MOSCOW, July 20 - RIA Novosti. The famous cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who personally prepared to participate in Soviet program the exploration of the moon, denied years of rumors that American astronauts were not on the moon, and the footage broadcast on television around the world was allegedly edited in Hollywood.

He spoke about this in an interview with RIA Novosti on the eve of the 40th anniversary of the first landing in the history of mankind of US astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin on the surface of an Earth satellite, celebrated on July 20.

So were or weren't the Americans on the moon?

“Only absolutely ignorant people can seriously believe that the Americans were not on the moon. And, unfortunately, this whole ridiculous epic about the allegedly fabricated footage in Hollywood began precisely with the Americans themselves. By the way, the first person who began to distribute these rumors, was imprisoned for slander," Aleksey Leonov noted in this regard.

Where did the rumors come from?

It all started with the fact that when, at the celebration of the 80th anniversary of the famous American film director Stanley Kubrick, who created his brilliant film Odyssey 2001 based on the book of science fiction writer Arthur Clark, journalists who met with Kubrick's wife asked to talk about her husband's work on the film in Hollywood studios.And she honestly said that there are only two real lunar modules on Earth - one in the museum, where no filming has ever been carried out, and it is even forbidden to walk with a camera, and the other is in Hollywood, where for the development of the logic of what is happening on the screen and additional filming of the landing of the Americans on the moon was made," he said. Soviet cosmonaut.

Why was studio photography used?

Alexei Leonov explained that in order for the viewer to be able to see the development of what is happening on the movie screen from beginning to end, elements of additional filming are used in any movie.

“It was impossible, for example, to film the real opening of the hatch of the descent ship on the Moon by Neil Armstrong - there was simply no one to film it from the surface! For the same reason, it was impossible to film Armstrong’s descent to the Moon along the ladder from the ship. Kubrick in Hollywood studios to develop the logic of what is happening, and laid the foundation for numerous gossip that the entire landing was allegedly simulated on the set, "explained Alexei Leonov.

Where Truth Begins and Editing Ends

“Real shooting began when Armstrong, who first set foot on the moon, got a little used to it, installed a highly directional antenna through which the broadcast to Earth was carried out. its movement on the surface of the moon," the astronaut specified.

Why did the American flag fly in the airless space of the moon?

“They argue that the American flag was flying on the moon, but it shouldn’t be. The flag really shouldn’t be flying - the fabric was used with a rather rigid reinforced mesh, the cloth was twisted into a tube and tucked into a case. The astronauts took with them a nest, which they first inserted into the lunar soil, and then they stuck the flagpole into it, and only then removed the cover. And when the cover was removed, the flag's cloth began to unfold in conditions of reduced gravity, and the residual deformation of the springy reinforced mesh created the impression that the flag was rippling, as if in the wind " , - Alexey Leonov explained the "phenomenon".

“It’s simply ridiculous and ridiculous to talk about the fact that the entire film was filmed on Earth. The United States had all the necessary systems that tracked the launch of the launch vehicle itself, acceleration, flight orbit correction, flight around the Moon by the descent capsule and its landing,” concluded the famous Soviet cosmonaut.

What did the "lunar race" lead to two space superpowers

“In my opinion, this is the best competition in space that humanity has ever carried out. The “moon race” between the USSR and the USA is the achievement of the highest peaks of science and technology,” Alexei Leonov believes.

According to him, after the flight of Yuri Gagarin, US President Kennedy, speaking in Congress, said that the Americans simply thought too late about what triumph could be achieved by launching a man into space, and therefore the Russians triumphantly became the first. Kennedy's message was clear: within ten years, put a man on the moon and return him safely to Earth.

"This was a very true step of the great politician - he united and rallied the American nation to achieve this goal. Huge funds for those times were also involved - 25 billion dollars, today, this is, perhaps, all fifty billion. The program included a flyby of the moon, then the flight of Tom Stafford to the point of hovering and selection of a site for landing on Apollo 10. Sending Apollo 11 already provided for the direct landing of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon. Michael Collins remained in orbit and waited for the return of his comrades, " - said Alexei Leonov.

18 Apollo-type ships were made to prepare for landing on the moon - the whole program was implemented perfectly, except for Apollo 13 - from the engineering point of view, nothing special happened there, it just failed, or rather, one of the fuel cells exploded , the energy weakened, and therefore it was decided not to land on the surface, but to fly around the Moon and return to Earth.

Alexey Leonov noted that only Frank Bormann's first flight around the Moon, then Armstrong and Aldrin's landing on the Moon, and the Apollo 13 story remained in the memory of the Americans. These accomplishments have brought the American nation together and made every individual empathize, walk with fingers crossed, and pray for their heroes. The last flight of the Apollo series was also extremely interesting: American astronauts no longer just walked on the Moon, but traveled on its surface in a special lunar car, making interesting photographs.

In fact, it was the peak of the Cold War, and in this situation, after the success of Yuri Gagarin, the Americans simply had to win the "moon race". The USSR then had its own lunar program, and we also implemented it. By 1968, it had already existed for two years, and even the crews of our cosmonauts were formed for a flight to the Moon.

On censorship of the achievements of mankind

"Launches of the Americans as part of lunar program were broadcast on television, and only two countries in the world - the USSR and communist China - did not broadcast these historical footage to their peoples. I thought then, and now I think - in vain, we simply robbed our people, flying to the moon is the property and achievement of all mankind. The Americans watched Gagarin's launch, Leonov's spacewalk - why couldn't the Soviet people see it?!", laments Alexei Leonov.

According to him, a limited group of Soviet space specialists watched these launches through a closed channel.

“We had military unit 32103 on Komsomolsky Prospekt, which provided space broadcasting, since there was no TsUP in Korolev then. The Americans set up a television antenna on the surface of the moon, and everything they did there was transmitted through a television camera to Earth, several repetitions of these television broadcasts were also made.When Armstrong stood on the surface of the moon, and everyone in the USA clapped, we are here in the USSR , Soviet cosmonauts, also crossed their fingers for good luck, and sincerely wished the guys success, "recalls the Soviet cosmonaut.

How was the implementation of the Soviet lunar program

"In 1962, a decree was issued, signed personally by Nikita Khrushchev, on the creation spaceship for flying around the Moon and using the Proton launch vehicle with an upper stage for this launch. In 1964, Khrushchev signed a program for the USSR to carry out a flyby in 1967, and in 1968 - landing on the moon and returning to Earth. And in 1966, there was already a decree on the formation of lunar crews - a group was immediately recruited for landing on the moon," Alexei Leonov recalled.

The first stage of the flyby of the Earth satellite was to be carried out with the help of the launch of the L-1 lunar module by the Proton launch vehicle, and the second stage - landing and returning back - on the giant and most powerful N-1 rocket, equipped with thirty engines with a total thrust of 4.5 thousand tons with the weight of the rocket itself about 2 thousand tons. However, even after four test launches, this super-heavy rocket did not fly normally, so it had to be abandoned in the end.

