Until the 19th century, the concept of "biology" did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of the biological sciences. Let us recall who were the domestic biologists (and we will briefly describe their discoveries), who influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.
Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)
Our biologists and their discoveries are known all over the world. Among the most famous are Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at an agricultural institute. For twenty years he led scientific expeditions who study the plant world. He traveled almost the entire globe, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. Gathered a unique collection of seeds of various plants.
During his expeditions, the scientist identified the centers of the origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there are some centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and revealed what made it possible to establish patterns in the evolution of the plant world. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up charges of embezzlement. Died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.
Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)
Among the pioneers, a worthy place is occupied by domestic biologists. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. Among the world-famous researchers of invertebrates is Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, an embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals, undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. He created the Sevastopol Marine Biological Station and for a long time was its director. Made a huge contribution to the aquarium hobby.
Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. Became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.
Mechnikov I.I. (1845-1916)
Our biologists and their discoveries were duly appreciated in the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer and was educated at Kharkov University. He discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, proved with the help of embryology methods the common origin of vertebrates and invertebrates.
He worked on issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. The works of Mechnikov had great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhus, tuberculosis, cholera. The scientist was occupied with the processes of aging. He believed that premature death was caused by poisoning with microbial poisons and promoted hygienic methods of struggle, he assigned an important role to restoring the intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, pathology.
Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)
What contribution to the study of higher nervous activity did domestic biologists and their discoveries make? the first Russian Nobel laureate in the field of medicine was Pavlov Ivan Petrovich for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
The scientist came from a family of clergymen and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in the last year I read a book by I. M. Sechenov about the reflexes of the brain and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods, studied the physiology of digestion in detail for 10 years and received the Nobel Prize for these studies. The next area of interest was the higher nervous activity, the study of which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.
Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)
We continue the topic "Domestic biologists and their discoveries." Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born in the family of an accountant. He graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology, and collected scientific material in European laboratories. Organized a laboratory of experimental biology at People's University named after Shanyavsky.
He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works entered science under the name "Koltsov's principle". Koltsov is one of those in Russia, the organizer of the first laboratories and the Department of Experimental Biology. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist who used the physicochemical method in biological research.
Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)
Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology have contributed to the development of the scientific foundations of agronomy. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich was a naturalist, photosynthesis researcher and propagandist of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from a noble family, graduated from St. Petersburg University.
Timiryazev studied the issues of plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to practical application research. He was in charge of an experimental field, where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the crop. Thanks to this research, agriculture has advanced significantly along the path of intensification.
Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - and breeder. His ancestors were small estate nobles, from them the scientist took over his interest in gardening. Even in early childhood, he looked after the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began breeding work in a rented run-down estate. During the period of his activity, he brought out more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of the central zone of Russia.
Tikhomirov A.A. (1850-1931)
Russian biologists and their discoveries helped to develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov - biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. Received from Saint Petersburg University legal education, but became interested in biology and received a second degree at Moscow University at the department natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.
Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)
The topic "Famous biologists and their discoveries" will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner's family, he was educated at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.
The scientist examined the brain and discovered a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous systems s, proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work "Reflexes of the Brain", where he formulated the idea that conscious and unconscious acts are performed in the form of reflexes. Introduced the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. Substantiated the respiratory function of the blood. The scientist created the national school of physiology.
Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)
The end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century - the time when the great Russian biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky - a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. Even during his studies, he showed an interest in plant diseases.
The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by the smallest bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only after 50 years. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the founder of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the influence of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, soil microbiology.
Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in the family of a manufacturer, was educated at Moscow University. This is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He laid the foundation for a new discipline - population genetics.
You have read the article "Famous domestic biologists and their discoveries." A table of their achievements can be compiled on the basis of the proposed material.
In the article we will talk about Russian biologists. We will review the most meaningful names discoverers, as well as get acquainted with their achievements. From the article you will learn about those Russian biologists who really made a significant contribution to the development of this science. Anyone who is interested in animals and flora, is simply obliged to know the names that we will name below.
