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Oumuamua puzzles all science. Many questions are still unclear, but the first experts have already appeared who have answers to these questions. However, these answers are still a thin layer of parchment paper on a huge code of basic science.

What the mainstream represents is again the familiar lies of the old world of yesterday, but in modern world tomorrow they will soon be replaced by the truth. Read here what Oumuamua and Apollo 20 have in common, that humanity is older than it should be and didn't originate on Earth. Frank Swede.

The coming year will be a year of breakthrough and disclosure, as I always wrote in my materials. But the disclosure is happening in very slow and small steps, but now it is unstoppable.

Everything we have read and heard about UFOs and alien worlds in the past is a thing of the past. Conspiracy theorists will become more aware and those in the know will be among the liars and deniers from next year.

The many small pieces of the puzzle that we have been given the opportunity to put together this year will give the big picture of the whole in the coming year.

The three most important pieces of the puzzle we got this year were the mysterious activities in Antarctica, the mysterious "asteroid" Oumuamua, and the Pentagon's secret UFO program, which isn't all that much news in itself.

Rather, the US government, whether it was the CIA, the FBI or the Pentagon in the past, has dealt with the UFO issue more deeply and more consistently than the answers that have been received.

There were various reasons for this. This is hiding information about the true age of humanity and keeping secret alien technology for the Pentagon.

I think the most important proof that we are not alone in space is our recent introduction to Oumuamua. In fact, there is a lot of information that the 400 meters long object is an interstellar spacecraft from another solar system. Scientists suspect the craft may have come from the Carina/Columbia star cluster in the southern sky, about 280 light-years from Earth.

According to famous scientists, this stellar conglomerate consists of fairly young and, above all, unexplored stars. Numerous astronomers and scientists suspect that the ship is malfunctioning and abandoned long ago by its crew, now roaming the galaxy as a ghost ship without control.

The thesis that this is in fact an interstellar spacecraft stems from the fact that the color of the object is rather unusual for an ordinary asteroid. The reddish color suggests that it may be a metal alloy.

Apollo 20 Mission Secret

It is likely that the object has been in transit for millions of years, and the crew has not been alive for a long time. Oumuamua reminds me of an almost identical ship found on the far side of the Moon, the secret Apollo 20 mission led by William Routledge in 1976.

Even today, this mission is questioned by critics and classified as a conspiracy theory. Numerous videos on the Internet have been repeatedly considered fake, and William Rutledge has been accused of lying. It is clear that the critics spared no expense or effort to convince the public that this was a hoax. But in this case the question must again be brought to the surface: Cui bono?

One of the benefits of this can only be official institutions, the United States government, intelligence agencies and many other organizations that do not want the truth to be established. And as the past teaches us, the authenticity of a legend is usually confirmed by the fact that this story is violently and decisively denigrated and discredited.

In this case, I think that the Apollo 20 mission actually took place and that the crashed ship looked like the ghost ship Oumuamua. For the ship found on the moon was about 400 meters long and almost identical in shape to a cigar (The Secret Apollo 20 Moon Mission (video)).

To understand the history and its complexities, you must know that William Routledge never worked for NASA. And Apollo 20 didn't launch from Cape Canaveral, but from Vandenberg Air Force Base, which serves solely as a rocket launch site and in Santa Barbara, California; between Los Angeles and San Francisco.

For many critics, William Rutledge is still a phantom. So did Bob Lazar, who confirmed in a public statement that he was investigating Area 51 on spacecraft. But a bad reputation finally accompanies all whistleblowers. Their reputation is vilified by the public, through lies and propaganda publicly and usually by the media.

So William Routledge was no exception, but he gave only a few interviews and, above all, he did not tell his story. He did not want to be publicly celebrated as a hero. Unlike the Apollo 11 expedition, which, in my opinion, never left Earth. In one of his interviews, William Routledge commented on the mysterious mission with the following sentences:

“I did not work for NASA, but for the US Air Force: I studied foreign technologies, the N1 project, the AJAX aircraft project and the Russian MIG Foxbat 25. I had some skills in computer navigation and engineering and was a volunteer in the MOL Gemini project. I was chosen for Apollo 20 because, as I later found out, I was a very rare pilot who did not believe in God. I didn't have NASA astronaut status."

Humanity has existed for billions of years

Apollo 20 was launched in 1976 and, which may surprise many, despite cold war, was a joint venture with the USSR. And for good reason, as William Routledge reports:

“The Soviets knew about the presence of a ship on the far side of the moon, but I don’t know how they knew about it. In July 1969, "Luna-15" crashed right under the nose alien ship. It was a probe that looked like a Ranger or Lunar Orbiter. They gave us accurate maps and pictures of the area. Their operations center was in Sverdlovsk in the Urals. The head of the program was Professor Valentin Alekseev, who later became president of the Ural Academy of Sciences. Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was chosen for Apollo 20 because he was very popular in the Communist Party and because of his participation in the Apollo-Soyuz program.

The region where the ship crashed was in a small area of ​​the Delaware Izak region near the Tsiolkovsky crater. Near the crash site was the Apollo 20 crew, consisting of William Routledge, Leona Snyder, and Alexei Leonov, and the structures of a very old city.

William Rutledge:

Lunar City was referred to as "Station One on Earth", but it was just a huge garbage dump of scrap metal and gold, only one structure seemed intact enough. We filmed pieces of metal, all parts that had some kind of inscription and were exposed to solar radiation. The city seemed to be the same age as the ship, but it was a very small place."