Korolev and Glushko: the antipathy of two geniuses

"There were other options, for example, using a 600-ton engine developed by the brilliant designer Valentin Glushko, but Sergei Korolev refused it, since he worked on highly toxic heptyl. Although, in my opinion, this was not the reason - just two leaders , Korolev and Glushko - could not and did not want to work together.Their relationship had its own problems, especially personal nature: Sergei Korolev, for example, knew that Valentin Glushko had once written a denunciation against him, as a result of which he was sentenced to ten years. Having been released, Korolev found out about this, but Glushko did not know that he knew about it," said Alexei Leonov.

A small step for a man, but a giant leap for all mankind

NASA's Apollo 11 spacecraft on July 20, 1969, with a crew of three astronauts: Commander Neil Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, became the first to reach the Moon in the USSR-US space race. The Americans did not pursue research tasks in this expedition, its goal was simple: to land on the Earth's satellite and return successfully.

The ship consisted of a lunar module and a command module that remained in orbit during the mission. Thus, of the three astronauts, only two went to the moon: Armstrong and Aldrin. They had to land on the moon, collect samples of the lunar soil, take pictures on the Earth satellite and install several instruments. However, the main ideological component of the trip was still the hoisting of the American flag on the moon and the holding of a video communication session with the Earth.

The launch of the ship was watched by US President Richard Nixon and German rocket scientist Hermann Oberth. A total of about a million people watched the launch at the cosmodrome and mounted observation platforms, and more than a billion people watched the television broadcast, according to the Americans, around the world.

Apollo 11 launched to the moon on July 16, 1969 at 1332 GMT and entered lunar orbit 76 hours later. The command and lunar modules were undocked about 100 hours after launch. Despite the fact that NASA intended to land on the lunar surface in automatic mode, Armstrong, as the expedition commander, decided to land the lunar module in semi-automatic mode.

The lunar module landed on the Sea of ​​Tranquility on July 20 at 20:17:42 GMT. Armstrong descended to the lunar surface on July 21, 1969 at 02:56:20 GMT. Everyone knows the phrase that he uttered when he stepped on the moon: "This is one small step for a person, but a giant leap for all mankind."

Aldrin also landed on the moon 15 minutes later. The astronauts collected the necessary amount of materials, placed the instruments and installed a television camera. After that, they planted an American flag in the field of view of the camera and held a communication session with President Nixon. The astronauts left a commemorative plaque on the moon with the words: "Here, people from planet Earth first set foot on the moon. July 1969 new era. We come in peace on behalf of all Humanity."

Aldrin was on the moon for about an hour and a half, Armstrong for two hours and ten minutes. At the 125th hour of the mission and the 22nd hour of stay on the Moon, the lunar module was launched from the surface of the Earth's satellite. The crew splashed down on the blue planet about 195 hours after the start of the mission, soon the astronauts were picked up by the aircraft carrier that came to the rescue.

The so-called "American moon landing in 1969" was a huge fake! Or, in Russian, a grandiose deception! Western politicians have this rule: "If you can't win in a fair competition, achieve victory by deceit or meanness!"

Surprisingly, not only American astronauts, but also Soviet astronauts made an effort to deceive the entire world community, who stated that “only absolutely ignorant people can seriously believe that the Americans were not on the moon!”. Such, in particular, is the opinion of the Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, when many citizens of the USSR, who carefully studied all the materials on the "American lunar epic", found obvious mistakes and inconsistencies in it.

And only now, after almost half a century, it becomes clear that all this information, entered by historians in various encyclopedias, is actually misinformation!

"Apollo 11" ("Apollo-11") - a manned spacecraft of the Apollo series, during the flight of which on July 16-24, 1969, the inhabitants of the Earth for the first time in history landed on the surface of another celestial body- Moon.

On July 20, 1969, at 20:17:39 UTC, crew commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Edwin Aldrin landed the ship's lunar module in the southwestern area of ​​the Sea of ​​Tranquility. They remained on the surface of the moon for 21 hours 36 minutes and 21 seconds. All this time, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins was waiting for them in lunar orbit. The astronauts made one exit to the lunar surface, which lasted 2 hours 31 minutes 40 seconds. The first person to walk on the moon was Neil Armstrong. This happened on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC. Aldrin joined him 15 minutes later.

The astronauts planted a US flag at the landing site, placed a set of scientific instruments and collected 21.55 kg of lunar soil samples, which were delivered to Earth. After the flight, the crew members and lunar rock samples underwent strict quarantine, which did not reveal any lunar microorganisms.

The successful completion of the Apollo 11 flight program meant the achievement of the national goal set by the President of the United States John Kennedy in May 1961 - before the end of the decade to land on the moon, and marked the victory of the United States in the lunar race with the USSR..

Surprisingly, John F. Kennedy, the president of the United States, who approved the program of "landing a man on the moon before 1970", was publicly shot dead in front of a crowd of millions of Americans back in 1963. And what is even more surprising, the entire archive of film footage, on which the landing of American astronauts on the moon in July 1969 was falsified, subsequently disappeared from NASA storage! It's supposed to have been stolen!

The Russians have a very good proverb about this: "do not count your chickens before they are hatched!" Its literal meaning is this: in peasant farms, not all chickens born in summer survive until autumn. Some will be carried away by birds of prey, and the weak simply will not survive. Therefore, they say that you need to count the chickens in the fall, when it is clear how many of them survived, survived. The allegorical meaning of this proverb is this: one must judge something by the final results. Premature joy from the first result, especially if it was obtained dishonestly, can then be replaced by bitter disappointment!

Absolutely in the context of this Russian proverb, today it turns out that the Americans still do not have a reliable and powerful rocket engine that could drive their American spacecraft to the Moon and return it back to Earth.

Below is the story of a Soviet and Russian scientist about leadership Russian science and space industry in the field of rocket engines.

Academician Boris Katorgin, creator of the world's best liquid rocket engines, explains why the Americans still cannot repeat our achievements in this area, and how to keep the Soviet head start in the future.

On June 21, 2012, at the St. Petersburg Economic Forum, the winners of the Global Energy Prize were awarded. An authoritative commission of industry experts from different countries chose three applications from 639 submitted and named the winners of the award of the year, which is already commonly called the "Nobel Prize for Energy". As a result, 33 million bonus rubles were shared this year by a well-known British inventor, Professor Rodney John Allam, and two of our outstanding scientists, Academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences Boris Katorgin and Valery Kostyuk.

All three are related to the creation of cryogenic technology, the study of the properties of cryogenic products and their application in various power plants. Academician Boris Katorgin was awarded "for the development of high-performance liquid-propellant rocket engines using cryogenic propellants, which provide reliable operation at high energy parameters space systems for the peaceful use of outer space. With the direct participation of Katorgin, who devoted more than fifty years to the OKB-456 enterprise, now known as NPO Energomash, liquid-propellant rocket engines (LRE) were created, the performance of which is now considered the best in the world. Katorgin himself was engaged in the development of schemes for organizing the working process in engines, the mixture formation of fuel components and the elimination of pulsation in the combustion chamber. Also known are his fundamental work on nuclear rocket engines (NRE) with a high specific impulse and developments in the field of creating high-power cw chemical lasers.

