Pronunciation of the spelling combination ch.

For a long time there was a different pronunciation of ch: [shn] in the words of everyday, everyday and [ch’n] in the words of the book, “high”. There was also hesitation in the pronunciation of many words with a combination of ch. Over time, the pronunciation corresponding to the spelling won. The pronunciation [shn] in place of ch has been preserved in a relatively small number of cases, sometimes as obligatory, more often as permissible.

According to the norms of the old Moscow pronunciation in the words of the living language, in words, many of which penetrated into the literary language from common speech, in place of the combination of ch it was pronounced [shn]:

horse [shn] o, naro [shn] o, empty [shn], etc.

The fact that [shn] was once pronounced much more widely than now is evident from the strengthening of [shn] not only in pronunciation, but also in writing in such cases when semantic connections with a non-derivative word that had [h] in its composition have weakened or lost

doto [shn] yy, doto [sh] en (both in pronunciation and in writing) instead of etymological dotochny, dotochenny, surnames Kalashnikov, Kirpishnikov, Shaposhnikov, Rukavishnikov, with a combination of [shn] in pronunciation and in writing instead of etymological ch, also Stoleshnikov lane in Moscow with [sn] instead of ch. The relationship between the pronunciation of the combination [shn] and live colloquial, vernacular and is still reflected in the fact that [shn] instead of ch is pronounced and even sometimes written in relatively new words for the literary language of non-bookish origin, coming from a living spoken language: double-decker, lotus, goroshnik.

However, in cases where the preservation of h in the combination of ch is supported by related formations with the sound [ch], the spelling of ch and, according to the old Moscow norms, corresponded to the pronunciation [ch’n]:

yes [ch’n] th at the cottage, candle [ch’n] oh at the candle, re [ch’n] oh at the river, etc.

Always like [ch’n], the combination of ch was pronounced in words of book origin:

safe [ch’n] th, pore [ch’n] th, al[ch’n] th, cini [ch’n] th, gloomy [ch’n] th, ve[h’n] th, etc. d.

The use of [shn] in place of ch in the old Moscow pronunciation has become firmly established as a feature corresponding to a significant part of Russian dialects, especially South Russian ones. Later, under the influence of a number of factors - spelling, a significant number of words in the book language, in which [ch'n] was always pronounced in place of ch, as well as under the influence of other dialects, where [ch'n] was also pronounced - pronunciation [sh] in literary language gradually began to be replaced by the pronunciation [h'n].

In modern literary pronunciation, [shn] is obligatory only in a few words, in a number of other words it is permissible along with [ch'n]. In other cases, [h'n] is pronounced. At present, the pronunciation [shn] instead of ch, according to the old Moscow norms, in many situations has acquired a colloquial reduced stylistic coloring, and for a number of words it characterizes dialectal speech. It should be noted that in the words of a new origin, especially in the words that appeared in the Soviet era, only [ch'n] is pronounced:

camouflage [ch'n] robe, library [ch'n] th, landing [ch'n] strip, etc.

This speaks of the relic, residual nature of the old norm, of its withering away in the literary language.

In the modern Russian literary language, in place of the spelling ch, it is pronounced [shn], [shn '] in words

horse-[shn] o, boring [shn] o, yai [shn ']itsa, empty [shn] th, square [shn] ik, laundry [shn] th, bitterness [shn '] ik, hot [shn] th

and also in female patronymics on -ichna:

Nikiti[shn]a, Kuzmini[shn]a, Ilya? ni[shn]a and others.

In some cases, the pronunciation [shn] exists along with [ch’n], [ch’n’],

creamy, milk, penny, hat, etc.

Often heard [shn] in such everyday words as

two [shn '] ik, three [shn '] ik

in obsolete words denoting dead concepts:

soba [shn ’] ik, lavo? [shn ’] ik

The semantic connection with the producer is important. Sometimes not? different derived words from the same non-derivative are pronounced the same way, for example, if the adjective dairy is pronounceable with [shn] and [ch’n], the noun thrush is pronounced preferably and more often with [shn]: milk [shn’]itsa. On the contrary, the book word milkiness (the ability to give one or another amount of milk) is pronounced only with [ch’n]: youth [ch’n] st. There are cases when the same word in different combinations can be pronounced differently. So, for example, in a combination of milk porridge, the pronunciation [shn] is possible, in a combination of the mammary gland, which is not of a household, but of a scientific nature, only [h’n] is pronounced. It is obligatory to pronounce [shn] in the word kala [shn] yy in the expression with a cloth snout in a kalachny row and in the word shapo [shn] yy in the expression hat acquaintance.

It should be borne in mind that the pronunciation with the combination [shn] is declining sharply and is now preserved as mandatory in only a few words. Therefore, in cases where the pronunciation of both [shn] and [ch'n] is acceptable, the latter cannot be considered incorrect, and it should not be replaced by the combination [shn].

In conclusion of the description of this phenomenon, it can be noted that [shn] in place of ch is not pronounced in words that have the consonant [sh] in the previous syllable:

fluffy [ch’n] th, toy [ch’n] th, crumble [ch’n] th, underarm [ch’n] th

In the past, pronunciation [shn] in these and similar words was possible.

Thus, there are significant fluctuations in the pronunciation of the spelling ch in modern Russian: in some cases, both [shn] and [ch'n] are pronounced. On the basis of this, stylistic differentiation arises. Pronunciation with [shn] (except for words in which [shn] is mandatory or permissible along with [ch'n]), characteristic of the colloquial style, is gradually becoming a sign of a colloquial, reduced style that goes beyond the literary language:

taba [shn] th, jester [shn] yy, color [shn ’] ik, lost [shn] yy, etc.

In some cases, in addition to this, there is also a semantic differentiation,

cardiac - heart disease and friend of the heart

At present, the issue of pronunciation in place of the spelling combination of ch sounds [shn] or [ch'n] is solved in dictionary order.

Orthoepy

Pronunciation of CHN and TH combinations
In modern Russian, words with a combination of CHN, CHT can be

divided into three groups:

1. those in which CHN is pronounced only as [SHN]:

of course, boring, on purpose, scrambled eggs, laundry, birdhouse,

bachelorette party, loser, mustard plaster, what, something, something,

as well as female patronymics on CHNA:

Ilyinichna, Kuzminichna, Fominichna;
2. those in which CHN is pronounced only as [CH "N]:

accurately, successful, pinpoint, camouflage, something, etc .;

3. those in which both pronunciations are considered normative - [H "N [ and [ SHN]:
candlestick, bakery, maid, penny, decent, nothing.
4. In some cases, pronunciation options delimit

various lexical meanings:
a heart attack is a friend of the heart [shn] th, a pepper pot (a vessel for pepper) is a devil's [shn] nitsa (about an evil, grumpy woman).

Pronunciation of consonants before E in loanwords:
[d"]: debate, debut, motto, deduction, disinfection, declaration, decoration,

democracy, demon, cologne, Odessa, residence, deputy, depression,

academy, ideal, etc.
[T"]: tenor, competent, patent, pate, terror, therapist, protest,  term, etc.
[h "]: newspaper, zebra, marshmallow, diesel, museum, reserve, etc.
[from"]: pool, cassette, session, safe, sect, semester, senate, service, sideboard,

serenade, selector, etc.

[R"]: watercolor, bas-relief, compress, corrector, rebus, revenge, raid,

resonance, rector, remark, regulation, reduction, refrain, depression,

aggressor etc.
[n"]: neon, brunette, policeman, overcoat, plywood, neologism, benefit performance,

words with roots NEVR-( neuropathologist), etc.

