Information project on physics on the topic: “nanotechnologies. Research work "nanotechnology in our lives" Physics project on nanotechnology

Introduction
1.History of the development of nanotechnology
2.Nanotechnology in medicine
3.Voronezh region at the forefront of nanoresearch
3.1 Universities of the Voronezh region and their developments in the field of nanotechnology
3.2 Nanotechnology industry in the Voronezh region
3.3 Nanoproducts for the mass consumer
Conclusion
Literature
"There's plenty of room down there"
— Richard Feynman

Introduction
The field of science and technology called nanotechnology, as well as the corresponding terminology, appeared relatively recently. However, its prospects are so grandiose for our civilization that it is necessary to widely disseminate the basic idea of nanotechnology, especially among young people.
While the word "nanotechnology" is relatively new, nanometer-sized devices and structures are not new. In fact, they have existed on Earth for as long as life itself has existed. The abalone mollusk grows a very strong, iridescent shell from the inside, sticking together strong chalk nanoparticles with a special mixture of proteins and carbohydrates. Cracks appearing on the outside cannot propagate in the sink due to the nanostructured bricks. Shells are a natural demonstration that structures formed from nanoparticles can be much stronger than a material that is homogeneous in volume.
It is not known exactly when humans first began to take advantage of nanoscale materials. There is evidence that in the fourth century AD, Roman glassmakers made glass containing metal nanoparticles. An item from this era called the Lycurgus Cup is in the British Museum. The bowl depicting the death of King Lycurgus is made of glass based on soda lime containing nanoparticles of silver and gold. The color of the bowl changes from green to dark red when a light source is placed in it. The huge variety of beautiful colors of stained glass windows in medieval temples is explained by the presence of metal nanoparticles in the glass.
The rapid development of nanotechnologies at the world level speaks of their great importance in the development of civilization. Nanotechnology will radically change all spheres of human life. On their basis, goods and products can be created, the use of which will revolutionize entire sectors of the economy.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the development of nanotechnologies! This means that it is necessary to study everything related to nanotechnology already at the school level. Let it go a basic level of studying physics in high school provides only 2 hours a week, and every interested student understands that this is not enough - interest in the problem posed does not weaken.

1. Today, the concept of nanotechnology is firmly entering our lives, and back in 1959, the famous American theoretical physicist Richard Feynman said that there is “an amazingly complex world of small forms, and someday (for example, in 2000) people will be surprised because, before 1960, no one took the exploration of this world seriously.”
The grandfather of nanotechnology can be considered the Greek philosopher Democritus. 2400 years ago, he first used the word "atom" to describe the smallest particle of matter.
1905 - Swiss physicist Albert Einstein published a paper in which he proved that the size of a sugar molecule is approximately 1 nanometer.
1931 - German physicists Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska created an electron microscope, which for the first time made it possible to study nano-objects.
1959 - American physicist Richard Feynman first published a paper evaluating the prospects for miniaturization. The basic principles of nanotechnology were outlined in his legendary lecture “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom” delivered by him at the California Institute of Technology. Feynman has scientifically proven that, from the point of view of the fundamental laws of physics, there are no obstacles to creating things directly from atoms. Then his words seemed fantastic for only one reason: there was no technology yet that would allow one to operate on individual atoms (that is, to identify an atom, take it and put it in another place). To stimulate interest in this area, Feynman offered a $1,000 prize to the first person to write a page from a book on a pinhead, which, by the way, came to fruition as early as 1964.
1968 - Alfred Cho and John Arthur, employees of the scientific division of the American company Bell, developed theoretical basis surface nanotreatment.
1974 - Japanese physicist Norio Taniguchi introduced the word "nanotechnology" into scientific circulation, suggesting that mechanisms less than 1 micron in size should be called so.
1981 - German physicists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer created a scanning tunneling microscope - a device that allows you to influence matter at the atomic level. Four years later they received the Nobel Prize.
1985 - American physicists Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, and Richard Smalley develop technology to accurately measure objects as small as one nanometer in diameter.
1986 - An atomic force microscope was created, which, unlike a tunnel microscope, allows interaction with any materials, not just conductive ones.
1986 - Nanotechnology became known to the general public. American futurist Eric Drexler published a book in which he predicted that nanotechnology would soon begin to develop rapidly.
1989 - Donald Aigler, an employee of IBM, laid out the name of his company with xenon atoms.
1998 - Dutch physicist Seez Dekker created the nanotransistor.
2000 - The US administration announced the "National Nanotechnology Initiative" (National Nanotechnology Initiative). Then $500 million was allocated from the US federal budget. In 2002, the amount of appropriations was increased to $604 million. In 2003, the Initiative requested $710 million, and in 2004 the US government decided to increase funding for scientific research in this area to $3.7 billion over four years. Overall, global investment in nano in 2004 was about $12 billion.
2004 - The US Administration supported the "National Nanomedicine Initiative" as part of the National Nanotechnology Initiative.
Such a chronology of events could not fail to interest me, and in this report I tried to present the facts and events that interested me from the point of view of an indifferent schoolboy who understands that the future belongs to new technologies.

2. The rapid development of nanotechnologies is also caused by the needs of society in the rapid processing of huge amounts of information.
Today, progress in the field of nanotechnology is associated with the development of nanomaterials for the aerospace, automotive, and electronic industries.
But gradually, medicine is mentioned more and more often as a promising field of application of nanotechnology. This is due to the fact that modern technology allows you to work with matter on a scale that until recently seemed fantastic - micrometer, and even nanometer. It is these dimensions that are characteristic of the main biological structures - cells, their constituent parts (organelles) and molecules.

Today we can talk about the emergence of a new direction - nanomedicine. For the first time, the idea of using microscopic devices (robots-manipulators) in medicine was expressed in 1959 by R. Feynman. Manipulators open up the widest possibilities for resuscitation of sick cells of the body, including the human one, which is already considered by some visionary scientists as an opportunity to finally gain immortality. However, there is also a very negative possibility of further development of nanotechnologies: in particular, if the control of the manipulator is in the hands of selected people, the power of these people over everyone else will be unlimited.
Today, we are still quite far from the microrobot described by Feynman, capable of circulatory system get inside the heart and perform an operation on the valve there. But over the past few years, his proposals have come closer to reality. Modern applications of nanotechnology in medicine can be divided into several groups:
. Nanostructured materials, including surfaces with nanorelief, membranes with nanoholes;
. Nanoparticles (including fullerenes and dendrimers);
. Micro- and nanocapsules;
. Nanotechnological sensors and analyzers;
. Medical applications of scanning probe microscopes;
. Nanotools and nanomanipulators;
. Micro- and nanodevices of varying degrees of autonomy.
The brightest and simplest example of the use of nanotechnology in medicine and cosmetics is an ordinary soap solution that has a washing and disinfecting effect. Nanoparticles are formed in it, micelles are particles of the dispersed Zola phase (colloidal solution), surrounded by a layer of molecules or ions of the disperse medium. Soap is a miracle of nanotechnology that was already such when no one suspected the existence of nanoparticles. However, this nanomaterial is not the main one for the development of modern nanotechnologies in healthcare and cosmetology.

Another ancient application of nanotechnology in cosmetology was the fact that the dyes used by the Australian Aborigines to apply bright war paints, as well as the hair dye of ancient Greek beauties, also contained nanoparticles, providing a very long-lasting coloring effect. Now let's talk about the development of nanotechnology.

At the first stage of development of nanotechnology, preference was given to probe microscopy devices. These devices are like the eyes and hands of a nanotechnologist. In the 21st century, nanotechnology will enter all areas of human life. This is a new word in science, new opportunities, a new quality and standard of living. The rapid development of nanotechnologies at the world level is their great significance in the development of civilization. Nanotechnologies and nanoengineering are by far the most promising direction in the development of Russian and foreign science. Nanomaterials have caused a real breakthrough in many industries and penetrate into all spheres of our lives.
On their basis, goods and products can be created, the use of which will modernize entire sectors of the economy. Among the objects that we will be able to see in the near future include nanosensors for identifying toxic waste from the chemical and biotech industries, drugs, chemical warfare agents, explosives, pathogenic microorganisms, as well as nanoparticle filters and other cleaning devices designed to remove or neutralize them. . Another example of promising nanosystems in the near future is carbon nanotube electrical trunk cables, which will conduct high voltage current better than copper wires and at the same time weigh five to six times less.
Nanomaterials will significantly reduce the cost of automotive catalytic converters that clean exhaust from harmful impurities, since they can be used to reduce the consumption of platinum and other valuable metals used in these devices by 15-20 times. There is every reason to believe that nanomaterials will find wide application in the oil refining industry and in such new areas of the bioindustry as genomics and proteomics.

Looking into the distant future, one can assume that nanotechnologies can provide a person with physical immortality due to the fact that nanomedicine can endlessly regenerate dying cells. Speaking of medicine… It will change unrecognizably. First, nanoparticles can be used in medicine for precise drug delivery and control of the rate of chemical reactions. Nanocapsules with identification labels will be able to deliver drugs directly to the specified cells and microorganisms, will be able to monitor and display the patient's condition, monitor metabolism, and much more. This will make it possible to more effectively fight cancer, viral and genetic diseases. Imagine that you have caught the flu (and you don't even know that you have caught it yet). The system of artificially enhanced immunity will immediately react, tens of thousands of nanorobots will begin to recognize (in accordance with their internal database) the influenza virus, and in a matter of minutes you will not have a single virus in your blood! Or you have early atherosclerosis, artificial cells begin to clean your blood vessels by mechanical and chemical means. Secondly, it is possible to create nanorobot doctors capable of “living” inside the human body, eliminating all damage that occurs or preventing their occurrence. Consistently checking and, if necessary, “correcting” molecules, cell by cell, organ by organ, nanomachines will restore health to any patient, and then simply prevent any diseases and pathologies, including genetic ones. Theoretically, this will allow a person to live for hundreds, maybe thousands of years. Thirdly, it will be possible to quickly analyze and modify the genetic code, simple design of amino acids and proteins, and the creation of new types of drugs, prostheses, and implants. In this area, a number of researchers are already testing various nanomaterials for compatibility with living tissues and cells.

