Student-centered approach in the educational process
According to the educational standards of preschool education, which define the goal of preschool education as the versatile development and socialization of a pupil of early and preschool age in accordance with his age and individual capabilities, abilities and needs, the emphasis is on creating conditions for the socialization and self-development of the personality of pupils, for the development of their creative abilities , their inclusion in various types of children's activities, to foster a culture of safe life, to achieve the quality of preschool education. The implementation of the directions outlined in the educational standard involves the construction of the educational process, taking into account the types of children's activities, forms of organization of the educational process based on a student-centered approach.
In pedagogy and pedagogical psychology, various attempts have been made to determine the essence of the personality-oriented approach (E.V. Bondarevskaya, V.P. Serikov, I.S. Yakimanskaya, A.A. Pligin).
By definition, a student-centered approach is a methodological orientation in pedagogical activity, which allows, through reliance on a system of interrelated concepts, ideas and methods of action, to ensure and support the processes of self-knowledge, self-building and self-realization of the child's personality, the development of his unique individuality.
Let's consider the main provisions of the personality-oriented approach. The absence of these provisions or a misunderstanding of their meaning makes it difficult or even impossible for the conscious and purposeful application of the considered approach in practice.
All people are different. Everyone has their own life, with their own characteristics, their own experience. Therefore, it is necessary to accept the other as he is - this is an assertion of the right to freedom of choice, both for another person and for oneself
Each person is unique, unrepeatable. It is very important how a person treats himself. How, on the basis of what criteria a person communicates with himself, his behavior in communication with other people depends.
Every person is beautiful in their personal potential. All people have abilities and innate inclinations that can either develop and improve in the process of becoming a person, or level out and fade away if, for various reasons, they turn out to be unclaimed.
Personal development is the removal of fetters and fetters from its personal potential. This principle means that one must love all children, affirming the unique existence of each, helping to remove everything that prevents him from revealing his capabilities.
You can not condemn a person, you can condemn his act. An act is not yet a person himself, since it often depends on the conditions in which it is performed.
In pedagogical practice, the main principles for building an educational student-centered process are defined:
The principle of self-actualization. In every child there is a need to update their intellectual, communicative, artistic and physical abilities. It is important to encourage and support the child's desire to manifest and develop their natural and socially acquired abilities.
The principle of individuality. Creating conditions for the formation of the individuality of the personality of the child and the teacher is the main task of the institution. It is necessary not only to take into account the individual characteristics of a child or an adult, but also to promote their further development in every possible way.
The principle of subjectivity. Individuality is inherent only to those who really have subjective powers and skillfully use them in building activities, communication and relationships. It is necessary to help the child to become a true subject of life in the group, to contribute to the formation and enrichment of his subjective experience. The intersubjective nature of interaction should be dominant in the process of education.
The principle of choice. Without choice, the development of individuality and subjectivity, self-actualization of the child's abilities is impossible. It is pedagogically expedient for the child to live and be brought up in conditions of constant choice, to have subjective powers in choosing the purpose, content, forms and methods of organizing the educational process.
The principle of creativity and success. Individual and collective creative activity allows you to determine and develop the individual characteristics of the child. Thanks to creativity, the child reveals his abilities, learns about the “strengths” of his personality. Achieving success in one or another type of activity contributes to the formation of a positive self-concept of the child's personality.
The principle of trust and support. A decisive rejection of the ideology and practice of the authoritarian educational process inherent in the pedagogy of the violent formation of the child's personality. It is important to enrich the arsenal of pedagogical activity with humanistic personality-oriented technologies of education and upbringing. Faith in the child, trust in him, support for his aspirations for self-realization and self-affirmation should replace excessive demands and excessive control. Not external influences, but internal motivation determines the success of the child's education and upbringing.
The implementation of the principles of a student-centered approach in the educational process involves the purposeful use of concepts: differentiation, individualization, individual approach, subject-personal approach, multi-level approach.
Differentiation - this division, the distribution of children into different groups, subgroups, depending on a certain criterion for creating optimal conditions for the development and self-development of the potential capabilities of each child's personality.
The terms "differentiated learning", "differentiated approach", "individualization of learning" are directly related to the concept of "differentiation".
Differentiated learning - this is a system for selecting content, methods, techniques that ensure the implementation of the educational process in accordance with the age, level of learning and intellectual development of pupils. A differentiated approach should be considered as the study of individual personality characteristics and interpersonal relationships of children directly in the learning process.
The concept of "individualization" can be considered as a synonym for the term "differentiation". Based on the principle of an individual approach, it can be said that individualization of learning - this is the process of taking into account and developing the individual psychological characteristics of pupils in all forms and methods of the education system.
Multilevel approach- orientation to a different level of complexity of the program material available to the child.
Differentiated Approach- allocation of groups of children on the basis of external (more precisely, mixed) differentiation: according to knowledge, abilities, type of educational institution.
Individual approach distribution of children into homogeneous groups: academic performance, abilities, social (professional) orientation.
Subject-personal approach- attitude to each child as uniqueness, dissimilarity, originality. In the implementation of this approach, firstly, the work must be systematic, covering all levels of education. Secondly, a special educational environment is needed in the form of organizing conditions for the manifestation of the individual selectivity of each child, its stability, without which it is impossible to talk about a cognitive style. Thirdly, we need a teacher who understands and shares the goals and values of student-centered education.
Thus, a student-centered approach is a type of interaction in which the personality of the teacher and the personality of the child act as subjects; the purpose of education is the development of the personality of the child, his individuality and originality; in the process of interaction, children are given the freedom to choose an activity, a method of activity, material, an activity partner; Every child is created a situation of success.
Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution
higher professional education Saratov State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky
PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE
FACULTY OF PEDAGOGY, PSYCHOLOGY
AND PRIMARY EDUCATION
Department of Pedagogy of Primary and Preschool Education
PERSON-ORIENTED APPROACH AS AN IMPORTANT CONDITION FOR THE EFFICIENCY OF THE LEARNING PROCESS
Thesis
Student ____________
scientific adviser
Head department
Saratov 2008
CONTENTS
Introduction
1. Theoretical foundations of student-centered learning
1.1. The history of the "personal component" of education in Russian pedagogy
1.2. Models of student-centered pedagogy
1.3. The concept of student-centered learning
2. Implementation of a student-centered approach in teaching younger students
2.1. Features of student-centered technologies
2.2. Personally-oriented lesson: technology of conducting.
3. Experimental work on the application of a student-centered approach in teaching younger students
3.1. Conditions for the formation of experience
3.2. Diagnosis of personal characteristics of students (stating the stage of experimental work)
3.3. Approbation of an experimental model of the influence of a student-centered approach on the effectiveness of the learning process (formative stage)
3.4. Generalization of the results of experimental work
Conclusion
Bibliography
Annex A. Assessment of the level of school motivation
Appendix B. Diagnostics of mental development
Appendix B. Diagnostics of cognitive processes
Appendix D. Diagnostic study of the student's personality
Appendix D. Presentation of the lesson “Minerals. Oil"
Appendix E. Lesson summary "Minor member of the sentence - definition"
INTRODUCTION
The scientific foundations of the modern concept of education are classical and modern pedagogical and psychological approaches - humanistic, developing, competence-based, age-related, individual, active, personality-oriented.
The first three approaches answer the question what is the purpose of education. The current general (school) education serves mainly the familiarization of a growing person with knowledge and is very weakly oriented towards the life and professional self-determination of a growing personality. It is necessary that the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities should not be the goal of education, but a means of realizing its main - developing goals, so that the content of education gives an adequate worldview picture, equips it with the necessary information for building life and professional plans. These provisions correspond to the humanistic approach, which puts the person at the center of education. One of the leading goals of education is the formation of personality competence - readiness for self-realization and the implementation of socially demanded activities and communication.
Personal and individual approaches concretize the humanistic, answering the question of what to develop. An answer to this question can be formulated as follows: it is necessary to develop and form not a single set of qualities oriented towards the state interests, which constitutes an abstract "graduate model", but to identify and develop the student's individual abilities and inclinations. In this case, the task of the school is to create conditions favorable for the fullest possible disclosure and development of individuality. This is an ideal, but it must be remembered that education must take into account both individual abilities and inclinations, and the social order for the production of specialists and citizens. Therefore, it is more expedient to formulate the task of the school as follows: the development of individuality, taking into account social requirements and requests for the development of its qualities, which essentially implies a social-personal, or rather, cultural-personal model of education orientation.
In accordance with the personality-oriented approach, the success of the implementation of this model is ensured through the development and development of an individual style of activity, formed on the basis of individual characteristics.
The active approach answers the question of how to develop. Its essence lies in the fact that abilities are manifested and developed in activity. At the same time, according to the personality-oriented approach, the greatest contribution to the development of a person is made by the activity that corresponds to his abilities and inclinations, on the one hand, and on the other hand, according to the age and activity approaches, the greatest contribution to the development of a person at each age is made by his inclusion in the leading type of activity, different for each age period.
The normative and conceptual federal documents enshrine the above scientific foundations and lay down the organizational principles for their implementation. The implementation of these ideas is student-centered education and, in particular, the profiling of the senior level of the school, as a way to concretize this approach.
The concept of modernization of Russian education for the period up to 2010 (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated February 11, 2002 No. 393) emphasizes that a system of specialized training (profile training) in the senior classes of a general education school, focused on the individualization of education and the socialization of students, should be worked out. The need is emphasized to work out and introduce a flexible system of education profiles in high school, including through cooperation of the senior school with institutions of primary, secondary and higher professional education. The demand is put forward for the flexibility of programs and their adaptation to the inclinations and abilities of students.
The need of modern society for harmoniously developed, active, independent, creative people determines the modern transition to a new, personality-oriented educational pagadigm.
Personally-oriented education is the format of education today, which will allow us to consider education as a resource and mechanism for social development.
At the same time, it is possible to talk about the orientation towards the student's personality in the modern practice of a mass school only in rare cases. The essence of a person-centered approach is still the subject of controversy between theorists and practitioners. The contradiction between the need to apply student-centered learning in elementary school and the insufficient development of its theoretical foundations in school determined the relevance of our study and determined the choice of topic.
The object of study of this thesis is student-centered learning.
The subject of the research is the theory and practice of organizing a student-centered approach in teaching younger students.
Hypothesis - a student-centered approach in the learning process will be effective if:
The subjective experience of students will be identified and used;
Conditions will be created for the implementation of the differentiation of education;
Pedagogical analysis and assessment of the procedural side of the student's work will be carried out along with the productive one through the identification of individual abilities of educational work as stable personal formations;
Communication between the teacher and the student will have a dialogic character, represent an exchange of experience in cognition and creativity in the absence of strict and direct control of the cognitive activity of students;
All subjects of education will be included in the learning process;
There will be a systematic development of students' skills to reflect their activities.
The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the student-centered approach in theory and its implementation in practice.
In accordance with the goal of the study and to test the hypothesis put forward, the following tasks were identified:
To study the theoretical literature on the research problem;
Define the concepts of "personality-oriented approach", "personality", "individuality", "freedom", "independence", "development", "creativity";
Get acquainted with modern personality-oriented technologies;
To identify the features of a student-oriented lesson, to get acquainted with the technology of its implementation;
Empirically, i.e. deliberately making changes to the pedagogical process, to test the effectiveness of a student-centered approach in teaching younger students.