[f"]: federation, fireworks, phoenix, phenomenon, farm, affect, effect, coffee, department, professor, etc.
[g "], [k"], [x"]: helium, duke, leggings, words with the root GEO,

skittles, cake, ceramics, centaur, pique,

scheme, trachea, etc.

[de]: neckline, delta, arboretum, defile, detector, detective, diadem,

trend, citadel, masterpiece, rendezvous, dandy, etc.

[te]: antithesis, thesis, grotesque, intensively, subway, pathos,

sandwich, container, tennis, pastel, synthetics, alternative,

maxim, trend, cocktail, plug, computer, tuple,

atelier, sweater, boarding, pasteurized, printer, lottery,

aesthetics, claim, interview, patronage, words with a prefix

INTER-, TENT-, etc.

[ze]: meringue, zero, cousin, morse, specimen, eczema, etc.
[se]: antiseptic, dispensary, nonsense, touch, pleated, fricassee,

essay, etc.

[re]: rugby, requiem, cabaret, mash, dash, etc.
[ne]: business, genesis, anesthesia, genetics, mayonnaise, polonaise, tunnel,

pince-nez, energy, etc.

[ne]: chapel, etc.
[fe]: riding breeches, cafes, etc.
Exercise 1.

Read foreign words, which spell E.

Determine the pronunciation of the preceding consonant . Above the letter E, write the letter E (if pronounced softly) or E (if pronounced firmly).
Academy, deposit, thesis, museum, riding breeches, dandy, cafe, professor, chapel, scarf, computer, motorcade, pince-nez, ideal, deputy, atelier, sweater, plywood, overcoat, boarding school, pastel, patent, pathos, pasteurized, printer, rendezvous, neologism, term, phonetics, disinfection, debut, cabaret, dandy, diadem, depression, competent, lottery, energy, essay, aesthetics, claim, benefit performance, remark, interview, aggressor, lady, sweater, patronage, dash.
Exercise 2.

Using Pronouncing dictionary of the Russian language, determine in which words the letter E should be pronounced under stress, and the sound [E], and in which the letter E, the sound [O ]. Where the letter Ё is pronounced, put two dots above the letter E to make the letter Ё.
White, firebrand, crossbill, motley, expired, bled, multi-tribal, fishing line, settled, deadwood, guardianship, ridge, scam, cloudy sky, soft palate (soft wall of the oral cavity), instrumental case, death of cattle (death), godfather, religious procession, faded. obstetrician, maneuver, pompous, bluff, being.
Exercise 3

Put the stress on the following words. For help refer to the dictionary.

Apostrophe, peanut, asymmetry, indulge, spoiled, bows, being, religion, exorbitant prices, barge, bartender, gastronomy, genesis, corrugated, engraver, dogma, treble, contract, utterly, heretic, blinds, long, enviably, regular, clog, calling, calling, icon painting, iris, spark, gradually, flounder, catalogue, rubber, quarter, pantry, whooping cough, copy, self-interest, more beautiful, most beautiful, kitchen, maneuvers, briefly, miserly, for a long time, backhand, obituary, oil pipeline, newborn, guardianship, wholesale, provision, facilitate, adolescence, lampoon, loop, pizzeria, anticipate, reward, pullover, overpass, symmetry, convocation, carpenter, dancer, meatballs, cakes, shoe, deceased, Ukrainian, phenomenon, flyleaf, petition, Christian, cement, chain, gypsies, scoop, scarves, chassis, sorrel, expert.

Vocabulary.

Exercise 1.

Pick up Russian words corresponding to the given Old Slavonicisms. For which words is the task impossible?
Blato, doctor, boat, helmet, scarf, esen, ignoramus.
Exercise 2.

What words are native Russian?
Passenger, intermission, sneakers, kengurenok, lyceum, lyceum student, telegram.
Exercise 3

Replace foreign words with native Russian ones. For which word is this task impossible?
Discomfort, goalkeeper, revision, intuition, prologue.
Exercise 4

Divide the words into two groups. Explain the answer. Can the given words be grouped differently?
Director, collector, praise, set, collector, leader, compliment, set.
Exercise 5

Set the similarity and difference between the words POWDER, ASHES, POWDER, POWDER,
Exercise 6

Find superfluous word. Explain the answer.
Proclaim, attraction, fence, bracelet, environment.
Exercise 7

Find in Russian lexical units associated with the words:
1) lat.ossiro"occupy, seize";

2) lat. humanus"human";

3) italian. fresco "fresh";

4) lat. disputere"disassemble, argue";

5) lat.letum "death";

6) lat. fixus "solid, motionless";

7) franc.Danal "ordinary";

8) franc. isoler "separate, isolate";

9) lat. accentus "accent";

10) English. bluff deception".
Exercise 8

What are the similarities between these words? Divide them into groups. Justify your answer.
Finger, lackey, chain mail, friendship, barber, boyar.
Exercise 9

Which questions should be answered in the affirmative?
1. Is it possible to meet a TOLMACH today?

2. Is it true that LANIT live in the forest?

3. Are there liquid RAMENS?

4. Is it true that CELIBATH is an obligatory part of the Catholic wedding ceremony?

5. Is it true that RUBLE and CUT are historically related words?

6. Is it true that KOSHCHEY in Ancient Russia- is this a man in charge of horses in the prince's squad?

7. Is it true that in the 19th century SHAPOKLYAK was worn on the head?

8. Is it true that BONVIVANS are no longer found these days?

9. Is it true that in the 18th century the piano was called TICHOGRESS?

10. Is it true that KIVER is a parade weapon in the Russian army of the 18th century?

Exercise 10

Find obsolete words, indicate their lexical meanings. Explain what helped you determine the meanings of seemingly incomprehensible words.
1. I, kids, are not a chwan! You do not be afraid of my nobility.

(V. Zhukovsky)

2. You know, prince, I still don’t understand why you took it into your head to choose me as the confidant of your secrets.

(F. Dostoevsky)

3. And the years went by ... Walked in the steppes

Only a violent wind in the open ...

But then Monomakh died,

And in Russia - tightness and grief.

(A. Maykov)

Exercise 11

What meanings have formed for the listed words over the past decade?
Freeze, plywood, pirate, password, roller.

Basic lexical units

(synonyms, antonyms, homonyms)
Synonymic series - they are synonyms, united by a common meaning and arranged in a certain order.

The general meaning of a number of synonyms is most pronounced core word, or dominant. Dominant begins a synonymic series and is usually a stylistically neutral word. For example: Dwelling - dwelling place, lair, lair;

Good - excellent, wonderful, superb, superb.
Contextual synonyms- These are words that come together in meaning only in a certain context. Out of context, these words are not synonyms. For example: Even Sophia's love, first, tender and pink love, didn't hold him back.

And in the evening he entered charming, fragrant, light peace… .

Contextual antonyms are words that take on specific meanings in a specific context. For example: Chased crumbs- lost hunk.
Homonyms- These are words that have the same spelling and pronunciation, but different lexical meanings.

For example: bloody the battle ( battle) - black the battle(servant) - lexical way;

(nautical the battle, fisted the battle, the battle bulls - synonyms).
Tact(rhythm) - tact(sense of proportion) - a morphological method (based on a comparison of derivative words and word forms).
Homoforms - words that coincide in sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms, for example: oven (n.) - oven (ch.).
Homophones- words that are different in spelling, but are pronounced the same, for example: onion - meadow, mushroom - flu.
homographs- words that are spelled the same, but have an accent on different syllables, for example: flour "- mu" ka, zamo "k - for" mok.
Paronyms- words with the same root, similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning: subscription - subscriber, great - majestic, hostile - enemy,
Paronomases- similar-sounding words that have different roots: clarinet - cornet, boatswain - pilot, injection - infection. Such words are brought together only by an accidental sound similarity.