Today, we can only fantasize about nanorobots, but, nevertheless, we already have significant progress in this area. So, nanoparticles of certain substances can serve as "nanorobots". For example, silver. It has been established that silver nanoparticles are thousands of times more effective in fighting bacteria and viruses than silver ions.
As the experiment showed, negligible concentrations of nanoparticles destroyed all known microorganisms (including the AIDS virus) without being consumed. In addition, unlike antibiotics that kill not only harmful viruses, but also cells affected by them, the effect of nanoparticles is very selective: they act only on viruses, while the cell is not damaged! The fact is that the shell of microorganisms consists of special proteins, which, when damaged by nanoparticles, cease to supply the bacterium with oxygen. The unfortunate microorganism can no longer oxidize its "fuel" - glucose - and dies, left without an energy source. Viruses, which do not have any shell at all, also get their own when they encounter a nanoparticle. But human and animal cells have more “high-tech” walls, and nanoparticles are not afraid of them. At the moment, studies are underway on the possibilities of using silver nanoparticles in pharmaceutical preparations.

For example, the Helios company produces the Witch Doctor toothpaste with silver nanoparticles, which effectively protects against various infections. Also, small concentrations of nanoparticles are added to some creams from a series of “elite” cosmetics to prevent their deterioration during use. Silver nanoparticle additives are used as an anti-allergic preservative in creams, shampoos, makeup cosmetics, etc. When used, an anti-inflammatory and healing effect is also observed.
Nanoparticles are able to retain their bactericidal properties for a long time after being applied to many hard surfaces (glass, wood, paper, ceramics, metal oxides, etc.). This makes it possible to create highly effective long-lasting disinfectant aerosols for home use. Unlike bleach and other chemical disinfectants, nanoparticle-based aerosols are non-toxic and do not harm the health of humans and animals.

According to Scientific American magazine, postage stamp-sized medical devices will appear in the near future. It will be enough to put them on the wound. This device will independently conduct a blood test, determine which medications to use, and inject them into the blood. It should be noted that the emergence of high technologies, due to their high cost, has introduced a number of new problems into healthcare, including moral and ethical ones related to the availability and accessibility of medical services for the general population. Nevertheless, no matter how much the scientific and technical basis of medicine develops, the main factors in the healing of the patient have always been and will remain the professional training, ethical and human qualities of the doctor.

3. AT general development nanotechnologies have been made and continue to be made by Russian scientists. One of the leading regions of Russia in nano-research is the Voronezh region. Today, it has a certain potential in the field of nanoindustry - these are research developments of universities in the Voronezh region and a number of innovative projects and technological developments of industrial enterprises. The sectoral priorities of the region are concentrated in the energy and fuel industries, instrument making and electronics, and the aerospace industry.

3.1 The Voronezh region has a high industrial potential, and a third of the population of Voronezh has a higher education. The city is considered to be the intellectual center of the Central Chernozem region. The leading universities of the region - Voronezh State University, Voronezh State Technical University and a number of others - successfully carry out research and development in the field of nanomaterials and nanoelectronics. Innovation projects Voronezh enterprises also have technological developments, where the greatest attention is paid to promising work on thermoelectricity and the creation of an element base based on whisker-like silicon nanocrystals, as well as on other related topics. Thus, CJSC Voronezh Engineering and Technology Center together with Voronezh State Technical University are successfully engaged in R&D to develop a highly efficient nanocomposite solar cell. The Sodruzhestvo technopark is implementing the project “Development of technological equipment for the production of a fullerene-containing mixture, nanofibers and nanotubes”. Nanoindustry development centers are being created with the participation of high-tech enterprises and universities of the region. Among these centers, we can single out: the Fonon Center on the basis of OJSC NPO RIF Corporation and Industrial Nanotechnologies on the basis of Cosmos-Oil-Gas LLC.

Industrial enterprises in the field of nanotechnology pay the greatest attention to developments in the following areas: thermoelectricity, development of an element base based on whisker-like silicon nanocrystals, etc. Small innovative enterprises specializing in the development of nanotechnology are being created.
Based on the developments of the VSU, LLC Corrosion Protection LLC was created, which promotes new technology coating of zinc nanostructures. JSC "Rikon" is also working in this direction, having created fundamentally new capacitors using fullerenes.

ZAO Voronezh Engineering and Technology Center, together with Voronezh State Technical University, is engaged in R&D to develop a highly efficient nanocomposite solar cell. The Sodruzhestvo technopark is implementing the project “Development of technological equipment for the production of a fullerene-containing mixture, nanofibers and nanotubes”.

Chemists from the Voronezh State Agrarian University have invented a durable household water filter, which they claim has no analogues in the world. The basis of the filter, on the creation of which the employees of VGAU and the company "Akva" worked, is based on nanotechnologies. According to the project manager, head of the laboratory of chemistry of the Faculty of Technology and Commodity Science Ivan Gorelov, the synthesis of the filter material is made from nanoparticles of silicon dioxide, carbon and silver. They are first prepared as raw materials, then combined in strict proportions, dried to make pellets, and fired at a temperature of 1000ºС without oxygen.

According to scientists, the uniqueness of the new filter, in addition to the use of nanoparticles, lies in the fact that it removes man-made impurities - primarily iron compounds, petroleum products, as well as heavy metal ions (lead, mercury, zinc, cadmium, copper). Natural mineral composition water remains unchanged.
The nanocomposite, which is supplied with the filter of our design, has universal properties. In a dry state, it is able to absorb benzene, toluene, hexane, acetone vapors, as well as smoke. Therefore, it can be used, for example, in emergency protective devices for the protection of rescue personnel and for the protection of workers in the paint and varnish industry.
Customers from Europe and Asia have already shown interest in the filters. An industrial line for their production on the basis of VGAU will be put into operation in early 2013. Nanoindustry development centers are being created with the participation of high-tech enterprises and universities of the region.

3.2 Currently, there are 14 enterprises and organizations operating in the nanotechnology industry in the region: Voronezhsintezkauchuk OJSC, NPO RIF Corporation OJSC, VZPP-S OJSC, KBKhA OJSC, Sozvezdie Concern OJSC, Voronezh State University, Voronezh State Technical University, Komnet LLC, Vodmashoborudovaniye Plant OJSC, etc. About 20 industrial projects in the field of nanoindustry are already being implemented in the region. And only Voronezh State University has about 30 projects at the development stage.
The main areas of application of R&D of the nanoindustry of the Voronezh region are the following areas:
. Nanotechnologies in power engineering and fuel industry. Enterprises and organizations of the Voronezh region are implementing projects aimed at the industrial production of polysilicon for solar batteries, thermoelectric materials to improve the energy efficiency of machines and mechanisms, and nanomodification of types of fuel and liquids on the market.
. Nanotechnologies in instrument making and electronics. Developments in the field of nanoindustry of the Voronezh region are aimed at the development and production of scanning electron and atomic force microscopes, microcircuits, printed circuit boards, and loop cables.
. Nanotechnologies in the aerospace industry. Within the framework of this industry in the Voronezh region, enterprises and organizations in the field of nanotechnology are conducting pilot tests and preparing the production of heat-resistant and other nanomodified composites, fundamentally new materials for rocket science and the aircraft industry.
. Nanotechnologies in mechanical engineering. In the designated industry, enterprises and organizations of the nanoindustry of the Voronezh region are working on the production of systems for the creation of nanomaterials.
. Nanotechnologies in medicine. Enterprises and organizations of the nanoindustry of the Voronezh region are implementing projects aimed at creating new methods of treating and diagnosing patients. A significant proportion of promising projects is aimed at creating technologies for import substitution of foreign medicines.
. Nanotechnologies in the building materials industry. In the construction industry in recent years, there has been practically no introduction of new technologies. Meanwhile, enterprises and organizations of the nanoindustry of the Voronezh region have a significant potential for developments designed to significantly improve the quality of construction in the region and the Russian Federation.
. Nanotechnologies in the food industry. Relevant developments of enterprises and organizations of the nanoindustry of the Voronezh region are water purification technologies, modification of food products to improve their nutritional properties.

3.3 In the Voronezh region, nanoproducts are being actively introduced, which qualitatively improve the health status of Voronezh residents. An example is the products of Nano Hightech, in particular, a hexagon made of nanoceramics. Nanoceramics is a unique material that synthesizes several main components: Volcanic rocks, Kym-Gan Stone, natural Germanium, Titanium, Pozzolan and Barodon, crushed to nanoscale units. Thanks to this, the Nano High-Tech Hanguk Nano Medical Company has produced a unique product - Nanoceramics (NC). The resulting raw material goes through the process of pressing, molding and firing at a temperature of 1300 ° C in an electric furnace. The fired and polished hexagons are then manually formed into dense mosaic fields, which are used in the production of equipment. This hexagon is designed to relieve pain, eliminate unpleasant odors and structure fluids.

As the manufacturer assures us, he:
. activates microcirculation processes,
. restores disturbed energy exchange,
. has bactericidal properties,
. accelerates the healing process of wounds, abrasions, bruises, burns,
. preserves the freshness of products for a long time, eliminates unpleasant odors (when placing the Hexagon in the refrigerator, closet or shoes),
. helps to increase soil fertility (when watering with charged water or placing the Hexagon in the soil),
. affects the structure of liquids,
. relieves pain and inflammation.
Of course, there are not so many products designed for the mass consumer, but progress does not stand still, and we can safely assume that in the next 5-10 years we will be able to see new consumer products.