To solve the tasks and test the initial assumptions, we used the following methods: the study and analysis of psychological, pedagogical, methodological literature; observation; questioning; sociometry; conversation; study of performance results; experiment.
The basis of the experimental work was: MOU "Secondary School No. 5 of the city of Ershov". Primary school teacher Elena Eduardovna Butenko took part in the implementation of the experimental program.
The study was conducted over two years, starting from the 2006-2007 academic year, in several stages.
At the first stage (stating) the students' personal characteristics were diagnosed.
At the second stage (formative), an experimental model of the influence of a student-centered approach on the effectiveness of the learning process was tested.
At the third stage, the results of the experimental work were processed, analysis, generalization and systematization were carried out.
The thesis consists of an introduction, three main sections, a conclusion, a list of sources used, an application.
In the first section "Theoretical foundations of student-centered learning" we talk about the history of the emergence and development of the "personal component" of education in Russian pedagogy. From a methodological point of view, we dwell on the approach of I.S. Yakimanskaya to the classification of models of student-centered pedagogy, reveal the essence of student-centered learning.
In the second section "Implementation of a student-centered approach in teaching younger students" we consider the features of modern student-centered technologies, general approaches to the organization of student-centered learning and dwell on the technology of conducting a student-centered lesson, comparing it with a lesson in a traditional education system.
In the third section "Experimental and pedagogical work of an experimental nature on the use of a student-centered approach in teaching younger students" we consider the diagnostic methods used by the teacher in the course of experimental work to identify the initial level of development of the cognitive sphere, school motivation, schoolchildren's learning, we state the results. We reveal the content of experimental work, a statement of the results of pedagogical research is carried out.
The list of sources used includes 58 titles of books and articles on the research problem.
1. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE ORGANIZATION OF PERSONALLY-ORIENTED LEARNING
1.1 The history of the "personal component" of education in Russian pedagogy
At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the ideas of free education, the “first version” of individually oriented pedagogy, gained some distribution in Russia. At the origins of the Russian version of the school of free education was L.N. Tolstoy. It was he who developed the theoretical and practical foundations of free education and upbringing. In the world, according to him, everything is organically interconnected and a person needs to realize himself as an equivalent part of the world, where “everything is connected with everything”, and where a person can find himself only by realizing his spiritual and moral potential. Free education was represented by L.N. Tolstoy as a process of spontaneous disclosure of the high moral qualities inherent in children - with the careful help of a teacher. He did not, like Rousseau, consider it necessary to hide the child from civilization, to artificially create freedom for him, to educate the child not at school, but at home. He believed that at school, in the classroom, with special teaching methods, it is possible to realize free education. The main thing at the same time is not to create a “compulsory spirit of an educational institution”, but to strive to ensure that the school becomes a source of joy, learning new things, and familiarizing with the world (See about this: Gorina, Koshkina, Yaster, 2008).
Despite the lack of individual freedom in Russia, the orientation of the Russian version of the school of free education was initially subject-oriented, i.e. content was associated with the idea of human self-determination in all areas of life.
Nevertheless, the “theoretical basis” of Russian pedagogy of that time was Christian anthropology “multiplied” by the philosophy of “Russian existentialism” (Vl. Solovyov, V. Rozanov, N. Berdyaev, P. Florensky, K. Wentzel, V. Zenkovsky and others .), which largely determined the face of practical pedagogy and to the same extent “limited” the implementation of the ideas of free education in a “pure” form (N. Alekseev 2006: 8)
Being proclaimed and designated, partially even tested, the idea of a school of free education did not become widespread in Russia at the beginning of the century.
In Soviet didactics, the problems of "personally oriented learning" were posed and solved in different ways at the level of theory and practice. Attitudes to take into account the personality factor in ideology were accompanied by the consideration of the student's personality as a means of forming a certain "cog" of the system in the practice of teaching. The target setting of training was as follows: “... to teach to think independently, to act collectively, in an organized manner, to be aware of the results of their actions, developing maximum initiative, amateur performance” (N.K. Krupskaya; cited by: Alekseev 2006: 28). In the scientific works of that time, one can clearly see the installations for individually-oriented learning and, at the same time, for the formation of strong and specific ZUNs. From the position of today, it can be definitely stated that the economic, political situation of the country, its ideology quite quickly and unequivocally "pushed" pedagogy to the choice in favor of ZUNs.
A new stage in the development of Soviet didactics, which is usually associated with the 1930s and 1950s, is characterized by a certain change in emphasis in "personality-oriented" issues. The very idea of forming the independence of students, taking into account their individuality and age in the organization of education continues to be declared, but the task of equipping students with a system of scientific, subject knowledge comes to the fore. The requirement to take into account the personal factor was reflected in the formulation of the principle of consciousness and activity during this period as one of the main didactic principles. The effectiveness of the teacher's work was assessed by the nature of the students' progress, and the progress was assessed to a greater extent by the ability of the students to reproduce what they had learned. This, of course, did not mean that teachers refused to develop creativity and independence of students, but in the formation of these qualities, the teacher led them along the right path to a certain, in modern terms, subject standard. The "self", "uniqueness" of the student was partially hidden behind the attitudes towards the formation of certain ZUNs. The concept of “personal development” at that time was “blurred” to such an extent that this process begins to be identified with any change in personality, including the accumulation of knowledge.
The next period in the development of domestic didactics - the 60s - 80s - is associated with an in-depth study of the problem of "training and development". A characteristic feature of the development of didactics in this period should be considered the study of the learning process as an integral phenomenon. If in previous periods the main attention was paid to the study of individual components of the learning process - methods, forms, etc., now the tasks of revealing the driving forces of the educational process have come to the fore. This was facilitated by research in the field of educational psychology. P.Ya. Galperin, V.V. Davydova, D.B. Elkonina, L.V. Zankova and others significantly expanded the horizons of ideas about the cognitive abilities of students. In didactics, a “theoretically formalized” idea appears about the need to describe the content of education in terms of changing the subject of learning. In studies and scientific works, the interdependent nature of the organization of the content and structure of personality traits is emphasized. The attention of the didactics of this period to the personality of the student is clearly traced. Attempts are being made to determine the essence of independent work of students, to classify the types of independent work.
Apart from the studies of the period under review, there are studies and practical search for innovative teachers (Sh.A. Amonashvili, I.P. Volkov, E.N. Ilyin, S.N. Lysenkova, V.F. Shatalov, etc.). Some of them focused more on the instrumental side of students' activities, which involves a kind of technology for taking into account the individual psychological characteristics of the individual, others on their personal development. But the system-forming factor for their work has always been the INTEGRITY of the student. And even if not everyone was able to eventually conceptualize their approaches, without their innovative search, the content of the next stage would be completely different.
From the end of the 80s, the next stage in the development of didactic domestic thought began. This is our modernity and it is still difficult to assess, but, nevertheless, it is possible to identify its most characteristic features.
First, the current period characterizes the desire of researchers to integrate different approaches. The period of “booms” of either problematic, programmed, or developmental learning has passed (when this concept is identified either with the system of D.B. Elkonin - V.V. Davydov, or with the system of L.V. Zankov).
Secondly, in the process of integrating various approaches, a system-forming factor was clearly identified - the unique and unrepeatable personality of the student.
Recently, the first works of a methodological nature have appeared, where the problems of student-centered learning are discussed in sufficient detail. We are talking about the works of Sh.A. Amonashvili "Pedagogical Symphony"; V.V. Serikov “Personal approach in education; concept and technology”, I.S. Yakimanskaya "Person-centered learning in modern school" and others.
Thirdly, the current stage in the development of didactics characterizes an increased interest in learning technology. Increasingly, pedagogical technology is interpreted as the author's system of pedagogical work, and is not identified with a unified set of methods and forms.
Fourthly, the interest of didactics in the personality of the student pushes it to consider the life path of the individual as a whole and, in this sense, focuses on the development of a unified methodology for organizing the developing environment, including preschool education and post-school education in its various versions.
This, in brief, is the history of the "personality component" of learning.
1.2 Models of student-centered pedagogy
From a methodological point of view, it is convenient to use the approach of I.S. Yakimanskaya, who believes that all "existing models of student-centered pedagogy can be divided into three groups: socio-pedagogical, subject-didactic, psychological" (Yakimanskaya I.S. 1995).
The socio-pedagogical model realized the requirements of society, which formulated the social order for education: to educate a personality with predetermined properties. Society, through all existing educational institutions, formed a typical model of such a person. The task of the school was, first of all, to ensure that each student, as they grow up, would correspond to this model, be its specific carrier. At the same time, the personality was understood as a certain typical phenomenon, an “averaged” variant, as a carrier and exponent of mass culture. Hence the basic social requirements for the individual: the subordination of individual interests to the public: obedience, collectivism, etc.
The educational process was focused on creating the same learning conditions for everyone, under which everyone achieved the planned results (universal ten-year education, “fight” against repetition, isolation of children with various mental development disorders, etc.)
The technology of the educational process was based on the idea of pedagogical management, formation, correction of the personality "from the outside", without sufficient consideration and use of the subjective experience of the student himself as an active creator of his own development (self-education, self-education)
Figuratively speaking, the direction of such technology can be described as "I'm not interested in what you are now, but I know what you should become, and I will achieve this." Hence the authoritarianism, the uniformity of programs, methods, forms of education, the global goals and objectives of general secondary education: the upbringing of a harmonious, comprehensively developed personality.
The subject-didactic model of personality-oriented pedagogy, its development is traditionally associated with the organization of scientific knowledge in the system, taking into account their subject content. This is a kind of subject differentiation that provides an individual approach to learning.
Knowledge itself served as a means of individualization of learning, and not their specific carrier - a developing student. Knowledge was organized according to the degree of their objective difficulty, novelty, the level of their integration, taking into account rational methods of assimilation, “portions” of material presentation, the complexity of its processing, etc. Didactics was based on subject differentiation, aimed at identifying: 1) the student's preferences for working with material of different subject content; 2) interest in its in-depth study; 3) the orientation of the student to engage in various types of subject (professional) activities.
The technology of subject differentiation was based on taking into account the complexity and volume of educational material (tasks of increased or reduced difficulty).
For subject differentiation, optional courses, programs of special schools (language, mathematics, biology) were developed, classes were opened with in-depth study of certain academic subjects (their cycles): humanitarian, physical and mathematical, natural sciences; conditions were created for mastering various types of subject-professional activities (polytechnic school, CPC, various forms of combining education with socially useful work).
The organized forms of variant education, of course, contributed to its differentiation, but the educational ideology did not change. The organization of knowledge in scientific areas, the level of their complexity (programmed, problem-based learning) was recognized as the main source of a student-centered approach to the student.
Subject differentiation set normative cognitive activity, taking into account the specifics of the scientific field of knowledge, but was not interested in the origins of the life of the student himself, as the bearer of subjective experience, his individual readiness, preferences for the subject content, type and form of the knowledge being assigned. As studies in this area show, the subject selectivity of the student develops long before the introduction of differentiated forms of education and is not a direct product of their impact. Differentiation of learning through its forms is necessary for optimal pedagogical support for the development of individuality, and not for its initial formation. In these forms, it does not arise, but is only realized.
