, I.F. Popova, Yu.S. Khudyakov, S.A. Komissarov).....24
Russian archaeologists in Manchuria (V.E. Larichev, S.V. Alkin).....32
Formation and development of the national archaeological school in China (A.P. Derevyanko, V.E. Larichev, S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov).....35
Organization of archaeological science in Taiwan (after 1945) (Yu.A. Azarenko).....42
Chapter 2. Studying the Archeology of China Abroad.....45
Subjects, methods, principles of archeological research and ancient history China in the West (P.M. Kozhin).....45
Russian School of Chinese Archaeologists (V.E. Larichev, S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov).....50
PALEOLITH (A.P. Derevyanko)
Chapter 1. Paleogeography and climate of China in the Quaternary period ..... 56
Chapter 2
Early Pleistocene localities with pebble-flake industry.....67
Early Pleistocene localities with microlithic industry.....74
Middle Pleistocene localities in northern China.....84
Middle Pleistocene localities of Central and Southern China.....101
Chapter 3. Ancient Paleolithic (150-30 thousand years ago) ..... 107
Chapter 4. Formation of the Upper Paleolithic culture (30-15 thousand years ago).....112
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
NEOLITH (IX - middle of III millennium BC)
Chapter 1. Neolithic of the historical region of East Asia (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....151
The Neolithic period as part of the historical process in East Asia.....151
Geographical division of the historical region of East Asia ..... 152
Ethnolinguistic situation.....158
About archaeological cultures and their isolation.....160
Change of eras: about the appearance of ceramics and polished tools in the south of East Asia (outside the historical borders of the region).....161
Early Neolithic (9000-5500 BC).....162
The first stage (9000-7000 BC).....162
The second stage (7000-5500 BC).....168
Middle Neolithic (5500-3500 BC).....181
The first stage (5500-4500 BC).....181
The second stage (4500-3500 BC).....214
Late Neolithic (3500-2500 BC).....255
The first stage (3500-3000 BC).....257
The second stage (3000-2500 BC).....286
Chapter 2. Neolithic areas outside the historical region.....303
Northeast of modern China (S.V. Alkin).....303
Issues of paleoecology.....303
Characteristics of the cultures of the early Neolithic ..... 304
Hongshan Culture.....308
Fuhe Culture.....315
Xinle culture.....321
Northwest of modern China (Gansu Province) (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....327
Tibet (E.I. Kychanov, P.V. Martynov, S.A. Komissarov).....328
South-east of modern China (prov. Fujian) (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev).....332
The southern regions of modern China (province Guangdong and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....340
Taiwan (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev, S.A. Komissarov).....354
General results of the development of East Asia in the Neolithic (P.M. Kozhin).....357
THE ORIGIN OF STATEHOOD. EARLY AND MIDDLE BRONZE (2500-1300 BC)
Chapter 1. Early Bronze Age of the historical region of East Asia (2500-1800 BC) ..... 363
Transition from the Age of Stone to the Age of Metal in East Asia (V.I. Molodin, P.M. Kozhin).....363
Periodization of the Bronze Age in the region (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....367
Monuments of the region, where early bronze items were found.....368
Minerals and metallurgical production (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....370
The first stage of the Early Bronze Age (2500-2100 BC) (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....371
Lower Yangtze.....371
Middle Yangtze.....389
Shandong.....396
Great Plain.....403
East of the Middle Yellow River.....403
West of the Middle Yellow River.....407
Upper Huanghe.....410
The second stage of the Early Bronze Age (2100-1800 BC) (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....412
Lower Yangtze.....412
Shandong.....420
Great Plain.....421
Middle Yangtze.....422
West of the Middle Yellow River.....423
Upper Yellow River.....426
East of the Middle Yellow River.....429
Chapter 2
Lower Yangtze (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....436
Shandong (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....452
The Great Plain (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....454
History of the Early Shang (XVII-XIV centuries BC) according to written and archaeological sources.....456
East of the Middle Yellow River.....459
Xiaqiuan culture (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....459
"Northern City" (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....460
Settlement Taysi (E.A. Girchenko, P.M. Kozhin).....469