Conclusion
As has been repeatedly stated, nanotechnology opens up great prospects for the development of new materials, the improvement of communications, the development of biotechnology, microelectronics, energy and weapons. Among the most likely scientific breakthroughs, experts name an increase in computer performance, the restoration of human organs using newly recreated tissue, the production of new materials directly from given atoms and molecules, and the emergence of new discoveries in chemistry and physics that can have a revolutionary impact on the development of civilization.
It is assumed that nanotechnology will solve energy problems through the use of more efficient lighting, fuel cells, hydrogen batteries, solar cells, distribution of energy sources, decentralization of production and energy storage through a qualitative upgrade of the electric power system.
The most important thing is that the concept of "nanotechnology" should not become a loophole behind which dishonest scientists, entrepreneurs, firms and officials will hide.
Only modest advances in nanotechnology are currently on the market, such as self-cleaning coatings, smart clothes, and packaging that keeps food fresher longer. However, scientists predict the triumphant march of nanotechnology in the near future, relying on the fact of its gradual penetration into all industries.
As already mentioned, the possibilities of using nanotechnology are inexhaustible: from microscopic computers that kill cancer cells to car engines that do not pollute the environment, but big promises often come with big dangers. Take, for example, the achievements in the field of atomic energy and the sad consequences of the Chernobyl accident or the tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Scientists all over the world today must clearly realize that such “unsuccessful” experiments or negligence in the future can turn into a tragedy that threatens the existence of all mankind and the planet as a whole.
In this regard, it becomes clear why, from the very appearance of nanotechnology, its development has been hampered by fears, some of which clearly belong to the category of science fiction, but some, however, are not completely unfounded.
In the near future, it is planned to create "smart" materials with memory, self-healing materials, nanorobots that exist inside the human body and ensure its normal functioning, the exploration of distant regions of space by nanorobots, etc.
The first predictions of the development of nanotechnology, which were perceived as a fantastic movie, are justified, and ahead of time.
Thus, the use of nanotechnologies in biophysics is going through the very initial stage of its development. But, despite this, it is already clear today that it is the introduction of nanotechnological and biophysical methods into “classical” biology that will make it possible to achieve the most incredible and amazing results. Many researchers even believe that the biological species of Homo sapiens will be almost completely replaced by a new biological species over the next century. This person will be a complex synthesis of genetic modifications and implantation of technological systems. Electronic components placed directly in the human body will provide continuous communication with networks like the Internet. But so far, these are only predictions of a possible future, perhaps more distant than we would like, but, nevertheless, fascinating with its fantastic possibilities.
My first attempt to get acquainted with nanotechnologies and nanoideas took place. She confirmed me in the thought of further study of the material in this area. I am sure that, becoming a student, I will not only not lose interest in the problem posed, but will also make every effort to analyze the problem from new heights of knowledge. After all, the belief that the prospects of nanotechnologies are grandiose for our civilization, for our future is not just a certainty ... This is faith in science, in its triumph! The technology race sets the pace of life, and in order to be successful modern personality, you need to not just keep up with the times, but get ahead of it!

Literature:
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2. Balabanov V., “Nanotechnologies. Science of the future. 2009.
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A distinctive feature of nanotechnology History reference Nanorobots Scope of nanorobots (currently) Fundamentals Atomic force microscopy Nanoparticles Self-assembly of nanoparticles Advanced sciences Nanotechnology industry Nanotechnology in medicine Nanotechnology patents and investments US Science Foundation and its investments in nanotechnology

What is the difference between nanotechnology and the rest? Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field of fundamental and applied science and technology that deals with a combination of theoretical justification, practical methods of research, analysis and synthesis, as well as methods for the production and use of products with a given atomic structure by controlled manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. The frequently used definition of nanotechnology as a set of methods for working with objects smaller than 100 nanometers does not accurately describe both the object and the difference between nanotechnology and traditional technologies. scientific disciplines Nanotechnologies are qualitatively different from traditional disciplines, since on such scales the usual, macroscopic, technologies for dealing with matter are often inapplicable, and microscopic phenomena, negligibly weak on the usual scales, become much more significant: the properties and interactions of individual atoms and molecules or aggregates of molecules, quantum effects.

Historical background Many sources, primarily in English, associate the first mention of the methods that would later be called nanotechnology with the famous speech of Richard Feynman, made by him in 1959 at the California Institute of Technology at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society. Richard Feynman suggested that it would be possible to mechanically move single atoms, using a manipulator of the appropriate size, at least such a process would not contradict the physical laws known today. He suggested doing this manipulator in the following way. It is necessary to build a mechanism that would create its own copy, only an order of magnitude smaller. The created smaller mechanism must again create its copy, again an order of magnitude smaller, and so on until the dimensions of the mechanism are commensurate with the dimensions of the order of one atom. At the same time, it will be necessary to make changes in the structure of this mechanism, since the forces of gravity acting in the macrocosm will have less and less influence, and the forces of intermolecular interactions and van der Waals forces will increasingly affect the operation of the mechanism. The last stage of the resulting mechanism will assemble its copy from individual atoms. In principle, the number of such copies is unlimited, it will be possible for a short time create any number of such machines. These machines will be able to assemble macrothings in the same way, by atom-by-atom assembly. This will make things an order of magnitude cheaper, such robots (nanorobots) will need to be given only the required number of molecules and energy, and write a program to assemble the necessary items. Until now, no one has been able to refute this possibility, but no one has yet managed to create such mechanisms. The fundamental disadvantage of such a robot is the impossibility of creating a mechanism from a single atom. The term "nanotechnology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974. He called this term the production of products with a size of several nanometers. Central to his research was mathematical calculations, with which it was possible to analyze the operation of a device with dimensions of several nanometers.

Nanorobots Nanorobots, or nanobots are robots comparable in size to a molecule (less than 10 nm), which have the functions of movement, processing and transmission of information, execution of programs. At the moment (2009), real nanorobots have not been created. Some scientists claim that some components of nanorobots have already been created. Nanobots capable of creating copies of themselves, that is, self-reproducing, are called replicators. The possibility of creating nanorobots was considered in his book "Machines of Creation" by the American scientist Eric Drexler. The idea of nanorobots is widely used in modern science fiction. Other definitions describe a nanorobot as a machine capable of accurately interacting with nanoscale objects or capable of manipulating objects at the nanoscale. As a result, even large devices, such as an atomic force microscope, can be considered nanorobots, since it manipulates objects at the nanoscale. In addition, even ordinary robots that can move with nanoscale precision can be considered nanorobots. Nanorobots are mostly in the research and development stage, however, some primitive prototypes of molecular machines have already been created. For example, a sensor having a switch of about 1.5 nm capable of counting individual molecules in chemical samples. The first useful application of nanomachines, should they appear, is planned in medical technology, where they can be used to identify and destroy cancer cells. They can also detect toxic chemicals in the environment and measure their levels. Recently, Rice University demonstrated nanodevices for use in regulating the chemical processes in modern cars.

Scope of application Early diagnosis of cancer and targeted delivery of drugs to cancer cells Biomedical instrumentation Surgery Pharmacokinetics Monitoring of diabetic patients Production of a device from individual molecules by means of molecular assembly by nanorobots according to its drawings Military use as a means of surveillance and espionage, as well as weapons Space research and development ( for example, von Neumann probes capable of carrying a Gauss cannon in low Earth orbit)

Atomic force microscopy One of the methods used to study nanoobjects is atomic force microscopy. Using an atomic force microscope (AFM), one can not only see individual atoms, but also selectively influence them, in particular, move atoms over the surface. Scientists have already managed to create two-dimensional nanostructures on the surface using this method. For example, at the IBM research center, by sequentially moving xenon atoms on the surface of a nickel single crystal, employees were able to lay out three letters of the company's logo using 35 xenon atoms. When performing such manipulations, a number of technical difficulties arise. In particular, it is necessary to create ultrahigh vacuum conditions, it is necessary to cool the substrate and the microscope to ultralow temperatures (4–10 K), the substrate surface must be atomically clean and atomically smooth, for which special methods its preparation. The substrate is cooled to reduce the surface diffusion of deposited atoms.

Nanoparticles The modern trend towards miniaturization has shown that a substance can have completely new properties if one takes a very small particle of this substance. Particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 (over 100 nanometers, nanoparticles can be called conventionally) nanometers are usually called "nanoparticles". For example, it turned out that nanoparticles of some materials have very good catalytic and adsorption properties. Other materials show amazing optical properties, such as ultra-thin films of organic materials used to make solar cells. Such batteries, although they have a relatively low quantum efficiency, are cheaper and can be mechanically flexible. It is possible to achieve the interaction of artificial nanoparticles with natural objects of nanosized proteins, nucleic acids, etc. Carefully purified, nanoparticles can self-align into certain structures. Such a structure contains strictly ordered nanoparticles and also often exhibits unusual properties. Nano-objects are divided into 3 main classes: three-dimensional particles obtained by the explosion of conductors, plasma synthesis, thin film recovery, etc., two-dimensional film objects obtained by molecular deposition, CVD, ALD, ion deposition, etc., one-dimensional whisker objects, these objects are obtained by the method molecular layering, the introduction of substances into cylindrical micropores, etc. There are also nanocomposites, materials obtained by introducing nanoparticles into any matrices. At the moment, only the microlithography method has been widely used, which makes it possible to obtain flat island objects with a size of 50 nm or more on the surface of matrices; it is used in electronics.

Self-organization of nanoparticles One of the most important issues facing nanotechnology is how to force molecules to group in a certain way, self-organize, in order to eventually obtain new materials or devices. The branch of chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, deals with this problem. It does not study individual molecules, but the interactions between molecules, which, organized in a certain way, can give rise to new substances. It is encouraging that in nature such systems really exist and such processes are carried out. Thus, biopolymers are known that can organize themselves into special structures. One example is proteins that can not only fold into a globular shape, but also form structural complexes that include several protein molecules (proteins). Already now there is a synthesis method that uses the specific properties of the DNA molecule. Complementary DNA is taken, a molecule A or B is connected to one of the ends. We have 2 substances: -- -- A and ---- B, where ---- conditional image of a single DNA molecule. Now, if you mix these 2 substances, hydrogen bonds form between the two single strands of DNA, which will attract molecules A and B to each other. Let's conditionally depict the resulting connection: ====AB. The DNA molecule can be easily removed after the end of the process.