It should be emphasized that subject differentiation, according to I.S. Yakimanskaya “does not affect spiritual differentiation, i.e. national, ethnic, religious, ideological differences, which largely determines the content of the subjective experience of the student” (Yakimanskaya I.S. 1995). And in the subjective experience, both objective and spiritual meanings are presented that are important for the development of the individual. Their combination in teaching is not a simple task, yet not solved within the framework of a subject-didactic model.
Until recently, the psychological model of student-centered pedagogy has been reduced to the recognition of differences in cognitive abilities, understood as a complex mental formation, due to genetic, anatomical, physiological, social causes and factors in their complex interaction and mutual influence.
In the educational process, cognitive abilities are manifested in learning, which is defined as an individual ability to acquire knowledge.
1.3 The concept of student-centered learning
Student-centered learning (LOO) is a kind of learning that puts the child's originality, his self-worth, and the subjectivity of the learning process at the forefront.
In pedagogical works devoted to the issues of this kind of education, it is usually opposed to the traditional, learning-oriented person, considered as a set of certain social functions and an “implementer” of certain behaviors fixed in the social order of the school.
Student-centered learning is not just taking into account the characteristics of the subject of learning, it is a different methodology for organizing learning conditions, which involves not “accounting”, but “inclusion” of his own personal functions or the demand for his subjective experience.
The characteristic of subjective experience is given by A.K. Osnitsky, highlighting five interrelated and interacting components in it:
Value experience (associated with the formation of interests, moral norms and preferences, ideals, beliefs) - orients a person's efforts.
The experience of reflection - helps to link orientation with the rest of the components of subjective experience.
The experience of habitual activation - orients in one's own capabilities and helps to better adapt one's efforts to solving significant problems.
Operational experience - combines specific means of transforming situations and their capabilities.
The experience of cooperation - contributes to the unification of efforts, the joint solution of problems and implies a preliminary calculation for cooperation.
As for self-personal functions, the following are distinguished:
Motivating. The individual accepts and justifies his activity.
mediating. Personality mediates external influences and internal impulses of behavior; the personality from within does not let everything out, it restrains, it gives a social form.
Collision. Personality does not accept complete harmony, a normal, developed personality is looking for contradictions.
Critical. The personality is critical of any proposed means, that which is created by the personality itself, and not imposed from outside.
Reflective. Construction and retention in the mind of a stable image of "I".
Meaningful. Personality constantly refines, reconciles the hierarchy of meanings.
Orienting. A person strives to build a personality-oriented picture of the world, an individual worldview.
Ensuring the autonomy and stability of the inner world.
Creatively transformative. Creativity is a form of existence of a person. Outside of creative activity, there is very little personality; personality gives a creative character to any activity.
Self-realizing. A person seeks to ensure the recognition of his "I" by others.
The essence of LOO, in accordance with the above characteristics of personal functions, is revealed through the creation of conditions for their activation due to the personal experience of the subject of the study. The uniqueness of personal experience and its active nature are emphasized.
The purpose of personality-oriented education is to “lay in the child the mechanisms of self-realization, self-development, adaptation, self-regulation, self-defense, self-education and others necessary for the formation of an original personal image” (Alekseev N.A. 2006).
Functions of student-centered education:
Humanitarian, the essence, which consists in recognizing the inherent value of a person and ensuring his physical and moral health, understanding the meaning of life and an active position in it, personal freedom and the possibility of maximizing one's own potential. The means (mechanisms) for the implementation of this function are understanding, communication and cooperation;
Culture-creative (culture-forming), which is aimed at preserving, transmitting, reproducing and developing culture by means of education. The mechanisms for the implementation of this function are cultural identification as the establishment of a spiritual relationship between a person and his people, the adoption of his values as his own and building his own life taking them into account;
Socialization, which involves ensuring the assimilation and reproduction by the individual of social experience, necessary and sufficient for a person to enter the life of society. The mechanism for the implementation of this function is reflection, the preservation of individuality, creativity as a personal position in any activity and a means of self-determination.
The implementation of these functions cannot be carried out in the conditions of a command-administrative, authoritarian style of teacher-student relations. In student-centered education, a different position of the teacher is assumed:
An optimistic approach to the child and his future as the teacher's desire to see the prospects for the development of the child's personal potential and the ability to stimulate his development as much as possible;
Attitude towards the child as a subject of his own educational activity, as a person who is able to study not under compulsion, but voluntarily, at his own will and choice, and to show his own activity;
Reliance on the personal meaning and interests (cognitive and social) of each child in learning, promoting their acquisition and development.
The content of personality-oriented education is designed to help a person in building his own personality, determining his own personal position in life: to choose values that are significant for himself, to master a certain system of knowledge, to identify a range of scientific and life problems of interest, to master ways to solve them, to open the reflective world of his own “I and learn how to manage it.
The standard of education in the LOO system is not a goal, but a means that determines the directions and boundaries of the use of subject material as the basis for personal development at different levels of education. In addition, the standard performs the functions of harmonizing the levels of education and the corresponding requirements for the individual.
The criteria for the effective organization of student-centered learning are the parameters of personal development.
Thus, summarizing the above, we can give the following definition of student-centered learning:
“Person-centered learning” is a type of learning in which the organization of the interaction of learning subjects is focused to the maximum extent on their personal characteristics and the specifics of the person-subject modeling of the world” (Alekseev N.A. 2006).
2. IMPLEMENTATION OF A PERSON-ORIENTED APPROACH IN TEACHING YOUNGER SCHOOLCHILDREN
2.1 Technologies of a student-centered approach in education
The concept of "technology" comes from the Greek words "techno" - art, craftsmanship and "logos" - teaching, and is translated as the doctrine of skill.
Pedagogical technologies, if used correctly, guarantee the achievement of the minimum that is determined by state standards in education.
There are various classifications of pedagogical technologies in the scientific literature. The classification can be based on various features.
“One of the main features by which all pedagogical technologies differ is the degree of its orientation towards the child, the approach to the child. Either technology comes from the power of pedagogy, the environment, and other factors, or it recognizes the main character of the child - it is personally oriented” (Selevko G.K. 2005).
The term "approach" is more precise and more understandable: it has a practical meaning. The term "orientation" reflects mainly the ideological aspect.
The focus of personality-oriented technologies is the unique integral personality of a growing person who strives for the maximum realization of his capabilities (self-actualization), is open to the perception of new experience, and is capable of making a conscious and responsible choice in various life situations. The key words of personality-oriented education technologies are "development", "personality", "individuality", "freedom", "independence", "creativity".
Personality is the social essence of a person, the totality of his social qualities and properties that he develops in himself for life.
Development is a directed, regular change; as a result of development, a new quality arises.
Individuality - the unique originality of a phenomenon, a person; the opposite of the general, the typical.
Creativity is the process by which a product can be created. Creativity comes from the person himself, from within and is an expression of our entire existence.
Freedom is the absence of dependence.
Student-centered technologies are trying to find methods and means of education and upbringing that correspond to the individual characteristics of each child: they adopt psychodiagnostic methods, change the relationship and organization of children's activities, use a variety of teaching aids, and restructure the essence of education.
A student-centered approach is a methodological orientation in pedagogical activity, which allows, by relying on a system of interrelated concepts, ideas and methods of action, to provide and support the processes of self-knowledge, self-construction and self-realization of the child's personality, the development of his unique individuality.
The basis for organizing a student-centered approach in teaching is the conceptual provisions of psychologists about the dominant role of activity in communication and personality formation. Because of this, the educational process should be directed not only to the assimilation of knowledge, but also to the methods of assimilation and thinking processes, to the development of cognitive forces and creative abilities. We believe that, in accordance with this, the focus of education should be on the student, his goals, motives, interests, inclinations, his level of learning and abilities.
Today, in domestic pedagogy and pedagogical psychology, in our opinion, we can talk about the following pedagogical technologies focused on the personality of the student:
The system of developing education D.B. Elkonin - V.V., Davydov;
Didactic system of education L.V. Zankov;
The training system “according to Sh.A. Amonashvili";
School of Dialogue of Cultures V.S. Bibler;
The theory of systematic formation of mental actions and concepts P.Ya. Galperin - N.F. Talyzina;
Approaches to organizing the training of innovative teachers (I.P. Volkov, V.F. Shatalov, E.N. Ilyin, V.G. Khazankin; S.N. Lysenkova, etc.).
Conventionally, all these systems can be divided into two groups, the basis for the allocation of which is the level of their methodological elaboration: cultural or instrumental.
Culturological systems of education basically have some ideological or rather general specific scientific ideas about the essence of a person and the features of his entry into culture.
Instrumental systems at their core, as a rule, have one or another specific method found in practice and forming the basis of a certain pedagogical technology. Typologically, this can be represented as follows: (see Table 1)
Table 1
Typology of educational schools and approaches
These technologies have proven to be effective. They have become widespread because, firstly, in the conditions of the class-lesson system that still exists in our country, they most easily fit into the educational process, they may not affect the content of education, which is determined by the educational standard for the basic level. These are technologies that allow, when integrated into the real educational process, to achieve the goals set by any program, standard of education for each academic subject by other, alternative traditional methods, while maintaining the achievements of domestic didactics, pedagogical psychology, and private methods.
Secondly, these technologies ensure not only the successful assimilation of educational material by all students, but also the intellectual and moral development of children, their independence, goodwill towards the teacher and each other, communication skills, and the desire to help others. Rivalry, arrogance, authoritarianism, so often generated by traditional pedagogy and didactics, are incompatible with these technologies.
They require a change of priorities from the assimilation of ready-made knowledge in the course of classroom lessons to the independent active cognitive activity of each student, taking into account his characteristics and capabilities.
2.2 Student-centered lesson: technology of conducting
The lesson is the main element of the educational process, but in the system of student-centered learning, its function and form of organization change.
A student-oriented lesson, unlike a traditional one, first of all changes the type of interaction "teacher-student". From the command style, the teacher moves to cooperation, focusing on the analysis not so much of the results as of the procedural activity of the student. The position of the student changes - from diligent performance to active creativity, his thinking becomes different: reflective, that is, focused on the result. The nature of the relationships that develop in the classroom is also changing. The main thing is that the teacher should not only give knowledge, but also create optimal conditions for the development of the personality of students.