Erlitou Culture (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....470
Yanshi settlement (E.A. Girchenko, P.M. Kozhin).....479
Erligan Culture (E.A. Girchenko, P.M. Kozhin).....480
Middle Yangtze (S.A. Komissarov, A.V. Varenov).....481
Panlongchen Monument (about 1400-1300 BC).....481
West of the Middle Yellow River (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....484
Upper Yellow River (A.V. Varenov).....485
The results of the development of the historical region of East Asia in the Middle Bronze Age (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 488
Chapter 3
Northeast of modern China (S.V. Alkin) ..... 489
The culture of the lower layer of Xiajiadian ..... 489
Northwest of modern PRC.....496
Monuments of the Bronze Age in the territory of Xinjiang (V.I. Molodin, B.L. Litvinsky, Yu.S. Khudyakov, S.A. Komissarov).....496
Zongzhi culture (S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov).....499
Syba culture (V.I. Molodin, S.A. Komissarov, A.I. Soloviev).....502
Gumugou culture (Afanasievskaya) (V.I. Molodin, S.V. Alkin).....506
Xiaohe Culture (V.I. Molodin, S.A. Komissarov).....509
Chemurchek cultural phenomenon (A.A. Kovalev).....512
Southeast and south of modern China (S.A. Komissarov).....515
Cuntou shell mound culture (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev).....516
Huangguashan culture (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev).....519
Coastal monuments of Guangdong and Hong Kong (S.A. Komissarov, Yu.A. Azarenko).....519
PERIODS OF SHAN-YIN AND WESTERN ZHOU (late XIV - VIII century BC). LATE BRONZE AGE
Introduction (P.M. Kozhin).....525
Chapter 1
Sources on the history of the Shang (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 531
The political history of the Shang (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....535
Historical and archaeological characteristics of the capital center of Shan (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov with the participation of E.S. Anikushina).....547
Spiritual culture and socio-political structure (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....602
Spiritual culture.....602
The structure of power and the apparatus of management ..... 609
Crafts and agriculture.....613
Military affairs ..... 614
Shan Neighbors and Relations with Them.....616
State formations outside the Shang (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 619
East of the Middle Yellow River.....619
Great Plain.....620
Shandong.....621
Middle Yangtze.....622
Lower Yangtze.....623
Northern neighbors Shang (U-shaped bend Huanghe and Upper Fenhe) ..... 625
Upper Yellow River.....625
Archaeological sites of the Early Zhou (about 1200 - 1027 BC) (S.A. Komissarov, S.I. Blumchen) ..... 626
Monuments of the district of the capitals - the cities of Feng and Hao ..... 633
The battle of Muya and the end of the Shang state (V.E. Larichev, S.A. Komissarov, M.A. Kudinova, E.G. Gienko).....639
Chapter 2. State of Western Zhou (1027-771 BC) ..... 647
Western Zhou epigraphy as a historical source (V.M. Kryukov).....647
Political history of Western Zhou (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....658
social structure and state structure(D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....670
Social structure.....671
Beliefs and cults.....676
Religious ceremonies and religious utensils.....677
Possessions, sovereign states and peoples of East Asia in the XI-VIII centuries. BC. (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....680
Jin.....680
Qin.....681
Zhongy.....683
Zheng.....685
Huai and.....686
Other States of Shandong.....689
Oriental and.....689
Archaeological Sites of the Western Zhou Period.....694
Locations of the Huang He Valley (S.A. Komissarov, M.A. Kudinova).....694
Monuments of the Yangtze Basin (S.V. Laptev, E.A. Solovieva).....714
Chapter 3. Late Bronze Age cultures outside the historical region of East Asia.....722
Xinjiang (A.I. Soloviev, S.A. Komissarov).....722
Kayao culture.....722
Gansu-Qinghai Plateau (S.A. Komissarov, A.I. Soloviev).....727
Xindian and Siwa cultures.....727
Upper reaches of the Yangtze (S.A. Komissarov, E.A. Girchenko).....729
Sanxingdui culture (about 1300 - 1000 BC).....729
Coastal monuments of Guangdong and Fujian.....736
The region of the Minjiang and Jiulongjiang rivers (S.V. Laptev, E.A. Solovieva).....736
Huangtulun culture (S.V. Laptev, Yu.A. Azarenko).....737
Cultures of Houshan and Fubin (S.V. Laptev, Yu.A. Azarenko, S.A. Komissarov).....739
Taiwan (Yu.A. Azarenko, S.V. Laptev, S.A. Komissarov).....742
Zhishanyan culture.....742
Yingpu culture.....743
Dahu culture.....743
Fanbitow Culture.....744
Beinan culture.....744
Qilin culture.....748
Yuanshan culture.....749
Zhiyuan culture.....750
CHUNQIU PERIOD (771-453 BC).