Sciences that have emerged thanks to nanotechnology Nanomedicine (tracking, fixing, designing and controlling human biological systems at the molecular level, using nanodevices and nanostructures) Nanoelectronics (a field of electronics that develops the physical and technological foundations for creating integrated electronic circuits with characteristic topological dimensions of elements less than 100 nm .) Nanoengineering (scientific and practical human activity in the design, manufacture and application of nanoscale objects or structures, as well as objects or structures created by nanotechnology methods.) Nanoionics (properties, phenomena, effects, mechanisms of processes and applications associated with fast ion transport in solid-state nanosystems.) Nanorobotics (applied science that develops automated technical systems (robots) in the field of nanotechnology.) Nanochemistry (science that studies the properties of various nanostructures, as well as the development oh new ways to obtain, study and modify them)

Nanotechnologies in Russia The State Corporation "Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies" (RUSNANO) was established by Federal Law 139-FZ on July 19, 2007 to "implement the state policy in the field of nanotechnologies, develop innovative infrastructure in the field of nanotechnologies, implement projects to create promising nanotechnologies and nanoindustry." The Corporation solves this problem by acting as a co-investor in nanotechnology projects with significant economic or social potential. Financial participation of the corporation in the early stages of projects reduces the risks of its partners - private investors. The Corporation participates in the creation of nanotechnology infrastructure facilities, such as community centers, business incubators and early investment funds. RUSNANO selects priority investment areas based on long-term development forecasts, which are developed by leading Russian and international experts. The Government of the Russian Federation allocated 130 billion rubles for the activities of the Corporation, which were contributed to the authorized capital of RUSNANO in November 2007. In June 2008, temporarily free funds were placed on accounts in 8 commercial banks in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. The governing bodies are the supervisory board, the board and the general director. In September 2008, Anatoly Borisovich Chubais was appointed General Director of the Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies.

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Mordovia

SBEI RM SPO (SSUZ) "Saransk College of Food and Processing Industry"

INFORMATION PROJECT

in physics on the topic:

student gr. No. 16 Romanov Alexander

Supervisor:

physics teacher

Ryazina Svetlana Egorovna

Saransk 2012

Object of study:"Nanotechnologies"

Purpose of the study:

To reveal the main directions of development of nanotechnologies, to show the positive and negative aspects of the research area.

Research objectives:

Find out what the main directions of development of this area.
Consider the scope of nanotechnology.
Explore the impact of nanotechnology on the environment.

Research methods: analysis of scientific literature on the topic, analysis of media information, generalization, systematization.

5. Application of nanotechnology

the medicine
industry
Agriculture
biology
space exploration
warfare
food industry

6. How much does nanotechnology cost?

7. Safety of nanotechnologies

8. Nanotechnologies and ecology

9. Nanotechnology has been around for a long time

10. Conclusion

11. Mordovia territory NANO

1. Nanotechnology: a place among other sciences

Have you heard of nanotechnology? I think yes, and more than once. Nanotechnology is a high-tech industry that works with individual atoms and molecules. Such super-accuracy makes it possible to use the laws of nature for the benefit of man at a qualitatively new level. Developments in the field of nanotechnology are used in almost any industry: in medicine, mechanical engineering, gerontology, industry, agriculture, biology, cybernetics, electronics, and ecology. Nanotechnologies occupy a special place among other sciences. With the help of nanotechnology, it is possible to explore space, refine oil, defeat many viruses, create robots, protect nature, build ultra-fast computers. It can be said that the development of nanotechnology in the 21st century will change the life of mankind more than the development of writing, the steam engine or electricity. The nanoworld is complex and still relatively little studied, and yet not as far from us as it seemed a few years ago. In my work, I will try to popularly explain the essence of nanotechnology and tell about the achievements in this branch of science. Because I think it is the most relevant and in demand today.

What is nanotechnology and "what they eat with"

The prefix "nano" (Greek for "dwarf") means "one part in a billion". That is, one nanometer (1 nm) is one billionth of a meter (10–9 m). How to imagine such a short distance? The easiest way to do this is with money: a nanometer and a meter are related in size like a penny coin and the globe. Or we reduce an elephant to the size of a microbe (5000 nm) - then the flea on his back will become just a nanometer in size. And if a person's height were suddenly reduced to a nanometer, then we could play football with individual atoms! The thickness of a sheet of paper would then seem to us equal to 170 kilometers. Nanometers measure only the most primitive creatures - viruses (their length is on average 100 nm). Living nature ends at the turn of about 10 nm - complex protein molecules have such dimensions. Simple molecules are ten times smaller. The size of the atoms is a few angstroms (1 angstrom = 0.1 nm). For example, the diameter of an oxygen atom is 0.14 nm. Here is the lower boundary of the nanoworld, the world of nanoscales - from hundreds to units of nanometers. It is in the nanoworld that processes of fundamental importance take place - chemical reactions take place, a strict geometry of crystals and protein structures are built. Nanotechnologists work with these processes. Generally speaking, nanotechnology is not an independent branch of science. Rather, it is precisely a set of applied technologies, the fundamentals of which are studied in such disciplines as colloid chemistry, surface physics, quantum mechanics, molecular biology etc. What is nano? The prefix "nano" ("nanos" in Greek - dwarf) means "one part in a billion". One nanometer (1 nm) is one billionth of a meter (10Љ m). How to imagine such a short distance? The easiest way to do this is with money: a nanometer and a meter are related in scale like a penny coin and a globe (by the way, if every inhabitant of the Earth gives a coin, this will be enough to lay out a chain around the equator. Even if some, as usual, are greedy) . Let's reduce the elephant to the size of a microbe (5000 nm) - then the flea on his back will become just a nanometer in size. If a person's height were suddenly reduced to a nanometer, we could play football with individual atoms! The thickness of a sheet of paper would then seem to us equal to ... 170 kilometers. Of course, these are just fantasies. There can be no such tiny men and even insects in the world. Nanometers measure only the most primitive creatures - viruses (their length is on average 100 nm). Living nature ends at the turn of about ten nanometers - complex protein molecules, the building blocks of living things, have such dimensions. Simple molecules are ten times smaller. The size of atoms is several angstroms (one angstrom is equal to 0.1 nm). For example, the diameter of an oxygen atom is 0.14 nm. Here is the lower boundary of the nanoworld, the world of nanoscales - from hundreds to units of nanometers. It is in the nanoworld that the processes of fundamental importance take place - chemical reactions take place, a strict geometry of crystals and protein structures are built. Nanotechnologists work with these processes. Nanotechnology is a way of creating nanoscale structures that give materials and devices useful, and sometimes simply extraordinary properties. Nanotechnology allows you to put a drug particle in a nanocapsule and accurately target it to a diseased cell without damaging neighboring ones. The filter, pierced by countless nanometer channels that allow water to pass through but are too tight for impurities and microbes, is also a product of nanotechnology. Supermaterials are being tested in nanotechnology laboratories - nanotube fibers that are thousands of times stronger than steel, coatings that make an object invisible. Well, not so fantastic types of nanoproducts are already sold in stores. The word "nanocosmetics" is increasingly heard in commercials: nanoparticles, which are part of cosmetic creams, remove the smallest impurities from the skin. It is known that microbes do not like silver, but it turns out that in the form of nanoparticles, it simply terrifies them and puts them to flight. Fabrics with additives of such silver are gaining popularity among true connoisseurs of hygiene - they are even used to make “nano-socks”. However, many of the long-familiar things are also impossible without “nano”: the processor of your computer contains millions of nano-sized transistors, nanotechnologists, most likely, also worked on the display. "Nano" is already everywhere - the military is using nanotechnology, the medical profession is using nanotechnology, even food manufacturers are using nanotechnology.

2. Why is "nanotechnology" interesting?

Nanotechnologies are fundamentally new technologies that will make it possible in the future to obtain any macro-objects (cars, shirts, refrigerators, houses) with the help of microelements: tiny robots ... using nanobots). But in principle this is possible, and science is carefully, step by step, approaching the realization of such an amazing dream. The assembly of household items by nanorobots, and even in a very limited time, will be similar to fairy tales: “put up a house in one night” (or a palace), order a self-assembly tablecloth to arrange a feast - all this can be realized by science.

lotus effect. It is known that the lotus really has unusual physical and chemical properties. Due to the special structure and very high hydrophobicity of its leaves and petals, lotus flowers remain remarkably clean. But how does he manage to achieve such superhydrophobicity. The Lotus Effect was discovered in the 1990s. German botanist, Professor Wilhelm Barthlott. He showed that the petals of a flower are covered in tiny bumps, or "nanoparticles." But in addition, the sheet is, as it were, smeared with wax. It is produced in the glands of the plant, making it completely immune to water. Based on this property and with the help of modern nanotechnologies, the so-called lotus coatings were created. When the composition is applied to the surface, a polymer layer is formed, which transforms the molecular matrix of the surface, thus creating a stable atomic structure and forming a hydrophobic surface with strong protective properties. This surface is able to withstand any external influences. Lotus coverings are indispensable in many areas of human life. Creation of glasses from which the smallest droplets of water with dissolved particles of dirt flow down. Creation of raincoats and other special clothing. Creation of self-cleaning facades of buildings. These are just a few examples of the use of the unique property of the lotus.

useful dust. One of the most popular types of nanoproducts are ultrafine powders. Grinding substances down to nanoparticles with sizes of tens or hundreds of nanometers often gives them new useful qualities. The fact is that such a nanoparticle consists of only a few thousand or millions of atoms, so all of them are close to the surface, on the border with the outside world, and interact vigorously with it. The total surface of particles in such a nanopowder becomes enormous.

