In Latin there is a word lapsus. It denotes a mistake in a person's speech. From this word, the well-known abbreviation of a blunder appeared. Only if a blunder is considered a gross violation of the norms of speech, then lapsus does not have such a strict meaning. Unfortunately, there is no analogue of this word, which denotes speech errors, in modern Russian. But lapsus are found everywhere.

Speech errors are divided into normative errors and misprints. Misprints are mechanical errors. In the text, the word may be spelled incorrectly, which will complicate the perception of information. Or, instead of one word, another is accidentally used. Misprints are also found in spoken language. These are reservations that can be heard from people every day.

Mechanical errors occur unconsciously, but a lot depends on them. Mistakes in writing numbers create a distortion of factual information. And the wrong spelling of words can completely change the meaning of what was said. One scene from Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day, directed by Miguel Arteta, illustrates well the problem of typos. The printing house mixed up the letters "p" and "s" and in the children's book they wrote the phrase "You can burp on the bed" instead of "You can jump on the bed." And according to the plot of the film, this situation resulted in a scandal.

Special attention was paid to misprints during the Stalinist repressions, when an incorrectly written word cost a person his life. It is impossible to eradicate the problem of typos, since a person makes them unconsciously. The only way you can avoid this type of speech error is to be careful when writing the text, carefully choosing the words you say.

Types of regulatory errors

Speech errors are associated with a violation of the norms of the Russian language. Types of speech errors:

• orthoepic;
• morphological;
• spelling;
• syntactically-punctuation;
• stylistic;
• lexical.

spelling error

A pronunciation error is associated with a violation of the norms of orthoepy. It appears only in oral speech. This is an erroneous pronunciation of sounds, words or phrases. Also, errors in pronunciation include not correct stress.

The distortion of words occurs in the direction of reducing the number of letters. For example, when instead of "thousand" the word "thousand" is pronounced. If you want to speak competently and beautifully, you should rid your speech of such words. The erroneous pronunciation of the word "of course" - "of course" is also common.

Pronouncing the correct stress is not only correct, but also fashionable. Surely you have heard how people correct the wrong accent in the words “Alcohol”, “ringing”, “contract” to the correct ones - “alcohol”, “ringing” and “contract”. Incorrect accent placement recent times more noticeable than before. And the opinion of your erudition depends on the observance of the norms of pronunciation.

Morphological error

Morphology is a branch of linguistics in which words and their parts are the object of study. Morphological errors are obtained due to the incorrect formation of word forms. various parts speech. The reasons are incorrect declension, errors in the use of gender and number.

For example, "doctors" instead of "doctor". This is a morphological error in usage. plural.

Often use the wrong form of the word when changing the case. Genitive words apples - apples. Sometimes the words use the wrong form of "apples" instead.

Common morphological errors - incorrect spelling of numerals:

"The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches." In this example, the word "fifty" was not declined. Correct spelling: "The company owned five hundred and fifty-three branches."

Misuse of adjectives is common comparative degree. For example, such usage: "more beautiful" instead of "more beautiful". Or "the highest" instead of "the highest" or "the highest".

Spelling mistake

Spelling errors are the wrong spelling of words. They arise when a person does not know correct spelling the words. Have you ever received a message where you found grammatical errors. A common example is writing the word "sorry" with an "e". To prevent such spelling errors from happening to you, read as much as possible. Reading stimulates the perception of the correct spelling of words. And if you are used to reading correctly written text, then you will write without making grammatical errors.

Spelling errors, in principle, happen due to ignorance of the correctness of words. Therefore, if you are not sure about the written word, you should consult a dictionary. At work, learn the list of words specific to your field that you need to remember and in which you should never make grammatical errors.

Syntax and punctuation errors

These types of speech errors occur when correct staging punctuation marks and incorrect combination of words in phrases and sentences.

Missing dashes, extra commas - this refers to punctuation errors. Do not be too lazy to open the textbook if you are not sure about setting the comma. Again, this is a problem that can be dealt with by reading a lot of books. You get used to the correct punctuation and already on an intuitive level it is difficult for you to make a mistake.

Syntax violations are common. Coordination errors are common. “For happiness, a person needs a favorite place to relax, work, happy family". The word "need" in this sentence does not fit in the enumeration. You need to use "need".

Professional editors find that management error is common. When a word is replaced with a synonym or a similar word, but the control does not agree with the new word.

An example of a management error: "They praised and congratulated Alina for the victory."

They praised Alina. They brought congratulations to Alina. Parts of the proposal do not agree due to mismanagement. After "praised" you need to add the word "her" to correct the mistake.