There are many indications that the ship crashed during landing and that the crew may have resided in this small town. The moon has long been the cause of so much speculation for astronomers around the world.

The existence of life on the Moon has been a major controversy among astronomers for more than a hundred years. Again and again in the past, mysterious buildings and reflections of light in the telescope were observed, which gave reason to believe that there really is life on the satellite. Numerous images released by NASA can confirm this, but they are carefully stripped of this evidence in post-processing.

The real sensation was the crew inside the ship. Two lifeless bodies, one of them a woman, sat at the control panel. There was a lot of evidence that it was the woman who was the commander of the ship, originally called Mona Lisa, but later called Shural.

Routledge literally:

We entered a huge spaceship. Key takeaways from the study: This was a mother ship, very old, that had crossed space at least a billion years ago. There were many signs of biological life in it, old remains of vegetation, special triangular rocks in the engine compartment that emit drops of a yellow liquid with special properties and, of course, signs of living beings from another solar system.

We found the remains of small bodies (10 cm) that were in a network of glass tubes and died throughout the ship. But the most important discovery was that of two human bodies, one appeared to be intact.

It was a very intact EBE (extraterrestrial biological organism), humanoid, female, 1.65 m tall, hairy, six fingers. Function: Pilot, control boxes were attached to fingers and eyes, no clothing. We had to cut out two cables that were attached to the nose. Leonov removed the eye device. Blood clots or biofluid flowed and froze from the mouth, nose, eyes and some parts of the body.

Some parts of the body were in unusually good condition, and the skin was protected by a thin layer. We told the control center that the creature was neither dead nor alive. We did not have a medical base, but Leonov and I conducted a test. We attached our bio-equipment to the EBE and the telemetry received by the mission control doctors was positive."

The crew of this spaceship may well be proof of the existence of mankind for billions of years and has its true origin, which has always been suspected here on earth.

Perhaps this is the truth that the ruling elites fear? The truth that is not allowed to be published?

Rutledge's claims may seem incredible at first glance - at least when they are judged according to current laws old fundamental science. But next year we will open the doors for new science, and we will consider such statements from a different point of view.

At the time of the interview, William Rutledge was already 77 years old and living in Rwanda, and was eventually no longer bound by the oath. And he said again and again that NASA and other organizations should not hide information of this magnitude from the world public. Routledge was never afraid of the consequences. He confidently said:

“I am an informant. What can NASA and the US Air Force do? Silence me or accuse me of lying, but that would mean a confession. Of course, they can talk about dizziness or fiction.”

And that is what NASA and the CIA have done over the last seventy years. But now the time has come when this is no longer possible. More and more famous people break their silence and openly declare what infinite life the universe has for billions of years.

This may come as a shock to many, but that's the way it is when it's clear that humanity is suddenly waking up from a centuries-old slumber and realizing that the world is different from what they were told in school.

I came to the conclusion that the Apollo 20 expedition has revealed the secret that humanity should never know that man is not a "product" of the earth, and the whole history of the creation of the earth and mankind is nothing but a rough and worldview zusammengebasteltes which in no way has nothing to do with reality. Shural Hun and her team are proof of that.

The evidence is still only available to a small and select elite, and to many other testimonies that lie dormant in the depths of Antarctica.

Be carefull!

Apollo 11"(English) Apollo 11 ) - manned spacecraft of the series " Apollo", which first delivered people to the surface of another cosmic body - the Moon.

Ship flight data
launch vehicle	Saturn-5SA-506
launch pad	space center kennedycomplex 39A, Florida, USA
launch
Landing
Flight duration	8 days 3 hours 18 minutes 0 seconds
Weight	command module 28,806 kg lunar module 15,095 kg
NSSDC ID	1969-059A
NORADID	04039
Crew flight data
crew members
call sign	"Columbia" ("Columbia") "Eagle" ("Eagle")

Crew

• Commander - Neil Armstrong .
• Command Module Pilot - Michael Collins .
• Lunar Module Pilot - Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. .

All crew members are experienced astronauts who have completed the program "Gemini". Armstrong And Aldrin As pilots had combat experience, Collins was an experienced test pilot. By coincidence, the crew was made up of the same age.

General information

The ship included a command module (sample CSM-107) and the lunar module (sample LM-5). For the command module, the astronauts chose the call sign " Colombia» (« Columbia”), for the lunar module - “ Eagle» (« Eagle" - "Eagle"). The weight of the ship is 43.9 tons. "Columbia" is the name of the statue on the building of Congress in Washington and the ship in which the heroes of Jules Verne flew to the moon. The emblem of flight is an eagle above the surface of the moon, holding an olive branch in its claws. A rocket was used to launch Saturn-5"(sample AS-506). The purpose of the flight was formulated as follows: "Land on the Moon and return to Earth."

The successful completion of the mission marked the victory of the United States in the "moon race" and meant the fulfillment of President Kennedio's promise to land on the moon before the end of the 60s.

Flight tasks

The following were planned: landing on the moon in the western part of the Sea of ​​Tranquility, collecting samples of lunar soil, photographing on the surface of the moon, installing scientific instruments on the moon, conducting television sessions from the ship and from the surface of the moon.

Prelaunch preparation and start

Six days before the estimated launch date, a leak was discovered in one of the compressed helium cylinders placed in the oxidizer tank of the first stage of the launch vehicle. Two technicians climbed into the tank and, tightening the nut on the cylinder, eliminated the leak. Thereafter, pre-launch preparations proceeded without incident and even more smoothly than with all previous Apollo manned spacecraft.