Table 2 presents the main differences between traditional and student-centered lessons.
table 2
| Traditional lesson | Student-centered lesson |
Goal setting. The lesson aims to equip students with solid knowledge, skills and abilities. The formation of personality is a consequence of this process and is understood as the development of mental processes: attention, thinking, memory. Children work during the survey, then “rest”, study at home or do nothing. The activity of the teacher: shows, explains, reveals, dictates, requires, proves, exercises, checks, evaluates. The central figure is the teacher. The development of the child is abstract, incidental! Student activity: the student is the object of learning, on which the influence of the teacher is directed. There is only one teacher - the children are often engaged in extraneous matters. They receive knowledge, skills and abilities at the expense of mental abilities (memory, attention), and more often pressure from the teacher, cramming, scandal in the family. Such knowledge quickly disappears. Relations "teacher-student" subject-object. The teacher demands, forces, threatens with tests and exams. The student adapts, maneuvers, sometimes teaches. The student is a secondary person. |
Goal setting. The goal is the development of the student, the creation of such conditions that at each lesson a learning activity is formed that turns him into a subject interested in learning, his own activity. Students work throughout the lesson. In the classroom there is a constant dialogue: teacher-student. The activity of the teacher: the organizer of educational activities in which the student, relying on joint developments, conducts an independent search. The teacher explains, shows, reminds, hints, leads to the problem, sometimes deliberately makes mistakes, advises, confers, prevents. The central figure is the student! The teacher, on the other hand, specifically creates a situation of success, empathizes, encourages, inspires confidence, systematizes, intrigues, forms the motives for teaching: encourages, inspires and consolidates the authority of the student. Student activity: the student is the subject of the teacher's activity. Activity comes not from the teacher, but from the child himself. Methods of problem-search and project-based learning, developing in nature, are used. The relationship "teacher - student" is subject-subjective. Working with the whole class, the teacher actually organizes the work of everyone, creating conditions for the development of the student's personal capabilities, including the formation of his reflective thinking and his own opinion. |
When preparing and conducting a student-centered lesson, the teacher must highlight the fundamental directions of his activity, highlighting the student, then the activity, defining his own position. Here is how it is presented in table 3.
Table 3
| Areas of activity of the teacher | Ways and means of implementation |
| 1. Appeal to the subjective experience of the student | a) Identifying this experience by asking questions: How did he do it? Why? What did you rely on? b) Organization through mutual verification and listening to the exchange of the content of subjective experience between students. c) Lead everyone to the right solution by supporting the most correct versions of students on the problem under discussion. d) Building new material on their basis: through statements, judgments, concepts. e) Generalization and systematization of the subjective experience of students in the lesson on the basis of contact. |
| 2. The use of a variety of didactic material in the lesson | a) The teacher's use of various sources of information. b) Encouraging students to perform problematic learning tasks. c) An offer to choose from tasks of various types, types and forms. d) Stimulation of students to choose such material that would correspond to their personal preferences. e) The use of cards describing the main educational activities and the sequence of their implementation, i.e. technological maps, based on a differentiated approach to each and constant control. |
| 3. The nature of pedagogical communication in the classroom. | a) Respectful and attentive listening to the respondent, regardless of his level of academic achievement. b) Addressing students by name. c) Conversation with children is not haughty, but “eye to eye”, supporting the conversation with a smile. d) Encouragement in the child of independence, self-confidence in answering. |
| 4. Activation of methods of educational work. | a) Encouraging students to use different ways of learning. b) Analysis of all the proposed ways, without imposing your opinion on the students. c) Analysis of the actions of each student. d) Identification of meaningful ways chosen by students. e) Discussion of the most rational ways - not good or bad, but what is positive in this way. f) Evaluation of both outcome and process. |
| 5. Pedagogical flexibility of the teacher in working with students in the classroom | a) Organization of the atmosphere of "involvement" of each student in the work of the class. b) Providing children with the opportunity to show selectivity in the types of work, the nature of the educational material, the pace of completing educational tasks. c) Creation of conditions that allow each student to be active, independent. d) Responsiveness to the student's emotions. e) Providing assistance to children who are not keeping up with the pace of the class. |
A student-centered approach to learning is unthinkable without identifying the subjective experience of each student, that is, his abilities and skills in learning activities. But children, as you know, are different, the experience of each of them is purely individual and has a variety of characteristics.
The teacher, when preparing and conducting a student-centered lesson, needs to know the characteristics of the subjective experience of students, this will help him choose rational techniques, means, methods and forms of work individually for each.
The purpose of the didactic material used in such a lesson is to work out the curriculum, to teach students the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities. Types of didactic material: educational texts, task cards, didactic tests. Tasks are developed by subject, by level of complexity, by purpose of use, by the number of operations on the basis of a multi-level differentiated and individual approach, taking into account the leading type of student's learning activity (cognitive, communicative, creative). This approach is based on the possibility of assessing the level of achievement in mastering knowledge, skills and abilities. The teacher distributes cards among students, knowing their cognitive features and capabilities, and not only determines the level of knowledge acquisition, but also takes into account the personal characteristics of each student, creating optimal conditions for his development by providing a choice of forms and methods of activity. Different types of didactic material do not replace, but complement each other.
The technology of student-centered learning involves the special design of the educational text, didactic and methodological material for its use, types of educational dialogue, forms of control over the student's personal development.
Pedagogy, focused on the personality of the student, should reveal his subjective experience and provide him with the opportunity to choose the methods and forms of educational work and the nature of the answers. At the same time, they evaluate not only the result, but also the process of their achievements.
Criteria for the effectiveness of a student-oriented lesson:
The teacher has a curriculum for conducting a lesson, depending on the readiness of the class;
Use of problematic creative tasks;
Application of knowledge that allows the student to choose the type, type and form of the material (verbal, graphic, conditionally symbolic);
Creating a positive emotional mood for the work of all students during the lesson;
Discussing with the children at the end of the lesson not only what “we learned”, but also what we liked (did not like) and why, what I would like to do again, but do it differently;
Encouraging students to choose and independently use different ways to complete tasks;
Evaluation (encouragement) when questioning in the lesson not only the correct answer of the student, but also an analysis of how the student reasoned, what method he used, why and what was wrong;
The mark given to the student at the end of the lesson should be argued on a number of parameters: correctness, independence, originality;
When doing homework, not only the topic and scope of the task are called, but it is explained in detail how to rationally organize your study work when doing homework.
3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON THE APPLICATION OF A PERSON-ORIENTED APPROACH IN TEACHING YOUNGER SCHOOLCHILDREN
3.1 Conditions for the formation of experience
The base of the experimental work was the secondary school No. 5 of the city of Ershov. Butenko Elena Eduardovna took part in the implementation of the experimental program. She has worked at the school since 1986. She graduated from the Tashkent Pedagogical Institute named after Nizami. Has the highest qualification category. In 2007, she took advanced training courses on the topic "Methodology, technology of the modern lesson (theory and practice)". In 2005 she became the winner of the district competition "Teacher of the Year", and in 2007 she was a finalist of the regional festival "Flight of Ideas and Inspiration", one of her lessons was published in the collection "The Best Lessons of Teachers of the Saratov Region" (2005). Developed and tested the program "Activation of cognitive activity of younger students in mathematics lessons using a rating system." Since 2006, he has been the head of the MO of primary school teachers.
In 2004, she scored 1st grade. Different levels of development of first-graders influenced the low ability of children to acquire knowledge. In this regard, the goal of the teacher's activity was the formation of cognitive abilities in younger students as the main mental neoplasms in the personality structure. This also became the basis for participation in experimental work on the introduction of a student-centered approach in the process of teaching younger students. Experimental work was carried out on the basis of the school from 2006-2007.
The position of the teacher
The basis for the education and upbringing of younger schoolchildren was a student-centered approach (CAP), which assumed not just taking into account the individual characteristics of students, but a fundamentally different strategy for organizing the educational process. The essence of which is to create conditions for the “launch” of intrapersonal mechanisms of personality development: reflection (development, arbitrariness), stereotyping (role position, value orientations) and personalization (motivation, “I am a concept”).
This approach to the student required the teacher to reconsider his pedagogical positions.
To implement the key ideas, the teacher set himself the following tasks:
Conduct a theoretical analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature on the subject of the current state of the problem;
Organize a stating experiment to diagnose the personal characteristics of students;
To test an experimental model of the influence of a student-centered approach on the effectiveness of the learning process.
The educational process was built on the basis of the School 2100 program.
3.2 Diagnosis of personal characteristics of students (stating the stage of experimental work)
At the time of the beginning of the experimental work on the introduction of a student-centered approach (September 2006), there were 13 students in the 3rd grade. Of these, 7 girls and 6 boys. All children are physically healthy.
With the help of a school psychologist, a psychological and pedagogical diagnosis was carried out in the classroom according to the following criteria:
Cognitive sphere of the child (perception, memory, attention, thinking);
Motivational sphere of students;
Emotional-volitional sphere (level of anxiety, activity, satisfaction);
Personal sphere (self-esteem, level of communication, value orientations);
As a result of a conversation with children and parents, a survey (Appendix A), and ranking, it was revealed that the majority of children (61%) have a high level of school motivation, this can be seen in the diagram below. The priority motives in educational activities are the motives of self-improvement and well-being. At the time of the study, children consider mathematics and physical education to be significant subjects for themselves.
Fig. 1. Level of school motivation
Psychological diagnostics of the cognitive sphere made it possible to identify the background level of mental development of students, to determine the level of development of such cognitive processes as attention and memory.
Using the diagnostics “Correction test with Landolt rings” (Appendix B), it was possible to establish that only four students (30%) have high productivity and attention stability, most children have average or low attention productivity and stability.
Using the pictogram technique of A.R. Luria (Appendix B), designed to study the individual typological characteristics of children, as well as the volume of logical and mechanical memory, it was possible to reveal the following: the majority of students reproduce the material offered for memorization incompletely and with significant distortions. This suggests that at the time of the study, memory productivity in most children is average. The amount of mechanical memory is much greater than the amount of logical memory.
The level of mental development and the assessment of the success of each child were determined using the methodology of E.F. Zambicevicene (Appendix B). Based on the calculation of the total score, it was found that two students (Eismont Evgeny, Platonova Daria) are at the highest - the fourth level of success. At the third level with an assessment of success (79.9-65%) there are six students, at the second three students and at the first level - the lowest, one student.
The teacher also revealed the level of development of cognitive activity of students.
The first (reproductive) - low level, included students who did not systematically, poorly prepared for classes. Students were distinguished by their desire to understand, remember, reproduce knowledge, master the methods of their application according to the model given by the teacher. The children noted a lack of cognitive interest in deepening knowledge, instability of volitional efforts, inability to set goals and reflect on their activities.
The second (productive) - the average level included students who systematically and sufficiently prepared for classes. Children sought to understand the meaning of the phenomenon being studied, to penetrate into its essence, to establish connections between phenomena and objects, to apply knowledge in new situations. At this level of activity, the students showed an episodic desire to independently search for an answer to a question that interested them. They observed a relative stability of volitional efforts in the desire to bring the work begun to the end, goal-setting and reflection together with the teacher prevailed.
The third (creative) - high level included students who always prepared well for classes. This level is characterized by a steady interest in the theoretical understanding of the phenomena being studied, in an independent search for solutions to problems arising as a result of educational activities. This is a creative level of activity, characterized by a deep penetration of the child into the essence of phenomena and their relationship, the desire to carry out the transfer of knowledge to new situations. This level of activity is characterized by the manifestation of the student's volitional qualities, a steady cognitive interest, the ability to independently set goals and reflect on their activities.
The results of the work carried out to study the level of development of cognitive activity are shown in the following diagram.
Fig.2. The level of development of cognitive activity of students in grade 3
In addition to studying the cognitive and motivational sphere of the child, the teacher had to study the interests and hobbies of students, relationships with peers, relatives and adults, character traits, and the emotional state of the child. Methods were used: “My portrait in the interior”, “10 of my “I”, “What is in my heart” (Appendix D) and others.
The information obtained by the teacher as a result of psychological and pedagogical diagnostics made it possible not only to assess the capabilities of a particular student at the current moment, but also made it possible to predict the degree of personal growth of each student and the entire class team.