In the most difficult times for Russian science-intensive organizations, from 1991 to 2009, Boris Katorgin headed NPO Energomash, combining the positions of general director and general designer, and managed not only to save the company, but also to create a number of new engines. The absence of an internal order for engines forced Katorgin to look for a customer in the foreign market. One of the new engines was the RD-180, developed in 1995 specifically to participate in a tender organized by the American corporation Lockheed Martin, which chose a liquid-propellant rocket engine for the then upgraded Atlas launch vehicle. As a result, NPO Energomash signed a contract for the supply of 101 engines and by the beginning of 2012 had already delivered more than 60 LREs to the United States, 35 of which successfully worked on the Atlas when launching satellites for various purposes.

Before the presentation of the “Expert” award, I talked with academician Boris Katorgin about the state and prospects for the development of liquid rocket engines and found out why engines based on forty-year-old developments are still considered innovative, and the RD-180 could not be recreated at American factories.

Boris Ivanovich, what exactly is your merit in the creation of domestic liquid-propellant jet engines, which are now considered the best in the world?

To explain this to a non-specialist, you probably need a special skill. For LRE, I developed combustion chambers, gas generators; generally led the creation of the engines themselves for peaceful development outer space. (In the combustion chambers, the fuel and oxidizer are mixed and burned and a volume of hot gases is formed, which, then ejected through the nozzles, create the actual jet thrust; the fuel mixture is also burned in gas generators, but already for the operation of turbopumps, which pump fuel and oxidizer under enormous pressure into the same combustion chamber. - "Expert".)

You are talking about the peaceful exploration of outer space, although it is obvious that all the engines with thrust from several tens to 800 tons, which were created at NPO Energomash, were intended primarily for military needs.

We didn't have to drop a single atomic bomb, we did not deliver a single nuclear charge to the target on our missiles, and thank God. All military developments went into peaceful space. We can be proud of the huge contribution of our rocket and space technology to the development human civilization. Thanks to astronautics, entire technological clusters were born: space navigation, telecommunications, satellite television, sounding systems.

The engine for the R-9 intercontinental ballistic missile, which you worked on, then formed the basis of almost our entire manned program.

Back in the late 1950s, I carried out computational and experimental work to improve mixture formation in the combustion chambers of the RD-111 engine, which was intended for that same rocket. The results of the work are still used in modified RD-107 and RD-108 engines for the same Soyuz rocket, about two thousand space flights, including all manned programs.

Two years ago, I interviewed your colleague, Global Energy laureate Academician Alexander Leontiev. In a conversation about specialists closed to the general public, whom Leontiev himself once was, he mentioned Vitaly Ievlev, who also did a lot for our space industry.

Many academicians who worked for the defense industry were classified - this is a fact. Now much has been declassified - this is also a fact. I know Alexander Ivanovich very well: he worked on the creation of methods for calculating and cooling the combustion chambers of various rocket engines. Solving this technological problem was not easy, especially when we began to squeeze out the chemical energy of the fuel mixture to the maximum to obtain the maximum specific impulse, increasing the pressure in the combustion chambers to 250 atmospheres, among other measures.

Let's take our most powerful engine - RD-170. Fuel consumption with an oxidizer - kerosene with liquid oxygen going through the engine - 2.5 tons per second. Heat flows it reaches 50 megawatts per square meter is a huge energy. The temperature in the combustion chamber is 3.5 thousand degrees Celsius!

It was necessary to come up with a special cooling for the combustion chamber, so that it could work calculated and withstand the heat pressure. Alexander Ivanovich did just that, and, I must say, he did a great job. Vitaly Mikhailovich Ievlev - Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor technical sciences, a professor, unfortunately, who died quite early, was a scientist of the broadest profile, possessed encyclopedic erudition. Like Leontiev, he worked a lot on the methodology for calculating high-stress thermal structures. Their work intersected somewhere, integrated somewhere, and as a result, an excellent technique was obtained by which it is possible to calculate the heat density of any combustion chambers; now, perhaps, using it, any student can do it. In addition, Vitaly Mikhailovich took an active part in the development of nuclear, plasma rocket engines. Here our interests intersected in those years when Energomash was doing the same.

In our conversation with Leontiev, we touched upon the sale of RD-180 Energomash engines in the USA, and Alexander Ivanovich said that in many ways this engine is the result of developments that were made just when the RD-170 was created, and in a sense, its half . What is it - really the result of inverse scaling?

Any engine in a new dimension is, of course, a new apparatus. The RD-180 with a thrust of 400 tons is actually half the size of the RD-170 with a thrust of 800 tons.

The RD-191, designed for our new Angara rocket, has a thrust of 200 tons. What do these engines have in common? All of them have one turbopump, but the RD-170 has four combustion chambers, the "American" RD-180 has two, and the RD-191 has one. Each engine needs its own turbopump unit - after all, if a four-chamber RD-170 consumes about 2.5 tons of fuel per second, for which a turbopump with a capacity of 180 thousand kilowatts was developed, which is more than twice as much, for example, as the power of a reactor nuclear icebreaker"Arktika", then the two-chamber RD-180 - only half, 1.2 tons. I participated directly in the development of turbopumps for the RD-180 and RD-191 and at the same time supervised the creation of these engines as a whole.

The combustion chamber, then, is the same on all these engines, only their number is different?

Yes, and this is our main achievement. In one such chamber with a diameter of only 380 millimeters, a little more than 0.6 tons of fuel per second burns. Without exaggeration, this chamber is a unique high-heat-stressed equipment with special protection belts against powerful heat flows. Protection is carried out not only due to external cooling of the chamber walls, but also due to the ingenious way of “lining” a film of fuel on them, which, evaporating, cools the wall.

On the basis of this outstanding chamber, which has no equal in the world, we manufacture our best engines: RD-170 and RD-171 for Energia and Zenit, RD-180 for the American Atlas and RD-191 for the new Russian rocket "Angara".

- Angara was supposed to replace Proton-M a few years ago, but the creators of the rocket faced serious problems, the first flight tests were repeatedly postponed, and the project seems to continue to slip.

There were indeed problems. A decision has now been made to launch the rocket in 2013. The peculiarity of the Angara is that on the basis of its universal rocket modules it is possible to create a whole family of launch vehicles with a payload capacity of 2.5 to 25 tons for launching cargo into low Earth orbit based on the same universal oxygen-kerosene engine RD-191. Angara-1 has one engine, Angara-3 - three with a total thrust of 600 tons, Angara-5 will have 1000 tons of thrust, that is, it will be able to put more cargo into orbit than Proton. In addition, instead of the very toxic heptyl that is burned in the Proton engines, we use environmentally friendly fuel, after the combustion of which only water and carbon dioxide remain.

How did it happen that the same RD-170, which was created back in the mid-1970s, still remains, in fact, an innovative product, and its technologies are used as the basis for new rocket engines?

A similar story happened with the aircraft created after the Second World War by Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev (long-range strategic bomber of the M series, developed by the Moscow OKB-23 of the 1950s. - "Expert"). In many respects, the aircraft was ahead of its time by about thirty years, and then other aircraft manufacturers borrowed elements of its design. So it is here: in the RD-170 there are a lot of new elements, materials, design solutions. According to my estimates, they will not become obsolete for several decades. This is primarily the merit of the founder of NPO Energomash and its general designer, Valentin Petrovich Glushko, and Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vitaly Petrovich Radovsky, who headed the company after Glushko's death. (Note that the world's best energy and performance characteristics of the RD-170 are largely due to the solution by Katorgin of the problem of suppressing high-frequency combustion instability by developing anti-pulsation baffles in the same combustion chamber. - "Expert".) And the RD-253 engine of the first stage for rocket carrier "Proton"? Adopted back in 1965, it is so perfect that it has not been surpassed by anyone so far! This is exactly how Glushko taught to design - at the limit of the possible and necessarily above the world average.