EARLY IRON AGE
The beginning of the Iron Age in China (V.I. Molodin, P.M. Kozhin, S.A. Komissarov).....751
Chapter 1. History and culture of the East Asian region during the Chunqiu period (771-453 BC) ..... 755
Sources.....755
Inscriptions on bronze vessels (V.M. Kryukov).....755
Inscriptions on weapons (V.M. Kryukov).....757
Inscriptions on stone drums (shiguwen) (A.N. Chistyakova).....758
Written documents on bamboo and wooden planks (M.V. Korolkov).....759
Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....768
The structure of power and the apparatus of management (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 784
The system of training civilian and military personnel and the creation of "philosophical schools" (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov) ..... 788
Beliefs and Priesthood (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....789
Chapter 2. History and material culture kingdoms on the territory of the historical region ..... 793
Van's personal possession (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....793
Kingdom of Jin.....796
Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....796
Capital Complex (M.Yu. Ulyanov, P.V. Khalturina).....798
Tianma burial ground (S.A. Komissarov, A.N. Chistyakova).....800
Qi Realm.....805
Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....805
The capital of the Qi kingdom: Linzi monument (S.A. Komissarov, A.N. Chistyakova).....809
Kingdom of Lu.....814
Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....814
The capital of the kingdom of Lu: the city of Qufu (A.N. Chistyakova, S.A. Komissarov) ..... 818
Kingdom of Zheng (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....819
Kingdom of the Songs (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....823
Kingdom of Zhongshan (S.A. Komissarov, O.A. Khachaturian).....826
The Kingdom of Yan (A.V. Kostylev, S.A. Komissarov, A.L. Nesterkina).....830
Chu Realm.....832
Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....832
Material culture (S.V. Laptev, S.A. Komissarov).....843
The kingdoms of the Chu circle (Cai and Zeng) (S.A. Komissarov, S.V. Laptev).....849
Kingdom of U.....852
Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....852
Material culture (S.V. Laptev with the participation of E.A. Solovieva).....855
Yue Kingdom.....857
Political history (D.V. Deopik, N.O. Azarova, M.Yu. Ulyanov).....857
Material culture (S.V. Laptev with the participation of E.A. Solovieva).....858
Chapter 3
Political history (D.V. Deopik, M.Yu. Ulyanov, M.S. Tseluiko).....860
Material culture (S.A. Komissarov, O.A. Khachaturyan).....863
Chapter 4
Northeast of modern China (S.A. Komissarov).....871
Culture of the upper layer of Xiajiadian ..... 871
North of modern China (D.P. Shulga, S.A. Komissarov, E.S. Bogdanov).....876
Yuhuangmiao burial ground.....876
Monuments of the Taohunbala group.....876
Maoqingou culture.....878
Yanglang Monument Group.....882
Xinjiang.....885
Chauhu culture (S.A. Komissarov).....885
Yanbulak culture (S.A. Komissarov).....888
Ili Valley (Saki and Usun) (N.A. Sutyagina).....892
Gansu-Qinghai Plateau and Tibet.....895
Shajing culture (N.A. Sutyagina).....895
Culture Qigong (Choigong) (E.I. Kychanov, S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov).....897
Monuments with stone boxes (S.A. Komissarov, P.V. Martynov).....900
Southwest and south of modern China ..... 902
Ba-Shu culture (S.V. Laptev, S.A. Komissarov).....902
Dongshon-Dian civilization (VIII-III centuries BC) (S.V. Laptev, N.V. Polosmak, S.A. Komissarov).....909
Dongshon finds in Hong Kong (S.A. Komissarov, Yu.A. Azarenko).....915
Afterword (A.P. Derevianko, P.M. Kozhin).....918
Chronology of major historical events Shang and Zhou periods.....924
Selected Bibliography.....930
Name index.....950
Pointer geographical names.....954
Index of monuments and cultures.....958
In 2013, the first volumes of a large-scale scientific project of Russian Sinology - the 10-volume "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century" - were published.In the summer of 2014, the Chinese Department of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences discussed the second volume, edited by L.S. Perelomov and dedicated to the history of China in the 5th century. BC. - III century. n. e.