Systematic monitoring of the results of diagnostics from year to year allows the teacher to see the dynamics of changes in the student's personal characteristics, to analyze the compliance of achievements with the planned results, leads to an understanding of the patterns of age development, and helps to assess the success of ongoing corrective measures.
3.3 Approbation of an experimental model of the influence of a student-centered approach on the effectiveness of the learning process (formative stage)
Since the definition of student-centered learning emphasizes the need to take into account the characteristics of its subjects, the problem of differentiation of children becomes relevant for the teacher.
In our opinion, differentiation is necessary for the following reasons:
Different starting opportunities for children;
Different abilities, and from a certain age and inclinations;
To provide an individual development trajectory.
Traditionally, differentiation was based on the “more-less” approach, in which only the amount of material offered to the student increased - the “strong” received the task more, and the “weak” - less. Such a solution to the problem of differentiation did not remove the problem itself and led to the fact that capable children were delayed in their development, and lagging behind could not overcome the difficulties that arose in them in solving educational problems.
To create favorable pedagogical conditions for the development of the student's personality, his self-determination and self-realization, the technology of level differentiation, which Elena Eduardovna Butenko developed and applied in her lessons, helped.
Let's summarize the methods of differentiation:
1. Differentiation of the content of educational tasks:
According to the level of creativity;
According to the level of difficulty;
By volume;
2. The use of different methods of organizing the activities of children in the classroom, while the content of the tasks is the same, and the work is differentiated:
According to the degree of independence of students;
By the degree and nature of assistance to students;
By the nature of learning activities.
The differentiated work was organized in different ways. Most often, students with a low level of success, which was determined by the method of E.F. Zambicevicene (Appendix B) and a low level of learning (according to the sample of the school) completed the tasks of the first level. Children practiced individual operations that are part of the skills and tasks based on the sample considered during the lesson. Students with an average and high level of success and learning - creative (complicated) tasks.
The teacher also practiced multi-level control tasks, thereby increasing the requirements for assessing the knowledge, skills and abilities of the student. With the same volume of material, a different level of requirements for its assimilation was established. Consistent voluntary choice by students of the level of assimilation of the material made it possible to form a cognitive need, skills of self-assessment, planning and regulation of their activities. In evaluating the work, Elena Eduardovna considered the main criterion to be personal, i.e. the degree of effort made by the child to complete the task, as well as the complexity of the tasks chosen.
Here is a fragment of the control work on the topic “Multiplication. Commutative property of multiplication"
Test
Objectives - to check the assimilation:
sense of multiplication
commutative property of multiplication
· mathematical terminology
First level
Take 9 twice
6 take nine times
8 times 9
9 times 3
9 increase 7 times
2. Fill in the missing numbers so that the equalities are correct.
17 4= 4 □ 0 15=15 □ 29 1=1 □
3. Find the meaning of expressions.
3 9 7 9 6 9 8 9 1 9 5 9
4. The broken line consists of three identical links of 4 cm each. Draw this broken line.
Second level
1. Insert signs:<, >, =.
9 2 □ 2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2+2
7 2 □ 2+2+2+2
3 9+9 □ 9 4
7 6 □ 7 3+7+7+7
2. Write down the expressions and calculate their values.
The first multiplier is 3, the second is 9
Product of numbers 9 and 5
8 increase by 9 times
8 increase by 9 times
3. The length of the broken line is written as 2 3 (cm). Draw this broken line.
Third level
1. Write expressions and calculate their values.
The product of the numbers 9 and 3 is reduced by 8
Decrease the sum of numbers 13 and 25 by 9
· The product of the numbers 9 and 5 increase by 17
2. Insert the missing action signs to get the correct equalities.
4 9=66 □ 30 7 9=70 □ 7
9 5=51□ 6 9 8=60 □ 12
3. The sum of the lengths of the sides of a square is written as 3 4 (cm). Make it a square.
The expansion of the subjective functions of students, as one of the indispensable conditions for a student-centered approach, suggested a different approach to goal setting in the lesson.
About 20% of school teachers, according to our survey, consider it unnecessary to indicate the goal in the classroom or limit themselves to its extremely general formulations (“learn”, “get to know”, etc.). This is wrong, first of all, from the point of view of students' reflection on the results of the lesson at the end of the lesson, which is an integral part of a student-centered approach.
Let us turn to the goal-setting methods that were used by the teacher.
At each lesson, the teacher tried to create an educational problem situation that would allow students to be introduced to the subject of the upcoming topic of the program. Elena Eduardovna used different techniques:
Setting a task for students, the solution of which is possible only on the basis of studying this topic;
Conversation (story) about the theoretical and practical significance of the upcoming topic of the program;
A story about how the problem was solved in the history of science. And it is very effective, according to the teacher, to start creating an educational problem situation with some practical work, and only after that raise a problematic question. This situation will be a powerful impetus to the beginning of intensive thinking. And the formulation of the main educational task was usually carried out by the teacher together with the children, as a result of the discussion of the problem situation. It should be noted that joint goal-setting took place not only at the beginning of the study of a large topic or section, but also at each lesson and even at different stages of the lesson.
Here are a few examples of goal setting:
The teacher organizes a group interview (survey of children) about the significance of the topic and the purpose of the lesson for studying the subject;
The teacher organizes a group interview about what the students know about the topic of the lesson and what else they would like to know.
These goal-setting methods enable the child to discover the motives for obtaining new knowledge. And this is an indispensable condition for the formation of value certainty and tolerance. In this way of goal-setting, the teacher provided the child with the opportunity to express his attitude to the content of education.
The goal-setting stage is closely related to the work carried out by the teacher to form positive motivation. The teacher understood well that motivation brings the purpose of the activity and the means of achieving it into line, determines the expediency and meaningfulness of actions in a holistic behavioral act of the individual. The strength of the motive is determined by the degree of significance of the activity performed; the intensity of the educational activity performed by children depends on it. The stronger the cognitive motivation of students, the more complex tasks they are able to solve.
In order to form positive motivation, questions were discussed in the classroom: why do you need to study this topic, what does studying it give you, why do you need to know this topic, etc.
The teacher was well aware that the content of the educational material is also of great importance for positive motivation. It should be quite accessible, should be based on the knowledge that children have and be based on them and on the life experience of children, but at the same time, the material should be quite complex and difficult. When preparing lessons, the teacher always took into account the nature of the needs of his students and thought out the content of the lesson in order to meet the needs of children and contribute to the emergence and development of new needs necessary for further educational activities.
The establishment of subject-subject relations as a condition for the model of student-centered learning led the teacher to the selection and testing of various forms of organization of learning in the course of a formative experiment. If the usual form of learning organization has limited opportunities to change the position of the student, since he is always in the position of the student, then non-traditional forms involve a variety of roles. The teacher assigned a special place in the lesson to the game, because. It has been proven that it is the game that is most suitable for organizing a student-centered approach and allows each student to take an active position, show personal knowledge, intellectual and communication skills.
In his work, the teacher paid special attention to the process of reflection, the assessment of the personality of one's "I", the development of objective self-esteem in children. At this stage of the experiment, we want to stop and consider the work experience in more detail.
Butenko Elena Eduardovna introduced into her practice lessons using a rating system for assessing knowledge, skills and abilities. In her lessons, each student could calculate their level of preparedness and activity, that is, their rating. The English word "rating" is translated quite roughly, meaning "assessment". Rating is an individual numerical indicator of a person's achievements in the classification list (Soviet Encyclopedia 1987).
Evaluation does not depend on the nature of the interpersonal relationship between the teacher and the student;
Ignorance is not punished, the process of cognition is stimulated;
The student is free to choose the strategy of his activity, since the assessments of the proposed activities are determined in advance.
Current - hourly control;
Intermediate - at the end of the quarter, studying the topic, section;
Final certification - at the end of the year.
The basis of control is a carefully revised training material. The teacher controls only the material that was studied in the classroom or at home. If the material was barely mentioned in the class and was not given for self-reinforcement, it cannot be checked.
In the lesson on the topic “Mineral Resources. Oil” (Appendix D), the teacher carried out the current control as follows. Each type of work is estimated by him in points, the children will learn about this at the beginning of the lesson from the table below.
Table 4
Table 5
Such a system allows students to find out their level, while there is no one to complain about the bias of control. The author believes that the use of elements of the rating system is appropriate for all lessons in elementary school.
Table 6
success sheet
This technique allows the teacher to accustom children to self-examination and introspection, use mutual verification, and also makes it possible to implement the principle of 100 percent feedback in classes with any occupancy.
3.4 Generalization of the results of experimental work
In order to test the effectiveness of a student-centered approach in teaching younger students, we planned work on conducting control sections, questioning, testing, etc., which made it possible to track and compare the dynamics of the changes that have occurred in terms of such parameters as motivation, the level of cognitive activity, quality performance.
The obtained results of the control sections made it possible to reflect the dynamics of the qualitative progress of students in the educational process and present it in comparison using the following figure.
Rice. 3. Indicators of the quality of knowledge of cross-sectional work at the beginning and end of the experiment
This diagram shows that in the course of the experimental work, the percentage of knowledge quality increased significantly compared to the data of the control sections at the beginning of the experiment. On average, the quality of knowledge in the class increased by 23%.
In addition to assessing the growth dynamics of qualitative academic performance, we compared the changes that have occurred within the motivational sphere. I would like to note that, according to the results of the survey, 93% of students by the end of their education in primary school have a high level of school motivation, which is 32% higher than the initial indicators. There have been changes in the very motivation of learning. If at the beginning of the study, the motives of self-improvement and well-being were priority for children, then at the end of the experimental work, the motive of cognition became the main one for most children.
The next indicator we focused on is the cognitive activity of students. Subject Olympiads held in the classroom, school and district helped to reveal the individual cognitive abilities of each student. In many ways, with their help, it was possible to develop not only interest in the subjects studied, but also arouse the desire to work independently with additional literature and other sources of information. In addition, preparation and participation in competitions influenced the development of students' personal characteristics: the desire for self-realization, planning skills, and self-control. This is confirmed by pedagogical observation, conversations with children and parents, and diagnostics. Each new Olympiad is a discovery of the potential of children.
Table 4
Results of participation in subject school Olympiads
From the table above, it can be seen that interest in participation in subject Olympiads has increased. The experience of such work shows that the use of tasks of increased difficulty, tasks of a creative type in the lesson is a stimulus for the development of interest in the subject, improves the intellectual and cognitive skills of schoolchildren, and contributes to a more conscious and deep mastery of educational material. The result of such a purposeful work of the teacher was the 3rd place of Eismont Evgeny at the regional Olympiad in the Russian language in the 4th grade (2007-2008 academic year).
We believe that the use of a student-centered approach in the classroom contributed to an increase in the level of cognitive activity of students. Most of the guys began to prepare for classes systematically and with sufficient quality.
The implementation of LLP in teaching made it possible to single out the student as a subject of educational activity; develop his intellectual and creative abilities to the level of individual capabilities. The development of these abilities provided not only erudition, versatility of thinking, independence of younger students, but also created favorable conditions for the development of personal qualities of children. Observations of the educational activity of children show that the most striking result was achieved in the development of such components as educational and cognitive interest, goal-setting, and reflection. Positive dynamics is observed in each student.
The results of our study allow us to draw the following conclusion: it has been experimentally proven that the use of a student-centered approach affects the effectiveness of the learning process. This is evidenced by the positive dynamics in the parameters that we have identified.