Ivan Pavlov
This scientist in Soviet times did not even need to be introduced. However, in modern world far from every person can say for sure who Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is. The man was born in 1849. His most significant achievement is the creation of the doctrine of the activity of the higher nervous system. He also wrote many books on circulation and digestion. This is the first Russian scientist who received the Nobel Prize for achievements in considering the mechanisms of digestion.
Experiments on dogs
Ivan Pavlov is a Russian biological scientist who is known for doing experiments on dogs. In our country, there are many anecdotes and cartoons related to this. Moreover, when it comes to instincts, everyone immediately remembers Pavlov's dog. Experiments scientist started have been running since 1890. He managed to develop conditioned reflexes in animals. For example, he achieved that the dogs secreted gastric juice after they heard the sound of a bell, and before this bell was always preceded by a meal. The peculiarity of the method of this scientist is that he saw the relationship between mental and physiological processes. Multiple subsequent studies have confirmed its presence.
The first work was published in 1923. In 1926 he began research in the field of genetics. For several years he worked in psychiatric clinics. The discoveries of Ivan Pavlov helped to learn a lot about mental illness, as well as about possible methods of their treatment. Thanks to the support of the Soviet government, Pavlov had enough resources to carry out all his experiments, which allowed him to achieve other outstanding results.
Ilya Mechnikov
We continue the list of Russian biologists famous name I. I. Mechnikov. This is a famous microbiologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Born in Kharkov in 1845. He studied in the same city. He studied embryology in Italy, in 1868 he defended his doctoral dissertation. In 1886, together with other scientists, he created a bacteriological station, which at that time was the first in Russia.
He wrote his first books on zoology and evolutionary embryology. He is the author of the theory of phagocytella. He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, developed the theory of the comparative pathology of inflammation. Wrote a huge number of works on bacteriology. He experimented on himself, and thus proved that the causative agent of Asian cholera is Vibrio cholerae. He died in 1916 in Paris.
Alexander Kovalevsky
The list of famous Russian biologists will continue with the sensational name of Alexander Kovalevsky. This is a great scientist who was a zoologist. Worked at the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Born in 1842. At first he studied at home, and then entered the Corps of Railway Engineers. After that, he graduated from St. Petersburg University in the department of natural sciences. Defended master's and doctoral dissertations.
In 1868 he was already a professor of zoology and worked at Kazan University. He spent three years in Algiers and the Red Sea, where he did his research. Most of them are devoted to the embryology of invertebrates. In the 1860s, he conducted research that made it possible to discover germ layers in organisms.
Nikolai Vavilov
It is simply impossible to present a list of Russian great biologists without the name of Nikolai Vavilov. This man created the doctrine of plant immunity. He also owns the discovery of the law on hereditary changes in the body and homologous series. He made a significant contribution to the development of the doctrine of biological species, created a huge collection of seeds of various plants. By the way, it is recognized as the largest in the world.
The future scientist was born in Moscow in 1887 in the family of a merchant. He was a peasant. For some time he worked as the director of his father's firm, which dealt with invoices. Vavilov's mother was from an artist's family. In total, the family had 7 children, but three of them died at an early age.
Training and achievements
Nikolai Vavilov studied at a commercial school, later entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute, from which he graduated in 1911. After that, he began working at the Department of Private Agriculture. From 1917 he lectured at Saratov University, after 4 years he was already working in Petrograd. Thanks to his research, he described almost all the plants of the Volga and Volga regions.
The scientist devoted more than 20 years to the expedition, which he conducted in the Mediterranean and Central Asia. I remember my trip to Afghanistan in 1924 for a long time. All the collected materials helped Vavilov to determine not only the origin, but also the distribution of plants. His contribution is simply invaluable, because he greatly simplified the further work of breeders and botanists. It seems incredible, but Nikolai managed to collect more than 300 thousand different samples.
In 1926 he received a prize for his work on the study of immunity, the origin of plants, the discovery of law homologous series. Nikolai Vavilov is the owner of a huge number of awards and several medals.
However, there is a dark spot in his biography. A lot of party ideologists were opposed to the scientist because of scientific activity his student T. Lysenko. The opposition campaign was directed against the scientist's research in the field of genetics. In 1940, Vavilov had to finish all his scientific work. Moreover, he was accused of sabotage, and he was even arrested. A difficult fate befell this great scientist in his last years. He died in prison from starvation in the foreign city of Saratov in 1943.