Morphemics and word formation.

Difficulties of morphemic analysis.
1. Distinguish between zero termination and no termination.

No ending:

a) indeclinable nouns (metro, salami, chimpanzee);

b) simple comparative adjectives (lighter, stronger);

c) interjections (wow, ah);

d) adverbs (fun, up, run);

e) gerunds (playing, meeting);
2. Word forms ending in -EY, -IY.

It is difficult to isolate the stem of words ending in -EY, -IY ( friends, wolf, passerby th).

a) It is necessary to decline the analyzed word and determine whether the sound [й] is preserved in other word forms. If [Y] NOT saved, he enters the ending: passerby - passer-him - passer - him (base passer-, and the ending is II).
b) If the sound [Y] is preserved, it is included in the basis:

friends - friends - friends (the basis friends;

wolf - wolf - wolf (base wolf).
3. Suffix -II- ( i) .

Pay attention to the suffix possessive adjectives-II-: fox uy, wolch uy, hare uy, landowner ii, Cossack uy, which is often confused with homonymous endings: rural uy, sin uy.

In forms male stand out suffix - II- and zero ending: hare- uy, and in the forms female, middle kind and plural numbers - suffix -Y- and ending: hare- th- me, hare - th-e, hare- th-And.
The suffix -Y- can only be seen taking into account the phonetic composition of the word.
raven - crow [- th- o] - suffix with the meaning of collectiveness;

dancer - dancer [- th- a] - a suffix with the meaning of a female person;

winter - winter hut [- th- e] - suffix with the meaning of the place of action;

chair - chairs [ -th- a] - formative suffix with the meaning plural.

Paronyms.

Exercise 1.

Determine in which sentences errors related to the mixing of paronyms are made. Write the sentences by inserting the missing letters and punctuation marks. Use the correct paronym.
1. Turning at the huge ... the moon, we walked along the open

stone d ... line to the mouth of the river.

2. He always acted carefully ... as he was a fearful person.

3. We and (not) notice ... how the wind rose and (across) the sky (across) p ... lied

dark rainy ... I'm cloudy .. .

4. Turning ... to the guest of the program ... the presenter said I would like to ask

a personal question for you.

5. The relocation ... of the w ... villagers is also (same) associated with huge

with ... expenses and, moreover, with a dramatic breakable court ...

forced people to leave their native places.

6. Studying ... at the university ... is (not) easy - for a short time necessary

master a large amount of new material.

7. Lots of facts Climatic and temperature conditions

processing time ... the nature of lighting ... influences the development

r ... walls.

8. Our kat ... r approached ... l ... to a l ... sisty island surrounded ... ... by

a light stripe of shallows.

9. In the office ... stand ... for sleep ... come down with a businesslike appearance officials.

10. Our tourist group… was introduced to herself

the instructor gave us the same (same) (not).

Exercise 2.

Choose the correct word from the given paronyms.
1. Reigned in the regiment militant - militant mood.

2. Increasingly rare mushroom - mushroom diseases

sown seeds and young plants.

3. This enterprise has not created any stock of vegetables

for processing. Conservation - canning they are being

from imported raw materials, as they say, from the wheels.

4. Many of our films have received vocation - gratitude And

our viewers, and abroad.

5. City shook - shook numbness of everyday life.

Vocabulary.
The main features of borrowed words:
1. Double consonants at the root of the word: ka ss a, ba ll otirovatsya.
2. Confluence of vowels: oa zis, moz ai ka, adage and about, d ue l.
3. At the end of the word, an unstressed sound [O]: ra "dio, kaka" oh, ske "rtso.
4. Pronunciation of a solid consonant before [E] (letter E): par [te] r,

purse[ne], pyu[re].

5. The letter E at the root of the word: poet, energy, sir.
6. The combination of the letters YO and LOO: mayonnaise, broth.
7. Immutability of nouns and adjectives:

coat, scarf, taxi, kangaroo; run, khaki.

Words with a combination of CHN, TH can

divided into three groups:

1. those in which CHN is pronounced only as [SHN]:

of course, boring, on purpose, scrambled eggs, laundry, birdhouse,

bachelorette party, loser, mustard plaster, what, something, something,

as well as female patronymics on CHNA:

Ilyinichna, Kuzminichna, Fominichna;

2. those in which CHN is pronounced only as [CH "N]:

accurately, successful, pinpoint, camouflage, something, etc .;

3. those in which both pronunciations are considered normative - [H "N [ and [ SHN]:

candlestick, bakery, maid, penny, decent, nothing.

4. In some cases, pronunciation options delimit

various lexical meanings:

a heart attack is a friend of the heart [shn] th, a pepper pot (a vessel for pepper) is a damn pepper [shn] ita (about an evil, grumpy woman).

Pronunciation of consonants before E in loanwords:

[d"]: debate, debut, motto, deduction, disinfection, declaration, decoration,

democracy, demon, cologne, Odessa, residence, deputy, depression,

academy, ideal, etc.

[T"]: tenor, competent, patent, pate, terror, therapist, protest, term, etc.

[h "]: newspaper, zebra, marshmallow, diesel, museum, reserve, etc.

[from"]: pool, cassette, session, safe, sect, semester, senate, service, sideboard,

serenade, selector, etc.

Exercise 3

Put the stress on the following words. For help refer to the dictionary.

Apostrophe, peanut, asymmetry, indulge, spoiled, bows, being, creed, exorbitant prices, barge, bartender, gastronomy, genesis, corrugated, engraver, dogma, treble, contract, utterly, heretic, blinds, long, enviably, regular, clog, calling, calling, icon painting, iris, spark, gradually, flounder, catalogue, rubber, quarter, pantry, whooping cough, copy, self-interest, more beautiful, most beautiful, kitchen, maneuvers, briefly, miserly, for a long time, backhand, obituary, oil pipeline, newborn, guardianship, wholesale, provision, facilitate, adolescence, lampoon, loop, pizzeria, anticipate, reward, pullover, overpass, symmetry, convocation, carpenter, dancer, meatballs, cakes, shoe, deceased, Ukrainian, phenomenon, flyleaf, petition, Christian, cement, chain, gypsies, scoop, scarves, chassis, sorrel, expert.

Apostrophe, peanut, asymmetry, indulge, spoiled, bows, being, religion, exorbitant prices, barge, bartender, gastronomy, genesis, corrugated, engraver, dogma, treble, contract, utterly, heretic, blinds, long, enviably, regular, clog, calling, calling, icon painting, iris, spark, gradually, flounder, catalogue, rubber, quarter, pantry, whooping cough, copy, self-interest, more beautiful, most beautiful, kitchen, maneuvers, briefly, miserly, for a long time, backhand, obituary, oil pipeline, newborn, guardianship, wholesale, provision, facilitate, adolescence, lampoon, loop, pizzeria, anticipate, reward, pullover, overpass, symmetry, convocation, carpenter, dancer, meatballs, cakes, shoe, deceased, Ukrainian, phenomenon, flyleaf, petition, Christian, cement, chain, gypsies, scoop, scarves, chassis, sorrel, expert.

Vocabulary.

Exercise 1.

Pick up Russian words corresponding to the given Old Slavonicisms. For which words is the task impossible?

Blato, doctor, boat, helmet, scarf, esen, ignoramus.

Exercise 2.

What words are native Russian?

Passenger, intermission, sneakers, kengurenok, lyceum, lyceum student, telegram.

Exercise 3

Replace foreign words with native Russian ones. For which word is this task impossible?

Discomfort, goalkeeper, revision, intuition, prologue.

Exercise 4

Divide the words into two groups. Explain the answer. Can the given words be grouped differently?