3. Main stages in the development of nanotechnology

Intensive research in the field of nanotechnology, which intensified at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries, became the engine of the ongoing fundamental changes in industrial production, led to a qualitative leap in the development of methods and tools for processing information, generating electrical energy, and synthesizing new materials based on advanced scientific approaches to knowledge of matter. Even before the onset of the "nano-era", people encountered nano-sized objects and processes occurring at the atomic-molecular level, used them in practice. For example, at the nanolevel, biochemical reactions occur between macromolecules that make up all living things, catalysis in chemical production, fermentation that occurs in the manufacture of wine, cheese, and bread. However, the so-called "intuitive nanotechnology", which initially developed spontaneously, without a proper understanding of the nature of what was happening, could not be a reliable foundation in the future. Therefore, scientific research is becoming increasingly relevant, expanding the horizons of the nanoworld and aimed at creating fundamentally new products and know-how.

Systematic studies of nanoscale objects originate in the 19th century, when in 1856-1857. English physicist Michael Faraday first studied the properties of colloidal solutions of nanodispersed gold and thin films based on it. It is interesting to note an example of a kind of foresight made in 1881 by the writer Nikolai Leskov in the story of the Tula craftsman Levsha, who managed to shoe the “English” flea with “nanonails”, which could only be seen in the “fine scope” with a magnification of 5 million times, which corresponds to the possibilities modern high-resolution microscopy (this was first noticed by a Russian scientist, a specialist in the field of nanomaterials Rostislav Andrievsky).

In the first half of the twentieth century. the technique of studying nanoobjects was born and developed. In 1928, a diagram of the near-field optical microscope was proposed. In 1932, a transmission electron microscope was created for the first time, and in 1938, a scanning electron microscope. In the second half of the XX century. the fundamental scientific and technological base for the production and application of nanostructures and nanostructured materials began to take shape.

In 1972, a near-field optical microscope was created. In 1981, scientists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, then working at the IBM branch in Zurich, proposed the design of a scanning tunneling microscope. Later, in 1986, for their work on scanning tunneling microscopy, they were awarded Nobel Prize in physics. In the same year, 1986, they developed an atomic force microscope.

In 1974, the Japanese scientist Norio Taniguchi introduced the term "nanotechnology" when discussing the problems of processing substances. In 1981, the American scientist G. Gleiter first used the definition of "nanocrystalline". Later, words such as “nanostructured”, “nanophase”, “nanocomposite”, etc. began to be used to characterize materials.

In 1975, the fundamental possibilities of the existence of special types nanosized objects - quantum dots and quantum wires.

In 1986, the American physicist Eric Drexler, in his book Machines of Creation: The Coming of the Era of Nanotechnology, based on biological models, introduced the concept of molecular robots, and also developed Feynman's ideas of a bottom-up nanotechnology strategy.

A powerful stimulus for the activation of the direction was the creation of fundamentally new carbon nanomaterials. For a long time it was believed that there are only two polymorphic modifications of carbon - graphite and diamond. However, as it turned out, the limits of polymorphic transformations of this element are not limited to this, as evidenced by fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.

In 1997, a mammal was cloned for the first time from a differentiated somatic cell. All this is a vivid example of the possibilities of nanotechnologies in relation to biological objects.

Another example of the application of nanotechnologies, but already to “non-living” objects, is the history of the development of the idea of quantum computers. In 1985, Oxford University professor David Deutsch proposed a mathematical model for a quantum mechanical variant of the Turing machine. In 1994, P. Shor (AT & T Bell) showed that such a machine could be implemented in practice.

In particular, it turned out to be effective in solving problems of factoring large numbers. At present, the algorithm proposed by Shor is widely used in the creation of various types of quantum computers. In 1998, M. Takeuchi (Mitsubishi Denki) conducted fundamental experiments on quantum computing systems using photons. In 1999, N. Nakamura (NEC) successfully explored the possibilities of the practical operation of a quantum computer.

The current period in the development of nanotechnologies is characterized by the intensification of research and development in this area, the investment in them of significant investments. These trends are especially pronounced in the leading industrial countries of the world. The US is leading the way in this area.

In 2001, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) was approved, the main idea of which was formulated as follows: “The National Nanotechnology Initiative defines a strategy for interaction between various US federal agencies in order to ensure the priority development of nanotechnology, which should become the basis of the US economy and national security in the first half of the 21st century.

In 1996-1998, prior to the adoption of the NNI, a special committee of the American Center for the Assessment of the World State of Technology monitored and analyzed the development of nanotechnology in all countries and issued review newsletters for US scientists, technical and administrative specialists on major trends and achievements. In 1999, a meeting of the Interdisciplinary Group on Nanoscience, Nanotechnology and Nanotechnology (IWGN) took place, which resulted in the development of a research forecast for the next 10 years. In the same year, the conclusions and recommendations of the IWGN were supported by the National Council on Science and Technology under the President of the United States, after which, in 2000, the adoption of the NNI was officially announced.

The great attention paid by the world scientific community to the development of nanotechnologies is evidenced by the award of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2007 for the discovery and study of one of the unusual phenomena of the nanoworld - the effect of giant magnetoresistance (GMR).

Seven main areas have been identified:

Nanomaterials is a research direction related to the study and development of bulk materials of films and fibers, the macroscopic properties of which are determined by chemical composition, structure, size and mutual arrangement nanoscale structures. Bulk nanostructured materials can be ordered within a direction by type (nanoparticles, nanofilms, nanocoatings, etc.) and by composition (metal, organic, semiconductor, etc.)
Nanoelectronics is a field of electronics associated with the development of architectures and technologies for the production of functional electronic devices with topological dimensions not exceeding 100 nm and devices based on such devices.

This area covers the physical principles and objects of nanoelectronics, the basic elements of computing systems, objects for quantum computing and telecommunications, as well as ultra-dense information recording devices, nanoelectronic sources and detectors.

Nanophotonics is a field of photonics associated with the development of architectures and technologies for the production of nanostructured devices for generating, amplifying, modulating, transmitting and detecting electromagnetic radiation and devices based on such devices.

This area includes physical foundations generation and absorption of radiation in various ranges, semiconductor sources and detectors of electromagnetic radiation, nanostructured optical fibers and devices based on them, light-emitting diodes, solid-state and optical lasers, elements of photonics and short-wavelength nonlinear optics.

Nanobiotechnology is the purposeful use of biological macromolecules for the design of nanomaterials and nanodevices.

Nanobiotechnologies cover the study of the impact of nanostructures and materials on biological processes and objects in order to control and manage their biological or biochemical properties.

Nanomedicine is the practical application of nanotechnology for medical purposes, including Scientific research and developments in the field of diagnostics, control, targeted drug delivery, as well as actions to restore and reconstruct the biological systems of the human body using nanostructures and nanodevices.
Nanotools (nanodiagnostics) are devices and devices intended for manipulation of nanoscale objects, measurement, control of properties and standardization of produced and used nanomaterials and nanodevices.
Technologies and special devices for the creation and production of nanomaterials and nanodevices is a field of technology related to the development of technologies and special equipment for the production of nanomaterials and nanodevices.

5. Application of nanotechnology

The medicine

Today we can talk about the emergence of a new direction - nanomedicine. Of course, today we can only make assumptions about the ways in which the science of the future, and medical science in particular, will develop. Some of these assumptions will be more justified, others less so. Thus, it can be more or less confidently expected that modern methods will be further developed. For example, microdevices will become ever smaller and more sophisticated, and their functions will become ever richer.

Medical diagnostic methods are constantly being improved with the help of nanotechnology. It is expected the creation of molecular robotic doctors that can "live" inside the human body, eliminating all damage that occurs, or preventing the occurrence of such. Nanorobot capsule floats freely in human blood, colliding with various bacteria. How does it work? Bacteria adhere to the surface of the work due to protein markers. After recognizing the bacterium, the nanorobot generates a response code that can be read by a conventional laser. This information helps clinicians conduct rapid analysis without long-term culture. Each type of bacteria has its own code. The doctor can see this information even through an optical microscope.

The main areas of application of nanotechnologies in medicine are: diagnostic technologies, medicinal devices, prosthetics and implants.

A prime example is the discovery of Professor Aziz. People with Parkinson's disease have electrodes connected to a stimulator inserted into their brains through two tiny holes in their skulls. About a week later, the patient is also implanted with the stimulator itself in the abdominal cavity. The patient can adjust the voltage himself with the help of a switch. Pain can be managed in 80% of cases:

For some, the pain disappears completely, for others it subsides. About four dozen people have passed through the method of deep brain stimulation.

Many of Aziz's colleagues say that this method is not effective and may have Negative consequences. The professor is convinced that the method is effective. Neither has been proven so far. It seems to me that only forty patients should be trusted who got rid of unbearable pain. And they wanted to live again. And if this method has been practiced for 8 years and does not negatively affect the health of patients, why not expand its use.

Another revolutionary discovery is a biochip - a small plate with DNA or protein molecules applied to it in a certain order, used for biochemical analyzes. The principle of operation of the biochip is simple. Certain sequences of cleaved DNA sections are applied to a plastic plate. During analysis, the test material is placed on the chip. If it contains the same genetic information, then they interlock. As a result, you can observe The advantage of biochips is a large number of biological tests with significant savings in the test material, reagents, labor costs and time for analysis.

The purpose of the study is the practical application of nanotechnology.

Tasks:

Collect and study information about nanotechnology.

Develop a survey questionnaire.

Conduct a survey among students of grades 5,7,10 MKOU "Teguldetskaya secondary school"

Analyze the results obtained, formulate conclusions.

The aim of the work is to show the practical use of nanotechnology.

Objectives:

To collect and study information about nanotechnology.

To work out a questionnaire.

To carry out interrogation of students from our school.

To analyze the results, to make the conclusion.

What is nanotechnology?

Over the past few decades, new and more advanced energy technologies have been found in the field of science and engineering with the aim of improving life around the world. To make the next technologies go ahead of the technologies of the current time, scientists and engineers developed a new field of science called nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology is defined as the science and technology of developing electronic circuits and devices from individual atoms and molecules; or the engineering industry that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers. A nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter, about three or four atoms wide. By comparison, the average width of a human hair is approximately 80,000 nanometers, and the size of a single particle is approximately 100 nanometers wide. Prefixnano- derived from the Greek wordnanos- meaning "dwarf". Initially, scientists used the prefix to refer to something very small, such as "nanoplankton". The term "nanotechnology" is also often used to describe interdisciplinary areas of science devoted to the study and use of the phenomenon of nanoscale.