Rehabilitation
The investigation lasted more than 10 months, during which the scientist was summoned for interrogation more than 400 times. After his death, this great Russian scientist was denied even a separate grave, as a result he was buried with other prisoners. Only in 1955 he was rehabilitated. All charges regarding his activities were dropped.
Alexander Vereshchak
We have already talked about Russian biologists who received the Nobel Prize, but this does not mean that we should forget about other researchers, because their contribution is also significant. Alexander Vereshchak is a Russian oceanologist, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor and Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Studied at Moscow State University at the Faculty of Biology. In 1990 he became a doctor of sciences. Since 2007, he headed the laboratory, which belonged to the Institute of Oceanology. So smoothly we moved on to the consideration of Russian biologists of the 21st century. The scientist wrote more than 100 scientific works. Its main achievements are related to how you can apply modern methods analysis in the field of geoecology and oceanology.
Conducted more than 20 dives and 200 expeditions. He is the creator of the hydrothermal system model. Developed the concept of an ecosystem inhabited by a special fauna. Together with employees from other countries, he jointly created a methodology that allows you to determine the role of marine nano- and microbiota. He discovered and described more than 50 species of crustaceans.
Gennady Rozenberg
He was born in 1949 in Ufa. In his name, we also continue to review the list of Russian biologists of the 21st century. He planned to become an engineer, but soon headed the laboratory at the Institute of Biology. In 1987 he moved to Tolyatti. He is the creator of the method for analyzing the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Created his own system of ecology of large regions for the purposes of analytics.
Yuri Ilyin
The future scientist was born in the winter of 1941 in Asbest. Renowned molecular biologist. He was a specialist in molecular genetics and biology. In 1976, he conducted a study of mobile genes. It is extremely difficult to overestimate its significance, since it has significantly advanced all of science. Studied the mobile elements of eukaryotes. He is the creator of the theory of the role of mobile genes in carcinogenesis, evolution and mutagenesis.
Zinaida Donets
Other names
It should be noted that Russian biologists and their discoveries were not always appreciated. There are many researchers who are known only to those who also connected their lives with this science. For example, it is worth mentioning the name of Nikolai Koltsov, a Russian biologist who is considered the founder of experimental biology. He was the first to hypothesize molecular structure chromosomes and their matrix reproduction. The discovery was made in 1928. Thus, this eminent scientist anticipated all the basic provisions modern biology and genetics.
It is impossible not to mention the Russian naturalist Kliment Timiryazev. He was born in 1843. He is the discoverer of the patterns of photosynthesis. Discovered and substantiated the process of the influence of light on education organic matter in plant layers.
Chetverikov Sergei is a talented Soviet geneticist, who is rightfully considered one of the founders of population and evolutionary genetics. This is one of the first researchers who found the relationship between the patterns of selection of individuals in a population and the speed of dynamics in evolutionary processes.
Alexander Tikhomirov is a Russian scientist who discovered artificial parthenogenesis. But this phenomenon is considered the most important section of the doctrine of the individual development of a living being. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture in our country.
So we reviewed the information briefly about Russian biologists and their discoveries. However, I would also like to mention a few names that very few people know about.
It is worth mentioning Ivan Gmelin - a member of the Great Northern Expedition and a naturalist. The scientist is an academic researcher of Siberia, an ethnographer and a botanist. Described more than 500 species of Siberian plants. There he passed more than 34,000 km. Wrote a voluminous work on the flora of the region.
Nikolai Turchaninov is the first scientist who described the fauna of Transbaikalia and the Baikal region. Collected a huge private herbarium. Described more than 2,000 plant species from around the world. He is the most significant researcher of Asian flora.
It is also worth mentioning the name of Andrei Famintsyn, who is the discoverer of the semiotic nature of lichens. He also discovered the symbiosis of algae and radiolarians. Globally researched artificial lighting for plants.
This concludes our review of the biographies of Russian biologists and their discoveries (briefly). We have mentioned all the most significant names, without which it is simply impossible to imagine Russian biology. However, despite this, there are still many scientists whose contribution to the development of this science is simply invaluable. Russian biologists are worthy of attention, because they literally created the basic principles modern science and actually laid the first foundations.