Director, collector, praise, set, collector, head, compliment, set.

Exercise 5

Set the similarity and difference between the words POWDER, ASHES, POWDER, POWDER,

Exercise 6

Find the extra word. Explain the answer.

Proclaim, attraction, fence, bracelet, environment.

Exercise 7

Find in Russian lexical units associated with the words:

1) lat.ossiro"occupy, seize";

2) lat . humanus"human";

3) italian. fresco"fresh";

4) lat. disputere"disassemble, argue";

5) lat.letum"death";

6) lat. fixus"solid, motionless";

7) franc.Danal"ordinary";

8) franc. isoler"separate, isolate";

9) lat. accentus"accent";

10) English. bluff deception".

Exercise 8

What are the similarities between these words? Divide them into groups. Justify your answer.

Finger, footman, chain mail, friendship, barber, boyar.

Exercise 9

Which questions should be answered in the affirmative?

1. Is it possible to meet a TOLMACH today?

2. Is it true that LANIT live in the forest?

3. Are there liquid RAMENS?

4. Is it true that CELIBATH is an obligatory part of the Catholic wedding ceremony?

5. Is it true that RUBLE and CUT are historically related words?

6. Is it true that KOSHCHEY in Ancient Russia is a person in charge of horses in the prince's squad?

7. Is it true that in the 19th century SHAPOKLYAK was worn on the head?

8. Is it true that BONVIVANS are no longer found these days?

9. Is it true that in the 18th century the piano was called TICHOGRESS?

10. Is it true that KIVER is a parade weapon in the Russian army of the 18th century?

Exercise 10

Find obsolete words, indicate their lexical meanings. Explain what helped you determine the meanings of seemingly incomprehensible words.

1. I, kids, are not a chwan! You do not be afraid of my nobility.

(V. Zhukovsky)

2. You know, prince, I still don’t understand why you took it into your head to choose me as the confidant of your secrets.

(F. Dostoevsky)

3. And the years went by ... Walked in the steppes

Only a violent wind in the open ...

But then Monomakh died,

And in Russia - tightness and grief.

(A. Maykov)

Exercise 11

What meanings have formed for the listed words over the past decade?

Freeze, plywood, pirate, password, roller.

Basic lexical units

Synonymous series - they are synonyms, united by a common meaning and arranged in a certain order.

The general meaning of a number of synonyms is most pronounced core word, or dominant. Dominant begins a synonymic series and is usually a stylistically neutral word. For example: Dwelling - dwelling place, lair, lair;

Good - excellent, wonderful, superb, superb.

Contextual synonyms- These are words that come together in meaning only in a certain context. Out of context, these words are not synonyms. For example: , first, tender and pink love, didn't hold him back.

And in the evening he entered charming, fragrant, light peace… .

Contextual antonyms are words that take on specific meanings in a specific context. For example: Chased crumbs- lost hunk.

Homonyms - These are words that have the same spelling and pronunciation, but different lexical meanings.

For example: bloody the battle ( battle) - black the battle(servant) - lexical way;

(nautical the battle, fisted the battle, the battle bulls - synonyms).

Tact(rhythm) - tact(sense of proportion) - a morphological method (based on a comparison of derivative words and word forms).

Homoforms - words that coincide in sound and spelling in one or more grammatical forms x, for example: oven (n.) - oven (ch.).

Homophones- words that are different in spelling, but are pronounced the same, for example: onion - meadow, mushroom - flu.

homographs- words that are spelled the same, but have an accent on different syllables, for example: flour "- mu" ka, zamo "k - for" mok.

Paronyms- words with the same root, similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning: subscription - subscriber, great - majestic, hostile - enemy,

Paronomases- similar-sounding words that have different roots: clarinet - cornet, boatswain - pilot, injection - infection. Such words are brought together only by an accidental sound similarity.

Paronyms.

Exercise 1.

Determine in which sentences mistakes are made related to the mixing of paronyms. Write the sentences by inserting the missing letters and punctuation marks. Use the correct paronym.

1. Turning at the huge ... the moon, we walked along the open

stone d ... line to the mouth of the river.

2. He always acted carefully ... as he was a fearful person.

3. We and (not) notice ... how the wind rose and (across) the sky (across) p ... lied

dark rainy ... I'm cloudy .. .

4. Turning ... to the guest of the program ... the presenter said I would like to ask

a personal question for you.

5. The relocation ... of the w ... villagers is also (same) associated with huge

with ... expenses and, moreover, with a dramatic breakable court ...

forced people to leave their native places.

6. Studying ... at the university ... is (not) easy - in a short time you need

master a large amount of new material.

7. Lots of facts Climatic and temperature conditions

processing time ... the nature of lighting ... influences the development

r ... walls.

8. Our kat ... r approached ... l ... to a l ... sisty island surrounded ... ... by

a light stripe of shallows.

9. In the office ... stand ... for sleep ... come down with a businesslike appearance officials.

10. Our tourist group… was introduced to herself

the instructor gave us the same (same) (not).

Exercise 2.

Choose the correct word from the given paronyms.

1. Reigned in the regiment militant - militant mood.

2. Increasingly rare mushroom - mushroom diseases

sown seeds and young plants.

3. This enterprise has not created any stock of vegetables

for processing. Conservation - canning they are being

from imported raw materials, as they say, from the wheels.

4. Many of our films have received vocation - gratitude And

our viewers, and abroad.

5. City shook - shook numbness of everyday life.

Vocabulary.

The main features of borrowed words:

1. Double consonants at the root of the word: ka ss a, ba ll otirovatsya.

2. Confluence of vowels: oa zis, moz ai ka, adage and about, d ue l.

3. At the end of the word, an unstressed sound [O]: ra "dio, kaka" oh, ske "rtso.

4. Pronunciation of a solid consonant before [E] (letter E): par [te] r,

purse[ne], pyu[re].

5. The letter E at the root of the word: poet, energy, sir.

6. The combination of the letters YO and LOO: mayonnaise, broth.

7. Immutability of nouns and adjectives:

coat, scarf, taxi, kangaroo; run, khaki.

Hello. I am writing my question for the third time. Please, help. In which cases is the pronunciation only ch, in which only shn, and in which both options are acceptable: Antique, bakery, bachelorette party, Ilyinichna, milky, dishonorable, excellent, poultry, trifling, wheaten, heartache, of course, two kopecks, to the cap analysis , mustard plaster. Many thanks)

"Help" does not perform tests and homework.

	Question #280260

Hello! Please help explain to students when the combination "ch" is read as "ch" (exactly), and when as "shn" (of course). The same with the combination "Thurs": the pronunciation of "sh" (to), and "Thurs" (mail). Is there any pattern? Thank you in advance

Answer help desk Russian language

Combination ch, as a rule, is pronounced in accordance with the spelling, i.e. [ch]: that [ch] th, pro [ch] th, vicious [ch] th, Milky [ch] way, etc.

However, in some words ch pronounced like [shn]. Here are the most frequent words where [shn] is pronounced: of course - horse [shn] o, boring - boring [shn] o, on purpose - naro [shn] o, scrambled eggs - eggs [shn] itz, trifling - empty [shn] th , birdhouse - square [shn] ik. The pronunciation of these words must be memorized. Also, [sh] is in place ch pronounced in female patronymics in -ichna: Nikiti [shn] a, Ilyini [shn] a. In some words, options are possible: a bakery I - bulo [ch] th and bulo [shn] th, laundry - laundry [ch] th and laundry [shn] th.