It is important to remember something else: the country has invested in its technological future. How was it in the Soviet Union? The Ministry of General Engineering, which was in charge, in particular, of space and rockets, spent 22 percent of its huge budget on R&D alone - in all areas, including propulsion. Today, the amount of funding for research is much less, and this says a lot.

Doesn't the achievement of certain perfect qualities by these LREs, and this happened half a century ago, that a rocket engine with a chemical energy source is, in a sense, becoming obsolete: the main discoveries have been made in new generations of LREs, now we are talking more about so-called supporting innovations?

Certainly not. Liquid rocket engines are in demand and will be in demand for a very long time, because no other technology is able to more reliably and economically lift cargo from the Earth and put it into low Earth orbit. They are environmentally friendly, especially those that run on liquid oxygen and kerosene. But for flights to stars and other galaxies, rocket engines, of course, are completely unsuitable. The mass of the entire metagalaxy is 10 to the 56th power of grams. In order to accelerate on a liquid-propellant rocket engine to at least a quarter of the speed of light, an absolutely incredible amount of fuel is required - 10 to 3200 grams, so even thinking about it is stupid. LRE has its own niche - sustainer engines. On liquid engines, it is possible to accelerate the carrier to the second space velocity, fly to Mars, and that's it.

Next step - nuclear rocket engines?

Certainly. Whether we will live to see some stages is unknown, and much has been done to develop the YARD already in Soviet time. Now, under the leadership of the Keldysh Center, headed by Academician Anatoly Sazonovich Koroteev, a so-called transport and energy module is being developed. The designers came to the conclusion that it is possible to create a gas-cooled nuclear reactor that is less stressful than it was in the USSR, which will work both as a power plant and as a source of energy for plasma engines when moving in space. Such a reactor is currently being designed at NIKIET named after N. A. Dollezhal under the guidance of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yuri Grigorievich Dragunov. The Kaliningrad Design Bureau "Fakel" also participates in the project, where electric jet engines are being created. As in Soviet times, the Voronezh Chemical Automation Design Bureau will not do without it, where gas turbines and compressors will be manufactured in order to drive a coolant - a gas mixture - through a closed circuit.

In the meantime, let's fly on a rocket engine?

Of course, and we clearly see the prospects for further development of these engines. There are tactical, long-term tasks, there is no limit: the introduction of new, more heat-resistant coatings, new composite materials, reducing the mass of engines, increasing their reliability, and simplifying the control scheme. A number of elements can be introduced to more closely control the wear of parts and other processes occurring in the engine. There are strategic tasks: for example, the development of liquefied methane and acetylene together with ammonia as a fuel or a three-component fuel. NPO Energomash is developing a three-component engine. Such an LRE could be used as an engine for both the first and second stages. At the first stage, it uses well-developed components: oxygen, liquid kerosene, and if you add about another five percent of hydrogen, then the specific impulse will increase significantly - one of the main energy characteristics of the engine, which means that more payload can be sent into space. At the first stage, all kerosene with the addition of hydrogen is produced, and at the second stage, the same engine switches from running on a three-component fuel to a two-component one - hydrogen and oxygen.

We have already created an experimental engine, however, of small dimensions and a thrust of only about 7 tons, conducted 44 tests, made full-scale mixing elements in nozzles, in a gas generator, in a combustion chamber and found out that it is possible to work first on three components, and then smoothly switch to two. Everything works out, a high combustion efficiency is achieved, but to go further, we need a larger sample, we need to refine the stands to launch the components that we are going to use in a real engine into the combustion chamber: liquid hydrogen and oxygen, as well as kerosene. I think this is a very promising direction and a big step forward. And I hope to do something in my lifetime.

- Why the Americans, having received the right to reproduce the RD-180, cannot make it for many years?

Americans are very pragmatic. In the 1990s, at the very beginning of working with us, they realized that in the energy field we were far ahead of them and we needed to adopt these technologies from us. For example, our RD-170 engine in one launch, due to its higher specific impulse, could take out two tons more payload than their most powerful F-1, which at that time meant a 20 million dollar gain. They announced a competition for a 400-ton engine for their Atlases, which was won by our RD-180. Then the Americans thought that they would start working with us, and in four years they would take our technologies and reproduce them themselves. I immediately told them: you will spend more than a billion dollars and ten years. Four years have passed, and they say: yes, six years are needed. More years have passed, they say: no, we need eight more years. Seventeen years have passed, and they have not reproduced a single engine!

They now need billions of dollars just for bench equipment. We have stands at Energomash where you can test the same RD-170 engine in a pressure chamber, the jet power of which reaches 27 million kilowatts.

I heard right - 27 gigawatts? This is more than the installed capacity of all nuclear power plants of Rosatom.

Twenty-seven gigawatts is the power of the jet, which develops in relatively a short time. When tested on a stand, the jet energy is first extinguished in a special pool, then in a dispersion pipe with a diameter of 16 meters and a height of 100 meters. To build such a stand, in which an engine is placed that creates such power, you need to invest a lot of money. The Americans have now abandoned this and are taking the finished product. As a result, we are not selling raw materials, but a product with a huge added value, in which highly intellectual labor has been invested. Unfortunately, in Russia this is a rare example of high-tech sales abroad in such a large volume. But it proves that with the right formulation of the question, we are capable of much.

Boris Ivanovich, what should be done in order not to lose the head start gained by the Soviet rocket engine building? Probably, in addition to the lack of funding for R&D, another problem is also very painful - personnel?

To stay on the world market, we must constantly move forward and create new products. Apparently, until we were completely pressed down and the thunder struck. But the state needs to realize that without new developments it will be on the margins of the world market, and today, this transition period, while we have not yet grown to normal capitalism, it must first of all invest in the new - the state. Then you can transfer the development for the release of a series of private companies on terms that are beneficial to both the state and business...

And here's what's amazing! In this story of Academician Boris Katorgin, the creator of the best rocket engines in the world, there is not a word about the fact that "the Americans did not fly to the moon"! However, he does not need to shout about it. After all, it is enough to say and prove that only Russia today has an RD-170 rocket engine with a thrust of 800 tons, created in 1987-1988, the characteristics of which alone can ensure the flight of a spacecraft to the Moon and back. Americans today do not have such an engine!

Worse, they cannot even organize the production of the Soviet RD-180 engine, twice as weak in power, the license for the manufacture of which Russia kindly sold them ...

But what about the American rocket Saturn-5, the launch of which was observed in July 1969 by millions of people who followed the "lunar program"? - maybe someone will say now.