The full title of this volume is: History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century: In ten volumes. T. II: The era of Zhangguo, Qin and Han (V century BC - III century AD) / Ch. ed. S. L. Tikhvinsky; Rep. ed. volumes L. S. Perelomov; Russian Academy Sciences, Institute Far East. - M.: Science - Eastern Literature, 2013. - 687 p.
The discussion was very lively and very sharp.
The materials of the discussion of the second volume of the "History of China" are published in the following edition: Society and State in China. T. XLIV, part 2 / Editorial: A.I. Kobzev and others - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2014. - S. 462-615. (Scientific notes of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Department of China. Issue 15).
The same materials are freely available in the "Reviews" section of the Sinology.ru portal (© Copyright 2009-2014).
Here are some snippets of the discussion:
“A.R. Vyatkin: General impression: this volume is a hack work, it will be difficult for the reader to read and understand it. The project was not thought out and discussed, and the chronological principle was not sustained. There are inversions everywhere, unacceptable in such work. There are idiotic fragments, and it would be better to send this volume to waste paper; letting him out is simply indecent. It is seen as a sign of crisis not only in the Academy of Sciences, but also in Sinology” (OGK. Vol. XLIV, Part 2. P. 608-609).
“A.I. Kobzev: ... As an acting professor of two universities with a great teaching experience, I can notice that students' appeal to such literature is ambivalent. They are able, on the one hand, to naively rewrite and repeat all sorts of rubbish from the Internet, since the technology allows them not to strain their brains for this, and on the other hand, to dig to the real depths with the help of the same wonderful technique and unashamedly expose pseudo-authorities, about which colleagues often find it difficult to express impartial judgments. In this case, it is clear that the chaotic content in a solid academic package must have a frustrating effect on the average reader and inexperienced student. And it's not that the creators of the volume are crazy or carriers of “Chinese logic”. Before us is the result of awkward cutting and pasting of old texts with the help of “curved scissors”. L.S. Perelomov needed to be attached to that Confucius, in which he studied a lot, for which they connected the horse and the quivering doe - Zhanguo with Qin and Han. However, even this vivisection was carried out clumsily, since a more skilled master would have taken a different upper limit of Zhangguo in order to at least formally tie Confucius to this period. It is only incomprehensible why those who do such things do not at all think about the consequences of their spitting into eternity. All the same Internet and ubiquitous students will provide them with Herostratus glory for a long time, if not forever” (OGK. Vol. XLIV, part 2. P. 612).
“S.V. Dmitriev. …Unfortunately, in recent times more and more often I come across books that give the impression that the author did not expect that they would be read. It should never be like this. We can write nonsense if we believe in it; but not to release under the academic heading such things that no one believes in. On the basis of such a volume, it is easy to conclude that Russian Sinology is a collection of senile people ... ”(OGK. Vol. XLIV, part 2. P. 613).
Surprisingly, reading such harsh reviews did not cause me a negative attitude towards the book under discussion, but gave rise to reflections of a completely different kind.