It should be noted that in Russian there is a tendency to replace the pronunciation [shn] with the pronunciation [ch]. The number of words where ch pronounced as [shn], steadily reduced. Previously, they spoke brown [shn] evy (now this pronunciation is no longer allowed), young [shn] yy, gre [shn] eva (porridge), plum [shn] yy (now this pronunciation is considered obsolete, but still acceptable). In new words in place ch pronounced only [ch].

Combination thu always pronounced in accordance with the spelling, i.e. [Th]. And only in a word what and its derivatives ( to, something, something, nothing etc.) is pronounced [pcs]. The exception to this exception is the word something where [th] is pronounced.

	Question #247877

Hello.
Can you please tell me which words read "SHN" when they are pronounced:
Antique, library, bakery, bottle, oriental, forever, mustard plaster, sunflower, secondary, single, unprofitable, pepper, shopkeeper, of course, penny, Kuzminichna, feverish, pettiness, scientific, on purpose, night, eyeglass, excellent student, monotonous, oven , renal, decent, trifling.

Thank you in advance.
with uv. Alexandra

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Use a spelling dictionary. You need to find the litter [shn] in the corresponding dictionary entries.

	Question #247424

please tell me, there are districts in Moscow: Maryino, Vykhino, etc. And how will it be correct "I'm a bakery in Maryino" or "in Maryino", "pharmacy in Vykhino" or "in Vykhino", etc. Thanks.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

	Question #246594

Hello, please tell me how to pronounce correctly: Bakery I, scrambled eggs, of course, and in general all combinations of the letters "h" and "n".

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The combination CHN, as a rule, is pronounced in accordance with the spelling. In some cases, the pronunciation [shn] is acceptable next to the pronunciation [ch]: bakery. In some words, [shn] is pronounced in place of _ch_: scrambled eggs, of course. All pronunciations are recorded in dictionaries.

	Question No. 239022

Hello! Could you tell me the pronunciation of the combination "ch"? For example, the word "bakery" is correct to read [buloshnaya], but what about the word "scientific"?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Pronounced as spelled.

	Question #237393

Hello!
Tell me, please, are there any rules that regulate the pronunciation of the words "of course", "I'm a bakery", "boring", etc. with the sound "sh" instead of "h"?
Many thanks!

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The combination CHN, as a rule, is pronounced in accordance with the spelling. In all cases when [shn] should be pronounced in place of CHN or [shn] can be pronounced along with [ch], corresponding instructions are given in the dictionary.

	Question #219972

Hello! Help resolve the issue of the acceptability of the phrase "bakery me", we know that the grammatically correct "bakery me", but is this word possible in another version! Is it acceptable?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Only correct writing adjective: bakery (for example, in combination _baked goods_).

	Question #206747

I'm interested to know where to find the transcription of the words: faded, happened, sad, alienation, carver, unclench, sprinkles, human, take, I'm a bakery. Kuzminichna, scrambled eggs, fiddling

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

You can find information about the pronunciation of words in orthoepic dictionaries.

INTRODUCTION

We do not speak words, but words, sounding inwardly in us, speak themselves... Moreover, the creation of the world and our psyche equally enter into... the word...

The world, the whole universe, speaks in us.

Father Sergei Bulgakov

"Philosophy of the name"

This manual is entirely devoted to the issues of orthology, that is, only one, but a very important aspect of the culture of speech - normative. The processes of linguistic normalization are entirely determined historically and territorially, and are inextricably linked with the peculiarities of the development of specific languages. In this regard, even closely related languages ​​differ in how the normalization process takes place, their norm is fixed. IN modern science the concept of "speech culture" has expanded to a culture of language proficiency, a culture of language communication, a culture of speech behavior. However, the culture of speech, being irreducible to correctness, includes the latter as a necessary element.

The changes taking place in the modern Russian language are often a reflection of sociocultural changes in society .... Thus, the return of old concepts led to the revival of many already forgotten or even unfamiliar words. supper, confessor, Alexy. On the other hand, one has to note the seemingly inevitable "dying" of words mercy, chastity, piety…

The irreversible and natural process of borrowing from foreign languages as one of the ""elements"" of the evolution of the language (affecting not only vocabulary, but also morphology, syntax) now leads to an unjustified influx of sometimes "poorly digested" linguistic phenomena from English, as in their time from German and French ... Words, which entered the language along with the realities of Western life, cause problems with spelling, and with the placement of stress, and with a correct understanding of the meaning, without which the “life” of a word in a non-native environment is impossible. As a result, we constantly hear mutilated English, sometimes mutilated both in form and content. We are barbaric towards mother tongue what to say about someone else!

Another sign of modern communication not only of the inhabitants, but also of the authorities, the state with citizens is the penetration of jargon, vulgarism, and swear words into speech. This trend coincides with the changes that the Russian language underwent after 1917. In those years, the "language of the street", rude, colloquial, vulgar, served as confirmation of the "correct" class affiliation, and the literary language betrayed the "rotten intelligentsia" and the "damned bourgeoisie."

The problem of circulation is also acute. If, when communicating, men can choose words depending on the situation mister, comrade, sir, citizen, man, countryman, son, brother, commander, chief, then a woman now sometimes simply cannot do without or simply a faceless-universal appeal on you, or not to avoid indicating the gender and age of a stranger, which, of course, contributes little to effective communication.

The correctness of speech is traditionally defined as compliance with the language norm. Despite the fact that the concept of the norm is the central category of the culture of speech, it must be admitted that the theory of the norm remains controversial in many respects. As noted by the most authoritative translator, connoisseur of languages, philosopher V.V. Bibikhin, “linguistics as a whole and in principle abandoned the concept of a model correct speech. In an important sense, it took shape as a science when it abandoned such a model ... At the first steps of science, the need to necessarily separate scientific research from that which is associated with the clarification and prescription of the norm was felt with significant acuteness. “It would be strange,” wrote Aleksey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov, “if a scientific institution, instead of showing how they say it, decided to indicate how to speak.” For comparison ... almost the entire grammatical tradition from the middle of the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century - and it was also pan-European - did not occur to consider the language otherwise than in the light of the universal norm dictated by the basis of the language, i.e. Mind.<…>Without focusing on "good writers", without establishing a single and unified model for language and speech, without striving to catch the "genius" of language, without admiration for "good taste", it was not possible to talk about the word. Let's think about the fact that ""every step ... of life we ​​sign with a word"" and it is in our power to make our life in a reasonable language, and language and speech alive.

THE CONCEPT OF NORM

DYNAMICS AND VARIATION OF NORM

The literary language connects generations of people, so its norms, which ensure the continuity of traditions, should be as stable as possible. On the other hand, language is a living phenomenon, it is constantly updated, develops, responding in its own way to the changes taking place in people's lives. The norm, therefore, cannot but reflect the real changes taking place in the language. This mobility often leads to the fact that for the same linguistic phenomenon there is more than one way of expression, but more: the old norm has not yet been lost, but along with it a new one is already emerging. Another way for variants to appear is a tendency towards stylistic separation (book and colloquial variants). One should not confuse the variants of the norm allowed in the literary language with deviations from the norms, of course, which did not receive “citizenship rights” in it, that is, simply mistakes.

So, the norm is not a list of prohibitions, it often appears in the form of two lists - mandatory and permissible (additional). The new enters the language in spite of existing rules: it usually appears on the periphery or even outside of literary use - in vernacular, professional speech, colloquial and everyday.

There are norms imperative (strictly obligatory, not allowing other implementation, for example, spelling) and dispositive (additional, not strictly obligatory, allowing options). We meet with the first when we decide the question: how should one speak or write?; and with the second - how better to say? Of course, it is impossible to give recipes for all cases of speech practice. Availability of standard options different forms to express the same linguistic phenomenon enriches speech, creates opportunities for more accurate and more subtle formulation of the statement. But at the same time, the choice in each specific case must be justified, stylistically justified.