Stylistic mistakes

Unlike other types of errors, stylistic errors are based on a distortion of the meaning of the text. Classification of the main stylistic speech errors:

• Pleonasm. The phenomenon occurs frequently. Pleonasm is a redundant expression. The author expresses the thought, supplementing it with all understandable information. For example, “a minute of time has passed”, “he told the true truth”, “a secret spy was following the passenger”. A minute is a unit of time. Truth is truth. A spy is a secret agent anyway.
• Cliche. These are well-established phrases that are very often used. Cliches cannot be fully attributed to speech errors. Sometimes their use is appropriate. But if they are often found in the text, or the cliché of the conversational style is used in business, this is a serious speech error. The expressions "to win", "golden autumn", "overwhelming majority" belong to the cliché.
• Tautology. A mistake in which the same or single-root words are often repeated. In one sentence, the same word should not be repeated. It is desirable to exclude repetitions in adjacent sentences.

Sentences in which this mistake was made: “He smiled, his smile filled the room with light”, “Katya blushed from red wine”, “Peter loved to go fishing and catch fish.”

• Violation of word order. AT English language word order is much stricter than in Russian. It is distinguished by a clear construction of parts of the sentence in a certain sequence. In Russian, you can swap word combinations as you would like. But at the same time, it is important not to lose the meaning of the statement.

To prevent this from happening, follow two rules:

1. The order of words in a sentence can be direct and reverse, depending on the subject and predicate.
2. Secondary members of the sentence must agree with the words on which they depend.

Lexical speech errors

The vocabulary is vocabulary language. Mistakes occur when you write or talk about something you don't understand. More often, errors in the meanings of words occur for several reasons:

• The word is obsolete and rarely used in modern Russian.
• The word refers to a highly specialized vocabulary.
• The word is a neologism and its meaning is not common.

Classification of lexical speech errors:

• False synonym. A person considers several words that are not synonyms as synonyms. For example, authority is not popularity, and features are not differences. Examples where the mistake was made:"The singer was an authority among young people" instead of "The singer was popular among young people." "The brother and sister had many differences in character" instead of "The brother and sister had many differences in character."
• Use of similar sounding words. For example, the use of the word "single" when it is necessary to say "ordinary". Instead of the word "Indian" they can write the erroneous "turkey".
• Confusion in close-meaning words. "Interviewer" and "Interviewee", "Subscriber" and "Subscription", "Address" and "Addressor".
• Unintentional formation of new words.

It's easy to make a speech error. Sometimes this happens in the case of a reservation, and sometimes the problem lies in ignorance of any norm of the Russian language or because of the confusion of the meanings of words. Read a lot of books, speak correctly and do not hesitate to once again refer to a dictionary or textbook. Constantly work on oral and writing so that the number of errors is close to zero.

"Texts" - Parts of the text. Theme of the text. Text. The text should have an introduction, main idea and conclusion. Some signs of different types of text. Main body, introduction, conclusion, paragraph. Text styles. Texts different types. Description, narrative, reasoning. Main idea, topic, micro-topics, title, keywords.

"Working with text" - The first step: the search for a certain "X" - the relationship between the topic and the source. Two complementary material organization / planning strategies. Purpose: to reveal the structure and logic of their interests. Evidence can be placed both in the text and in footnotes, and in both ways at once. Eco: Diploma is like a pork carcass - no waste.

"Introduction and conclusion" - Types of introductions and conclusions. 7) an ethically correct objection to the author. 14) comparisons (past and present, concepts, works). 2) with question-answer unity. 9) an energetic response to the question posed at the beginning of the essay (the ending is the answer). And land without animals is not land. Of course, there are different opinions about what it means to be cultured.

“Text lesson 2 class” - - What sample letters can I take to follow? Write text according to a given plan. At the end of grade 4, students are able to: - highlight the main idea of ​​the text; In the text you are compiling, it is recommended to take the sentences from the exercise.). It is possible to change the task of the exercise for a student experiencing difficulties. In lessons 15-19 we are working on the text.

“The problem of the text” - The text (full name of the author) aroused conflicting feelings in me. How to argue your position? Essay requirements. Over some a problem to think, to work. Pay attention to some problem. Arguments. The position of the author seems convincing to me, because... How should a person live in order not to waste his gift?

"Text Editor" - The original format of the currently used version of Word. Original formats of previous versions word editor. Symbols can be formatted (changed their appearance). When converting from Word format, the formatting is not fully preserved. What is the difference between TXT, RTF, DOC text file formats?

1. Car repair 2. Self-portrait

3. sworn friend 4. Future Perspective

5. Free vacancy 6. Terribly happy

7. Hordes of workers 8. Renew again

9. Accomplished thanks to permission 10. Seething idleness

11. Two years ago 12. Small fish

13. Walking without good reason

14. Dance song

15. Gala Dinner

16. Idle life

2. Find errors caused by violation of lexical norms. Write down the corrected version.

1. Houseplants are now common not only in floriculture reference books.

2. Using the numbers located on the left and at the top of the table, decipher the encrypted pattern.

3. Some plants can be much more expensive than others.

4. The speaker at the meeting emphasized the active participation of students in ongoing events.

5. I have an opinion that in this case there are some frauds, something is unclean.

6. Holmes' didactic method is admirable.

7. After the first meeting, their relationship became hostile.

Independent work № 8

"Linguistic Analysis of Literary Text"

In the construction of text and speech in general, a lot depends on what task the speaker (writer) sets for himself, on the purpose of speech.