Firstly, the lively discussion that unfolded around this book gives hope for the activation of Russian academic Sinology in the near future. Why do I think so? Because discussion is the essence of science, and benevolent criticism is the norm. scientific life. As long as there is a discussion, as long as there is an adequate reaction from colleagues, and as long as there is a desire to offer a new reasoned version of the reading of the old problem, it will live and humanities. Stormy scientific discussions are one of the indicators of an active and "healthy" scientific life.
As for the harsh philippines addressed to the editor of this volume, they are, from my point of view, a purely subjective and debatable opinion, which undoubtedly deserves attention, but which by no means implies that one should unconditionally agree with it. Our modern empirical world gives examples of such “surrealistic” paradoxes that the combination in one cultural space of both a horse and quivering doe doesn't seem so unreasonable to me. Why not? There is nothing more concrete than the periodization of history, but nothing in historical science is not as relative as periodization. It all depends on the chosen criterion. And if we are talking about the masters, then the choice of periodization criterion is their full right. Periodization is always, to a certain extent, mythological, since only in mythological space can one stop what is in constant motion. If we are talking about markers that mark the direction of the historical process, then here, for sure, there will always be options.
And, of course, I cannot agree in any way with the proposal to burn the circulation of this book (or “destroy”, as some participants in the discussion suggested: OGK. Vol. XLIV, part 2, pp. 608, 613). Books cannot be destroyed. Even the bad ones. And even more so books that are a very worthy part of the history of Russian science. It seems to me that this work should be treated in this way - as a work reflecting the history of Russian Sinology. Leonard Sergeevich Perelomov, the editor of this volume and one of its authors, made an undoubted and very significant contribution to the history of Russian Sinology, as well as other esteemed authors of the volume, who can rightfully be named, as Professor K.M. Tertitsky, high-level professionals (OGK. Vol. XLIV, part 2. P. 603). I am sure that without their work, on which we grew up, there would be no us and this heated discussion. Therefore, I consider it necessary to say thanks to Professor L.S. Perelomov for this work. In this book, L.S. Perelomov presented the result of his many years of research, as well as the research of his colleagues. Research, which, perhaps, throughout the last quarter of the last century, received appreciated not only in the domestic, but also in the international professional community. And at the beginning of the 21st century, they were an indicator, especially for Chinese Sinologists and Confucianists, of the high level of development of Russian Sinology.
Yes, the main studies of the authors of this volume, as well as its editor, were not carried out yesterday and, perhaps, not even the day before yesterday, but this was known long before the implementation. this project. Therefore, I would attribute most of the harsh criticism addressed to the editor and authors to the general crisis in Russian Sinology, primarily to crisis phenomena in the organization of our scientific life. And the discussion of this volume, by the way, led the discussion to this, from my point of view, the main problem of Russian Sinology. Professor A.I. Kobzev, for example, quite accurately pointed out the organizational unwillingness of modern Russian Sinology to solve such grandiose scientific projects and proposed reformatting the structure of academic oriental studies institutes (OGK. T. XLIV, part 2. P. 609).
I am most impressed by some of the assessments of Professor M.Yu. Ulyanov, voiced during the discussion of the second volume of the "History of China":
"The publication this volume is a significant event in the scientific life of our country.
In the near future, the publication of the entire 10-volume edition, in the presence of the already published 6-volume encyclopedia "Spiritual Culture of China" and a large number translated into Russian sources will create a new information space in Sinology, which needs to be comprehended ...
The authors and the editorial board, most likely, sought to create a popular and generally accessible scientific publication. If we consider that the target audience is the "general reader", then the goal is achieved - in his hands will be an impressive volume written by specialists, not burdened by the scientific apparatus, but richly supplied with illustrations, which tells about the most different sides history and culture of ancient China...
... It is to be expected that the discussion of this and other volumes will elicit a "stream of constructive criticism" and "an avalanche of valuable remarks." And who knows, maybe just after that it will begin new stage in the development of Russian Sinology. Be that as it may, the authors of the volume should be thanked for their many years of work. And let's hope that the publication of this book will push the ancient sinologists to responsible, systematic and thoughtful work, which will lead to the realization scientific projects and the creation of academic history Ancient China"(OGK. T. XLIV, part 2. S. 544, 548).