Yes, there was such a rocket. And she even took off from the spaceport! Only her task was not to fly to the moon, but only to show everyone that the takeoff had taken place. And this should have been recorded by television cameras, as well as the eyes of all kinds of witnesses. Then the Saturn-5 rocket fell into the Atlantic Ocean. Her first stage fell there, and her head part, and the descent module, in which there were no astronauts ...

As for the engines of the Saturn V rocket...

For a "fake flight" the rocket did not need to have any outstanding rocket engines with particularly high power! It was quite possible to get by with those engines that the Americans had been able to develop by that time!

The launch of the "lunar rocket" Saturn-5, as you know, took place on July 16, 1969. On July 20 and 21, American astronauts allegedly were able to walk on the Moon and even hoist the American flag on it, and on July 24, 1969, on the ninth day of the expedition, they returned to Earth in a descent capsule very cheerful.

The cheerfulness of the US astronauts immediately caught the eye of all specialists. She couldn't help but be confused. Well, how is it?! It can not be!..

Here is the testimony of Russian professionals from the cosmonaut search and rescue group. The picture after landing looks like this: “The approximate state of the astronaut is as if a person ran a thirty-kilometer cross-country race, and then rode a carousel for several more hours. Coordination is disturbed, the vestibular apparatus is disturbed. Therefore, a mobile hospital is necessarily deployed next to the landed descent vehicle. cosmonauts state of the heart system, pressure, pulse, the amount of oxygen in the blood. Astronauts are transported in the prone position.

In other words, if astronauts have spent at least a few days in near-Earth orbit, then in the first hours after their return they are in a state of extreme fatigue and are practically unable to move independently. A stretcher and a hospital bed are their fate for the coming days.

This is how real astronauts return from shaving:

And here is how the Americans returned, who allegedly visited the moon and spent almost 9 days in weightlessness. They themselves famously got out of the descent capsule, and already without spacesuits!

And just 50 minutes later, Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins are in a hearty rally dedicated to their return to Earth! (But then they had quality! In 9 days they should have turned out 5 kg of shit and 10 liters of urine for each, at least! How quickly did they wash themselves?!)

Let us return, however, to the engines of the Saturn-5 rocket.

In 2013, the whole world spread the news: “At the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, it was possible to find and raise parts of the F-1 liquid rocket engine that fell along with the spent first stage S-IC-506 of the Saturn V launch vehicle, which was launched on July 16, 1969! It is this bundle of five F- 1 lifted the launch vehicle and Apollo 11 spacecraft, crewed by astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins, off Launch Pad 39A on their historic flight. two F-1 engines discovered, from a depth of ~3 miles In addition to the engines, parts of the first stage structure were found, destroyed after falling at the moment of impact on the water.

The first stage of the S-IC separated after 150 seconds from the start of the F-1 engines, gave the launch vehicle and spacecraft a speed of 2.756 km / s, and lifted the bundle to a height of 68 kilometers. After separation, the first stage moved along a ballistic trajectory, rising at apogee to a height of about 109 kilometers, and falling at a distance of about 560 kilometers from the launch site in Atlantic Ocean.

S-IC-506 crash site coordinates in the Atlantic Ocean: 30°13"N, 74°2"W.

How the engines of the Saturn-5 rocket were raised:

It is alleged that fragments of this liquid-propellant rocket engine have been raised from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, which the United States for some reason does not see any point in producing further today, and therefore they prefer to buy Russian-made rocket engines for their needs - RD-180!

Model of the F-1 engine, on which the Saturn-5 "lunar rocket" allegedly flew.

Here is our famous Russian engine that Russia is selling today to US missile manufacturers. Don't you find anything strange in this?!

It remains for me to tell you about one more discovery, which was made in the Atlantic Ocean back in 1970. Then Russian fishermen discovered the descent capsule of the Apollo spacecraft drifting in the sea without astronauts inside. Naturally, the discovery was reported to Moscow, and there they decided to transfer it to the American side.

Translation of the article into Russian:

Russia says it has found and will return the Apollo capsule a

MOSCOW (UPI) - The Soviets have pulled a US space capsule out of the ocean, which they describe as part of the Apollo moon missions, and they are going to return it to US officials this weekend, the state news agency TASS said.

Checking this information with US embassy officials showed that the Soviets had at least two weeks to study this space equipment, and American officials knew about it, but the decision to return it right now came as a surprise.

A US embassy spokesman said officials inspected the site on Friday and were unable to confirm whether it was a component of the Apollo program. But he added that "I got the impression from their message that this complete piece of equipment", not its fragment.

The Soviets have explicitly stated that they intend to load the capsule aboard the American icebreaker Southwind, which on Saturday called at the Barents Sea port of Murmansk for three days. Subsequently, U.S. officials said they had requested permission from Washington for the transfer.

A three-paragraph statement by TASS on Friday afternoon gave the first suspicions that the Russians have some kind of American spacecraft.

"An experimental space capsule launched under the Apollo program and found in the Bay of Biscay by Soviet fishermen will be handed over to US representatives,"- it says.

"The US icebreaker Southwind will call at Murmansk on Saturday to pick up the capsule."

Prior to the TASS announcement, the embassy had announced that Southwind would call at Murmansk and stay there from Saturday to Monday to give the crew an opportunity for "rest and entertainment". It described the goodwill prospects of the visit and nothing else.

Asked about the TASS report, an embassy spokesman said the Soviets made the decision without notifying US officials.

"Southwind is going to Murmansk for the stated reasons - recreation and entertainment, and I think you can be pretty sure that the ship's commander does not know anything about it,"- he said. .

Of course, the Americans did not admit that the descent capsule found by Soviet fishermen was from the same "moon rocket" that launched on July 14, 1969 and allegedly headed for the Earth's satellite. NASA, as if nothing had happened, said that the Russians had discovered an "experimental space capsule."

At the same time in the book "We have never been to the moon"(Cornville, Az.: Desert Publications, 1981, p. 75) B. Kaysing says: “During one of my talk shows, the pilot of a commercial plane called and said that he saw the Apollo capsule being dropped from a large plane around the time the astronauts were supposed to “return” from the moon. Seven Japanese passengers also observed this incident ... ".

Here is this book, which talks about a completely different Apollo descent capsule, which was dropped from an airplane by parachute to simulate the return of astronauts to Earth:

And one more touch to continue this topic, which further reveals the American deception:

"This old photograph shows the Bulgarian cosmonaut G. Ivanov and the Soviet cosmonaut N. Rukavishnikov discussing the scheme for the entry of the Soyuz descent vehicle into the dense layers of the atmosphere. The capsule enters the dense layers of the atmosphere at a speed many times greater than the speed of sound. All the energy of the oncoming the air flow turns into heat and the temperature in the hottest place (near the bottom of the apparatus) reaches several thousand degrees!

In 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon, stuck in natural satellite Earth's Stars and Stripes flag and made a selfie against its background. Five more landings followed.

But despite great amount photos and videos, many people (for example, as many as 57% of Russians, according to a study Science and Society: Authority and Trust VTsIOM) do not believe that a human foot has set foot on the moon. We have collected the 10 most common arguments of conspiracy theorists who deny the reality of flights, and prepared arguments that will help dispel their doubts.

The conspiracy theorists' argument: The United States was significantly inferior in space technology. Therefore, all flights of Apollos and Saturns are impossible.