The 36th President of the United States was among the guests of honor at the Launch Control Center Johnson , Vice President Agnew and pioneer of German rocket technology 75-year-old Hermann Oberth . About a million people watched the launch at the cosmodrome and in adjacent areas, and about one billion people in various countries of the world watched the television broadcast of the launch.

Ship " Apollo 11"started July 16, 1969 at 13 hours 32 minutes GMT 724 m later than the estimated time.

The engines of all three stages of the launch vehicle worked in accordance with the calculated program, the ship was launched into a geocentric orbit close to the calculated one.

Second launch and flight to the moon

After the last stage of the launch vehicle with the ship entered the initial geocentric orbit, the crew checked the onboard systems for about two hours.

The engine of the last stage of the launch vehicle was turned on to transfer the spacecraft to the flight path to the Moon at 2 hours 44 minutes 16 seconds of flight time and worked for 346.83 seconds.

At 3 hours 15 minutes 23 seconds of flight time, the compartment rebuilding maneuver began, which was completed on the first attempt after 8 minutes 40 seconds.

At 4 hours 17 minutes 3 seconds of flight time, the ship (coupling from the command and lunar modules) separated from the last stage of the launch vehicle, moved away from it to a safe distance and began an independent flight to the moon.

On command from the Earth, the fuel components were drained from the last stage of the launch vehicle, as a result of which the stage later, under the influence of lunar gravity, entered the heliocentric orbit, where it remains to this day.

During a 96-minute color television session starting at 55:08:00 flight time, Armstrong And Aldrin crossed into the lunar module for the first check of the onboard systems.

Moon landing

First photo taken Neil Armstrong on the moon .

The craft reached lunar orbit about 76 hours after launch. Thereafter Armstrong And Aldrin began to prepare for the undocking of the lunar module for landing on the lunar surface.

The command and lunar modules were undocked about a hundred hours after launch. In principle, it was possible to use automatic programs up to the moment of landing, however Armstrong even before the flight, he decided that at an altitude of about one hundred meters above the lunar surface, he would switch to a semi-automatic landing control program, explaining his decision with the following phrase: “Automation does not know how to select landing sites.” According to this program, the automation regulates the vertical component of the module's velocity by changing the thrust of the landing engine according to the radio altimeter signals, while the astronaut controls the axial position of the cabin and, accordingly, the horizontal component of the velocity. Actually Armstrong switched to manual descent control mode much earlier, since the on-board computer worked with overload and the alarm was on all the time, unnerving the crew, despite the assurances of the ground operator that the signal could be ignored (later the operator, who decided not to refuse despite the alarms from landing on the moon, received a special award from NASA).

Post-flight analysis showed that the overload of the computer was caused by the fact that, in addition to landing control, which required 90% of the computer's power, it was entrusted with the control of the radar, which ensured a meeting with the command module in orbit, which required another 14% of the power. For subsequent flights of lunar expeditions under the program " Apollo»Computer software has been changed.

The need to switch to a semi-automatic control program arose also because the automatic program led the lunar module to land in a crater with a diameter of about 180 meters, filled with stones. Armstrong decided to fly over the crater, fearing that the lunar module would roll over during landing.

Lunar module landed on the Sea of ​​Tranquility on July 20 at 20:17:42 GMT. Landing site Armstrong named Tranquility base and at the time of landing conveyed: " Houston, this is Tranquility Base. "Eagle" sat down». Charles Duke from Houston replied: Understood, Peace. You slumped. We're all screwed up here. Now we are breathing again. Thank you very much!"

Stay on the moon

Man's first step on the moon. Astronaut Buzz Aldrin goes to the surface

The astronauts performed operations simulating a launch from the Moon, making sure that the onboard systems were in good working order. Even during the period of circulation in a selenocentric orbit, the astronauts asked for permission to abandon the planned rest period, after landing, the medical flight director gave such permission, considering that nervous tension, apparently, would still prevent the astronauts from falling asleep before going to the moon.

An external on-board camera installed on the lunar module provided a live feed of the exit Armstrong to the lunar surface. Armstrong descended to the surface of the Moon on July 21, 1969 at 02:56:20 GMT. Descending to the surface of the moon, he uttered the following phrase:

“ This is one small step for a person, but a giant leap for all mankind.”

Aldrin landed on the lunar surface about fifteen minutes after Armstrong . Aldrin tried out various ways rapid movement on the surface of the moon. The most expedient astronauts recognized the usual walking. The astronauts walked on the surface, collected some samples of the lunar soil, and set up a television camera. Then the astronauts set the flag of the United States of America (before the flight, the US Congress rejected NASA's proposal to install the UN flag on the Moon instead of the national one), held a two-minute communication session with President Nixon, made additional soil sampling, and installed scientific instruments on the surface of the Moon (seismometry and reflector of laser radiation). Aldrin it was very difficult level seismometer using a level. Ultimately, the astronaut leveled it “by eye”, and the seismometer was photographed so that specialists on Earth could determine the position of the device on the ground from the photograph. Some delay was caused by the fact that one of the two solar panels of the seismometer did not automatically deploy, and it had to be deployed manually.

Aldrin at the seismometer. In the background are the lunar module, the US flag, fitted with a wire frame to prevent sagging, and a camera on a tripod.

After installing the instruments, the astronauts collected additional soil samples (the total weight of the samples delivered to Earth is 22 kg with a maximum allowable weight of 59 kg) and returned to the lunar module.