Every person should know these names, if only because biology is the science of life itself. Summing up the results of the article, I would like to once again express respect to Russian biologists, thanks to whom we have the opportunity to study a holistic complex science. Remember that these names can and should be proud of. Of course, the contribution of scientists from all over the world is important, but we must know and respect our own heroes.
They changed our world and significantly influenced the lives of many generations.
Great physicists and their discoveries
(1856-1943) - an inventor in the field of electrical and radio engineering of Serbian origin. Nicola is called the father of modern electricity. He made many discoveries and inventions, receiving more than 300 patents for his creations in all countries where he worked. Nikola Tesla was not only a theoretical physicist, but also a brilliant engineer who created and tested his inventions.
Tesla discovered alternating current, wireless transmission of energy, electricity, his work led to the discovery of X-rays, created a machine that caused vibrations of the earth's surface. Nikola predicted the advent of the era of robots capable of doing any job.
(1643-1727) - one of the fathers of classical physics. Justified the motion of the planets solar system around the Sun, as well as the onset of tides. Newton created the foundation for modern physical optics. The top of his work is the well-known law of universal gravitation.
John Dalton- English physical chemist. He discovered the law of uniform expansion of gases when heated, the law of multiple ratios, the phenomenon of polymers (for example, ethylene and butylene). Creator of the atomic theory of the structure of matter.
Michael Faraday(1791 - 1867) - English physicist and chemist, founder of the theory of the electromagnetic field. I've done so much in my life scientific discoveries that a dozen scientists would be enough to immortalize their name.
(1867 - 1934) - physicist and chemist of Polish origin. Together with her husband, she discovered the elements radium and polonium. Worked on radioactivity.
Robert Boyle(1627 - 1691) - English physicist, chemist and theologian. Together with R. Townley, he established the dependence of the volume of the same mass of air on pressure at a constant temperature (Boyle-Mariotte law).
Ernest Rutherford- English physicist, unraveled the nature of induced radioactivity, discovered the emanation of thorium, radioactive decay and its law. Rutherford is often rightly called one of the titans of physics of the twentieth century.
- German physicist general theory relativity. He suggested that all bodies do not attract each other, as it was believed since the time of Newton, but bend the surrounding space and time. Einstein wrote over 350 papers in physics. He is the creator of the special (1905) and general theory of relativity (1916), the principle of equivalence of mass and energy (1905). Developed a set scientific theories: quantum photoelectric effect and quantum heat capacity. Together with Planck, he developed the foundations of quantum theory, representing the basis of modern physics.
01/17/2012 02/12/2018 by ☭ USSR ☭
There were many outstanding figures in our country, which we, unfortunately, forget, not to mention the discoveries that were made by Russian scientists and inventors. The events that changed the history of Russia are also not known to everyone. I want to correct this situation and recall the most famous Russian inventions.
1. Plane - Mozhaisky A.F.
The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky (1825-1890) was the first in the world to create a life-size aircraft capable of lifting a person into the air. Before A.F. Mozhaisky, people of many generations, both in Russia and in other countries, worked on the solution of this complex technical problem, they went in different ways, but none of them managed to bring the matter to practical experience with full-scale aircraft. A.F. Mozhaisky found the right way to solve this problem. He studied the works of his predecessors, developed and supplemented them, using his theoretical knowledge and practical experience. Of course, he did not manage to resolve all issues, but he did, perhaps, everything that was possible at that time, despite the extremely unfavorable situation for him: limited material and technical capabilities, as well as distrust of his work on the part of the military bureaucratic apparatus tsarist Russia. Under these conditions, A.F. Mozhaisky managed to find the spiritual and physical strength in himself to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. Unfortunately, the surviving documentary materials do not allow us to give a description of the aircraft of A.F. Mozhaisky and its tests in the necessary detail.
2. Helicopter– B.N. Yuriev.
Boris Nikolaevich Yuryev - an outstanding aviator scientist, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, lieutenant general of the engineering service. In 1911, he invented the swashplate (the main unit of a modern helicopter) - a device that made it possible to build helicopters with stability and controllability characteristics acceptable for safe piloting by ordinary pilots. It was Yuriev who paved the way for the development of helicopters.