1. Taking advantage explanatory dictionary Russian, determine lexical meaning words norm. What, from your point of view, influences the establishment of rules in the language, the fixing as a norm of one of the possible variants of the use of the word, grammatical form, pronunciation options?

2. Compare the following definitions of the literary language norm. What signs of the norm are emphasized in each of them? What other signs could you name?

a) The speech of the older generations always seems to be “correct” ... The norm is recognized as what was, and partly what is, but by no means what will be ... The norm is an ideal, achieved once for all, as if cast for all eternity.

(A.M. Peshkovsky)

b) The norm does not correspond to what “can be said”, but to what has already been said and what is traditionally said in society ...

(E. Coseriou)

c) A norm is a set of the most suitable (“correct”, “preferred”) language means for serving society, which is formed as a result of the selection of language elements (lexical, pronunciation, morphological, syntactic) from among coexisting ..., formed again or extracted from a passive stock past in the process of social, in a broad sense, evaluation of these elements.

(S.I. Ozhegov)

d) A norm is not only a socially approved rule ... but also a rule that reflects the laws of the language system and is confirmed by the word usage of authoritative writers.

(K.S. Gorbachevich)

3. The following letter is included in one of the works of the writer and philosopher G. Gachev. What makes it difficult to read and adequate perception? "Translate" this text "from Russian into Russian" and compare the time spent on reading and understanding the first and second options.

Hello, daraga, respected wife, the iatets writes to you, your faithful woman, iraba, dila, chi go, tibe, zhalaim, healthy taxi, the life of the galubchik, calmed the soul,

4. Find examples of non-compliance with the norms of the modern literary language. What property of the norm do they indicate?

1. Without feeding, without drinking, you will not recognize the enemy ( Greek last). 2. And the word "film", by the way, was female, said "adventure movie" ( Panova). 3. The high porch on the street of the Zubinsky house was furnished with carriages ( Aksakov). 4. A wanderer in the house spoke a lot about the miracle of the universe ( Fet). 5. Her walks last a long time. Now either a mound or a stream willy-nilly stop Tatiana with their charm ( Pushkin). 6. Our business is to study, study, try to accumulate as much knowledge as possible ( Chekhov). 7. New furniture from Moscow appeared ( Turgenev). 8. With Aunt Dasha, we first went to the Lumiere Cinematograph. That's what the movie was called back then. Paustovsky).

5. Changing norms is often caused by the operation of the laws of analogy and economy language tools. Read the characteristics of these laws of language development and give examples of their operation, using the material from the previous exercise and your own observations.

a) The law of economy is that native speakers prefer shorter forms of linguistic expression, seeking to save time and effort.

(E.D. Polivanov)

b) The action of the law of analogy is expressed in the likening of one form of linguistic expression to another, correlating with the first in a formal and meaningful (semantic) expression. The law of analogy leads to equalization of stress in whole categories of words... morphological forms and forms of government.

(K.S. Gorbachevich)

6. Read a fragment of V. Voinovich's story "By mutual correspondence." What norms of the literary language are violated in the letter of the heroine of the work?

The weather is cold and there is a lot of snow. The old people say that the harvest will be plentiful. Berne joined the CPSU party because he was transferred to an accountant and the work is very responsible. Vanya, go faster. Mom will bake pies with mushrooms. They are waiting for you. To this I remain with greetings. Your Luda.

7. Read sentences from examination papers applicants. Suggest options for correcting speech errors. Think about what caused these errors.

1) The monument to Pushkin in the city of Ivanovo is a beautifully dressed stone Brown color. 2) The groans of the wounded and the dead were heard on the field. 3) Masha loved Dubrovsky and that is why, as a truly Russian woman, she refused him. 4) His main goal in life is the good of his neighbor. 5) His eyes looked tenderly at each other. 6) He could not take his eyes off the running moose. 7) Pushkin wrote the poem "Monument" during his lifetime. 8) The girls tore the last from themselves and knitted mittens for the soldiers. 9) Early in the morning Bazarov went to catch frogs and quickly found with them mutual language. 10) Natasha ran into the hall with black curls thrown back. 11) Fortunately, Okudzhava did not suffer from a musical illness. 12) The Lermontov family died out! 13) Lermontov’s grandmother wanted to transfer the corpse of her grandson from Tarkhan to St. Petersburg at all costs, and a few months later she succeeded. 14) Of course, it’s a pity that Lermontov died so early, because if he lived longer, like, for example, Leo Tolstoy, how much more he could do! 15) When visiting museums, I always think with admiration how much you can take out of here! 16) Lermontov's mother was a clumsy fool. 17) Pushkin, like Lermontov, in free time wrote poetry. 18) Lermontov's father was always in use, so his wife fell ill with consumption. 19) Lermontov's mother was not a beauty, but her facial features were quite symmetrical. 20) Masha was good for everyone, but it didn’t work out with her husband. 21) In Last year life Lermontov attended literary circles, and St. Petersburg finally saw the wiser poet. 22) I always re-read the following poems by Lermontov with pleasure: “Dead”, “Poet”, “Slave of Honor”.

ORPHEPIC STANDARDS

Orthoepy (Greek orthoépeia, from orthós - correct and eposé - speech) is a set of norms of the national language that ensure the unity of its sound design. The Need for Ownership orthoepic norms language is convincingly argued by the well-known domestic linguist M.V. Panov: “Each person speaks more than he writes (and usually listens more than he reads). First, a person learns to speak, and only then - to write. Skills writing lie on top of oral skills and depend on them.

Vowel pronunciation

Often in live colloquial speech, the stressed [e] is replaced by [o] and vice versa. The reason for the errors is the influence of written language. In early 1917, the First All-Russian Congress of Teachers of the Russian Language high school unanimously decided to reform the Russian spelling. Among the adopted radical changes was the following: "... to recognize as desirable, but not mandatory, the use of the letter Yo ...". As a result of such an optional status of the seventh letter of the Russian alphabet (by the way, the “youngest” one, put into use in 1797 by N.M. Karamzin), the letter established the indistinguishability of E and Yo, which causes confusion of vowels [e] and [o].

List of words with stressed vowels [e] and [o]

Words with stress [e]

spineless

log

being [in value life -e and -e]

deadwood

flash

gleam but: to gleam, to flash

firebrand

sleet

potter

bigamist, but: bigamy

one-, other-, one-, tribal, but: many, varied

expired (year) but: expired (with blood)

polygamist, but: polygamy

perplexed

dead

settled way of life

dead

acquired

lakeside, but: lakeside

produced

resultant

bloomed (for-, from-, race-)

Words with stress [o]

featherless

faded (on-) [ add. -le-]

tutor

yellowfin

perch

hammered

spoken [ add. -re-]

maneuver, agility

maneuverable [ add. -not]

reliable (without-, good-, not-) [ add. hopeless]

worthless

doomed

eponymous

crossroads

dead [ add. -me-]

converter

solvent

payment

background

by name

Pronunciation of consonants

In a position before the sound [e], denoted by the letter e, both soft and hard consonants are pronounced in borrowed words. The lack of softness is more often characteristic of dental [d], [t], [h], [s], [n] and sound [p]. However, the consonant before e in words academy,cream,press, Museum,tenor and many others. See below for lists of such words.