The most common functional and semantic types of speech are description, narration and reasoning. Each of these types is distinguished in accordance with the purpose and content of speech. This also determines some of the most typical grammatical means text formatting.

The purpose of the text	Content and form of the text	Typical grammatical design aids
Text type: Description
1) Enumeration of signs, properties, elements of the subject of speech. 2) Indication of its belonging to the class of objects. 3) Indication of the purpose of the subject, methods and areas of its functioning.	1) The idea of ​​the subject as a whole is given at the beginning or at the end. 2) The detailing of the main thing is carried out taking into account the semantic significance of the details. 3) The structure of individual parts of the text (description elements) is similar to the structure of the text as a whole. 4) Methods of comparison, analogy, opposition are used. 5) The text is easily folded.	Simple and complex sentences: a) with direct word order; b) compound nominal predicate; c) with verbal forms of simultaneous action; d) with present tense verbs in a timeless meaning; e) with defining characteristics.
Text Type: Narrative
A story about an event showing its course in development, highlighting the main (nodal) facts and showing their relationship.	1) The logical sequence is observed. 2) Dynamism, change of events is emphasized. 3) The composition is chronologized.	Simple and complex sentences: a) with a verbal predicate of the perfect form; b) with species-temporal forms that emphasize the nature and change of events; c) with the expression of causal and temporal conditioning.
Text type: Reasoning
Study of the essential properties of objects and phenomena, substantiation of their relationship.	1) There is a thesis (a position that is being proved), arguments (judgments that justify the correctness of the thesis) and a demonstration (method of proof). 2) Reflections, conclusions, explanations are used. 3) The semantic parts of the statement are given in a logical sequence. 4) Everything not related to the proof is omitted.	Simple widespread and complex sentences: a) with participial and adverbial phrases; b) with circumstances or adverbial clauses of cause, effect, purpose; c) with verbs of different aspectual forms.

Practical task. Read excerpts from M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" Determine which functional-semantic type each of them belongs to. Use the data in the table to justify your answer. Do not rewrite texts.

a) At the hour of a hot spring sunset, two citizens appeared on the Patriarch's Ponds. The first of them - about forty years old, dressed in a gray summer pair - was short, dark-haired, well-fed, bald, carried his decent hat with a pie in his hand, and his neatly shaven face was decorated with supernaturally large black horn-rimmed glasses. The other, a broad-shouldered, reddish, swirling young man with a checkered cap folded at the back of his head, was wearing a cowboy shirt, chewed white trousers, and black slippers.

b) During her [swallow's] flight, a formula formed in the procurator's now bright and light head. It was as follows: the hegemon examined the case of the wandering philosopher Yeshua, nicknamed Ha-Notsri, and did not find corpus delicti in it. In particular, I did not find the slightest connection between the actions of Yeshua and the riots that took place in Yershalaim recently. The wandering philosopher turned out to be mentally ill. As a result of this, the procurator does not approve the death sentence of Ha-Notsri, pronounced by the Small Sanhedrin. But in view of the fact that the insane utopian speeches of Ha-Nozri can be the cause of unrest in Yershalaim, the procurator removes Yeshua from Yershalaim and puts him in custody in Caesarea Stratonova on the Mediterranean Sea, that is, exactly where the residence of the procurator is.

in) Ivan gasped after the villains and was immediately convinced that it would be very difficult to catch up with them.
The troika instantly rushed down the alley and ended up on Spiridonovka. No matter how much Ivan added to his step, the distance between the pursued and him did not decrease at all. And before the poet had time to come to his senses, after the quiet Spiridonovka, he found himself at the Nikitsky Gate, where his situation worsened. There was already a crowd, Ivan ran into one of the passers-by, was cursed. The villainous gang, moreover, here decided to use their favorite bandit trick - to leave in all directions.

Independent work No. 9

"Lexico-phraseological analysis".

Lexical parsing of a word is carried out using various linguistic dictionaries, namely explanatory, phraseological, dictionary of antonyms, synonyms and homonyms.

Parsing scheme:

1. Lexical meaning of a word in a given context (in a sentence)

2. single-valued or multi-valued word (how many meanings a word has)

3. in what sense it is used (literally or figuratively)

4. whether it has homonyms (words are different in meaning, but the same in sound and spelling)

5. whether it has synonyms (similar in meaning to another word)

6. does it have antonyms (word opposite in meaning)

7. native Russian or borrowed (can be found in the dictionary foreign languages)

8. common or not (dialect, special)

9. is part of the active or passive vocabulary

10. in what style of speech is predominantly used

Set phrases or sentences that are used as ready-made, reproducible units in speech, general meaning which does not consist of the meanings of their constituent words are called phraseological units.
The degree of semantic solidarity of phraseological units can be different. On this basis, four groups of phraseological units are distinguished:

Phraseological unions (the general meaning of a phraseological unit does not follow from the meaning of its constituent components: beat the buckets, rub the glasses and etc.);

Phraseological units (the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit is to some extent motivated by the meaning of its constituent components: a drop in the sea, the cat cried and etc.);

Phraseological combinations (one of the components of a phraseological unit can be combined only with certain words; crackling frost, frown eyebrows etc.).