3. Radio receiver- A.S. Popov.
A.S. Popov first demonstrated the operation of his device on May 7, 1895. at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society in St. Petersburg. This device became the world's first radio receiver, and May 7th was the birthday of the radio. And now it is celebrated annually in Russia.
4. TV - Rosing B.L.
On July 25, 1907, he applied for the invention "Method of electrical transmission of images over distances." The beam was scanned in the tube magnetic fields, and signal modulation (brightness change) using a capacitor that could deflect the beam vertically, thereby changing the number of electrons passing to the screen through the diaphragm. On May 9, 1911, at a meeting of the Russian Technical Society, Rosing demonstrated the transmission of television images of simple geometric shapes and receiving them with playback on the CRT screen.
5. Knapsack parachute - Kotelnikov G.E.
In 1911, the Russian military man, Kotelnikov, impressed by the death of the Russian pilot Captain L. Matsievich, who he saw at the All-Russian Aeronautics Festival in 1910, invented a fundamentally new parachute RK-1. Kotelnikov's parachute was compact. Its dome is made of silk, the lines were divided into 2 groups and attached to the shoulder girths of the suspension system. The dome and slings were placed in a wooden, and later aluminum satchel. Later, in 1923, Kotelnikov proposed a parachute bag made in the form of an envelope with honeycombs for slings. In 1917, 65 parachute descents were registered in the Russian army, 36 for rescue and 29 voluntary.
6. Nuclear power plant.
Launched on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk (then the village of Obninskoye, Kaluga Region). It was equipped with one AM-1 reactor (“peaceful atom”) with a capacity of 5 MW.
The reactor of the Obninsk NPP, in addition to generating energy, served as a base for experimental studies. At present, the Obninsk NPP has been decommissioned. Its reactor was shut down on April 29, 2002 for economic reasons.
7. Periodic table of chemical elements– Mendeleev D.I.
Periodic system chemical elements(Mendeleev's table) - a classification of chemical elements that establishes the dependence of various properties of elements on charge atomic nucleus. The system is a graphical expression of the periodic law established by the Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev in 1869. Its original version was developed by D. I. Mendeleev in 1869-1871 and established the dependence of the properties of elements on their atomic weight(in modern terms, from the atomic mass).
8. Laser
The prototype laser masers were made in 1953-1954. N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, as well as, independently of them, the American C. Townes and his colleagues. In contrast to the Basov and Prokhorov quantum generators, which found a way out in the use of more than two energy levels, the Towns maser could not operate continuously. In 1964, Basov, Prokhorov and Townes received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which made it possible to create generators and amplifiers based on the principle of a maser and a laser."
9. Bodybuilding
Russian athlete Eugenia Sandov, the title of his book “body building” - bodybuilding was literally translated into English. language.
10. Hydrogen bomb– Sakharov A.D.
Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov(May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and politician, dissident and human rights activist, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975.
11. The first artificial earth satellite, the first astronaut, etc.
12. Gypsum - N. I. Pirogov 
Pirogov, for the first time in the history of world medicine, used a plaster cast, which made it possible to accelerate the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs. During the siege of Sevastopol, to care for the wounded, Pirogov used the help of the sisters of mercy, some of whom came to the front from St. Petersburg. It was also an innovation at the time.
13. Military medicine
Pirogov invented the stages of military medical service, as well as methods for studying human anatomy. In particular, he is the founder of topographic anatomy.
Antarctica was discovered on January 16 (January 28), 1820 by a Russian expedition led by Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, who approached it on the sloops Vostok and Mirny at the point 69 ° 21? Yu. sh. 2°14? h. (G) (modern ice shelf Bellingshausen).
15. Immunity
Having discovered the phenomena of phagocytosis in 1882 (which he reported on in 1883 at the 7th congress of Russian natural scientists and doctors in Odessa), he developed on their basis a comparative pathology of inflammation (1892), and later - phagocytic theory immunity ("Immunity in infectious diseases", 1901 - Nobel Prize, 1908, together with P. Ehrlich).