Story.
The history of nanotechnology began in the 1950s and 60s, when most engineers were thinking big. It was a time of big cars, big planes, big world oil tankers, big skyscrapers, and big plans to send people into space. Huge skyscrapers such as the World Trade Center have been built in the major cities of the world. While other researchers have focused on creating small items. The invention of the transistor in 1947 and the first integrated circuit in 1959 ushered in the era of electronics in miniature. It was these small devices that created the basis for the emergence of large devices such as spaceships. Since the successful splitting of the atom before World War II, physicists have tried to find the particles that make atoms and the forces that hold them together. At the same time, chemists were working to combine atoms into new kinds of molecules and had great success in converting complex oil molecules into all sorts of usable plastics.

Nanomaterials.

Nanomaterials are materials that have unique abilities. They can transmit electricity and heat in many ways, change color (gold particles can be red, blue, gold depending on their size). These special properties are already being used to create mobile phones, computer chips.

The goal of scientists is to use nanotechnology to create new devices that are stronger, lighter, faster and more efficient.

Nanomedicine.

Nanomedicine is a field of medical research that seeks to use tools from the field of nanotechnology for health. Scientists say that the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials in the nanoscale are globally different from the properties of the same materials in a large size (in the usual size). For example, nanotechnology could provide new drug manufacturing technologies and new ways to deliver drugs to previously inaccessible places in the human body, thus expanding their potential. Small sensors that diagnose diseases in the body much faster than existing diagnostic tools; these are some of the promising areas of research.

Is nanotechnology good or bad?

Nanotechnology presents potential benefits to humanity, but also brings serious dangers. Some nanomaterials are toxic to human muscles and cells.

Unlike the largest particles, nanomaterials can be absorbed by the mitochondria of cells and the cell nucleus. Research has shown that nanomaterials can potentially mutate and cause severe structural damage to mitochondria, resulting in even cell death. It is appropriate to carefully study the risks of possible toxicity of nanoparticles and other products of the technology, the greatest danger comes from the harmful or unwise use of molecular manufacturing.

What is Nanotechnology?

Over the past few decades, the development of new and more advanced energy technologies with the capability of improving life all over the world have been sought in the fields of science and engineering. In order to make the next leap forward from the current generation of technology, scientists and engineers have been developing a new field of science called Nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology is defined as the science and technology of building electronic circuits and devices from single atoms and molecules, or the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers. A nanometer (nm)is one billionth of a meter, roughly the width of three or four atoms. For scale comparison, the average human hair is about 80,000nanometers wide, and a single virus particle is about 100 nanometers in width. The prefix nano-comes from the Greek word nanos, meaning “dwarf”. Scientists originally used the prefix just to indicate “very small”, as in “nanoplankton”, but it now means one-billionth, just as milli-means one –thousandth, and micro-means one-millions.

The term Nanotechnology is also often used to describe the interdisciplinary fields of science dedicated to the study and use of nanoscalephenomena.

history.

The story of nanotechnology begins in the 1950s and 1960s, when most engineers were thinking big, not small. This was the era of big cars, big atomic bombs, big jets, and big plans for sending people into outer space. Huge skyscrapers, like the World Trade Center were built in major cities of the world. The world’s largest oil tankers, cruise ships, bridges, interstate highways, and electric power plants are all products of this era.

Other researches, however, focused on making things smaller. The invention of the transistor in 1947 and the first integrated circuit (IC) in 1959 launched an era of electronics miniaturization. It was these small devices that made large devices, such as spaceships, possible.

As electronics engineers focused on making things smaller, engineers and scientists from other fields also turned their focus to small things-atoms and molecules. After successfully splitting the atom in the years before World War II, physicists struggled to understand more about the particles from which atoms are made, and the forces that bind them together. At the same time, chemists worked to combine atoms into new kinds of molecules, and had great success converting the complex molecules of petroleum into all sorts of useful plastics.

nanomaterials.

Nanomaterials-materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions- can be stronger or lighter, or conduct heat or electricity in a different way. They can even change color; particles of gold can appear red, blue or gold, depending on their size. These special attributes are already being used in a number of ways, such as in the manufacture of computer chips, CDs and mobile phones. Researches are progressively finding out more about the nonascale world of aim to use nanotechnologies to create new devices that are faster, lighter, stronger or more efficient.

Nanomedicine.

Nanomedcine is an area of biomedical research that seeks to use tools from the field of nanotechnology to improve health. Scientists say that the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials at the nanoscale differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of larger-sized matter. For example, nanotechnology could provide new formulations and new routes to deliver drugs to previously inaccessible sites in the body, thereby broadening a drug’s potential. Tiny sensors that detect diseases in the body far earlier than existing diagnostic tools, and pumps the size of molecules implanted to deliver lifesaving medications precisely where they are needed, are among the promising areas of research.

Is nanotechnology good or bad?

Nanotechnology offers potential benefits to mankind, but also brings severe dangers. Some nanomaterials have proven toxic to human tissue and cell cultures. Unlike large particles, nanomaterials may be absorbed by cell mitochondria and the cell nucleus. Studies have demonstrated that nanomaterials may cause potential DNA mutation and induce major structural damage to mitochondria, even resulting in cell death.

Although nanotechnology dates from the 1950s, the biggest changes have occurred in just the past few years. In the space of just a few years governments around the world have launched new research programs.

The more advanced nanotechnology developments expected in the next 10 years will most likely include solutions to repair and rearrange living cells.

Markin Kirill Petrovich

The field of science and technology called nanotechnology is relatively recent. The prospects for this science are grandiose. The very particle "nano" means one billionth of a value. For example, a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. These dimensions are similar to those of molecules and atoms. The exact definition of nanotechnologies is as follows: nanotechnologies are technologies that manipulate matter at the level of atoms and molecules (which is why nanotechnologies are also called molecular technology). The impetus for the development of nanotechnology was a lecture by Richard Feynman, in which he scientifically proves that from the point of view of physics there are no obstacles to creating things directly from atoms. To designate a means of efficient manipulation of atoms, the concept of an assembler was introduced - a molecular nanomachine that can build any molecular structure. An example of a natural assembler is a ribosome that synthesizes protein in living organisms. Obviously, nanotechnology is not just a separate part of knowledge, it is a large-scale, comprehensive area of research related to fundamental sciences. We can say that almost any subject that is studied at school will in one way or another be connected with the technologies of the future. The most obvious is the connection of "nano" with physics, chemistry and biology. Apparently, it is these sciences that will receive the greatest impetus for development in connection with the approaching nanotechnical revolution.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school No. 2 named after. A.A. Arakantsev Semikarakorsk

Introduction…………………………………………………………………..
1. Nanotechnologies in the modern world………………………………...
1.1 The history of the emergence of nanotechnology…………………………...
1.2 Nanotechnologies in different spheres of human activity….
1.2.1 Nanotechnologies in space……………………………………………
1.2.2 Nanotechnologies in medicine……………………………………….
1.2.3 Nanotechnologies in the food industry…………………...
1.2.4 Nanotechnologies in military affairs…………………………………..
Conclusion………………………………………………………………..
Bibliography……………………………..................................... ....

Introduction.

At present, few people know what nanotechnology is, although the future lies behind this science.

Objective:

Learn what nanotechnology is;

Find out the application of this science in various industries;

Find out if nanotechnology can be dangerous to humans.

Already today we can enjoy the benefits and new opportunitiesnano technologies in:

medicine, including aerospace;
pharmacology;
geriatrics;
protecting the health of the nation in the context of the growing environmental crisis and man-made disasters;
global computer networks and information communications based on new physical principles;
ultra-long-distance communication systems;
automotive, tractor and aviation equipment;
road safety;
information security systems;
solving environmental problems of megacities;
agriculture;
solving the problems of drinking water supply and wastewater treatment;
fundamentally new navigation systems;
renewal of natural mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials.

We decided to focus on the application of nanotechnology in medicine, the food industry, the military and space, as these areas aroused our interest.

1. Nanotechnology in the modern world.

1.1 The history of the emergence of nanotechnology.

Science "Nanotechnologies I" arose because of the revolutionary changes in computer science!

In 1947, the transistor was invented, after which the era of the heyday of semiconductor technology began, in which the size of the created silicon devices was constantly decreasing.The term "nanotechnology"In 1974, the Japanese Noryo Taniguchi proposed to describe the process of building new objects and materials by manipulating individual atoms. The name comes from the word "nanometer" - one billionth of a meter (10-9 m).

In the modern sound, nanotechnology is a technology for manufacturing supermicroscopic structures from the smallest particles of matter, combining all technical processes directly related to atoms and molecules.

Modern nanotechnology has a rather deep historical trace. Archaeological finds testify to the existence of colloidal formulations in the ancient world, for example, "Chinese ink" in Ancient Egypt. The famous Damascus steel was made due to the presence of nanotubes in it.

The father of the idea of nanotechnology can be conditionally considered the Greek philosopher Democritus around 400 BC. era, he first used the word "atom", which in Greek means "unbreakable", to describe the smallest particle of matter.