With a resource of an autonomous life support system of about four hours Aldrin stayed on the surface of the moon a little more than one and a half, Armstrong - Approximately two hours and ten minutes.

After returning to the lunar cabin, the astronauts put more unnecessary items in a bag, depressurized cabin and threw the bag onto the surface of the moon. A television camera operating on the lunar surface showed this process and was turned off shortly thereafter.

After checking the onboard systems and eating, the astronauts slept for about seven hours ( Aldrin - curled up on the cabin floor, Armstrong - in a hammock suspended above the casing of the main engine of the takeoff stage of the lunar cabin).

Launch from the Moon and return to Earth

After another meal by the astronauts, at the one hundred and twenty-fifth hour of the flight, the takeoff stage of the lunar module took off from the moon.

The total duration of the stay of the lunar module on the surface of the moon was 21 hours 36 minutes.

On the landing stage of the lunar module, which remained on the surface of the Moon, there is a plate engraved with a map of the hemispheres of the Earth and the words " Here, people from the planet Earth first set foot on the moon. July 1969 new era. We come in peace on behalf of all Humanity". Under these words are engraved the signatures of all three astronauts of the ship " Apollo 11 and the President Nixon .

Memorial plaque on the landing stage of the Apollo 11 lunar module

After the takeoff stage of the lunar module entered the selenocentric orbit, it was docked with the command module at the 128th hour of the expedition. The crew of the lunar module took the samples collected on the Moon and moved to the command module, the takeoff stage of the lunar cabin was undocked, the command module started on its way back to Earth. Only one course correction was required during the entire return flight, due to poor meteorological conditions in the planned landing area. The new landing area was located about four hundred kilometers northeast of the intended one. The separation of the command module compartments occurred at one hundred and ninety-fifth hour of flight. In order for the crew compartment to reach the new area, the controlled descent program was modified using aerodynamic quality.

The crew compartment splashed down pacific ocean about twenty kilometers from the aircraft carrier" Hornet » ( CV-12)(English) Hornet (CV-12)) after 195 hours 15 minutes 21 seconds from the start of the expedition at the point with coordinates13°30' N. sh .169°15′ E d.

On the water, the crew compartment was initially installed with the bottom up, but after a few minutes, with the help of inflatable floats, it was turned over to the calculated position.

The helicopter dropped three light divers, who brought the pontoon under the crew compartment and alerted two inflatable boats. One of the divers in the biological protection suit opened the hatch of the crew compartment, handed over to the crew three of the same suits and closed the hatch again. The astronauts put on space suits and 35 minutes after splashdown, they switched to an inflatable boat. The diver treated the space suits of the astronauts and the outer surface of the compartment with an inorganic compound of iodine. The crew was taken aboard the helicopter and taken to the aircraft carrier 63 minutes after splashdown. The astronauts went straight from the helicopter to the quarantine van, where the technicians were waiting for them.

The president Nixon communicates with the crew Apollo 11” located in the quarantine van

The president arrived on the aircraft carrier to meet the astronauts Nixon , director of NASA Thomas Paine and also an astronaut Frank Borman . Nixon addressed the astronauts in the quarantine van with a short welcoming speech.

The astronauts were in quarantine for 21 days (counted from the moment they took off from the moon). From the very first day of their stay on Earth, the crew began report on a flight and undergo medical examinations. These surveys, as well as the analysis of samples and the impact of lunar materials on plants and animals, did not reveal the presence of lunar microorganisms, and it was considered possible not to extend the quarantine.

At the end of the quarantine period, the astronauts spent one day with their families, after which, on August 13, 1969, solemn meetings of the astronauts were organized sequentially in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles.

On September 16, the crew was received " Apollo 11» in the US Congress. On this day, Congress approved a new US state award - the Congressional Medal of Honor for Space Exploration.

Some results of the flight

NASA has repeatedly emphasized that the flight of the spacecraft " Apollo 11” had as its main task the solution of engineering and technical problems, and not scientific research on the moon. From the point of view of solving these problems, the main achievements of the flight of the ship " Apollo 11” consider demonstrating the effectiveness of the adopted method of landing on the moon and launching from the moon (this method is also considered applicable for launching from Mars), as well as demonstrating the ability of the crew to move on the moon and conduct research in lunar conditions.

Nevertheless, the expedition also made a colossal scientific breakthrough: the very first samples of lunar soil were delivered to Earth.

Euchariston the moon

Shortly after landing Aldrin , exercising the rights of an elder in the Presbyterian Church, held a brief private communion service. Armstrong , being an unbeliever, he did not take communion. Although the event was originally planned to be broadcast, the idea was dropped by NASA at the last moment, mainly due to a lawsuit brought earlier by atheists against NASA over the crew's public reading Apollo 8 at Christmas in the lunar orbit of the chapter Gen.1. For this reason, everything passed during the break in communication. Aldrin had with him a small plastic box with a camping kit of a miniature chalice, guests and wine, which he had taken in advance from the church in Houston. They read a verse AND n.15:5. Subsequently, Aldrin recalled:

“I accepted the holy gifts and gave thanks for the mind and spirit that brought two young pilots to the Sea of ​​Tranquility. Interesting, I thought, because the very first drink and the very first food served on the Moon was wine and communion bread.”