What do we end up with? Firstly, we have the second volume - a serious author's monograph on the history of China in the 5th century. BC. - III century. n. e. Secondly, we have 150 pages of a critical analysis of this work (OGK. Vol. XLIV, part 2, pp. 462-615). My God, if I student years offered a tutorial and detailed criticism to it, I would be just happy! I think this criticism should be published in a separate edition - for use in educational process as a supplement to the second volume. True, in such a separate edition, I categorically do not want to see those fragments in which the authors, in the course of the polemic, go beyond the scope of an academic discussion. I understand that anything can happen in the heat of discussion, but why then publish it all? Moreover, I would even agree with such a publication (in the end, everyone has the right to their point of view), if it were not about a book that our students will read. It seems to me that we should teach future Sinologists in a slightly different way.
On the other hand, in such a collection of criticism, I would very much like to get acquainted with the assessments expressed by colleagues from the Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences, from the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (for example, with the opinion of Irina Fedorovna Popova, Yuri Lvovich Krol or their students), from the point of view Boris Grigorievich Doronin and other respected St. Petersburg sinologists.
With this addition, the student will receive a wonderful kit for studying the history of China. And it would be absolutely ideal if one of the proposals made during the discussion could be implemented - to write a separate monograph reflecting, so to speak, an alternative approach to critical issues Chinese history in the 5th century BC. - III century. n. e. Such a three-part set would be the most the best gifts our students.
So, from my point of view, everything we have with the history of China is very good.
But with the academic history of China, it seems to me, not very well. Because the creation of a multi-volume academic history of China is a problem that, in my opinion, Russian Sinology is not ready to solve today, and for completely objective reasons. At present, it is unrealistic to create such a story within the framework of a national Russian project. And not because our Sinology is bad, but because, firstly, this story itself is too long and not simple, secondly, because it has many poorly studied places, thirdly, because it includes a tremendous number of sources and immense historiography, especially recent decades, and finally, because at present there is simply no real social order for such a project, which implies long-term development with all the obligations of the customer that follow from it.
The multi-volume academic history of China is, at the very least, an international project. And the attempt at present to implement it within the framework of the national Sinological tradition is doomed, as it seems to me, to the same sharp criticism as the one that was voiced in the Department of China of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences regarding the second volume edited by the respected L.S. Perelomov.
To implement such a project, and here I agree with the opinion of A.I. Kobzev, is possible only with a very serious scientific and organizational approach. I think that for this it is necessary, firstly, to create a special organizational structure for this project (a research center, an experimental and innovative scientific platform - the name does not matter) in one of the Russian universities. And already on its basis, to form a strategy for the implementation of the project, solve the problems of periodization, chronology, vocabulary and personalology (i.e., develop an ideology of content), while selecting personnel and creating small research groups for specific scientific problems. Moreover, such a scientific platform should have both funding and infrastructure that allow inviting specialists from all over Russia both for a month and for a year or two or three.
Secondly, such a structure, in my opinion, must have access to international databases, so that its researchers, invited specialists, and its own students under its control can, so to speak, explore the world without leaving the yard, that is, work with relevant sources and historiography both in Russian and Chinese and European languages. In other words, it is necessary to create an appropriate infrastructure - a free and open information sinological laboratory, including access to electronic bibliographic databases and full texts domestic, European and Chinese journal articles, monographs and dissertations.
Thirdly, for such a project, it is necessary to specially train personnel by organizing several targeted recruitment of students, carrying out specialization literally from the first year and already from junior years, targeting specific students to solve specific research problems.
Only in this case, I think, in 15-20 years we can really get something that will not cause such sharp criticism. In the meantime, it seems to me that all works, even those labeled “academic”, will be of an authorial nature and, to one degree or another, will be determined by the priorities of the scientific interests of specific authors, their personal libraries, scientific connections and other subjective factors.