What is actually: at the beginning of the space race, the USSR really overtook the Americans. The first satellite, the first man in space, the first spacewalk, the first lunar rover… But then the gap began to close.

In response to our projects, the Americans found Discoverer - the first photographic reconnaissance satellites with return capsules with photographic film and Echo 1 - the first communications satellite. And also the Lunar Orbiter probe, which filmed the surface of the Moon, and the Surveyor lander, which landed on it. There were also manned flights in earth orbit on the Mercury and Gemini spacecraft.

In addition, before Apollo 11, which made the first landing on the moon, there were also Apollos 7-10, on which they flew around the satellite. So the Americans went to conquer the night luminary sufficiently prepared.

The conspiracy theorists' argument: if the americans flew to the moon, then why don't they do it now? And if they used to have such advanced technologies, then why are they now buying our engines?

They do not fly to the moon now for one simple reason: it is very expensive, but at the same time it is useless. It was because of the high cost that further Apollo flights were canceled. The program cost was almost $25 billion in 1969 - about $175 billion now.

The scientific benefit was small and not worth the huge expenditure of money and all the attendant risks. That is why, when the victory in the “moon race” over the USSR was achieved and flights ceased to be significant for the prestige of the United States, the Apollo program was curtailed.

As for the alleged degradation of the United States after the flights to the moon and the transition to Russian engines ... The RD-180 is indeed used in the American Atlas and Antares rockets. But at the same time, the most powerful rocket in the world - Delta IV Heavy (at least it was the most powerful before the advent of SpaceX) - flies on its own American engines.

SpaceX and Blue Origin make their own engines, Minotaur and Pegasus have exclusively American equipment, their shuttles also flew on US-made engines. So not everything is so bad - the Americans have not forgotten how to make rockets.

The conspiracy theorists' argument: the Americans could not cross the Earth's radiation belts, also called the Van Allen belts. Radiation would certainly kill them. Therefore, flights to the moon are a lie and expeditions to other planets are impossible. At least until radiation protection is invented.

What is actually: the cosmic danger is greatly exaggerated. Radiation sickness occurs when a person is exposed to 200 to 1,000 rads for several hours. The Earth has two pronounced radiation belts. The crew of "Apollo-11" overcame the first of them, the most active, in 7 minutes. The second, in which the radiation was about the same as from the electro-ray tube in old TVs, the ship flew by in less than two hours.

Such flights are still not very healthy, but the Apollo was well enough isolated. According to measurements The Deadly Van Allen Belts? NASA, the average dose of radiation for a 12-day mission was only 0.18 rad (the maximum allowed is 50 rad). This is comparable to the dose you receive from a chest x-ray.

But to be honest, Alan Shepard, the first American astronaut who also flew to the moon with the Apollo 14 mission, died at 75 from leukemia. Apparently, insidious radiation still finished him off.

4. The flag on the moon flutters

The conspiracy theorists' argument: the flag, set, flutters as if there is air and wind on the moon. But obviously they shouldn't be there! So, the shooting was carried out on Earth.

What is actually: in all the photographs from the moon, the American flag really looks like it is fluttering in the wind. This is because it is suspended from an L-shaped flagpole. Take a look at these two photos provided by NASA. They show that the astronaut changed the position of the body, but the flag did not change - its folds froze motionless. Such behavior of matter is possible only under conditions of weak gravity and the absence of an atmosphere.

If you watch a video of the flag being planted, you can see how the astronaut shakes it, trying to screw the base of the flagpole into the lunar soil. That is why the flag waved a little - not at all from the wind.

And for example, in this video, filmed during the Apollo 16 expedition, you can see how matter behaves in a weakened gravity - it froze and does not move.

In total, six flags were installed on the moon, and the shadows from them even managed to photograph Six Flags on the Moon:
What is Their Current Condition? from orbit.

The conspiracy theorists' argument: no stars are visible in the pictures from the moon - the sky is completely black. This proves that the filming of the Apollo landings was carried out in the pavilion. Why didn't NASA staff glue backdrops with painted stars to the ceiling of the pavilion? Apparently they didn't.

What is actually: if it comes to that, then not only in the pictures from the moon the stars are not visible. If you look, for example, at the photographs of astronauts and cosmonauts taken on, then there are no stars there either. Does that mean there is no ISS either?

The reason is that when shooting in space under the light of the Sun, any objects, such as the Earth, the ISS, an astronaut's spacesuit or the lunar surface, are illuminated many times brighter than the stars in the background glow. The latter do not appear because the camera cannot collect enough light from them in the short exposure.

You can only photograph stars with a slow shutter speed and it is desirable to be on the night side of the moon. Tim Peake, British astronaut from the ISS, tells more about how to take pictures of stars in space.

At the same time, in pictures from the moon you can still find. An example is the photo below.

The picture was taken by Apollo 16 astronauts John Young and Charlie Duke on April 21, 1972 using a special camera.

6. There was no one to film the takeoff of the Apollo from the moon

The conspiracy theorists' argument: there is a video demonstrating how the lander takes off from the moon. If the filming was really taking place there, then how could the cinematographer film it? Did he stay on the surface of the Earth's satellite?

What is actually: in this video, the last people who ever visited leave it. The Apollo 17 lander takes to the skies to begin its return journey to Earth.

And it is filmed by a camera mounted on a lunar rover (the same car in which the astronauts of the Apollo 15, 16, 17 missions traveled on the Moon). The camera was remotely controlled from Earth by cameraman Ed Fendell in Houston. There was, however, a two-second delay (this is how long the signal goes to the moon), but this did not prevent Ed from filming the takeoff.

By the way, a fun fact: before leaving the Moon, one of the Apollo 17 astronauts, Eugene Cernan - the last person to walk on the surface of the night star - wrote the initials of his daughter, nine-year-old Tracy, in the moon dust.

The conspiracy theorists' argument: the landing on the Earth's satellite was filmed in a pavilion under the spotlights. Otherwise, how can one explain that the shadows on the moon do not lie parallel? After all, there is only one source of light on the Moon - the Sun!

What is actually: The rough surface of the Moon, even with a single light source, can create jagged shadows. Because the lunar soil - regolith - reflects sunlight well. In addition, the shadows are not parallel due to the effect of perspective. If these photos were taken in a pavilion under the spotlights, the objects in them would have several shadows, but this is not observed.

In 2014, NVIDIA, demonstrating the capabilities of its GeForce GTX 980 and GTX 970 video cards, created a three-dimensional model of the landing of the Apollo 11 crew on the moon.

And this visualization does a good job of showing how sunlight and shadows behave on the moon.

The conspiracy theorists' argument: on one alleged stone, the letter “C” is clearly visible, applied with a marker or felt-tip pen. This letter was written on the props for filming in the pavilion so that the workers knew where to put which stone.

What is actually: yes, there is a photo of a stone taken during the Apollo 16 mission, in which the letter "C" is clearly visible. Wait a minute though...

There is nothing suspicious in the original photo of the stone. And the mysterious letter appeared when some hair or thread got into the copier while copying the picture. Yes, they flew to the moon in those days when photos were processed by photocopiers. You can see a detailed analysis of this picture.