Program emblem

The Apollo program is a manned program space flights US space agency NASA, adopted in 1961 with the aim of carrying out the first manned landing on, and completed in 1975. President John F. Kennedy articulated this challenge in his September 12, 1961, speech, and it was accomplished on July 20, 1969, by the landing flight of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. In total, under the Apollo program, 6 successful landings of astronauts on the moon were made (the last in 1972). These six flights under the Apollo program on this moment- the only ones in the history of mankind when people landed on another astronomical object. The Apollo program and the moon landing are often cited as one of the greatest achievements in the history of mankind.

The Apollo program was the third human spaceflight program adopted by NASA. This program used the Apollo and the Saturn series, which were later used for and participated in the Soviet-American Soyuz-Apollo program. These later programs are considered part of the full Apollo program.

During the course of the program, two major accidents. The first is a fire during ground tests at the launch complex (after the fire, the burned-out ship was named Apollo 1), which resulted in the death of three astronauts -B. Grissom, E. White and R. Chaffee. The second occurred during the flight of the Apollo 13 spacecraft: as a result of the explosion of the liquid oxygen tank and the failure of two of the three fuel cell batteries, the landing on the moon was thwarted, the astronauts managed to return to the risk of their lives.

The program contributed huge contribution in the history of manned space exploration. It remains the only space program to have carried out manned flights beyond low Earth orbit. was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another astronomical object, and is the last manned landing on the moon to date.

background

The Apollo program was conceived in early 1960, under the Eisenhower administration, as a continuation of the American space program"Mercury". The Mercury spacecraft could only carry one astronaut into low Earth orbit. The new Apollo spacecraft was designed to put three astronauts on a trajectory to the moon and possibly even land on it. The program was named after Apollo, the Greek god of light and archery, by NASA manager Abraham Silverstein. Although funding was well below what was needed due to Eisenhower's negative attitude towards manned spaceflight, NASA continued to develop the program. In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after an election campaign in which he promised Americans superiority over the Soviet Union in space exploration and rocket science.

April 12, 1961 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space, which only strengthened American fears that the United States fell behind Soviet Union at the technological level.

In May 1961, US President D. Kennedy spoke to Congress with a presentation of the Apollo program. It was planned to spend 9 billion dollars on it during the first five years. The ultimate goal of the program was to land a man on the moon no later than 1970.

Spaceship

The Apollo spacecraft consisted of two main parts - the connected command and service compartments, in which the crew spent most of the flight, and the lunar module, designed to land and take off from the moon for two astronauts.

Command and service compartments

The command and service compartments of the Apollo in lunar orbit.

The command compartment was developed by the American company North American Rockwell and has the shape of a cone with a spherical base. Base diameter - 3920 mm, cone height - 3430 mm, apex angle - 60°, nominal weight - 5500 kg.

The command compartment is the mission control center. All members of the crew of three during the flight are in the command compartment, with the exception of the landing on the moon. The command compartment, in which the crew returns to Earth, is all that remains of the Saturn V-Apollo system after the flight to the Moon. The service compartment carries the main propulsion system and support systems for the Apollo spacecraft.

The command compartment has a pressurized cabin with a crew life support system, a control and navigation system, a computer for calculating the flight path with 4 kilobytes of RAM, a radio communication system, an emergency rescue system and a heat shield.

Lunar module

The Apollo Lunar Module on the surface of the moon.

The lunar module of the Apollo spacecraft was developed by the American company Grumman and has two stages: landing and takeoff. The landing stage, equipped with an independent propulsion system and landing legs, is used to lower the lunar spacecraft from the Moon's orbit and soft landing on the lunar surface, and also serves as a launch pad for the takeoff stage. The takeoff stage, with a pressurized crew cabin and its own propulsion system, after completion of research, starts from the surface of the Moon and docks with the command compartment in orbit. The separation of steps is carried out using pyrotechnic devices. To train astronauts to control the lunar module, a simulator was created that makes it possible to simulate being on Earth in the gravitational field of the Moon.

Launch vehicles

When the team of engineers led by Wernher von Braun began work on the Apollo program, it was not yet clear which flight pattern would be chosen, and, accordingly, the mass of the payload that the launch vehicle would have to put on a trajectory to the Moon was unknown. The so-called "direct scheme", according to which one ship landed on the moon, took off and returned to Earth, required a very large carrying capacity from the launch vehicle. Under this flight scheme, it was planned to create the Nova launch vehicle. But it was soon decided that the main ship (which includes the compartment returned to Earth, as well as the fuel and propulsion system necessary for the return) remains in lunar orbit, and only the lunar module, separated from the main ship, lands on the moon and takes off from the moon. For the phased implementation of this task, the Saturn-1B launch vehicles were created (for flights to near-Earth orbits) and (for flights to the Moon). Despite the fact that Saturn-5 had a significantly lower power than Nova (Saturn-5 put about 47 tons of payload on a trajectory to the Moon, and Nova was designed for 68 tons), with a new flight scheme this turned out to be enough.

"Saturn-5"

The Saturn-5 launch vehicle consisted of three stages. The first stage, S-IC, was powered by five F-1 oxygen-kerosene engines, with a total thrust of 33,400 kN. The first stage worked for 2.5 minutes and accelerated the spacecraft to a speed of 2.68 km/s (in inertial system reference). The second stage, the S-II, used five J-2 oxygen-hydrogen engines with a total thrust of 5115 kN. The second stage worked for approximately 6 minutes, accelerating the spacecraft to a speed of 6.84 km / s and bringing it to an altitude of 185 km. The third stage, S-IVB, was equipped with a single 1000 kN J-2 engine. The third stage was turned on twice: after the separation of the second stage, it worked for 2.5 minutes and put the spacecraft into orbit of the Earth, and soon after entering the orbit it turned on again and in 6 minutes put the spacecraft on a flight path to the Moon. The third stage was brought to the trajectory of a collision with the Moon (starting from the flight; in previous flights to the Moon, the stage went into a circumsolar orbit) to study the geology of the Moon: when the stage fell onto the Moon, due to its kinetic energy, an explosion occurred, seismic waves from which were recorded by the equipment left previous crews.