Practical task. 1. Choose from proverbs words that are antonymous to each other and write them. Perform lexical analysis of the selected word.

1. A stupid person is looking for a large place, but a reasonable one can be seen in the corner. 2. It is better to drink water in joy than honey in a torment. 3. The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly. 4. A smart man lacks ears, and a stupid one has more than one tongue. 5. Grief makes you old, but joy makes you younger. 6. Curls curl from joy, and split from sadness. 7. Daring peas slurp , but the timid cannot see the radish. 7. Woe in tatters, trouble naked, 9. As it comes to attack, so even the abyss. 10. From a fool and crying with laughter rushing.

Practical task 2. Explain the meaning of these phraseological units, give examples of their use in speech. Use a phrase dictionary.

Carry nonsense; not good for soles; carry nonsense; tear and throw; bring to white

heat; to be in seventh heaven; perk; lose one's temper; the last spoke in the chariot; high-flying bird; be beside yourself; a matter of life or death; raven count; eyes on the forehead climb; penny price; be amazed; live in someone else's mind; work carelessly; jack of all trades; small fry; soap bubble; do not put in anything; neither fish nor fowl; two of a Kind; dance to tune; fly on wings; build castles in the air; dance from the stove.

Independent work No. 10

« Orthoepic norms. Orthoepic dictionaries. Typical spelling errors.

Orthoepy - 1) a set of pronunciation norms of the language;

Language is a product of social activity; it is a distinctive feature of society.

Why is language needed? Why does a person (member) need a separate speech? (Firstly) in order that (would) people be able to exchange thoughts in all kinds of joint activities (that is) it is needed as a means of communication.

(Secondly) the language is needed in order to (would) preserve and close the collective experience of mankind, the achievements of social practice. When Archimedes discovered his law, the first thing he did at the same time (h, s) was to formulate this law in words, express his thought so that it became accessible for understanding both to his contemporaries and to us distant books. When you study at school, you learn the achievements of social experience from textbooks where the necessary information is presented in a language form.

Finally (in) third, language is needed so that (would) a person could, with its help, express their thoughts, feelings, emotions. For example, in poetry, a person conveys the most intimate thoughts, feelings of experience. And it's all thanks to the language.

Without language, there would not be (would be) the man himself, because everything that is in him of a human connection with the language is expressed in the language and closed in the language.

7. Determine the genre and style of speech, describe the speech means used in the text. Edit the text according to the style requirements.

“We have had a lot of events. One might even say that it is too much. There was an event almost every day. And every time after the event, we prepared for the next one. The first event we had was the planned opening of the camp. It was very fun. Then we held such events as KVN with the first and second detachments. Sometimes it happens that the guys shirk the events somehow, but here all the guys are absolutely, the boys were all there. At Ogonyok, boys performed amateur performances: they performed the Swan Lake dance. At first they famously performed this dance at KVN. I personally liked the dance of the girls. Then we went to view the territory of the camp from and to. Familiarize yourself with the buildings.

8. Write an abstract of the article on the subject of your specialty(the article must be attached to the control work).

Option 7

Gas pipeline, spark, pantry, ailment, carpenter, Christian, pampered, small wholesaler, calls, many cakes, masterfully, dancer, catalog, bent, funds.

O d ess it, de mpin G, a those ist, aka de mia, k omm unique, midnight ch hiccup, bitterness ch iki, a tt ash e, to re d about, Sa centuries and ch a.

credit, credit, chaos, chaos, consulting, patent.

Write sentences choosing the appropriate meaning of the word; justify your choice (in writing).

1) The (executive - executive) local authorities should intensify their work.

2) The Board of Directors demanded (guarantee - guaranteed) obligations from non-paying clients.

3) Many of our films have received (great appreciation - great recognition) abroad.

1) What number comes before 543?

3)decline numerals: 1768 kilograms, 1242.

Rewrite the text, insert missing letters and punctuation marks; determine the style and substyle of this text.

Any (electronic) computing machine (computer) is the most complex technical system consisting of millions and even hundreds of millions of simple element devices. When creating modern computers, technology is used that is based on the latest achievements of many branches of science, computer science, mathematics, physics, chemistry, as well as material_of (micro) electronics, etc.

(Not) looking at the difference in size appearance the functions performed by different computers have a common structure and principles of work. These princes are simple enough. In order to (would) understand them, you need to get acquainted with the purpose of the memory of the processor and the input and output devices of the main components of which any computer consists.