The main cosmological model, in which the consideration of the evolution of the Universe begins with a state of dense hot plasma, consisting of protons, electrons and photons. The hot universe model was first considered in 1947 by Georgy Gamow. Origin elementary particles in the hot universe model since the late 1970s, it has been described using spontaneous symmetry breaking. Many shortcomings of the hot universe model were solved in the 1980s as a result of the construction of the theory of inflation.
The most famous computer game, invented by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985.
18. The first machine - V. G. Fedorov
An automatic carbine designed for firing bursts from the hands. V. G. Fedorov. Abroad, this type of weapon is referred to as an "assault rifle". 
1913 - a prototype for a special intermediate power cartridge (between pistol and rifle).
1916 - adoption (under the Japanese rifle cartridge) and the first combat use (Romanian front).
19. Incandescent lamp- Lodygin's lamp A.N.
The light bulb does not have a single inventor. The history of the light bulb is a chain of discoveries made different people at different times. However, Lodygin's merits in the creation of incandescent lamps are especially great. Lodygin was the first to propose the use of tungsten filaments in lamps (in modern electric light bulbs, filaments are made of tungsten) and twist the filament in the form of a spiral. Also, Lodygin was the first to pump air out of the lamps, which increased their service life many times over. Another invention of Lodygin, aimed at increasing the life of lamps, was filling them with an inert gas. 
20. Diving apparatus
In 1871, Lodygin created a project for an autonomous diving suit using a gas mixture consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen had to be produced from water by electrolysis.
21. Induction oven
The first caterpillar mover (without a mechanical drive) was proposed in 1837 by staff captain D. Zagryazhsky. Its caterpillar mover was built on two wheels surrounded by an iron chain. And in 1879, the Russian inventor F. Blinov received a patent for the “caterpillar track” he created for a tractor. He called it "a locomotive for dirt roads"
23. Cable telegraph line 
The Petersburg-Tsarskoye Selo line was built in the 1940s. XIX century and had a length of 25 km. (B. Jacobi)
24. Synthetic rubber from petroleum– B. Byzov
25. Optical sight
“A mathematical instrument with a perspective telescope, with other accessories and a spirit level for quick guidance from a battery or from the ground at the indicated place to the target horizontally and along levation.” Andrey Konstantinovich NARTOV (1693-1756).
In 1801, the Ural master Artamonov solved the problem of lightening the weight of the wagon by reducing the number of wheels from four to two. Thus, Artamonov created the world's first pedal scooter, the prototype of the future bicycle.
27. Electric welding
The method of electric welding of metals was invented and first applied in 1882 by the Russian inventor Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos (1842 - 1905). "Stitching" of metal with an electric seam he called "electrohephaestus".
The world's first personal computer
was invented not by the American company Apple Computers and not in 1975, but in the USSR in 1968 
year by the Soviet designer from Omsk Arseny Anatolyevich Gorokhov (born 1935). Author's certificate No. 383005 describes in detail the "programming device", as the inventor then called it. They did not give money for an industrial design. The inventor was asked to wait a little. He waited until once again a domestic "bicycle" was invented abroad.
29. Digital technologies.
- the father of all digital technologies in data transmission.
30. Electric motor- B. Jacobi.
31. Electric car
The double electric car of I. Romanov, model of 1899, changed the speed in nine gradations - from 1.6 km per hour to a maximum of 37.4 km per hour
32. Bomber 
Four-engine aircraft "Russian Knight" I. Sikorsky.
33. Kalashnikov assault rifle
A symbol of freedom and the fight against oppression.
Russian scientists have removed the veil of the unknown, contributing to the evolution of scientific thought throughout the world. Many worked abroad in research institutions with a worldwide reputation. Our countrymen collaborated with many outstanding scientific minds. Discoveries have become a catalyst for the development of technology and knowledge around the world, and many revolutionary ideas and discoveries in the world have been created on the foundation scientific achievements famous Russian scientists.
World in the field of chemistry glorified our compatriots for centuries. made the most important discovery for the world of chemistry - he described periodic law chemical elements. The periodic table has gained recognition throughout the world over time and is now used in all corners of our planet.