The Saturn-5 launch vehicle could launch a cargo weighing about 145 tons into low Earth orbit, and about 65 tons onto the trajectory to the Moon (46.8 - the Apollo spacecraft, 18.7 - the third stage with the remaining fuel). A total of 13 rocket launches were made, 9 of them to the Moon, all of them were successful.

"Saturn-1B"

Saturn-1B is a two-stage launch vehicle, an upgraded version of the Saturn-1 launch vehicle. The first stage, SI-B, was equipped with 8 H-1 oxygen-kerosene engines, with a total thrust of 6700 kN. The stage worked for 2.5 minutes and turned off at an altitude of 68 km. The second stage of Saturn-1B, S-IVB (it is also the third stage of Saturn-5), worked for about 7 minutes and put a payload of up to 15.3 tons into low Earth orbit.

Saturn-1B was used in test launches under the Apollo program and in the Skylab and Soyuz-Apollo programs.

Space flights under the Apollo program

1961-1963

Testing of the Saturn-1 launch vehicle at different stages of rocket readiness.

№	Launch name	Launch date	Deorbit date	NSSDC_ID	NORAD_ID	Notes
№ 1	SA-1	October 27, 1961	October 27, 1961	SATURNSA1
№ 2	SA-2	April 25, 1962	April 25, 1962	SATURNSA2		Suborbital flight, 2 min 40 sec.
№ 3	SA-3	November 16, 1962	November 16, 1962	SATURNSA3		Suborbital flight, 4 min 52 sec.
№ 4	SA-4	March 28, 1963	March 28, 1963	SATURNSA4		Suborbital flight, 15 min 00 sec.
№ 5	SA-5	January 29, 1964	April 30, 1966	1964-005A	744	1st orbital flight, 791 days.

1964-1965

Testing models of the Apollo spacecraft.

№	Satellite	Launch date	Deorbit date	RN	NSSDC ID	NORAD ID	Notes
№ 1	"Apollo QTV-1"	August 28, 1963	August 28, 1963	Little Joe-2	-	-	Suborbital flight, altitude 7.32 km.
№ 2	"Apollo PA-1"	November 7, 1963	November 7, 1963	SAS "Apollo"	-	-
№ 3	"Apollo 001"	May 13, 1964	May 13, 1964	Little Joe-2	-	-
№ 4	"Apollo" model 1	May 28, 1964	June 1, 1964	Saturn-1	1964-025A	800
№ 5	"Apollo" model 2	September 18, 1964	September 22, 1964	Saturn-1	1964-057A	883
№ 6	"Apollo 002"	December 8, 1964	December 8, 1964	Little Joe-2	-	-	Suborbital flight, altitude 5 km.
№ 7	Apollo Model 3	February 16, 1965	July 10, 1985	Saturn-1	1965-009B	1088	With "Pegasus-1"
№ 8	"Apollo" 003	May 19, 1965	May 19, 1965	Little Joe-2	-	-	Emergency launch, height 6 km.
№ 9	Apollo Model 4	May 25, 1965	July 8, 1989	Saturn-1	1965-039B	1385	With the Pegasus-2 satellite
№ 10	"Apollo PA-2"	June 26, 1965	June 26, 1965	SAS "Apollo"	-	-	Suborbital flight, altitude 2 km.
№ 11	Apollo Model 5	July 30, 1965	November 22, 1975	Saturn-1	1965-060B	1468	With the Pegasus-3 satellite
№ 12	"Apollo 004"	January 20, 1966	January 20, 1966	Little Joe-2	-	-	Suborbital flight, altitude 23 km.

During launches Nos. 7, 9, and 11, the Pegasus satellite was located inside the model of the main unit (crew compartment + engine compartment) of the Apollo spacecraft (in the folded position). In orbit, the model of the Apollo spacecraft was dropped, and the Pegasus satellite performed its tasks.

1966-1967

Testing of the S-IVB stage and test specimens of the Apollo spacecraft.

№	Launch name	Launch date	Deorbit date	NSSDC_ID	NORAD_ID	Notes
№ 1	AS-201	February 26, 1966	February 26, 1966	suborbital flight		model of "Apollo", flight 37 min.
№ 2	AS-203	July 5, 1966	July 5, 1966	1966-059A	2289	there was no layout, only a nose cone, 4 turns
№ 3	AS-202	August 25, 1966	August 25, 1966	suborbital flight		model of the Apollo, flight 93 minutes to an altitude of 1136 km.
№ 4	Apollo 1 (AS-204)	February 21, 1967				January 27, 1967 - training tragedy

The launch of AS-203 took place earlier than AS-202 due to the unavailability of the latter. When starting AS-203, the following actions were performed. The last stage of the S-IVB of the Saturn-1B experimental launch vehicle SA-203 was launched into orbit with incompletely used fuel. The main tasks of the launch are to study the behavior of liquid hydrogen in a state of weightlessness and test the system that ensures the re-start of the main engine of the stage. After carrying out the planned experiments, the valves in the system for removing hydrogen vapor from the tank were closed, and as a result of the increase in pressure, the stage exploded on the fourth orbit.