Of course, our study does not reveal all aspects of the problem of the influence of a student-centered approach on the effectiveness of the learning process of younger students, and therefore is not exhaustive. We consider a promising direction to substantiate the influence of a personality-oriented approach on other personality traits.
CONCLUSION
The dissatisfaction of many countries with the results of school education has led to the need to reform it. A comparative analysis of the training of students from 50 countries of the world showed that students from Singapore, South Korea, and Japan have the highest results. The results of Russian schoolchildren fall into the intermediate middle group. Moreover, non-traditional posing questions significantly reduces the level of their answers.
Based on the results of the study, some recommendations were made for reforming the education system:
Strengthening the practical orientation of the course content; the study of objects, phenomena, processes that surround students in their daily lives;
Changing the emphasis in educational activities aimed at the intellectual development of students by reducing the role of reproductive activity, increasing the weight of assignments for the application of knowledge to explain the surrounding phenomena.
It is possible to achieve the indicated goals only through student-centered education, because education focused on a certain average student, on the assimilation and reproduction of knowledge, skills and abilities, cannot meet the modern requirements of life. Thus, the main strategic direction in the development of the school education system in different countries of the world lies on the way to solving the problem of student-centered education. Such education, in which the personality of the student would be in the center of attention of the teacher, in which cognitive activity would be leading in the tandem teacher-student. So that the traditional paradigm of education teacher - textbook - student would be completely replaced by a new one: student - textbook - teacher. This is how the education system is built in the leading countries of the world.
Under the conditions of student-centered learning, the teacher acquires a different role, a different function in the educational process, no less significant than in the traditional system of education, but different. If under the traditional education system the teacher, together with the textbook, were the main and most competent sources of knowledge, and the teacher was also the controlling subject of knowledge, then under the new paradigm of education, the teacher acts more as an organizer of independent active, cognitive activity of students, a competent consultant and assistant .
Such an education system cannot be built from scratch. It originates in the depths of the traditional education system, the wisdom of folk and religious education, the works of philosophers, psychologists, and teachers.
In world practice, attempts have been repeatedly made to implement the ideas of student-centered learning, starting with the ideas of education of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Montessori, Ushinsky. Famous Soviet psychologists also spoke about the need to take into account the individual characteristics of the child: L.V. Vygotsky, P.Ya. Galperin and others. However, under the conditions of the classroom system, the dominance of the authoritarian style in pedagogy, it was absolutely impossible to implement these ideas in relation to each student.
The modern information technology society, or, as it is called, the post-industrial society, in contrast to the industrial society of the late 9th - mid-20th centuries, is much more interested in its citizens being able to independently, actively act, make decisions, adapt flexibly to changing conditions of life. That is why the main strategic direction in the development of school education lies on the path to solving the problem of student-centered learning.
Theoretical developments on this issue are reflected in the works of N.A. Alekseeva, A.S. Belkina, D.B. Elkonina, I.S. Yakimanskaya and others. However, we noticed that in the domestic literature insufficient attention is paid to the problems of creating and managing pedagogical systems that provide a student-centered approach in elementary school. Although it is the peculiarities of upbringing and education at the age of 7-10 that determine the trajectory of the development of the child's personality in the middle and senior levels of the school and his further professional development.
As noted above, student-centered learning largely depends on the personal characteristics of the participants in the educational process. When preparing and conducting such lessons, the role of didactic material increases significantly, which can vary significantly in different schools (depending on regional, national conditions, etc.) But, nevertheless, the lesson must necessarily include:
A set of techniques that allow for starting psychological and pedagogical diagnostics of personality development and compiling a class description;
Material that allows you to identify the student's subjective experience related to the topic being studied in the lesson; personal meaning of the studied; the mental state of the child in the classroom with subsequent correction; methods of educational work preferred by the student;
Material that allows you to maintain a high level of motivation during the lesson; conduct the presentation of new material as a joint discovery in the course of quasi-research activities, as well as taking into account the development of the sensory channels of each student; provide individual work to consolidate the studied material with the provision of a choice of the type and form of work and the level of its complexity; to instill in children the skills of teamwork; use the game form of activity in the lesson; stimulate self-development, self-education, self-expression; organize homework as an individual creative activity;
Material that allows the student to actively participate in the work in the lesson, regardless of the level of his preparation; to teach to identify and evaluate the ways of educational work of classmates and their own; learn to assess and correct their emotional state;
Material that allows the teacher to encourage students to use various methods of completing assignments; illustrate with vivid examples the possibility of multivariate task completion; timely assess the learning activity of the student and correct it.
Testing the effectiveness of such lessons, according to psychologists and teachers, is carried out through long-term (for 8 years) psychological and pedagogical studies of personality development in many ways. The data already obtained allow us to assert that such a construction of lessons activates the development of mental processes (by 10-15% compared to the traditional system of education); increases the level of formation of spelling and computational skills by 8-26%; improves the mental climate in the classroom by 15-29% and significantly increases the motivation for learning.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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APPENDIX A
ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF SCHOOL MOTIVATION
Questionnaire for determining the school motivation of primary school students:
Instruction to the subject: “I will ask you a question and offer three possible answers to it. You will tell me the chosen answer.
The experimenter makes a note of which answer the child chose.
1. Do you like school or not?
Not good
Like
I do not like
2. When you wake up in the morning, are you always happy to go to school or do you often feel like staying at home?
More like to stay at home
It's not always the same
I go with joy
3. If the teacher said that tomorrow it is not necessary for all students to come to school, if you wish you can stay at home, would you go to school or stay at home?
Would stay at home
I would go to school
4. Do you like it when you cancel some classes?
I do not like
It's not always the same
Like
5. Would you like to not be assigned homework?
I would like to
Wouldn't like
6. You would like to see only changes in school
Wouldn't like
I would like to
7. Do you often tell your parents about school?
I don't tell
8. Would you like to have another teacher?
I do not know for sure
Did not want
I would like to
9. Do you have many friends in your class?
No friends
Do you like your classmates?
Like
Not good
Do not like
Evaluation of the results: the child's answer, indicating his positive attitude towards school and his preference for learning situations, is estimated at 3 points, a neutral answer (I don’t know, it happens in different ways, etc.) is estimated at 1 point. The answer, which makes it possible to judge the negative attitude of the child to a particular school situation, is estimated at 0 points.
The maximum score is 30 points, and the level of 10 points serves as the boundary of disadaptation.
There are 5 main levels of school motivation:
25-35 points - high school motivation;
20-24 points - normal school motivation;
15-19 points - a positive attitude towards the school, but the school attracts more extracurricular activities.
10-14 points - low school motivation;
Below 10 points - negative attitude towards school, school maladjustment
APPENDIX B
DIAGNOSIS OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT
Methodology E.F. Zambicevicene to determine the level of mental development of children 7-9 years old consists of four subtests. It is advisable to conduct this test individually with the subject. This makes it possible to find out the reasons for the errors and the course of his reasoning with the help of additional questions. The samples are read aloud by the experimenter, while the child reads to himself at the same time.
Subtest 1.
Choose one of the words in brackets that correctly completes the sentence you started.
The boot has ... (lace, buckle, sole, straps, button).
Lives in warm lands ... (bear, deer, wolf, camel, seal).
In the year… (24, 3, 12, 4, 7) months.
The month of winter ... (September, October, February, November, March).
Water is always ... (clear, cold, liquid, white, tasty).
A tree always has ... (leaves, flowers, fruits, root, shadow).
City of Russia ... (Paris, Moscow, London, Warsaw, Sofia).
Time of day ... (month, week, year, day, century).
The largest bird ... (eagle, ostrich, peacock, crane, penguin).
When heated, the liquid evaporates ... (never, from time to time, sometimes, often, always).
Subtest 2.
Here in each line five words are written, of which four can be combined into one group and give it a name, and one word does not belong to this group. This "extra" word must be found and eliminated.
Tulip, lily, bean, chamomile, violet.
River, lake, sea, bridge, swamp.
Doll, teddy bear, sand, ball, shovel.
Kyiv, Kharkov, Moscow, Donetsk, Odessa.
Poplar, birch, hazel, linden, aspen.
Circle, triangle, quadrilateral, pointer, square.
Ivan, Peter, Nesterov, Makar, Andrey.
Chicken, rooster, swan, goose, turkey.
Number, division, subtraction, addition, multiplication.
Cheerful, fast, sad, tasty, careful.
Subtest 3.
Read these examples carefully. They contain the first pair of words that are in some connection with each other (for example: forest / tree). On the right - one word above the line (for example: library) and five words below the line (for example: garden, yard, city, theater, books). You need to choose one word out of five that is related to the word above the line (library) in the same way as it was done in the first pair of words: (forest / trees). So, you need to establish, firstly, what is the relationship between the words on the left, and then establish the same link on the right side.
Cucumber/vegetable = dahlia/weed, dew, garden, flower, earth
Teacher/student = doctor/kidney, sick. Chamber, patient, thermometer
Garden/carrot = garden/fence, apple tree, well, bench, flowers
Flower/Vase = bird/beak, seagull, nest, egg, feathers
Glove/hand = boot/stockings, sole, leather, foot, brush
Dark/light = wet/slippery, dry, warm, cold
Clock/time = thermometer/glass, temperature, bed, patient, doctor
Car/motor = boat/river, sailor, swamp, sail, wave
Chair/wood = needle/sharp, thin, shiny, short, steel
Table/tablecloth = floor/furniture, carpet, dust, board, nails
Subtest 4.
These pairs of words can be called one word, for example: trousers, dress - clothes; triangle, square - figures.
Come up with a name for each pair:
Broom, shovel -
Perch, crucian -
Summer Winter -
Day Night -
June July -
Tree, flower -
Elephant, ant -
Evaluation and interpretation of results
Subtest 1. If the answer to the first task is correct, the question is asked: “Why not a lace?”. After a correct explanation, the solution is estimated at 1 point, with an incorrect one - 0.5 points. If the answer is wrong, help is used, which consists in the fact that the child is invited to think and give another, correct answer. For the correct answer after the second attempt, 0.5 points are given. When solving subsequent tests, clarifying questions are not asked.
Subtest 2. With a correct explanation, 1 point is given, with an erroneous one - 0.5 points.
Subtest 3.4. The scores are the same as above.
The sum of points received for the performance of individual subtests and the total score for four subtests as a whole is calculated. (The data are entered into the protocol of the study). The maximum number of points that a subject can score for solving all four subtests is 40 (100% success rate). The assessment of success (OS) of solving subtests is determined by the formula:
OU \u003d X x 100%,
Where X is the sum of points received by the child.
Based on the total score, the level of success is determined:
4th level - 32 points or more (80-100% of the OS);
3rd level - 31.5-26.0 points (79.9-65% of the OS);
2nd level - 25.5-20.0 points (64.5-50% of the OS);
Level 1 - 19.5 and less (49.9% and below).
APPENDIX B
DIAGNOSTICS OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES OF JUNIOR SCHOOLCHILDREN
Attention
"Correction test with Landolt rings" is designed to study the performance of primary school students. Efficiency is the potential ability of an individual to perform the desired activity at a given level of efficiency for a certain time. Distinguish between maximum and reduced performance. In the process of long-term activity, performance is characterized by the following stages: working out, optimal performance, uncompensated and compensated fatigue, final impulse.