Sikorsky can be called great in aviation. Aircraft designer Sikorsky is known for his developments in the creation of multi-engine aircraft. It was he who created the world's first aircraft, which has the technical characteristics for vertical takeoff and landing - a helicopter.
Not only Russian scientists contributed to the aviation business. For example, the pilot Nesterov is considered the founder of aerobatics, in addition, he was the first to propose the use of runway lighting during night flights.
Famous Russian scientists were also in medicine: Pirogov, Mechnikov and others. Mechnikov developed the doctrine of phagocytosis (protective factors of the body). Surgeon Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in the field to treat a patient and developed classical means of surgical treatment, which are still used today. And the contribution of the Russian scientist Botkin was that for the first time in Russia he conducted research on experimental therapy and pharmacology.
On the example of these three areas of science, we see that the discoveries of Russian scientists are used in all spheres of life. But this is only a small fraction of all that was discovered by Russian scientists. Our countrymen glorified their outstanding homeland in absolutely all scientific disciplines, ranging from medicine and biology, and ending with developments in the field of space technology. Russian scientists left for us, their descendants, a huge treasure scientific knowledge to provide us with colossal material for the creation of new great discoveries.
Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a famous Russian biochemist, the author of the materialistic theory of the appearance of life on Earth.
Academician, Hero socialist labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize.
Childhood and youth
Curiosity, inquisitiveness and the desire to understand how, for example, can grow from a tiny seed huge tree manifested itself in the boy very early. Already in childhood, he was very interested in biology. He studied plant life not only from books, but also in practice.
The Oparin family moved from Uglich to a country house in the village of Kokaevo. The very first years of childhood passed there.
Yuri Kondratyuk (Alexander Ignatievich Shargei), one of the outstanding theorists of space flights.
In the 1960s, he became world famous thanks to scientific justification flight method spaceships to the moon.
The trajectory calculated by him was called the “Kondratyuk route”. It was used by the American spacecraft Apollo to land a man on the lunar surface.
Childhood and youth
This one of the outstanding founders of astronautics was born in Poltava on June 9 (21), 1897. He spent his childhood in his grandmother's house. She was a midwife, and her husband was a zemstvo doctor and government official.
For some time he lived with his father in St. Petersburg, where from 1903 he studied at the gymnasium on Vasilyevsky Island. When his father died in 1910, the boy returned to his grandmother again.
Inventor of the telegraph. The name of the inventor of the telegraph is forever inscribed in history, since Schilling's invention made it possible to transmit information over long distances.
The apparatus made it possible to use radio and electrical signals that traveled through the wires. The need to transmit information has always existed, but in the 18-19 centuries. in the face of growing urbanization and the development of technology, data sharing has become relevant.
This problem was solved by the telegraph, the term from the ancient Greek language was translated as "to write far away."
Emily Khristianovich Lenz is a famous Russian scientist.
From the school bench, we are all familiar with the Joule-Lenz law, which establishes that the amount of heat released by the current in the conductor is proportional to the current strength and the resistance of the conductor.
Another well-known law is the "Lenz's rule", according to which the induction current always moves in the opposite direction to the action that generated it.
early years
The original name of the scientist is Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz. He was born in Dorpat (Tartu) and was a Baltic German by origin.
His brother Robert Khristianovich became a famous orientalist, and his son, also Robert, followed in his father's footsteps and became a physicist.
Trediakovsky Vasily is a man with a tragic fate. So it was fate that two nuggets lived in Russia at the same time - and Trediakovsky, but one will be treated kindly and remain in the memory of posterity, and the second will die in poverty, forgotten by everyone.
From schoolboy to philologist
In 1703, on March 5, Vasily Trediakovsky was born. He grew up in Astrakhan in a poor family of a clergyman. A 19-year-old boy went to Moscow on foot to continue his studies at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
But he stayed in it for a short time (2 years) and without regret left to replenish his baggage of knowledge in Holland, and then to France - to the Sorbonne, where, suffering need and hunger, he studied for 3 years.
Here he participated in public disputes, comprehended mathematical and philosophical sciences, was a student of theology, studied French and Italian abroad.