Failed mission - tragedy in training

(Apollo-1) - the name that the failed mission (scheduled for late February - mid-March 1967) of the Apollo spacecraft (AS-204) received after the fact. A copy of the ship, numbered CSM-012, was docked to an unfilled Saturn-1B launch vehicle, numbered SA-204.

On January 27, 1967, during preparations for the first manned flight under the Apollo program, a severe fire broke out on board the ship. The entire crew - Virgil Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee - died.

NASA took unprecedented steps in this situation. The day of the tragedy was declared the day of the failed launch of AS-204, and the entire crew was declared as astronauts (Chaffee had not flown into space before), which equalized the status of the dead and their families with other astronauts (which, among other things, influenced state assistance).

Before the tragedy, the launches with mock-ups AS-201 and AS-202, which took place in 1966, unofficially bore the names "Apollo 1" and "Apollo 2" (the official name was not assigned); the launch without the AS-203 layout didn't even have an unofficial name. After the tragedy, the failed AS-204 flight was retroactively named Apollo 1, and the next launch under the Apollo program was officially named .

Unmanned launches

After the tragedy with the Apollo 1 spacecraft, NASA to test the ship's systems in conditions space flight launched a series of three unmanned ships.

On November 9, 1967, Apollo 4 launched with an overall weight model of the lunar module. This was the first flight test of the Saturn V launch vehicle. The task of the flight is to test when entering at a speed of 11.14 km / s, close to the second space one.

January 22, 1968 launched with a mock-up of the lunar module. The task of the flight is to test the ship's propulsion system, to study the dynamic loads on the lunar module under space flight conditions.

April 4, 1968 launched with the layout of the lunar module. Descent vehicle test - entry into the atmosphere at a speed of 10.07 km / s, close to the second space one. The task of the flight is to work out the control systems of the spacecraft and the lunar module.

Manned flights

The first photograph taken by Neil Armstrong after his walk on the lunar surface.

Launched on October 11, 1968, it was the first manned spacecraft launched under the Apollo program. It was an eleven-day flight in Earth orbit, the purpose of which was complex testing of the command module and the command and measurement complex.

Buzz Aldrin walks on the surface of the moon with Neil Armstrong.

Initially, the next manned flight under the Apollo program was supposed to be the maximum possible simulation of the operating modes and conditions of flight to the Moon in Earth orbit, and the next launch was supposed to conduct similar tests in lunar orbit, making the first manned flight around the Moon. But at the same time, the USSR was testing the Zond, a two-seat manned spacecraft, which was supposed to be used for a manned flight around the moon. The threat of the USSR overtaking the United States in a manned lunar flyby caused the project leaders to reshuffle flights, despite the fact that the lunar module was not yet ready for testing.

On December 21, 1968, Apollo 8 was launched, and on December 24 it entered the orbit of the Moon, making the first manned flight around the Moon in the history of mankind.

On March 3, 1969, the launch of Apollo 9 took place, during this flight an imitation of a flight to the moon in earth orbit was made. Some NASA experts, after the successful flights of the Apollo 8 spacecraft, recommended using it for the first landing of people on the moon. NASA management deemed it necessary to preliminarily conduct another test flight.

On May 18, 1969, Apollo 10 was sent into space; in this flight to the Moon, a “dress rehearsal” for landing on the Moon was held. The ship's flight program provided for all the operations that were to be carried out during the landing, with the exception of the actual lunar landing, stay on the Moon and launch from the Moon.

A video camera mounted on Apollo 11 captured Neil Armstrong's first steps on the moon.

On July 16, 1969, Apollo 11 launched. On July 20, at 20 hours 17 minutes 42 seconds GMT, the lunar module landed in the Sea of ​​Tranquility. Neil Armstrong descended to the lunar surface on July 21, 1969 at 02:56:20 GMT, making the first lunar landing in human history. Stepping on the surface of the moon, he said:

On November 14, 1969, the launch took place, and on November 19, the second landing on the moon was carried out. The lunar module landed about two hundred meters from the Surveyor-3, the astronauts photographed the landing site and dismantled some parts of the spacecraft, which were then brought to Earth. Collected 34.4 kg of lunar rocks. The astronauts returned to Earth on November 24.

Pictured is Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin saluting the American flag. The illusion of wind is caused by a horizontal rod that is inserted to hold the flag's top edge in place.

On April 11, 1970, Apollo 13 was launched. On April 13, at a distance of 330,000 kilometers from Earth, an explosion of a liquid oxygen tank occurred and the failure of two of the three fuel cell batteries that provided power to the crew compartment of the command module. As a result, the astronauts could not use the main engine and life support systems of the service module. Only the undamaged lunar module remained at the disposal of the astronauts. Using its engine, the trajectory was corrected so that after flying around the moon, the ship returned to Earth, thanks to which the astronauts managed to escape. The astronauts returned to Earth on April 17.

January 31, 1971 launched. On February 5, 1971, the lunar module landed. The astronauts returned to Earth on February 9, 1971. During the flight, a much larger scientific program than on the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions. Collected 42.9 kg of lunar rocks.

Expedition "Apollo 15". Lunar car.

On July 26, 1971, Apollo 15 took off. On July 30, the lunar module landed. During this expedition, a lunar vehicle was used for the first time, which was also used in the flights of Apollo 17. Collected 76.8 kg of lunar rocks. The astronauts returned to Earth on August 7, 1971.