Here is an example development path:

1905 Swiss physicist Albert Einstein published a paper in which he proved that the size of a sugar molecule is approximately 1 nanometer.
1931 German physicists Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska created an electron microscope, which for the first time made it possible to study nano-objects.
1934 The American theoretical physicist, Nobel Prize winner Eugene Wigner theoretically substantiated the possibility of creating an ultrafine metal with a fairly small number of conduction electrons.
1951 John von Neumann singled out the principles of self-copying machines, scientists generally confirmed their possibility.
In 1953, Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA, which showed how living things communicate the instructions that govern their construction.
1959 The American physicist Richard Feynman was the first to publish a paper evaluating the prospects for miniaturization. Nobel Laureate R. Feynman wrote a phrase that is now perceived as a prophecy: "As far as I can see, the principles of physics do not prohibit the manipulation of individual atoms." This idea was voiced when the beginning of the post-industrial era was not yet recognized; in those years there were no integrated circuits, no microprocessors, no personal computers.
1974 Japanese physicist Norio Taniguchi coined the term "nanotechnology" to refer to mechanisms smaller than one micron in size. The Greek word "nanos" means roughly "old man".
1981 Gleiter first drew attention to the possibility of creating materials with unique properties, the structure of which is represented by crystallites of the nanoscale range.

On March 27, 1981, CBS radio news quoted a NASA scientist as saying that engineers would be able to build self-replicating robots within twenty years, for use in space or on Earth. These machines would build copies of themselves, and the copies could be instructed to create useful products.
1982 G. Bining and G. Rohrer create the first scanning tunneling microscope.
1985 American physicists Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smaley created a technology that allows you to accurately measure objects with a diameter of one nanometer.
1986 Nanotechnology has become known to the general public. American scientist Eric Drexler published the book Engines of Creation: The Coming of the Era of Nanotechnology, in which he predicted that nanotechnology would soon begin to develop actively.
1991, Houston (USA), Department of Chemistry, Rice University. In his laboratory, Dr. R. Smalley (Nobel Prize winner in 1996) used a laser to vaporize graphite under vacuum, the gas phase of which consisted of fairly large crasters: each with 60 carbon atoms. A cluster of 60 atoms is more stable, since it has an increased free energy. This cluster is a structural formation similar to a soccer ball and proposed to call this molecule a fullerene.
1991, Sumio Ijima, an employee of the NEC laboratory in Japan, first discovered carbon nanotubes, which had previously been predicted a few months earlier by the Russian physicist L. Chernozatonsky and the American J. Mintmir.
1995 At the Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry named after L.Ya. Karpov developed a sensor based on a film nanocomposite that detects various substances in the atmosphere (ammonia, alcohol, water vapor).
1997 Richard E. Smalley, 1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry, Professor of Chemistry and Physics, predicted the assembly of atoms by the year 2000 and predicted the appearance of the first commercial nanoproducts by the same time. This prediction came true within the predicted time frame.
1998 the dependences of the electrical properties of nanotubes on geometrical parameters were experimentally confirmed.
1998 The Dutch physicist Seez Dekker created the transistor based on nanotechnology.
1998 The pace of development of nanotechnology began to increase sharply. Japan has identified nanotechnology as a likely technology category for the 21st century.
1999 American physicists James Tour and Mark Reed determined that a single molecule is capable of behaving in the same way as molecular chains.
year 2000. Research group Hewlett-Packard has created a molecule-switch or minimicrodiode using the latest nanotechnological self-assembly methods.

year 2000. Beginning of the era of hybrid nanoelectronics.
2002 S. Dekker combined a nanotube with DNA, obtaining a single nanomechanism.
2003 Japanese scientists have become the first in the world to create a solid-state device that implements one of the two main elements needed to create a quantum computer. 2004. The "world's first" quantum computer was presented

On September 7, 2006, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the concept of the Federal Target Program for the Development of Nanotechnologies for 2007-2010.

Thus Having formed historically, to the present moment, nanotechnology, having conquered the theoretical field of social consciousness, continues to penetrate into its everyday layer.

However, nanotechnology should not be reduced only to a local revolutionary breakthrough in these areas (electronics, information Technology). A number of exceptionally important results have already been obtained in nanotechnology, allowing us to hope for significant progress in the development of many other areas of science and technology (medicine and biology, chemistry, ecology, energy, mechanics, etc.). For example, when moving to the nanometer range (i.e., to objects with characteristic lengths of about 10 nm), many the most important properties substances and materials change significantly. We are talking about such important characteristics as electrical conductivity, optical refractive index, magnetic properties, strength, heat resistance, etc. Based on materials with New types of solar batteries, energy converters, environmentally friendly products, etc. are already being created with new properties.It is possible that the production of cheap, energy-saving and environmentally friendly materials will be the most important consequence of the introduction of nanotechnology.Highly sensitive biological sensors (sensors) and other devices have already been created that allow us to talk about the emergence of a new science of nanobiotechnology and have great prospects. practical application. Nanotechnology offers new opportunities for micromachining materials and creating on this basis new production processes and new products, which should have a revolutionary impact on the economic and social life of future generations.

1.2. Nanotechnologies in various spheres of human life

The penetration of nanotechnology into the spheres of human activity can be represented as a tree of nanotechnology. The application has the form of a tree, the branches of which represent the main applications, and the branches from the large branches represent the differentiation within the main applications at a given point in time.

Today (2000 - 2010) there is the following picture:

biological sciences involve the development of gene tag technology, surfaces for implants, antimicrobial surfaces, targeted drugs, tissue engineering, oncological therapy.
simple fibers suggest the development of paper technology, cheap building materials, lightweight boards, auto parts, heavy-duty materials.
Nano clips involve the production of new fabrics, glass coatings, "smart" sands, paper, carbon fibers.
corrosion protection by means of nano-additives to copper, aluminum, magnesium, steel.
Catalysts have applications in agriculture, deodorization, and food production.
Easily cleanable materials are used in everyday life, architecture, the dairy and food industries, the transport industry, and sanitation. This is the production of self-cleaning glasses, hospital equipment and tools, anti-mold coating, easy-cleaning ceramics.
Biocoatings are used in sports equipment and bearings.
Optics as a sphere of application of nanotechnology includes such areas as electrochromics, the production of optical lenses. These are new photochromic optics, easy-to-clean optics and coated optics.
Ceramics in the field of nanotechnology makes it possible to obtain electroluminescence and photoluminescence, printing pastes, pigments, nanopowders, microparticles, membranes.
Computer technology and electronics as a sphere of application of nanotechnology will develop electronics, nanosensors, household (embedded) microcomputers, visualization tools and energy converters. Further it is the development of global networks, wireless communications, quantum and DNA computers.
Nanomedicine, as a sphere of application of nanotechnology, is nanomaterials for prosthetics, "smart" prostheses, nanocapsules, diagnostic nanoprobes, implants, DNA reconstructors and analyzers, "smart" and precision instruments, directional pharmaceuticals.
Space as a sphere of application of nanotechnology will open the prospect for mechanoelectric converters solar energy, nanomaterials for space applications.
Ecology as a sphere of application of nanotechnology is the restoration of the ozone layer, weather control.

1.2.1 Nanotechnology in space

A revolution is raging in space. Satellites and nanodevices up to 20 kilograms began to be created.

A system of microsatellites has been created, it is less vulnerable to attempts to destroy it. It is one thing to shoot down a colossus in orbit weighing several hundred kilograms, or even tons, immediately putting out of action all space communications or intelligence, and another when there is a whole swarm of microsatellites in orbit. The failure of one of them in this case will not disrupt the operation of the system as a whole. Accordingly, the requirements for the reliability of the operation of each satellite can be reduced.

Young scientists believe that the key problems of microminiaturization of satellites include, among other things, the creation of new technologies in the field of optics, communication systems, methods for transmitting, receiving and processing large amounts of information. We are talking about nanotechnologies and nanomaterials, which make it possible to reduce the mass and dimensions of devices launched into space by two orders of magnitude. For example, the strength of nanonickel is 6 times higher than that of conventional nickel, which makes it possible to use it in rocket engines reduce the mass of the nozzle by 20-30%.Reducing the mass of space technology solves many problems: it prolongs the spacecraft's stay in space, allows it to fly farther and carry more of any useful equipment for research. At the same time, the problem of energy supply is being solved. Miniature devices will soon be used to study many phenomena, for example, the impact of solar rays on processes on the Earth and in near-Earth space.

Today, space is not exotic, and exploration of it is not only a matter of prestige. First of all, this is a matter of national security and national competitiveness of our state. It is the development of supercomplex nanosystems that can become a national advantage of the country. Like nanotechnology, nanomaterials will give us the opportunity to talk seriously about manned flights to various planets. solar system. It is the use of nanomaterials and nanomechanisms that can make manned flights to Mars and exploration of the Moon's surface a reality.Another extremely popular direction in the development of microsatellites is the creation of remote sensing of the Earth (ERS). A market for consumers of information began to form with a resolution of satellite images of 1 m in the radar range and less than 1 m in the optical range (first of all, such data are used in cartography).

1.2.2 Nanotechnology in medicine

Recent advances in nanotechnology, according to scientists, can be very useful in the fight against cancer. An anti-cancer drug has been developed directly to the target - into cells affected by a malignant tumor. A new system based on a material known as biosilicon. Nanosilicone has a porous structure (ten atoms in diameter), which is convenient to introduce drugs, proteins and radionuclides. Having reached the goal, the biosilicon begins to disintegrate, and the medicines delivered by it are taken to work. Moreover, according to the developers, the new system allows you to adjust the dosage of the drug.

Over the past years, employees of the Center for Biological Nanotechnology have been working on the creation of microsensors that will be used to detect cancer cells in the body and fight this terrible disease.

A new technique for recognizing cancer cells is based on the implantation of tiny spherical reservoirs made of synthetic polymers called dendrimers (from the Greek dendron - tree) into the human body. These polymers have been synthesized in the last decade and have a fundamentally new, non-solid structure that resembles the structure of coral or wood. Such polymers are called hyperbranched or cascaded. Those in which branching is regular are called dendrimers. In diameter, each such sphere, or nanosensor, reaches only 5 nanometers - 5 billionths of a meter, which makes it possible to place billions of such nanosensors in a small area of \u200b\u200bspace.

Once inside the body, these tiny sensors will penetrate the lymphocytes, the white blood cells that provide the body's defense response against infection and other pathogens. When the immune response of lymphoid cells to a certain disease or environmental condition - a cold or exposure to radiation, for example - the protein structure of the cell changes. Each nanosensor, coated with special chemicals, will begin to glow with such changes.