The child is offered a form with Landolt rings, accompanied by the following instructions: “Now we will play a game called “Be careful and work as quickly as possible.” In this game you will compete with other children, then we will see what result you have achieved in the competition with them. I think you will do just as well as the rest of the kids." Next, the child is shown a form with Landolt rings and it is explained that he must, carefully looking through the rings in rows, find among them those in which there is a gap located in a strictly defined place, and cross them out. The work is done within 5 minutes. Every minute the experimenter says “line”, at this moment the child should put a line in the place of the form with rings where this command found him. After 5 minutes have elapsed, the experimenter pronounces the word "stop", and the child stops working, putting a double vertical line in this place of the form.
Results processing:
The number of rings viewed by the child for each minute of work is determined (N 1 =; N 2 =; N 3 =; N 4 =; N 5 =) and for all five minutes (N =).
The number of mistakes made by him in the course of work at each minute is determined (n 1 =; n 2 =; n 3 =; n 4 =; n 5 =) and in general for all five minutes (n =).
The more N and less n, the higher the concentration and stability of attention.
The productivity and stability of attention (S) is determined:
S= 0,5 N - 2.8 n, where T is the operating time (in sec.)
S > 1.25 – attention productivity is very high, attention span is very high;
S = 1.00 - 1.24 - high attention productivity, high attention span;
S = 0.50 - 0.99 - average attention productivity, average attention span;
S = 0.25 - 0.49 - low attention productivity, low attention span;
S = 0.00 - 0.24 - attention productivity is very low, attention span is low.
The pictogram technique of A. R. Luria is designed to study the individual typological characteristics of children (artistic, mental type), i.e. to identify the features of the functioning of the "word-image", as well as the diversity of those images that the student operates as a means of memorization. Can be used both individually and in a group. The child is given a sheet of paper and a pen.
Instruction: “You are offered a list of words and phrases for memorization. This list is large, and from the first presentation it is difficult to remember. However, to facilitate memorization, immediately after presenting a word or phrase, you can perform one or another image as a “memory knot”, which will then help you reproduce the presented material. The quality of the drawing doesn't matter. Remember that you are doing this drawing for yourself in order to facilitate the reminder. Each image must correspond to the number of the presented word.
After explaining the instructions to the students, the words are read out very clearly and once, alternately with an interval of 30 seconds. Before each word or phrase, its serial number is called, which is written down by the students, and then the drawing is already done. Reproduction of the presented verbal material can be carried out after an hour or more.
List of words and phrases for pictograms
1. Happy holiday 11. Love 22. Laughter
2. Joy 12. Deaf old woman 23. Courage
3. Anger 13. Anger 24. Erudite
4. Cowardly boy 14. Warm evening 25. Strong character
5. Despair 15. Impulsiveness 26. Mobility
6. Sociability 16. Energy 27. Success
7. Plasticity 17. Speech 28. Friendship
8. Fast person 18. Decisiveness 29. Development
9. Speed 19. Sun 30. Disease
10. Fear 20. Notebook 31. Dark night
21. Grade
Processing of results: should be carried out according to the table and consists of the following:
Abstract - such images that are made in the form of lines, along which it is impossible to describe the content.
Sign-symbolic - images in the form of geometric shapes, arrows, etc.
Concrete - an image of specific objects, for example, a watch, a car, and precisely in those cases when these images are only one, not several objects associated with a certain meaning.
Plot - an image of a person in an expressive pose or situation, two or more participants in the situation.
Metaphorical - such images, which, as the name implies, contain a metaphor, fiction, grotesque, allegory, etc.
In addition to counting the images of the above classification, the following indicators are also entered in the table: the number of images of a person or parts of the human body, images of animals, plants; the number of reproduced words and phrases is counted - correctly and erroneously. Thus, the table has the following columns:
Based on the analysis of the table data, three groups are distinguished:
The first group - persons with high memory productivity, who were able to fully and without errors reproduce the material offered for memorization.
The second is that the faces reproduce the presented material in full, but with distortion.
Third - persons who reproduce the material incompletely, with significant distortions
Based on the analysis of the execution of drawings, the following groups are distinguished by the type of images used:
Group A - conditionally called "thinkers" - it includes persons who, when performing pictograms, use mainly abstract and sign-symbolic forms.
Group B - "realists" - this group includes persons who are dominated by specific images.
Group C - "artists" - this includes persons who are dominated by plot and metaphorical6 images.
Studying the amount of logical and mechanical memory
Can be used both individually and in a group.
Instruction: "Now I will read a series of words that you must remember, these words form part of the sentences, the second parts of which will be read a little later." The psychologist reads the words of the 1st row at 5-second intervals. After a ten second break, read out the words of the second row with an interval of 10 seconds. The student writes down sentences made up of the words of the first and second rows.
Results processing:
A) the number of correctly memorized words in the sentences;
B) the number of words used in sentences from both rows and entered by the subject himself.
The development coefficient of logical memory is a fraction, where the numerator is the number of words included in the subject's logical sentences, the denominator is the total number of words of the first and second rows.
The coefficient of the relative development of mechanical memory is a fractional number: the numerator is the number of separately reproduced words, the denominator is the total number of words of the first and second rows.
K = _______________ =
K = _______________ =
Material: two rows of words and sentences made up of these words
First row Second row
Sunrise Drum
A bee sat on a flower
Dirt is the best vacation
Cowardice fire
Happened at the factory hung on the wall
Ancient city in the mountains
Bad quality in the room
Sleep very hot
Moscow boy
Metals iron and gold
Our country is the cause of the disease
Brought the book to the advanced state
Offers
The drum hung on the wall.
Dirt is the cause of disease.
The room is very hot.
Moscow is an ancient city.
Our country is an advanced state.
The bee sat on the flower.
Cowardice is a disgusting quality.
There was a fire in the factory.
The best rest is sleep.
Iron and gold are metals.
The boy brought a book.
Sunrise in the mountains.
APPENDIX D
DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF STUDENT PERSONALITY
Diagnostics "My portrait in the interior"
Before the children complete the tasks, the teacher shows them a frame for a photo, on which they sometimes place interior items (a book, glasses, etc.). Students are invited to draw their portrait and place the portrait in a frame of various objects. The subjects for the frame, students are invited to determine themselves. The objects that the student will include in the interior of his portrait should reflect the essence of his life.
Diagnostics "10 my" I "
Students are offered pieces of paper, on each of which the word "I" is written 10 times. Students should define each "Self" by talking about themselves and their qualities.
For example, I am smart, I am handsome, etc.
The teacher pays attention to what adjectives the student uses to describe himself.
Diagnosis "What's in my heart"
The students in the class are given hearts cut out of paper. The teacher gives the following explanation for the task: “Guys, sometimes you hear adults say: “My heart is light” or “My heart is heavy.” Let's determine with you when it can be hard or easy on the heart and what it can be connected with. To do this, on one side of the heart, write the reasons when your heart is heavy, and the reasons that allow you to say that your heart is light. At the same time, you can color your heart in the color that matches your mood.
Diagnostics allows you to find out the reasons for the child's experience, ways to overcome them.
APPENDIX E
Russian language lesson.
Topic. Minor member of the sentence - definition
Lesson type. Consolidation of the material covered
Form - offset
1. Improving the ability to identify the main and secondary members of the proposal.
2. Development of spelling vigilance, attention, speech of students.
3. Raising interest in the Russian language, when working in groups - the ability to listen and hear each other, to cooperate in the lesson.
Equipment: success sheet, tape recorder, picture of spring, sentence schemes, textbook, individual cards with tasks by levels, card words: definition, addition, noun.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment
The motto of today's lesson is "What are the works - such are the fruits."
Advice - “Think carefully before answering”
II. Target setting.
What topic are we working on for several lessons in a row?
What will we do in class?
Yes, today in the lesson we will do different work:
Let's hold an auction of knowledge.
We will continue to improve the ability to identify the main and secondary members of the sentence.
We will evaluate and see our result in the success sheet (Appendix 1).
III. Warm-up-auction
Our lesson will start with a warm-up.
What do you see?
on the board of cards
definition
addition
noun
What is redundant here?
Let's remember everything we know about the noun.
Whoever is the last to name what he knows about the noun, he will receive - a prize
Let's start ... (children name the rules on the topic “Noun”)
The winner receives a coloring book.
(2 students at this time work at the blackboard, complete the task on individual cards)
1 card
- Insert spelling, stress, pick up and write down adjectives for these words.
Answer the questions:
1. What do these words have in common?
2. What member of the sentence are the adjectives in the sentence?
2 card
Make up a sentence from these words, insert the missing spelling.
What questions does the secondary member of the sentence - the definition - answer?
What does definition mean?
IV. A minute of calligraphy
At the minute of calligraphy, we will write the endings of these questions in order to repeat the connections: lower (ay.yah), middle (oh, her, th), upper (th, oh, th) Form and write down adjectives from a noun - a forest with these endings .
Compose and write down a sentence in which this adjective would be a definition.
Underline the basis of the sentence and the definition.
V. Competition of theorists
What two groups are all members of the sentence divided into?
Name the main members of the sentence.
Offset rules
1 option
What is called subject?
Option 2
What is called predicate?
What is a definition? (Mutual check)
Who will show a sample answer to “5” (3 students at the blackboard answer the rule)
Fizminutka (musical with movements)
VI. Work with proposal schemes.
What's this? (Proposal schemes)
Make up and write down sentences according to these schemes for a picture of spring.
(The music of Tchaikovsky “The Seasons” sounds)
How are such figurative comparisons called in the Russian language and literature?
Fizminutka. (A game of antonyms)
(The teacher, naming adjectives, throws the ball to the student, and the student, naming the antonym, returns the ball)
For example:
Solar
hardworking
VII. Independent work on the textbook.
Open the textbook p.85 exercise 445
Test your knowledge in the textbook.
You can choose tasks on the board for the exercise of any level of complexity.
A) Complete the sentence with definitions
B) Disassemble by members of the sentence and parts of speech.
C) Write out phrases with questions.
For a mark of “3”, complete the task under A)
For an assessment of “4”, perform under A) and B)
For an assessment of “5”, you perform under A), B), C)
Examination:
Who managed to complete the task only under A), puts himself a mark of “3” on the success sheet (the student reads out his proposals).
Who managed to complete the task only under A) and B), puts himself a mark of “4” on the success sheet (the student tells how he figured it out).
Who managed to complete the task under A), B), C), puts himself a mark of “5” in the success list.
VIII. Summary of the lesson. Reflection.
How did you feel at the lesson, mark on the success sheet + or -
Everything was clear
It was difficult
It was interesting
I can tell others
Let's return to the motto of our lesson.
On the success list, look at what you each need to work on, where it was difficult.
Is there more work to be done on this topic?
Summing up the list of success.
Who got
from 18 to 20 points, today receives “5” for the lesson
from 14 to 17 - rating "4"
from 11 to 13 - “3”
below 10 - “still working on the topic”.
And in conclusion, we will make wishes to each other.
Teacher: Let's be people who love work. So what?
Children: hardworking
Teacher: Seeking to know everything
Children: Curious
Teacher: Never cheat
Children: Honest
Teacher: Never get sick.