Determine the genre and style of speech, draw up a document that is required in this situation.

Dear Mr Rector. I am writing you a letter because I want to enroll in the number of students of the Kuban State Agro Academy in connection with moving to a new place of residence. But I see my main reason in the fact that I am worried about the fate of such a profession as viticulture. In the future, I would like to work in it and deal with new varieties of grapes.

Sincerely, a student of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy

Shirokov Marseille.

9. Make an application addressed to the dean to provide you with an individual schedule for passing the credit-examination session.

Option 8

Place the stresses on the words.

Spoiled, house book, busy person, understood and began, aggravate, wholesale, on Wednesdays, language pate, get through, inquire, kitchen, gross, phenomenon.

Show the pronunciation of the highlighted letters in the transcription.

Or ator, sh osse, ro man, computer those r, s onet t, I and ch ica, something, something, turn off Che ny, those pp asa, V about eh those R.

Explain the meaning of the words and make sentences with them.

Democratic and democratic; share, clearing, dumping, broker.

Determine the type of errors, correct them in the sentences.

1) Develop and approve the Regulations on the approval of the procedure for the preparation and issuance of documents of title to the land plot to members of the HOA.

2) The director gave the order to transfer the workers to pay according to individual piecework.

3) Not only large and medium-sized enterprises are now facing the threat of closure, but also small businesses are being dissolved due to the burden of taxes.

Write the numbers in words.

BUT) Add 47 to 85 and add the resulting amount to 187;

There were 2 (boys) and 5 (girls) in the audience.

B) decline numerals: 1596 houses, 1985.

Explain the meaning of phraseological units.

Rewrite the text, insert missing letters and punctuation marks; define the style of this text.

Before Pushkin, there was a very diverse linguistic reality of adverbs with_classical professional regional_nye. To correlate all this, to extract the valuable, to merge into a single whole a truly non-tonic work that required enormous knowledge and genial intuition.

As in other areas, here the connection of (P, p) Ushkin's mind and intuition with an accurate knowledge of phenomena is manifested. He knows well, as the various strata of the population of Moscow and St. Petersburg say, (P, p) skovskaya and (N, n) Izhegorsk provinces and the southern regions of Russia, the Urals, all the places where he had a chance to visit (many) numerous trips around Russia.

In a motley language verse, he finds several reference points, the use of words and expressions, their necessity, their peculiarity to the Russian language, their figurativeness and capacity. More and more, as a basis, he appreciates folk speech, which is combined for him with the language of folk songs of epics and fairy tales. Read simple folk tales young writers to see the properties of the Russian language Pushkin wrote. The result of this reading is visible in the tales of the writer himself.

Everyday speech from the mid-20s of the 19th century was included in a large layer in his poetry, and in the 30s it was widely used in his prose.

True taste, he said, does not consist in an indiscriminate rejection of such a word of such a turn, but in a sense of proportion and conformity. The poet possessed this "taste" of linguistic instinct to the highest degree.

Russian language lesson in grade 11 using the Unified Collection of DER on the topic: "Types of speech and grammatical errors"

Objectives: 1. Consider factual, logical, speech and grammatical errors.
2. Be able to determine the type of error, find and correct errors in the text.
3. Use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities.
Tasks: 1. Be able to observe spelling, grammatical and lexical norms when constructing phrases of different types - when constructing sentences.
2. Be able to correct violations of syntactic norms.
3. Own language means according to the purposes of communication.
Lesson type: combined.

Equipment:
1. Cards with individual tasks;
2. Presentation materials made using PowerPoint;
3. Interactive table (materials of the "Unified Collection of the DER" on the Internet - http://school-collection.edu.ru).

During the classes

1. Checking homework.
- Pupils read out their compositions, which they composed at home.
-Hearers find factual, logical, speech and grammatical errors.
-Analysis of mistakes made in the work of students.

2. Acquaintance with new material.

Teacher. Guys, today we will talk about mistakes. As you understand, when checking essays, in addition to spelling and punctuation, factual, logical, speech and grammatical errors are also taken into account. Since "the enemy must be known by sight", let's consider listed species mistakes in order to avoid them in your work.

Slide 3.
What is a factual error?

Student. As the name implies, a factual error is a distortion of information about events, objects, persons mentioned in the text of an essay, the following types of errors are usually found:

• Substitution of concepts, facts given in the original text by others; distortion of the facts contained in the text:

Travkin appreciated in Anichkov his courage and devotion to his homeland. (In the text, the name of the hero Anikanov).
Hooligans in the tram mock the cashier. (We are talking about the conductor).

• Incorrect characterization of the example, the phenomenon referred to in the text:

In the text of the talented publicist O. Mandelstam (apparently, the name of the author of the text does not mean anything to the student at all, and the home-made preparation of the beginning failed: Osip Mandelstam is primarily a poet).