To see this glow, scientists are going to create a special device that scans the retina. The laser of such a device should detect the glow of lymphocytes when they pass one by one through the narrow capillaries of the fundus. If there are enough labeled sensors in the lymphocytes, a 15-second scan would be needed to detect damage to the cell, the scientists say.

Here, the greatest impact of nanotechnology is expected, since it affects the very basis of the existence of society - man. Nanotechnology reaches such a dimensional level of the physical world, at which the distinction between living and non-living becomes unsteady - these are molecular machines. Even a virus can partly be considered a living system, since it contains information about its construction. But the ribosome, although it consists of the same atoms as the whole organic matter, does not contain such information and therefore is only an organic molecular machine. Nanotechnology in its developed form involves the construction of nanorobots, molecular machines of inorganic atomic composition, these machines will be able to build their copies, having information about such a construction. Therefore, the line between living and non-living begins to blur. To date, only one primitive walking DNA robot has been created.

Nanomedicine is represented by the following possibilities:

1. Labs on a chip, targeted drug delivery in the body.

2. DNA - chips (creation of individual drugs).

3. Artificial enzymes and antibodies.

4. Artificial organs, artificial functional polymers (substitutes for organic tissues). This direction is closely connected with the idea of artificial life and in the future leads to the creation of robots with artificial consciousness and capable of self-healing at the molecular level. This is due to the expansion of the concept of life beyond the organic

5. Nanorobots-surgeons (biomechanisms that carry out changes and required medical actions, recognition and destruction of cancer cells). This is the most radical application of nanotechnology in medicine will be the creation of molecular nanorobots that can destroy infections and cancerous tumors, repair damaged DNA, tissues and organs, duplicate entire life support systems of the body, change the properties of the body.

Considering a single atom as a brick or "detail", nanotechnologies are looking for practical ways to construct materials with desired characteristics from these details. Many companies already know how to assemble atoms and molecules into certain structures.

In the future, any molecules will be assembled like a children's designer. For this, it is planned to use nanorobots (nanobots). Any chemically stable structure that can be described can, in fact, be built.. Since a nanobot can be programmed to build any structure, in particular to build another nanobot, they will be very cheap. Working in huge groups, nanobots will be able to create any objects with low cost and high accuracy. In medicine, the problem of using nanotechnologies lies in the need to change the structure of the cell at the molecular level, i.e. to carry out "molecular surgery" with the help of nanobots. It is expected the creation of molecular robotic doctors that can "live" inside the human body, eliminating all damage that occurs, or preventing the occurrence of such.By manipulating individual atoms and molecules, nanobots will be able to repair cells. The predicted time for the creation of robotic doctors is the first half of the 21st century.

Despite the current state of affairs, nanotechnologies, as a cardinal solution to the problem of aging, are more than promising.

This is due to the fact that nanotechnologies have great potential for commercial applications in many industries, and, accordingly, in addition to serious government funding, research in this direction is being carried out by many large corporations.

It is quite possible that after being improved to ensure "eternal youth", nanobots will no longer be needed or they will be produced by the cell itself.

To achieve these goals, humanity needs to solve three main questions:

1. Design and build molecular robots that can repair molecules.
2. Design and create nanocomputers that will control nanomachines.
3. Create Full description of all molecules in the human body, in other words, to create a map of the human body at the atomic level.

The main difficulty with nanotechnology is the problem of creating the first nanobot. There are several promising directions.

One of them is to improve the scanning tunneling microscope or atomic force microscope and achieve positional accuracy and gripping power.
Another path to the creation of the first nanobot leads through chemical synthesis. Perhaps designing and synthesizing ingenious chemical components that would be capable of self-assembly in solution.
And another way leads through biochemistry. Ribosomes (inside the cell) are specialized nanobots, and we can use them to create more versatile robots.

These nanobots will be able to slow down the aging process, treat individual cells and interact with individual neurons.

Research works have begun relatively recently, but the pace of discoveries in this area is extremely high, many believe this is the future of medicine.

1.2.3 Nanotechnology in the food industry

Nanofood (nanofood) is a new, obscure and unsightly term. Food for nanohumans? Very small portions? Food made in nanofactories? Of course not. But still it is a curious trend in the food industry. It turns out that nanoeating is a whole set of scientific ideas that are already on the way to implementation and application in industry. First, nanotechnology can provide food manufacturers with unique opportunities for total real-time monitoring of the quality and safety of products directly in the production process. We are talking about diagnostic machines using various nanosensors or so-called quantum dots that can quickly and reliably detect the smallest chemical contaminants or dangerous biological agents in products. And food production, and its transportation, and storage methods can receive their share of useful innovations from the nanotechnology industry. According to scientists, the first mass-produced machines of this kind will appear in mass food production in the next four years. But more radical ideas are also on the agenda. Are you ready to swallow nanoparticles you can't see? But what if nanoparticles are purposefully used to deliver beneficial substances and drugs to precisely selected parts of the body? What if such nanocapsules can be introduced into food products? So far, no one has used nanofood, but preliminary developments are already underway. Experts say that edible nanoparticles can be made from silicon, ceramics or polymers. And of course - organic matter. And if everything is clear with regard to the safety of the so-called "soft" particles, similar in structure and composition to biological materials, then "hard" particles composed of inorganic substances are a big white spot at the intersection of two territories - nanotechnology and biology. Scientists still cannot say which routes such particles will travel in the body, and where they will stop as a result. This remains to be seen. But some experts are already drawing futuristic pictures of the benefits of nano-eaters. In addition to delivering valuable nutrients to the right cells. The idea is as follows: everyone buys the same drink, but then the consumer will be able to control the nanoparticles himself so that the taste, color, aroma and concentration of the drink will change before his eyes.

1.2.4 Nanotechnology in the military

The military use of nanotechnologies opens up a qualitatively new level of military-technical dominance in the world. The main directions in the creation of new weapons based on nanotechnology can be considered:

1. Creation of new powerful miniature explosive devices.

2. Destruction of macrodevices from the nanolevel.

3. Espionage and suppression of pain using neurotechnologies.

4. Biological weapons and nanodevices of genetic guidance.

5. Nanoequipment for soldiers.

6. Protection against chemical and biological weapons.

7. Nanodevices in military equipment control systems.

8. Nanocoatings for military equipment.

Nanotechnology will allow the production of powerful explosives. The size of explosives can be reduced tenfold. An attack by guided missiles with nano-explosives on nuclear fuel reprocessing plants could deprive the country of the physical ability to produce weapons-grade plutonium. The introduction of small-sized robotic devices into electronic equipment can disrupt the operation of electrical circuits and mechanics with the help of. The failure of control centers and command posts cannot be prevented unless the nanodevices are isolated. Robots for dismantling materials at the atomic level will become a powerful weapon that turns into dust the armor of tanks, the concrete structures of pillboxes, the bodies of nuclear reactors and the bodies of soldiers. But this is still only the prospect for an advanced form of nanotechnology. In the meantime, research is being conducted in the field of neural technologies, the development of which will lead to the emergence of military nanodevices that carry out espionage, or intercept control over the functions of the human body, using the connection using nanodevices to nervous system. NASA laboratories have already created operating samples of equipment for intercepting internal speech. Photonic components on nanostructures capable of receiving and processing huge amounts of information will become the basis of space monitoring, ground surveillance and espionage systems. With the help of nanodevices embedded in the brain, it is possible to obtain "artificial" (technical) vision with an expanded spectrum of perception, in comparison with biological vision. A pain suppression system for soldiers implanted in the body and brain, neurochips are being developed.

The next application of nanotechnology in the military sphere is genetic guidance nanodevices. A genetically guided nanodevice can be programmed to perform certain destructive actions depending on the genetic structure of the DNA of the cell in which it ended up. As a condition for activating the device, a unique section of the genetic code of a particular person or a template for actions on a group of people is set. Distinguishing a normal epidemic from ethnic cleansing would be virtually impossible without nanobot detection tools. Nanodevices will work only against a given type of people and under strictly defined conditions. Once in the body, the nanodevice will not manifest itself in any way until the activation command. The next application of nanotechnology is the equipment and equipment of soldiers. It is proposed to make a kind of hybrid out of a person, uniforms and weapons, the elements of which will be so closely interconnected that a fully equipped soldier of the future can be called a separate organism.

Nanotechnology has given a breakthrough in the manufacture of armor and body armor.

Military equipment is supposed to be equipped with a special "electromechanical paint" that will change color and prevent corrosion. Nanopaint will be able to "tighten" small damages on the body of the machine and will consist of a large number of nanomechanisms that will allow all of the above functions to be performed. With the help of a system of optical matrices, which will be separate nanomachines in "paint", the researchers want to achieve the effect of invisibility of a car or aircraft.

Nanotechnology will bring changes in the military sphere. New qualitatively transformed and uncontrolled arms race. The control over nanotechnology can be really carried out only in a global civilization. Nanotechnology will allow the full mechanization of field warfare, excluding the presence of modernized soldiers.

Thus, the main conclusion about the result of the penetration of nanotechnology into the field of weapons is the prospect of the formation of a global society capable of controlling nanotechnology and the arms race. This trend of universalism is determined by the rationality of technogenic civilization and expresses its interests and values.

Conclusion

Having clarified the concept of nanotechnology, outlining its prospects and dwelling on possible dangers and threats, I would like to draw a conclusion. I believe that nanotechnology is a young science, the results of the development of which can change the world around us beyond recognition. And what these changes will be - useful, incomparably facilitating life, or harmful, threatening humanity - depends on the mutual understanding and rationality of people. And mutual understanding and reasonableness directly depend on the level of humanity, which implies the responsibility of a person for his actions. Therefore, the most important need in the last years before the inevitable nanotechnological "boom" is the education of philanthropy. Only reasonable and humane people can turn nanotechnologies into a stepping stone to understanding the Universe and their place in this Universe.

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http:// www.delphi.com
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