From my point of view, our time is the time of good author's monographs. And this, in general, is not bad. If not for one "but". Why, then, was it necessary to express so many excessively harsh maxims to the editor? And this is the second question that the materials of criticism of the second volume of the "History of China" make you think about.
Criticism, even very sharp, the professional community can only welcome. However, some fragments of the published discussion made a depressing impression on me, since they clearly go, from my point of view, beyond the academic norm. Perhaps this is the norm of communication that has developed in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences? I do not know, therefore I do not presume to judge my colleagues and qualify their sharp and unfounded, as it seems to me, passages. I write exclusively for my students - scientific communication has its own laws and rules. Criticize scientific work colleagues can and should. But! In the course of criticism, one should not offend a person. It is impossible, criticizing the book, to criticize the person. In the course of a scientific discussion, one should not be sarcastic over those who cannot answer you. The rich Russian language gives us the opportunity to choose a variety of lexical options for expressing feelings and attitudes towards the subject under discussion. But! There are words and expressions that are unacceptable to use in the course of a scientific discussion. In a scientific discussion one should not stoop to verbal aggression; aggression, even verbal, is not the destiny of a scientist.
And further. There are two groups of authors whose criticism should be especially strictly adhered to ethical standards and the principle of benevolence. The first group is those who are just learning. The second is those who taught you, i.e. your teachers.
Such rules were the norm where I studied, and I would very much like these rules to remain the norm not only where I work, but also among my colleagues in Sinology.
That is why it is completely incomprehensible to me how it is possible at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences to speak with sarcasm and in a completely inappropriate context about the hobbies of a colleague who is no longer alive, but who worked for many years at the same institute, and maybe in the very same office. Moreover, he was not an ordinary scientist, but a Teacher with a capital letter, an outstanding researcher and connoisseur of ancient Chinese literature, and a connoisseur of the highest level. In this case, I mean such a remarkable scientist as Igor Samoilovich Lisevich was and remains for many of us.
Of course, I was also unpleasantly struck by certain passages addressed to Leonard Sergeevich Perelomov, a great scientist who, from my point of view, was completely undeservedly offended during this discussion. One thing I can say is that such passages evoke negative emotions by no means in relation to the esteemed Leonard Sergeevich or his work.
When I was a student, we called our university "school". By the way, one of the wings Oriental faculty Leningrad State University in those years was also called "school". And in this designation a deep meaning is hidden. School is a haven of mercy, kindness and higher ethics. Not by me, but very well said. This highest ethics should be felt by everyone who goes to school, who is involved in university life or scientific and teaching activities. This is what we must teach our students, including through our speech behavior when discussing scientific issues, including through our publications.
Strange as it may seem, after all that I have said above, I plan to use the materials of the discussion published in the book “Society and the State in China” (vol. XLIV, part 2.) in classes with first-year students in the discipline “Introduction to Sinology” . Why? All for the same reason. These materials are good practical guide to discuss the topic "Norms of Professional Ethics for a Sinologist". The book contains examples of violations of such norms. An analysis of these violations will show students how not to conduct scientific discussion, and, I hope, will contribute to the formation of their proper attitude not only to Sinology, but also to people.
Sincerely,
S.V. Filonov, Doctor of Historical Sciences,
Head of the Sinological Research Center of the AmSU
- Publisher: M.: Nauka
- ISBN: 978-5-02-039991-4
- Year: 2017
- Quantity pages: 821
- Circulation: 1000
COST: 2 992 rub.
Book Description:
The eighth volume of the publication "History of China from ancient times to the beginning of the 21st century" is devoted to the first quarter of a century of the existence of the People's Republic of China (1949-1976). This period begins with the coming to power in the country of the Communist Party of China and ends with the death of Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Mao Zedong. Already a few years after the formation of the PRC, a number of problems were solved for the restoration and development of the country's economy, and large-scale construction began. This was followed by a decade of searching for a path of development and intra-Party struggle regarding the general course of the CPC, a decade of the "cultural revolution", which caused enormous damage to the country's population and enormous damage to the economy. For historians-sinologists, specialists in the field international relations, all those interested in the history and culture of China.