• Incorrect representation of facts that are not mentioned in the original text, which students use in a detailed answer (biography facts of the author or hero of the text, dates, surnames). This story was written in 1947 (from an essay based on an excerpt from E. Kazakevich's story "The Star").

Bulgakov's novel "We" also depicts a totalitarian state (we are talking about the novel by E.I. Zamyatin).
Thus, some factual errors appear due to inattention in reading the source text, others - due to the narrowness of the horizon, the lack of necessary knowledge about various areas life.

Slide 4. Teacher. What is a logical fallacy?
Student. Logical errors are the indistinguishability of concepts that are close in any respect. Often the writer or speaker does not distinguish between areas of activity, cause and effect, part and whole, related phenomena, generic, species and other relationships.
Teacher. Consider the most common types of logical errors:
Slide 5.
1. Substitution of the subject of action: The works of the writer want to show his hatred for the war (the writer wants to show in his works).
2. Substitution of the object of action: I like Lermontov's poems, especially the theme of love.
3. Violation of cause-and-effect relationships: But soon the rains stopped, as the weather was fine.
4. Violation of the logic of unfolding thoughts: It was quiet in the forest. Nearby, an oriole sang a lyrical song in a sonorous voice, flying from tree to tree. Somewhere in the distance an invisible cuckoo was chirping (was it so quiet in the forest?)
5. Lack of connection between sentences: Great Patriotic War started in 1941. Astafiev says that writing about the war is difficult.
6. Ambiguity, vagueness of the statement: After the manuscript was returned to the editorial office, new materials were received (the manuscripts were returned to the author or to the editorial office).
Teacher. So, all the given examples are alogisms - statements that contradict logic. As you can see, logical errors often arise due to negligence in the construction of the statement.

Slide 6. What is a grammatical error?
Student. A grammatical error is an error in the structure of a language unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; this is a violation of any grammatical norm - word-formation, morphological, syntactic.
Teacher. We can distinguish the following types of grammatical errors.
Slide 7.

• Erroneous word formation is an error in the structure of the word: stubbornness, instead of stubbornness.
• Erroneous shaping - an error in the formation of the form of a word of a particular part of speech:
• When forming forms of nouns: potato peelings instead of peelings, accountant instead of accountants.
• When forming forms of adjectives: lighter, instead of lighter, the most interesting instead of the most interesting.
• When forming numeral forms: with six hundred soldiers instead of six hundred, about five hundred instead of about five hundred.
• When forming forms of pronouns: their son instead of their son.
• When forming the forms of the verb, participle and gerund: recover instead of recover, pour instead of pour, burst instead of burst.

slide 8.
3. Violation of agreement. Most often, violation of coordination occurs due to inattention. For example, the Air was saturated with the pungent smell of the sea and the greasy fumes of the earth, moistened with rain shortly before evening (the participle turnover was erroneously agreed with the wrong member of the sentence; correctly: ... fumes of the earth, shortly before evening, moistened with rain).

slide 9.
4. Violation of control.
The following errors are often encountered in control designs:

• The use of a prepositional combination instead of a non-prepositional construction: establish the causes of the accident (correctly: establish the causes);
• An unprepositional construction instead of a prepositional combination: their characteristic feature (correctly: their characteristic feature);
• Incorrect choice of preposition: partner in the game of tennis (correct: partner in the game of tennis).

5. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate.
For example: Those who agreed with this decision regretted it - interrogative pronouns who, what and negative nobody, nothing are used with singular verbs: who agreed. In constructions like those who and everyone who is also preferable to a singular verb: those who came ...; everyone who came.

6. Violation of the way of expressing the predicate. For example: These books are interesting and well illustrated - as the second predicate, the short form should have been used: illustrated.

slide 10.
7. Mistakes in sentence construction with homogeneous members:

• Connection in one series of species and generic concepts: Monkeys and chimpanzees were kept in the enclosure.
• A combination of intersecting concepts in a single row - concepts that partially coincide in scope are combined into a homogeneous row: Among the participants in the parade were veterans and Muscovites (these concepts do not exclude each other: there could also be Muscovites among the veterans).
• A combination of logically incompatible concepts in one row: The demonstrators walked with posters and joyful faces.
• Mixing components of dual alliances - creating the wrong pair of alliances: We visited not only Moscow, but also St. Petersburg (correctly: not only Moscow, but also St. Petersburg).
• Skipping a preposition: Groups of tourists can be found on the streets, squares, squares (correct: on the streets, squares, in squares).
• Violation of agreement in the case of members of a homogeneous series and a generalizing word: Representatives of various countries took part in the forum: England, France, Belgium

(correct: England, France, Belgium).

• The use of various syntactic elements of a sentence as homogeneous - a member of the sentence and subordinate clause, participial and participle turnovers. It is necessary to encourage students who strive for knowledge and who actively participate in the course of the lesson (that's right: students who strive for knowledge and actively participate ...).

Slide 11.
8. Mistakes in constructing sentences with dee participle turnover.