9. Returning astronauts move too briskly.

The conspiracy theorists' argument: American astronauts are too peppy. When ours, who returned from the ISS, are taken out of the capsule of the Soyuz spacecraft, they can hardly walk. And these people go down the ladder and go merrily to the quarantine center.

What is actually: Expeditions to the ISS last six months or longer. The record belongs to our cosmonaut Gennady Padalka - 878 days in orbit. And the Apollo 11 flight lasted 12 days.

In addition, they were not so cheerful at first. They had to be taken out of the Apollo capsule by a detachment of scuba divers. And Armstrong was so weak at all that he could not close the hatch.

10 Stanley Kubrick Confessed To Everything

The conspiracy theorists' argument: lunar flights are fiction. He himself admitted this, the director who filmed the Apollo landings in the Hollywood pavilion. This interview surfaced 15 years after the death of the director - the truth cannot be hidden!

What is actually: yes, such an interview really exists on the Web, it has been circulating on the Internet since at least August 2015. But the video does not show Kubrick. On Snopes.com you can read the debunking of this fake.

Video creator T. Patrick Murray claimed to have recorded this exclusive interview in May 1999. Impressive, especially considering that Kubrick passed away in March - a couple of months earlier. In addition, the director's widow in an interview with the Gawker website stated that this video is a fake.

And a couple more arguments

If you still have doubts about landing on the moon, just know:

• There are samples of lunar soil on Earth. During six flights to the moon, the Apollos delivered 382 kilograms of lunar soil to Earth. The bulk of it is stored at the Lunar Samples Laboratory, at the Johnson Space Center. But samples of lunar soil were also transferred to various scientific organizations in all countries of the world.
• Traces of the moon landings can be seen from orbit. LRO (NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) photographed Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter landing sites for the Apollo missions. These show landers left on the surface and traces from lunar rovers. You can also view pictures. And I also saw the landing site of astronauts Japanese SELENE (Kaguya) Lunar Mission Spots Apollo 15 Landing Site Japanese device SELENE.
• Astronauts left corner reflectors on the Moon. The astronauts of the Apollo 11, Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 programs left such things on the surface of the Earth's satellite, thanks to which laser ranging of the Moon is performed. Thanks to them, we know the exact distance to it.
• Soviet and Russian cosmonauts confirm the reality of landings on the moon. For example, cosmonauts Alexei Leonov, Georgy Grechko, Gennady Padalka do not question the Apollo flights. Nikolai Kamanin, the head of the training of the first Soviet cosmonauts, also wrote about the reality of this in his diaries. It is unlikely that the insidious managed to bribe or intimidate so many people.

Each nation individually and all of humanity as a whole strives only forward to conquer new horizons in the development of the economy, medicine, sports, science, new technologies, including the study of astronomy and the conquest of space. We hear about big breakthroughs in space, but have they really happened? Did the Americans land on the moon, or was it just one big spectacle?

suits

Having visited the "US National Air and Space Museum" in Washington, anyone who wants to make sure: the American spacesuit is a very simple dressing gown, sewn in haste. NASA claims that the spacesuits were sewn at a factory for the production of bras and underwear, that is, their spacesuits were sewn from the fabric of shorts and they supposedly protect against the aggressive space environment, from radiation that is deadly for humans. However, maybe NASA has really developed ultra-reliable suits that protect against radiation. But why then was this ultra-light material not used anywhere else? Not for military, not for peaceful purposes. Why was help not provided with Chernobyl, albeit for money, as American presidents like to do? Well, let's say perestroika has not yet begun and they did not want to help the Soviet Union. But, after all, for example, in 79 in the USA at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant there was a terrible accident of the reactor unit. So why didn't they use durable spacesuits developed using NASA technology to eliminate radiation contamination - a time bomb on their territory?

Radiation radiation from the Sun is detrimental to humans. Radiation is one of the main obstacles to space exploration. For this reason, today all manned flights take place no further than 500 kilometers from the surface of our planet. But the Moon has no atmosphere and the level of radiation is commensurate with open space. For this reason, both in a manned spacecraft and in a spacesuit on the surface of the Moon, the astronauts had to receive a lethal dose of radiation. However, they are all alive.

Neil Armstrong and the other 11 astronauts lived an average of 80 years, and some are still alive today, like Buzz Aldrin. By the way, back in 2015, he honestly admitted that he had not been to the moon.

It is interesting to know how they were able to survive so well when a small dose of radiation is enough to develop leukemia, a cancer of the blood. As you know, none of the astronauts died of oncology, which raises only questions. Theoretically, it is possible to protect yourself from radiation. The question is, what protection can be sufficient for such a flight. Calculations by engineers show that to protect the astronauts from cosmic radiation, the walls of the ship and the spacesuit at least 80 cm thick, made of lead, are needed, which, of course, was not. Not a single rocket can lift such a weight.

The suits were not just hastily riveted, and they were missing the simple things necessary for life support. So in the spacesuits used in the Apollo program, there is no system for the withdrawal of waste products. The Americans, either throughout the flight with plugs in different places, endured, did not write or poop. Or everything that came out of them they immediately processed. Otherwise, they would simply suffocate on their excrement. It's not that the system for excreting waste products was bad - it was simply absent.

Astronauts walked on the moon in rubber boots, but it's interesting to know how they did it if the temperature on the moon ranges from +120 to -150 degrees Celsius. How did they get the information and technology to make shoes that are resistant to wide temperature ranges? After all, the only material that has the necessary properties was discovered after flights and began to be used in production only 20 years after the first landing on the moon.

official chronicle

On the vast majority satellite images NASA's lunar program does not show stars, although they are abundant in Soviet satellite images. The black empty background in all the photos is due to the fact that there were difficulties with modeling starry sky and NASA decided to completely abandon the firmament in their images. At the time of the installation of the US flag on the moon, the flag was fluttering under the influence of air currents. Armstrong adjusted the flag and took a few steps back. However, the flag did not stop waving. The American flag fluttered in the wind, although we know that in the absence of an atmosphere and in the absence of wind as such, a flag cannot wave on the Moon. How could astronauts move so quickly on the Moon if gravity is 6 times lower than on Earth? An accelerated view of the astronauts' jumps on the Moon shows that their movements correspond to those on Earth, and the height of the jumps does not exceed the height of the jumps under the conditions of Earth's gravity. You can also find fault with the pictures themselves for a long time in the difference in colors and minor blunders.

Lunar soil

During lunar missions Under the Apollo program, a total of 382 kg of lunar soil was delivered to Earth, and soil samples were donated by the US government to leaders of different countries. True, without exception, the regolith turned out to be a fake of terrestrial origin. Part of the soil mysteriously simply disappeared from museums, another part of the soil after chemical analysis turned out to be terrestrial basalt or meteorite fragments. So BBC News reported that a fragment of lunar soil, stored in the Dutch museum Rijskmuseulm, turned out to be a piece of petrified wood. The exhibit was handed over to Dutch Prime Minister Willem Dries, and after his death, the regolith went to the museum. Experts doubted the authenticity of the stone back in 2006. Finally, this suspicion was confirmed by an analysis of the lunar soil, conducted by specialists from the Free University of Amsterdam, the conclusion of the experts was not comforting: a piece of stone is a fake. The American government decided not to comment on this situation in any way and simply hushed up the matter. Also, similar cases occurred in Japan, Switzerland, China and Norway. And such embarrassments were resolved in the same way, regoliths mysteriously either disappeared or were destroyed by fire or the destruction of museums.