To the Reader (Academician S.L. Tikhvinsky) ………. 5
Foreword (Yu.M. Galenovich) ………. nine
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA in 1949–1960 (V.N. Usov)
Chapter 1. Formation of the People's Republic of China.
First years. 1949–1952………. nineteen
Proclamation of the People's Republic of China ………. nineteen
Suppression of the “counter-revolution” ………. 29
Campaign against the "three evils" and "five abuses" ………. 32
“Re-education” of the intelligentsia………. 36
Korean War………. 40
Agrarian reform ………. 44
Economic fundamentals………. 48
Chapter 2. Transition to socialist construction. 1953–1956………. 54
"General line". The Constitution of the People's Republic of China………. 54
First Five Year Plan. 1953–1957 ………. 61
“The Case of Gao Gang – Zhao Shushi” ………. 64
Transformations………. 70
Eighth Congress of the CCP ………. 78
"One Hundred Flowers" ………. 91
"Ordering Style". The struggle against the “right” ………. 98
Policy towards religious organizations ………. 106
Results of the first five-year plan ………. 108
Science, education, culture and art ………. 110
Chapter 3. The Great Leap Forward. 1957–1960………. 118
Training ………. 118
Start ………. 121
Economy ………. 142
"The Case of Peng Dehuai" ………. 149
Culture, art and science ………. 158
Effects ………. 162
Chapter 4. The USSR and the People's Republic of China in 1949–1960. ………. 169
Formation of relations ………. 169
Soviet-Chinese cooperation………. 184
Chinese atomic bomb ………. 192
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN THE "SETTLEMENT" PERIOD
Second half of 1960–1965 (V.N. Usov)
CHAPTER 1. Course towards "settlement". Second half 1960–1962………. 199
Search ………. 199
Clarification ………. 222
Efforts to "settle" the economy………. 235
Chapter 2. Collision of tendencies. 1963–1965………. 247
Disagreements………. 247
10th plenum. 1962………. 251
"Four purges" ………. 262
"Preparing for War" ………. 282
“Anti-revisionist” campaigns………. 302
Chapter 3. Culture, education, science and technology. 1961–1965………. 309
Culture, art and social sciences ………. 309
Education ………. 330
Nuclear weapon ………. 339
Chapter 4 Foreign policy China. 1961–1965………. 343
Relations between the USSR and China ………. 343
"CULTURAL REVOLUTION". 1966–1976 (V.N. Usov)
Chapter 1. The first stage. 1966–1969………. 348
Training………. 348
Start………. 359
Hongweipings………. 376
"Chaos………. 406
"Seizure of power" ………. 415
"Revolutionaries" ………. 440
“The Case of Liu Shaoqi” ………. 456
IX Congress of the CPC………. 461
Chapter 2. The second stage. 1969–1973………. 467
Strengthening the role of the army and preparing for war ………. 467
“The Case of Lin Biao” ………. 479
X Congress of the CCP ………. 485
Chapter 3. The third stage. 1973–1976………. 496
“Criticism of Lin Biao and Confucius………. 496
"Settlement"………. 512
"Criticism of Deng Xiaoping" ………. 523
"April events" of 1976 ………. 531
Chapter 4. Impact of the “cultural revolution” ………. 539
Culture, education and science………. 539
Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China and Relations between the USSR and the People's Republic of China ………. 550
Effects………. 561
Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China (A.O. Vinogradov) ………. 566
Help Soviet Union(I.N. Sotnikova) ………. 590
Friendship societies (G.V. Kulikova) ………. 620
Sino-Soviet Friendship Society………. 620
Society of Soviet-Chinese Friendship………. 627
Physical culture and sports in China (N.Yu. Demido) ………. 655
Personalities. Political and public figures(V.N. Usov) ………. 669
Chronology of the main events (Yu.M. Galenovich) ………. 746
Index of names (A.A. Verchenko) ………. 793
Index of geographical names (A.A. Verchenko) ………. 806
Selected bibliography ………. 814
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