Children: Healthy
Teacher. Never offend, but help each other
The 21st century is the century of highly developed technologies - the era of the intellectual worker. "... The 21st century in which we live is a century when intellectual values, the highest level of knowledge and education are in demand and dominate."
Mankind has gone through a number of civilizational epochs in its development: the hunter-gatherer epoch, the agricultural epoch, the industrial epoch, the information/intellectual worker epoch, and the nascent epoch of wisdom. When the epochs changed, the productivity of each worker of the next epoch increased sharply in comparison with the productivity of the worker of the previous epoch. So the productivity of a farmer compared to a hunter has increased 50 times, the production efficiency of the industrial era is 50 times higher than the productivity of a farm. The forecast for productivity growth in the era of the knowledge worker compared to the productivity of the industrial age is also a difference of 50 times. To confirm his prediction, Stephen Covey cites the words of Nathan Myhrvold, former CTO of Microsoft: “The productivity of top software developers exceeds the productivity of average developers by not 10 or 100, or even 1000 times, but 10,000 times” .
High-quality intellectual work based on creativity becomes valuable for the work of organizations. This means that the modern era requires intellectual workers with a high level of freedom of thought and self-awareness, which imposes a special responsibility on teachers for the education of our children.
Achieving this level of freedom of thought based on choice is impossible using established teaching methods. Therefore, in education in recent decades, more and more often and more insistently they talk about the use of developing, interactive, student-centered learning in the arsenal of teachers.
It is not possible to draw a clear boundary between the types of training; the names of thinkers, the methods of work used, etc. are often intertwined. But the main focus on the humanization of education is expressed by the term "personal-oriented approach"
“The personal approach is the consistent attitude of the teacher to the pupil as a person, as a self-conscious responsible subject of educational interaction. The idea of a personal approach has been developed by scientists since the early 1980s. 20th century In connection with the interpretation of education as a subject-subjective process.
Student-centered learning (LOO) is a kind of learning that puts the student's identity, his self-worth, and the subjectivity of the learning process at the forefront. “The personal approach involves helping the pupil to realize himself as a person, to identify, reveal his capabilities, the formation of self-awareness, in the implementation of personally significant and socially acceptable ways of self-determination, self-realization and self-affirmation.” LOO is usually opposed to the traditional one, citing the following lesson differences:
education thinking teacher
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Traditional lesson |
Student-centered lesson |
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Teaches all students a set amount of knowledge, skills and abilities. |
Encourages the effective accumulation of each student's own personal experience. |
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Distributes educational tasks, the form of work of students and demonstrates to them a sample of the correct performance of tasks. |
Offers students a choice of various educational tasks and forms of work, encourages students to independently find ways to solve these tasks. |
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He tries to interest students in the educational material that the teacher himself offers. |
Seeks to identify the real interests of students and coordinate with them the selection and organization of educational material. |
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Involves additional individual lessons with lagging students |
Works individually with each student |
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Plans the activities of students in a certain direction. |
Helps students plan their own activities. |
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Evaluates the results of the work of students, noticing and correcting their mistakes. |
Encourages students to independently evaluate the results of their work and correct their mistakes. |
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Defines the rules of behavior in the class and monitors their implementation. |
Teaches students to independently develop rules of conduct and control their implementation. |
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Resolves emerging conflicts between students: encourages the right and punishes the guilty. |
Encourages students to discuss emerging conflict situations and independently look for ways to resolve them. |
Student-centered learning is based on the concept that a person is a combination of all his mental properties that make up his personality.
Therefore, the goal of personality-oriented education is to create conditions for the full development of the following functions of the individual: a person's ability to choose; the ability to reflect, evaluate one's life; search for the meaning of life, creativity; the formation of self-consciousness (the image of “I”); responsibility (in accordance with the wording “I am responsible for everything”); autonomy of the individual (as it develops, it is increasingly freed from other factors).
A small number of teachers can observe this approach in almost every lesson. A lesson carefully planned and thought out specifically for the characteristics of each group helps each student to be active at an accessible level. It was this lesson that the young teacher Kadyrov D.S. gave at the competition "Pedagogical Hope". having managed to involve in the work on repeating the meanings of terms even members of the competition commission, who were happy to look for the desired term according to the explanation of its meaning provided by the teacher.
The use of LOO in the modern school has been most studied; it is reflected in the works of such scientists as Yu.A. Poluyanova, V.V. Rubtsova, G.A. Zuckerman, I.S. Yakimanskaya. All researchers suggest using an individual approach that takes into account the individual characteristics of each student.
In his book "Technology of student-centered education" I.S. Yakimanskaya offers her concept of LOO to transform the existing educational system. Draws attention to the importance of using the student's subjective experience for educational purposes. Subjective experience - the experience of the student's own life, the experience of his knowledge and self-knowledge, socialization, self-development, self-realization. Gives examples of documentation: maps of individual development, characteristics and information about the individual characteristics of the student, the results of observations.
In the field of vocational education, student-centered research is most often found in the practical work of teachers. But both teachers of vocational education and researchers of the modern school pay the main attention in their works to the models of the concept, the use of educational technologies, the features of LOO, the enumeration of the qualities that a teacher should have and the values that he should adhere to.
"However, the personal approach has not yet become dominant in education and is often actually replaced by an individual approach." And most of our teachers, who are interested in more effective transfer of knowledge and are not very interested, but fall under the influence of fashion trends in education, use innovative pedagogical technologies in their work, use modern terms. But ... they are used most often haphazardly and at the usual level of thinking - to give knowledge, skills, skills.
There is a serious problem in modern pedagogy. It is connected with the fact that the student-centered approach used in the learning process requires not only preservation, but also development, which is not so easy to provide. Despite this, education continues to be the only form of society's appeal to the student as an emerging personality. This is one of the foundations of current educational philosophy.
The essence of a person-centered approach
The main advantage of a student-centered approach is that it requires the provision of conditions in which the child could develop comprehensively. Their presence guarantees:
Search for life meaning;
Getting the opportunity to make a choice;
Showing interest in creative activities;
Gradual development of reflexes and regular assessment of the life situation;
Understanding that a person is responsible for his actions;
The ability to create an image of "I".
The central place in the personality-oriented form of education is occupied by the student, for whom the most comfortable conditions are created.
There is no generalization in the described approach. In this regard, students are divided into separate groups, in which the conditions for obtaining new knowledge and general development are formed depending on the age and abilities of students. At the same time, the teacher must treat the child as an independent person.
The basis of the personal approach was the assertion that by nature all personalities have universality. This means that the main goal is to conduct educational and educational activities in conditions under which the realization of the creative potential of the individual will become possible. Teachers are convinced that it is in adolescence that personal parameters are formed, therefore, how independent and self-confident a person grows depends on their work.
When working with young children, their actions are evaluated not in comparison with the success of their peers, but in comparison with the previous results of a single child. This allows you to track the speed of its development. At the same time, the teacher must take into account the efforts made by the student to achieve success in learning or creativity. The fact is that it is the achievement of a brilliant result that pushes children to the fact that they begin to work hard on themselves. The teacher is obliged in every possible way to support the interest of students in learning and to reinforce their faith in their own strength. The best way to do this is to praise the child, because such an act will make him more confident and make him move towards his goal.
Upbringing and educational activities aimed at the formation of a personality involve:
Refusal of the general orientation;
Consideration by the teacher of the characteristics of each child;
Forecasting the future development of the individual and developing individual programs on its basis.
Educational work based on a personal approach assumes that all members of the children's team are not ordinary children, but emerging personalities for whom emotions and experiences play a huge role. Every teacher should remember this. This requires him to use in his work such techniques and techniques, thanks to which the child will feel important and understand that his personality is interesting to others.
List of components of a person-centered approach
The first component is understanding. The extent to which the inner world of the student will be understood depends on the ability of the teacher to recognize the level of suggestibility of the child, his susceptibility to the opinions of others. If the student is easily suggestible, then his self-confidence may be weak for the reason that he falls under the influence of others and cannot resist him in any way. However, it should be noted that under conditions close to critical, a loss of suggestibility is possible. The fact is that during a conflict, a child can be in a mild state of passion. If the teacher works with just such a student, then by his actions he must strengthen his faith in himself, point out the mistakes made, the elimination of which will positively affect his personality.
The second component is acceptance. It must be absolute, that is, the teacher must be positively disposed towards all students without taking into account any factors. This form of acceptance contributes to the fact that the child begins to understand his importance and the need for other people. If the kid has some shortcomings, for example, poor academic performance, then the teacher's activity should be aimed at correcting them. In addition, the teacher should show the student that his successes are much more important than his failures.
The third component is the recognition of the right to be oneself. In order for a child to develop comprehensively, his environment requires an understanding that they are a person with their own views and beliefs. You have to put up with them. You can not love the baby and at the same time hate him for his actions. A huge role is played by faith in the best, the belief that over time the child will grow up and evaluate the mistakes made earlier. If the teacher realizes that the self-improvement of his student is inevitable, then he patiently does his job and is respected by the students, who, thanks to this, go through all the stages of growing up almost painlessly.
If you recognize the personality of the child, then this will positively affect its further formation. Personality develops daily, so it is worth filling the baby’s usual life with bright and memorable events. The child should study the world around him with interest, strive to acquire new knowledge, rejoice in his own successes and put up with failures. Collective learning should be a source of pleasure, thanks to which it becomes possible to communicate with peers, make friends, experience common experiences, achieve goals together, etc. In other words, the child should feel useful to society. The goal of the teacher is to emphasize the individuality of each of the students, which will help each of the children to open up.
A student-centered approach to teaching implies the concentration of attention and efforts of the teacher on the preservation, as well as the formation of the student. The specialist who relies on him will take care not only of the development of intelligence, citizenship and a sense of responsibility of the student, but also, to a greater extent, of his spirituality, emotional, aesthetic, creative inclinations and opportunities for their maturation.
Let us consider in more detail the principles and methods of such an organization of the educational process.
Firstly, a student-centered approach implies that there should be a focus not so much on training and education, but on the development of students.
Secondly, the teacher is obliged to take into account the individual characteristics of schoolchildren (age, physiological, psychological, intellectual).
Thirdly, when constructing educational material, the teacher needs to keep in mind the educational needs of the class, focusing on the different levels of complexity in the program material so that it is accessible and understandable to absolutely everyone.
Fourthly, schoolchildren should be divided into special homogeneous groups, taking into account their knowledge, abilities and professional orientation.
Fifth, each child must be treated as a unique and unrepeatable individual.
Consider, for example, how a student-centered approach is implemented in the classroom. It is necessary to create a special educational environment in the classroom, which will include:
- organization and use of material of various types, content and forms;
- the use of technical equipment in the classroom (projector and tape recorder);
- providing the student with freedom in choosing the way to complete tasks in order to relieve emotional stress due to fear of making mistakes in the actions taken;
- the use of non-traditional forms of individual and group lessons in order to activate the creativity of each child;
- creation of conditions for self-expression in collective and independent activities;
- the presence of attention to the assessment and analysis of individual ways of working, which encourage the student to create not only the result, but also the process of work (it is necessary that the student can tell how he organized the work, what tools he used, what he liked and what not);
- special training of the teacher for the constant implementation of such work in the classroom, as well as in the process of organizing a system of extracurricular lessons;
- development and application of individual
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