One of the main arguments of the opponents of the lunar conspiracy is the recognition by the Soviet Union of the fact that the Americans landed on the moon. Let's analyze this fact in more detail. The United States was well aware that it would not be difficult for the Soviet Union to come out with a refutation and provide evidence that the Americans had never landed on the moon. And there was plenty of evidence, including material. This is the analysis of the lunar soil, which was transferred by the American side, and this is the Apollo 13 apparatus caught in the Bay of Biscay in 1970 with full telemetry of the launch of Saturn-5 launch vehicles, in which there was not a single living soul, there was not a single astronaut. On the night of April 11-12, the Soviet fleet lifted the Apollo 13 capsule. In fact, the capsule turned out to be an empty zinc bucket, there was no thermal protection at all, and its weight was no more than one ton. The rocket was launched on April 11, and a few hours later on the same day, the Soviet military finds a capsule in the Bay of Biscay.

And according to the official chronicle, the American apparatus circled the Moon and returned to Earth supposedly on April 17, as if nothing had happened. Soviet Union received at that time irrefutable proof rigged moon landings by the Americans and he has a big ace up his sleeve.

But then amazing things began to happen. At the height of the Cold War, when a bloody war was going on in Vietnam, Brezhnev and Nixon, as if nothing had happened, meet like good old friends, smile, clink glasses, drink champagne together. History remembers this as the Brezhnev thaw. How can one explain the completely unexpected friendship between Nixon and Brezhnev? In addition to the fact that the Brezhnev thaw began quite unexpectedly, behind the scenes, there were chic gifts that President Nixon made personally to Ilyich Brezhnev. Thus, during his first visit to Moscow, the American president brings Brezhnev a generous gift - a Cadillac Eldorado, assembled by hand on a special order. I wonder for what merits at the highest level Nixon gives an expensive Cadillac at the first meeting? Or maybe the Americans were indebted to Brezhnev? And then - more. At the next meetings, Brezhnev is presented with a Lincoln limousine, followed by a sports Chevrolet Monte Carlo. At the same time, the silence of the Soviet Union about the American lunar scam could hardly be bought for a luxury car. The USSR demanded to pay big. Can it be considered a coincidence that in the early 70s, when the Americans allegedly landed on the moon, the construction of the largest giant, the KAMAZ automobile plant, began in the Soviet Union. Interestingly, the West allocated billions of dollars in loans for this construction, and several hundred American and European automobile companies took part in the construction. There were dozens of other projects in which the West, for such inexplicable reasons, invested in the economy of the Soviet Union. Thus, an agreement was concluded on the supply of American grain to the USSR at prices below the world average, which negatively affected the well-being of the Americans themselves.

The embargo on the supply of Soviet oil to Western Europe was also lifted, we began to penetrate into their gas market, where we are still successfully operating. In addition to allowing the US to do such a lucrative business with Europe, the West essentially built these pipelines itself. Germany provided a loan of more than 1 billion marks to the Soviet Union and supplied large-diameter pipes, which at that time were not being produced in our country. Moreover, the nature of warming demonstrates a clear one-sidedness. The US is doing favors to the Soviet Union while getting nothing in return. Amazing generosity, which can easily be explained by the price of silence about the fake moon landing.

By the way, recently the famous Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who defends the Americans everywhere and everywhere in their version of the flight to the moon, confirmed that the landing was filmed in the studio. Indeed, who will film the epochal opening of the hatch by the first man on the moon, if there is no one on the moon?

Destroying the myth that Americans landed on the moon is not just a minor fact. No. The element of this illusion is interconnected with all world deceptions. And when one illusion begins to collapse after it, according to the domino principle, the rest of the illusions begin to collapse. Not only are delusions about the greatness of the United States of America crumbling. Added to this is the misconception about the confrontation of states. Would the USSR play along with its irreconcilable enemy in the lunar scam? It's hard to believe, but, unfortunately, the Soviet Union played the same game with the United States. And if this is so, then it becomes clear to us now that there are forces that control all these processes, which are higher than the states.

Rumors that astronauts from the United States did not land on the Earth's satellite are far-fetched. The footage that was broadcast on television is absolutely authentic. This opinion was expressed by the famous Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov.

Was there a landing?

Leonov argues that only the ignoramuses can consider the fact that the Americans landed on the moon to be untrue. Oddly enough, it is the Americans who are to blame for the fact that the footage broadcast on television began to be considered fabricated. By the way, the first person who began to spread false information was punished and put in jail.

It turns out that part of the filming was actually done on Earth in a Hollywood studio. It also stores one of the two lunar modules. The presence of a part of a spaceship in Hollywood was reported by the wife of one of the famous directors of our time.

Why did you need additional shooting in terrestrial conditions?

Additional shooting is used in any films in order to obtain a complete picture of what is happening. There could not have been a cameraman on the Moon who could have filmed the moment the ship's hatch was opened, the astronaut's descent to the surface of the satellite. It was decided to shoot all these moments in a film studio in order to provide the audience with a complete picture. However, this gave rise to much gossip. Some people, who noticed certain flaws in the added frames, began to believe that the entire video sequence was fabricated.

The real shots begin from the moment when Armstrong managed to get comfortable on the surface of the Moon and set up a transmitter to communicate with the Earth. This moment was filmed by the astronaut's partner, who had already left the spacecraft.

Why did the flag fly

Since the atmosphere of the Earth's satellite is too rarefied, the canvas of the flag should not have fluttered. It was made with a rigid reinforced mesh, rolled into a tube and was in a case. To install the flag, first a special socket was stuck into the ground, then the flag itself was placed and the cover was removed from the canvas. After the flag has been deployed, you can see the permanent deformation of the web mesh. It is she who gives the effect of a flag developing in the wind.

Letters addressed to NASA

The organization's specialists complain about the huge amount of correspondence sent by skeptics trying to refute the fact of landing on the moon. The most important arguments are "strange shadows", a waving flag and the absence of stars in the sky.

The first is easily explained by the elementary laws of physics. The location of the shadow is influenced both by the shape of the object that is an obstacle to the path of light rays, and by the features of the surface on which it is cast. Because the shadows in the pictures look uneven. The assumption of multiple light sources is absurd, since in this case each object would have two or more shadows.

The stars in the sky are indistinguishable because the surface of the Earth's satellite is brightly illuminated by sunlight. The human eye cannot distinguish between too bright and dim light sources at the same time.

The only thing scientists think about is the radiation that is present near the surface of the moon. Armstrong stayed on the surface of the satellite for more than two hours, but he was able to protect him in an unknown way in a light suit.

The essence of the operation

Apollo 11, consisting of the lunar and command modules, was launched on July 16, 1969. This moment was seen by Richard Nixon (US President), Herman Oberth (rocket specialist) and about 1 billion viewers around the world. The first step on the lunar surface was taken on July 21, 1969.

The astronauts had the following goals: landing on the moon, collecting samples, taking photographs, installing special instruments.