When using a participial turnover, it should be remembered that the action of the participle and the predicate must refer to the same person: Arriving in Moscow, I went to Red Square. A correctly constructed sentence with a participial turnover can be turned into a construction with homogeneous predicates: I arrived in Moscow and went to Red Square.
It is possible to use a participial turnover in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive: When filling out the answer form, you should use a gel pen.
Participial turnover not used in the following cases:

• If the action expressed by the predicate and the action expressed by the participle refer to different persons: Approaching the city, a strong wind began
• (correct: When we drove up to the city ...)
• If in an impersonal sentence there is a semantic subject in the indirect case, and there is no infinitive: Arriving in Moscow, I felt sad.

(Correct: When I arrived in Moscow..).

• In a passive design: Going home, the equipment is checked by workers.

(Correct: Workers check equipment when they go home.)

slide 12

• Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover most often associated with the fact that the word being defined is placed in the middle of the participle turnover: Living relatives in Siberia visited us. The word being defined must be before or after the participle turnover: Relatives living in Siberia ... or Relatives living in Siberia.
• Errors in the construction of a complex sentence. For example: This person became for me a model of nobility, from whom I learned a lot. The attributive clause must depend on another word in the main clause: This man, from whom I learned a lot, became for me a model of nobility.
• A mixture of direct and indirect speech. For example: The author claims that I know this, and not just guessing. When translating direct speech into indirect speech, pronouns and verbs in the form of the first person should be replaced by pronouns and verbs in the form of the third person: The author claims that he knows this, and does not just assume.
• Violation of the boundaries of the proposal. For example: When the ice came down. We decided to hit the road. The phrase should be framed as a complex sentence. When the ice melted, we decided to hit the road.

Slide 13. Teacher: What is a speech error?
Student. Speech errors are errors in the use of a word or phraseological unit. Most often this is a violation of lexical norms.
slide 14 teacher. Consider the main types of speech errors.

• The use of a word in an unusual sense. This error is due to a misunderstanding of the meaning of the word.

For two whole months a vernissage of the Wanderers took place in our city. (The word vernissage means the solemn opening of an art exhibition).

2. Violation of the lexical compatibility of words. Compatibility is determined by semantic features, lexical meanings words, as well as the tradition of their use.

She tries to appear as a virtuous and somewhat righteous woman (the adverb somewhat means "a little bit", so it does not combine with the adjective righteous: it is impossible to be a little fair or a little kind).

Such a mistake as anachronism violates the rules of compatibility - the use of words from different eras in the same context:
Raskolnikov was sitting in a bar (correctly: in a tavern, in a tavern). Corruption reigned in the city of Kalinov (correctly: bribery flourished).

slide 15
3. The use of a word of a different stylistic coloring. Many words can be used in any situation: white, high, fly. But there are also those whose use is appropriate only in colloquial speech, in everyday communication: goner, swear. There is also a group of "noble" words used in bookish speech: there is a community, a brilliant one. Words that have different stylistic coloring may accidentally appear next to each other, and then something like this will turn out:
A new pigsty has been erected in our village.
Kuligin read a lot of poems by Lomonosov and Derzhavin.

slide 16.
4. Pleonasm- a combination of words similar in meaning, one of which duplicates the meaning of the other:
A souvenir (a souvenir is a keepsake);
Local Aborigines (Aborigines are local residents);
Gesticulate with your hands (gesticulate - make movements with your hands).
In the following phrases unnecessary words italicized: unexpected surprise, first premier, electorate, entire color of the elite, summit summit, vacancy, victory success, immunity immunity, positive success, on the front line, city mayor, first leader, longing for nostalgia, front proscenium , employment, full house, advanced avant-garde, joint cooperation, complete fiasco, one hundred rubles of money, price list.

slide 17.
5.Tautology- a confluence of single-root words in one phrase: torrential downpour, group into groups, overgrown with thickets.

6. Speech deficiency- an accidental omission of words necessary for the exact expression of thought.
For the heroine, freedom is to live the way you want (not enough words, this is an opportunity). Many talented musicians on wind instruments have appeared in our city (the word playing is missing).

slide 18.
7. Mixing of paronyms.
Paronyms are close, but not identical in meaning, single-root words, erroneously used one instead of the other: diplomat-diplomat, dress-put on, main - capital.
It was cold, so Masha put on a fur coat (the word dress means “to put someone in clothes”: to dress a child, we put on clothes: put on a coat, put a hat on our son).

8. Mistakes in the use of phraseological units.
Phraseologisms are stable combinations words. Usually, nothing can be removed from the composition of a phraseological unit or something can be inserted into it. However, this simple rule is often violated:

• Replacing the phraseological unit component: The lion's share of the harvest was lost (correctly: the lion's share).
• Unjustified abbreviation of phraseological unit: The preparation of applicants wishes the best (correctly: leaves much to be desired).
• A mixture of two phraseological units: Everyone praised Igor and sang incense to him (correctly: they sang praises).
• The use of a phraseological unit in an unusual meaning: Among the listeners there were students who did not knit a lyka in Russian (the expression lyka does not knit is used in relation to a very drunk person, therefore it is correct: they did not know Russian well).
• The stylistic inappropriateness of using phraseological units: The commander ordered to reel in the fishing rods (correctly: ordered to retreat, ordered to leave).