"Father of Satan", academician Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, was born on 10/25/1911 in the village. Zyryanov, Irkutsk region, came from a family of descendants of convict settlers. At the end of the 6th grade (1926), Mikhail leaves for Moscow - to his older brother Konstantin, who studied there. When I was in the 7th grade, I did a part-time job, delivering stacks of newspapers - orders from a printing house. At the end of the FZU, he worked in a factory and at the same time studied at the workers' faculty.
MAI student. The beginning of a professional career
In 1931, he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute with a degree in aircraft engineering, and graduated in 1937. While still a student, Mikhail Yangel settled in the Polikarpov Design Bureau, later, his supervisor to defend his graduation project: “High-altitude fighter with a pressurized cabin ". Having started his work at the Polikarpov Design Bureau as a designer of the 2nd category, ten years later M.K. Yangel was already a leading engineer, engaged in the development of projects for fighters of new modifications.
February 13, 1938, M.K. Yangel, as part of a group of Soviet specialists in the field of aircraft construction of the USSR, visits the United States - for the purpose of a business trip. It is worth noting that the 30s of the twentieth century was a fairly active period in the cooperation between the USSR and the USA, and not only in the field of mechanical engineering and aircraft building, in particular, small arms were purchased (in rather limited quantities) - Thompson submachine guns and Colt pistols.
Scientist, founder of the theory of helicopter engineering, doctoral technical sciences, Professor Mikhail Leontievich Mil, winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor.
Childhood, education, youth
Mikhail Leontiev was born on November 22, 1909 - in the family of a railway employee and a dentist. Before settling in the city of Irkutsk, his father, Leonty Samuilovich, searched for gold for 20 years, working in the mines. Grandfather, Samuil Mil, settled in Siberia at the end of a 25-year naval service. From childhood, Mikhail showed versatile talents: he loved to draw, was fond of music and easily mastered foreign languages, was engaged in an aircraft modeling circle. At the age of ten, he participated in the Siberian aircraft modeling competition, where, having passed the stage, Mishin's model was sent to the city of Novosibirsk, where she received one of the prizes.
Mikhail graduated from elementary school in Irkutsk, after which, in 1925, he entered the Siberian Institute of Technology.
A.A. Ukhtomsky is an outstanding physiologist, scientist, researcher of the muscular and nervous systems, as well as sensory organs, laureate of the Lenin Prize and a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Childhood. Education
The birth of Alexei Alekseevich Ukhtomsky took place on June 13 (25), 1875 in the small town of Rybinsk. There he spent his childhood and youth. This Volga city forever left in the soul of Alexei Alekseevich the warmest and most tender memories. He proudly called himself Volgar throughout his life. When the boy graduated from elementary school, his father sent him to Nizhny Novgorod and identified in the local cadet corps. The son obediently finished it, but military service was never the ultimate dream of a young man who was more attracted to such sciences as history and philosophy.
Fascination with philosophy
Ignoring military service, he went to Moscow and entered the theological seminary in two faculties at once - philosophical and historical. Deeply studying philosophy, Ukhtomsky began to think a lot about the eternal questions about the world, about man, about the essence of being. Eventually philosophical mysteries led him to study the natural sciences. As a result, he settled on physiology.
A.P. Borodin is known as an outstanding composer, the author of the opera "Prince Igor", the symphony "Bogatyrskaya" and other musical works.
He is much less known as a scientist who made an invaluable contribution to science in the field of organic chemistry.
Origin. early years
A.P. Borodin was illegitimate son 62-year-old Georgian prince L.S. Genevanishvili and A.K. Antonova. He was born on October 31 (November 12), 1833.
He was recorded as the son of the serf servants of the prince - the spouses Porfiry Ionovich and Tatyana Grigoryevna Borodin. Thus, for eight years the boy was listed in his father's house as a serf. But before his death (1840), the prince gave his son free, bought him and his mother Avdotya Konstantinovna Antonova a four-story house, after marrying her to the military doctor Kleineke.
The boy, in order to avoid unnecessary rumors, was presented as the nephew of Avdotya Konstantinovna. Since Alexander's origin did not allow him to study at the gymnasium, he studied at home all the subjects of the gymnasium course, in addition to German and French having received an excellent home education.