Words with strongly pronounced consonants before e

adept [de]

detective [dete]

adequate [de]

anesthesia [ne, te]

annexation [ne] [ add. not]

antiseptic [se]

atheism [te]

atheist [te]

take-take [be, be]

business [ne]

businessman [ne] [ add. not, me]

hetaera [te]

grotesque [te]

landing stage [de, der]

devaluation [de] [ add. de]

degradation [de]

degression [de]

dehumanization [de]

dezabile [de]

disavow [de]

disintegration [dezinte]

misinformation [deza] [ add. misinformation]

disorganization [de] [ add. de]

disorientation [de] [ add. de]

decahedron [de]

dequalification [de]

neckline [de, te]

low-cut [ add. de]

decompensation [de]

decor [de]

delicacy [te]

demarche [de]

demos [de]

dumping [de]

dendrologist [de]

denomination [de]

denunciation [de]

dermis [de]

desegregation [de]

detective [dete]

detector [dete]

determinism [dete]

de facto [de]

deflector [de]

deflation [de]

decibel [de]

decimeter [de]

de-escalation [de]

de jure [de, re]

indexing [de]

computer [te]

condensate [de]

capacitor [de]

consensus [se]

confidential [de] [ add. de]

corps de ballet [de]

cosecant [se]

crater [te] [ add. those]

creed [re] [ add. re]

crepe de chine [de] [ add. re]

laser [ze]

manager [ne] [ add. me, ne]

management [ne] [ add. me, ne]

minstrel [re] [ add. ne]

to model [de]

nonsense [se]

orchid [de]

pantheon [te]

panther [te] [ add. those]

parterre [te]

reverence [ie] [ add. ie]

pretentious [te]

providential [de]

producer [se]

protege [te]

prosthesis [te]

protection [te]

rendezvous [de]

requiem [re, uh]

reputation [me] [ add. re, me]

secant [se]

St. Bernard [se]

maxim [te] [ add. ce]

sepsis [se]

setter [se, te]

synthesis [te]

sonnet [ne] [ add. not]

stress [re]

teza (anti-) [te]

thesaurus [te]

thesis (anti-) [te]

timbre [te]

tempera [te]

trend [te, de]

tender [te, de]

tennis [te]

T-shirt [te]

thermos [te]

terms [te]

terracotta [te]

tercet [te]

third [te]

tete-a-tete [tatatet]

tetrahedron [te]

track [re] [ add. re]

phoneme [ne]

phonetics [ne]

maid of honor [re]

meatball [de]

cicherone [ne]

showman [me]

psychic [se]

Words with softly pronounced consonants before e

academy [not de]

takes [not bere]

degenerate

tasting [ de and de]

deduction [ add. de]

disinfection, disinfect

deodorant [ de and de]

decade [ add. de]

decadent [ add. decade]

recitation

declaration

decoration

demilitarization [ add. de]

demi-season

dismantling [ add. de]

depression [ add. de, re]

leatherette

definition [ add. de]

hyphen [ add. de]

deformation [ add. de]

dividend

kinescope

competent

competence

congress [ add. re]

congressman [ add. re, me]

context

correct

cream [ add. re]

compartment, but: coupe [ pe]

legionary

mixer [ add. se]

policeman

mystery

cologne

cop

press conference

pressing

progression [ add. re]

register [ add. es]

referent

safe [ add. ce]

sexology [ add. ce],but: sex [se]

serverat [ add. ce]

service [ add. ce]

session [ add. ce]

athlete [rc]

therapist [ add. te]

Terminator

thermonuclear [ add. te]

terror [ add. te]

fashionable [ add. ne]

shrapnel

express [ add. re]

expression [ add. re]

epidemic

essence

jurisprudence

yachtsman [hts]

Pronunciation of words with combinations ch, th, chsh

Combination ch pronounced like [shn] in the words: mustard plaster,certainly,on purpose,laundry,birdhouse,boring,omelette and some others. [shn] is stably preserved in female patronymics on -ichna: Nikitichna,Lukinichna. In modern pronunciation, the combination ch usually sounds like [h "n], displacing the variant [shn] in accordance with the trend of pronunciation closer to the spelling: bulo [h "n] aya, gorni [h "n] aya. See below for a list of such words.

balalaika player [ add. sh]

lingonberry

everyday [ add. sh]

bakery, noun[add. sh]

baker [ add. sh]

bakery [ add. sh]

bottle [ add. sh]

housemaid [ add. sh]

mustard plaster [sn]

mustard [sn]

mustard [sn]

feverish (white-) [shn] buckwheat,

buckwheat [ add. sh]

dunk [ add. sh]

bachelorette party [sn]

sufficient [ add. sh]

kalachny [ add. sh],but: with a cloth snout in a kalachny [shn] row

of course [sn],

Brown [ add. sh]

cinnamon (from cinnamon)

hawker [ add. sh](tray seller)

tray (from tray)[add. sh]

lotus (lotto player)

lotus (from loto)

dairy, noun [add. sh]

milkman [ add. sh]

thrush (disease)

thrush (salesman) [add. sh]

dairy [ add. sh]

something, pronoun, noun

no way [pcs], *nothing about nothing [pcs]

nothing [piece]

eyeglass case [sn]

spectacle [sn]

laundry

pepperbox [ add. sh],but: damn pepperbox [ sh]

sandpiper

sandbox

tiled

candlestick [ add. sh]

night owl [sn]

to spend the night [sn]

midnight

decency [ add. sh]

decent [ add. sh]

laundry [sn]

gingerbread [ add. sh]

gingerbread [ add. sh]

trifling [sn]

wheat

cordial; but: friend of the heart [sn]

cute

birdhouse [sn]

birdhouse [shn]; R. pl. -chen[shen]

boring [sn]

static [shn] is it the case?

strike

troechnik [ add. sh]

rag-picker [ add. sh]

rag-picker [ add. sh]

rag [ add. sh]

improvement [utsh]

improved [utsh]

improve [utsh]

to [pcs]

hatter [ add. sh]

capped [ add. sh],but: to capped [shn] parsing

hat [sn] acquaintance

scrambled eggs [sn]

egg [ add. sh]

barley [ add. sh]

Difficulties of Russian stress

Various accent systems are used in the languages ​​of the world: monotony (different types of power stress), polytony (musical stress, tone), vowel harmony. In Slavic languages, monotonic (dynamic) stress (Russian, Polish, Bulgarian), polytonic (musical) stress (Serbo-Croatian) and longitude act as a verbal accent. In the history of a language, accent systems can replace one another: the ancient musical stress in most Slavic languages, including Russian, changed to dynamic. Difficulties in setting Russian stress are associated with two of its features: verbal stress in Russian is free, that is, it can be on any syllable of a word, and mobile, that is, not tied to a specific morpheme in a word.

Words of foreign origin, as a rule, retain the place of stress that they had in the source language. Therefore, if you know that, for example, in English, nouns most often have an accent on the first syllable, and in French - on the last, then you will pronounce the words bartender, marketing, management with an emphasis on the first syllable, and French engraver, dispensary, blinds, rubber, driver - with an emphasis on the latter.

In words denoting units of measure of length and ending in -meter, the stress falls on the last syllable: kilometer, centimeter, millimeter, etc.

In compound words with the second part - wire at general meaning“a device for transporting some substance or energy” the emphasis falls on the root -water-: gasoline pipeline, water supply, gas pipeline, light pipe, etc.

Among Russian words, the “record holders” in terms of errors in pronunciation are the verbs call and put. The stress in the forms of the first should not fall on the root syllable. The second verb, firstly, in the forms of the past tense and the imperative mood, should not be pronounced with an accent on the root, and secondly, it does not have non-prefixed forms in the literary language.