9. Bad use of pronouns. Pronouns usually point to nouns used earlier in the text, standing in the same gender, number and case. It should be clear from the context which noun is being replaced by the pronoun. Violation of this rule can lead to absurdity, comicalness of the statement: This herring was handed over to me by the saleswoman Lyuba. In view of the heat, she was already plowing (the pronoun should be replaced by the word fish).

10. Unjustified repetition of a word: The author writes that nature is in danger. The author calls on humanity to come to their senses. Unjustified repetition of words can be avoided by using pronominal substitutions, synonyms, generic or specific names of objects.

11. Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms: I could not apologize in time, although I know that I was wrong.

3.Training exercises. Tasks for the lesson.

Training exercises. Use of ICT in the classroom
Goals:
1. Systematize the material at the stage of generalization and repetition.
2. Be able to independently formulate rules using interactive illustrations.
3. Be able to correctly perform electronic assignments and tests.

slide 19.
Task: using interactive illustrations to find speech and grammatical errors.

slide 24-25 Work with an electronic task that tests the ability to write an essay on certain topics. Task: being online (on the Internet), complete an electronic task: determine the type of grammatical and speech errors.

1. Teacher.
Edit the text, eliminating the unjustified repetition of the allied word. Set up punctuation marks.
Flower longevity.
What do you know about the life-span of the flowers that grow (around) our houses in our gardens and parks?
A peony bush in one place can live 16-20 years. Bushes of rheni and jasmine live for decades. A variety of iris is known which was bred more than a hundred years ago. He has multiplied all these years and his life has (not) stopped until now.
About (un)usual longevity - rose bushes that seem so fragile and (un)durable can be told legends. In Yasnaya Polyana, rose bushes have been preserved that bloomed during the life of Leo Tolstoy. In Germany. Known rose bush that lives 500 years.

Student.
Flower longevity.
What do you know about the lifespan of the flowers that grow around our homes, in our gardens and parks?
A peony bush in one place can live 16-20 years. Lilac and jasmine bushes live for decades. Known variety of iris, bred more than a hundred years ago. He has multiplied all these years, and his life has not stopped until now.
Legends can be told about the unusual longevity of rose bushes, which seem so fragile and short-lived. AT Yasnaya Polyana rose bushes have been preserved, blooming during the life of Leo Tolstoy. In Germany. A rose bush is known that lives 500 years.

2. Determine what the logical error of the statement is.
1. The writer talks about the past of his hero. He was also a participant in the war.

• The author raises the problem of patriotism. This topic has been relevant at all times.
• In other works of this kind, there are no numerical data.
• the poorest of this group actors is the language of Varvara Kabanova.
• Human culture is a culture of thinking, a culture of behavior.
• I agree with the author's opinion, but I think differently.
• Never regret what you can give, and never take away what is asked of you.
• We live in modern world. Therefore, each of us is busy only with those worldly problems that we face every day.

3.Determine the type of speech error. Edit sentences.

• Who hasn't heard of this young prodigy?
• Each word has a specific function in a sentence.
• Nobody knew about this case, the details were left in vain.
• Our country has chosen a democratic path of development.
• These tall guys are inveterate Siberians.
• Spartak players scored for the third time in the first half.
• Our company plays great importance in the city's economy.
• Having quarreled with a friend, we do not want to admit that we were wrong.
• Unfortunately, my father did not listen to my opinion and fully impressed my words.

4. Determine the type of grammatical error. Edit sentences.

• Tired bakers took fragrant bread out of the oven.
• We often do not understand, do not trust each other.
• In my opinion, this is a social problem. Since it is found in all spheres of public life.
• For five hundred years, these statues were hidden under a layer of sand.
• Books teach children to distinguish between good and evil.
• These enterprises created not only the first domestic steam engines, but also the first Russian steamships.
• Come soon, we miss you.
• The horses of the Cossacks, covered with foam, raced at full speed.
• I resent what right they have to mock the weak.

4. Summary of the lesson. Homework.

• Learn the types of speech errors.
• Know grammar mistakes
• Be able to find stylistic errors, ethical and factual.

List of used sources.

1. Alexandrov V.N., Aleksandrova O.I. "Russian language", Chelyabinsk, 2005.
2Ivashova O.D., Puchkova, L.I. "Express course of preparation for the exam", M, 2006
3. Senina N.A. Russian USE language 2007, Rostov-on-Don. L.2006.
4. Sokolnitskaya T.N. Russian language. Composition - reasoning (part C), M, Eksmo, 2007