8. Edit the sentences. Point out the disadvantages of phonics.

1) The proposed project is designed to ensure the timely turnaround of work at all facilities. 2) The representative told about the dispossession of kulaks, and these stories influenced the Cossacks. 3) It is impossible not to note such a striking feature of the South Russian dialects as akaniye. 4) There are plenty of problems, and the main one is the surprises of capricious weather. 5) Indication is the registration of any information. 6) The organizing committee decided to improve the nomination for awarding prizes. 7) In experiments, the measurement of momenta of secondary particles often fails to be accurately performed. 8) Information on sending goods can be obtained by phone. 9) In oratory, irony is sometimes used as one of the stylistic devices. 10) We discussed this problem with world-famous scientists. 11) All devices are built on the elements of a universal system of industrial automation elements.

9. Read the words. Formulate the basic orthoepic rules.

Heat, naughty, jargon, kings, pity, thirty, jacket, jasmine, horses, blinds, thicket, rye, wife, price, whisper, dance, watch, sorrel, position, intelligentsia, inflation.

10. Put stress on frequently mispronounced words. Check yourself with a spelling dictionary.

Jagged

spoiled, spoiled

spoil, spoil

INVENTION

EXHAUST

COSSACK, Cossack; pl. COSSACKS, Cossacks

PLIERS (from tick)

MORE BEAUTIFUL

KITCHEN

HUNCH, chunk; pl. CHUCKS, CHUCKS

SMALL SHARE

WORKSHOPS

MINOR

GARBAGE CHUTE

THINKING

STARTED, started, started

NEWBORN

normalize, normalize

embittered, embittered

INFORM, inform

plan, plan

TEENAGE

PORT, port; pl. PORTS, ports

SENTENCE, sentence; pl. SENTENCES, sentences

CLOSED, CLOSED

ACCEPTED, accepted, accepted

Viaduct

MULTIPLE

TIMELY

SYMMETRY

PLUM (juice)

CONDOLENCE

CREATED, created, created

created, created, created

CONCENTRATION

MEANS, MEANS, MEANS

DANCER

CAKES, cakes

notify, notify, notify

COAL,coal; pl. COAL, coals

acne, blackhead

UKRAINIAN

STRENGTHENING

NEEDLE, needles

INTERCUT

FOUR-CYLINDER

SORREL, sorrel; with sorrel

YURODIVYY

11. Indicate the meaning of the words that differ in the place of stress. Check yourself with a spelling dictionary.

atlas - atlas

leading - leading

vision - vision

iris - iris

expired - expired

ticks - ticks

laurel - laurel

glacier - glacier

petty - petty

mounted - mounted

naked - naked

lowland - lowland

sharpness - sharpness

Review - review

portable - portable

transitional - transitional

movable - movable

underwater - underwater

driveway - driveway

drive - drive

cursed - cursed

risky - risky

sable - sable

feet - feet

Tones - tones

typical - typical

12. Mark the stressed syllable in the underlined words; test yourself!

Beauty, according to Polycletus, lies in SYMMETRY (according to Polycletus - proportionality): a finger with a finger, all fingers with a wrist and a hand, and these latter - with an ELBOW and an ELBOW - with a hand and all parts with all.

BUREAUOCRACY consists of hired servants, ARISTOCRACY - from idols, DEMOCRACY - from idolaters (Bernard Shaw).

On the Arbat in COOKING - excellent CAKES.

ELEVATORS and GARBAGE CHIPS in the house did not work.

It was raining, it got cold; she wrapped herself in a SCARF; Alas, she did not have an UMBRELLA.

Breakfast included cottage cheese, croutons and GRAPEFRUIT.

13. The announcers are rarely wrong. And yet, in their speech, errors in the pronunciation of words were noticed (and you ?; check yourself!).

NUREMBERG

UKRAINIAN

SHAFT VALIT

One day a young announcer mispronounced the word STATUE.

Almost all pop singers mispronounce the word BANT in oblique cases. Decline the word BANT, mark the stress in all cases.

Sorrel and Rhubarb are from the buckwheat family.

I love sorrel soup very much. - And I love compote with rhubarb and pies with SORREL.

The AIR plant is the oldest medicinal plant. Famous doctors wrote about him: Dioscorides, Galen, Avicenna. The calamus root is used as a DRUG for many diseases. AIR is mentioned in many poems and prose. “Who rules so deftly with an oar // Through calamus and kupyr?” Who is the author of these lines? Remembered? Not? He wrote the most sincere poems: “That was in early spring...”, “In the midst of a noisy ball by chance...”, “My bells, flowers of the steppe...” Remember? Again no? He wrote with the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers under the pseudonym "Kozma Prutkov". Remembered? That's right, his name is Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy.

The ADONIS plant is one of the most important cardiac remedies. Poets often mention the mythical ADONIS:

“Beautiful darling of Cyprida!

Know how to bear, my Adonis,

Her momentary grievances.

(A.S. Pushkin)

Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece "The Last Supper" is located in the REFINERY of the monastery of Santa Maria Grazie (in Milan).

All AIRPORTS and PORTS were subjected to massive BOMB strikes. There is nothing left of AIRPORTS and PORTS.

The government expressed CONDOLENCE TO THE FAMILIES of the victims.

Please issue me a RESERVATION for a ticket.

Grandmother was frying pancakes on two PANs.

14. Mark the stressed syllable in the underlined words; check yourself.

Until recently, in this small town, sidewalks were made of BOARDS. People walked on the BOARDS, and across the road in the MUD, drowning in the MUD.

In my opinion, ski BAMBOO poles are MORE BEAUTIFUL than duralumin.

- "The most unbearable thing in the casemate was the absence of WINDOWS." (From the notes of M.N. Volkonskaya).

At the FUNERAL, a DECAY prayer was read.

Shareholders' MONEY is used by key SECTORS of the economy.

Publishing houses and WHOLESALE buyers cooperate on the principle of mutually beneficial CONTRACTUAL relations.

Recently, a brochure "On the dangers of tobacco" was PUBLISHED.

Grandmother got down from the FURNACE and said: - Shchi and porridge are in the FURNACE. What do you get out of the FURNACE?

He went to the DOOR. There was a note sticking out of the SLOT on the DOOR. AT THE DOOR lay a box of CAKE.

The INSURER worked on WEDNESDAYS.

Portraits of ancestors hung on the WALLS.

According to Sechenov, not only involuntary, but also voluntary movements have a REFLECTOR nature.

Mozart created his first sonatas and symphonies at the age of 8.

The purpose of mnemonics is to make it easier to remember the necessary information with the help of associations.

Friends talked NON-STOP for three HOURS.

Two rows of fruit trees stretched along the road.

The striker scored two goals.

The soldiers took two STEPS forward.

The hay was swept into four haystacks.

My father bought me two BALLS.

There were two red BALLS floating above the girl.

Hello, who is CALLING? Pavel Ivanovich?.. There is no director... And when will you CALL?

The convocation of the congress is expected. It is necessary to DEEPEN and STRENGTHEN the previously achieved.

EXPERTS OF THE IMF ARRIVED IN MOSCOW.

REPEAT RULES.

New buildings are occupied.

Light and gas are already ON.

Work ACCEPTED.

Meeting HOLD.

Evgeniya Viktorovna is BUSY.

In the 21st century there will be an attempt to visit Mars.

15. Knowing the peculiarities of stress in French and English, from the list of words below, write down the French and English words.

Sweater, ballet, prompter, yacht, finish, compote, broth, scrambled eggs, rally, midshipman, repertoire, boarding, battalion, salad, guipure, veil, pudding, leader, costume, avant-garde, director.

16. Insert the missing letters.

Future ..., in ... n ... warm, derm ... tin, ... imaginatively (in debt), inci ... ent, comp ... tention (awareness), compos ... compromising, compromising ... competitive ... capable, ascertaining ... tating, converting ... to (e or e), floor...smart, p...slip, precedent (case serving as an example).

MORPHOLOGICAL REGULATIONS