On April 16, 1972, Apollo 16 was launched. On April 21, the lunar module landed. Collected 94.7 kg of lunar rocks. The astronauts returned to Earth on April 27, 1972.

December 7, 1972 - the launch of Apollo 17. On December 11, the lunar module landed. Collected 110.5 kg of lunar rocks. During this expedition, the last landing on the moon took place today. The astronauts returned to Earth on December 19, 1972.

Manned flights under the American lunar program "Apollo"

№	Astronauts	Date and time of launch and return to Earth, time in flight, HH:MM:SS	Tasks and results of the flight	Date and time of landing and takeoff from the moon	Time spent on the Moon / total time of exits to the lunar surface	Delivered weight lunar soil, kg
	Walter Schirra, Donn Eisel, Walter Cunningham	11.10.1968 15:02:45 - 22.10.1968 11:11:48 / 260:09:03	The first tests of the Apollo spacecraft in low Earth orbit	–	–	–
	Frank Borman, James Lovell, William Anders	21.12.1968 12:51:00 - 27.12.1968 15:51:42 / 147:00:42	First manned flyby of the Moon, reentry from the second space speed	–	–	–
	James McDivitt, David Scott, Russell Schweikart	03.03.1969 16:00:00 - 13.03.1969 17:00:54 / 241:00:54	Tests of the main and lunar spacecraft in near-Earth orbit, testing of compartment rebuilding	–	–	–
	Thomas Stafford,Eugene Cernan, John Young	18.05.1969 16:49:00 - 26.05.1969 16:52:23 / 192:03:23	Tests of the main and lunar spacecraft in lunar orbit, development of rebuilding compartments and maneuvers in lunar orbit.	–	–	–
	Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins	16.07.1969 13:32:00 - 24.07.1969 16:50:35 / 195:18:35	First landing on the moon.	20.07.1969 20:17:40 - 21.07.1969 17:54:01	21 h 36 min / 2 h 32 min	21,7
	Charles Conrad, Alan Bean, Richard Gordon	14.11.1969 16:22:00 - 24.11.1969 20:58:24 / 244:36:24	Second landing on the moon.	19.11.1969 06:54:35 – 20.11.1969 14:25:47	31 h 31 min / 7 h 45 min	34,4
, Ronald Evans	07.12.1972 05:33:00 - 19.12.1972 19:24:59 / 301:51:59	Sixth moon landing.	11.12.1972 19:54:57 - 14.12.1972 22:54:37	75 h 00 min / 22 h 04 min	110,5

Program cost

In March 1966, NASA told Congress that the cost of the thirteen-year Apollo program, which would include six moon landings between July 1969 and December 1972, would be approximately $22.718 billion.

According to Steve Garber, curator of the NASA history site, the final cost of the Apollo program was between $20 billion and $25.4 billion in 1969, or approximately $136 billion in 2005 dollars.

Canceled flights

Initially, 3 more lunar expeditions were planned for 1974 - Apollo 18 (crew - Richard Gordon, Vance Brand, Harrison Schmitt; the latter was transferred to the crew of Apollo 17 instead of the originally appointed Joseph Angle), Apollo 19 ( crew - Fred Hayes, William Pogue, Gerald Carr) and Apollo 20 (crew - Charles Conrad, Paul Weitz, Jack Lausma). However, NASA cut the program budget and canceled first (in January 1970) the flight of Apollo 20, and then (in September 1970) both Apollo 18 and Apollo 19. Officially, the reason for the cancellation was the lack of new scientific value at the expense of the state budget and taxpayers. The Apollo Applications Program (AAP) was also limited in scope.

Realized AAP flights of Apollo spacecraft after 1972

The remaining unused three Saturn-5 launch vehicles were used in AAP flights as follows: one launched the first American Skylab into orbit, the remaining two became museum exhibits. Three Apollo spacecraft flew into space as Skylab 2, Skylab 3, and Skylab 4. Another built "Apollo" (the canceled flight "Skylab-5") went into space as part of the Soyuz-Apollo project. These 4 Apollos were launched into orbit by the Saturn-1B launch vehicle.

Manned Apollo flights after 1972.

№	Astronauts	Date of launch and return to Earth	Time in flight, DD:HH:MM	Tasks and results of the flight	Date and time of connection	Date and time of undocking	Joint flight time
№ 18 "Skylab-2"	Charles Conrad, Paul Weitz, Joseph Kerwin	May 25, 1973 - June 22, 1973	28 d. 00 h. 49 min.	1st expedition to orbital station "Skylab"	May 25	22nd of June	–
№ 19 "Skylab-3"	Alan Bean, Jack Lausma, Owen Garriott	July 28, 1973 - September 25, 1973	59 d. 11 h. 09 min.	2nd expedition to orbital station "Skylab"	July 28th	September 25	–
№ 20 "Skylab-4"	Gerald Carr, Edward Gibson, William Pogue	November 16, 1973 - February 8, 1974	84 d. 01 h. 15 min.	3rd expedition to orbital station "Skylab"	November 16	February 8	–
№ 21	Thomas Stafford, Donald Slayton, Vance Brand	July 15, 1975 - July 25, 1975	09 d. 01 h. 28 min.	Project "Soyuz - Apollo": Apollo docking with Soyuz-19	July 17th	July 19	46 hours

A small flag of the USSR that has been on the moon, and just above it - a container with lunar soil in the exposition of the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics at VDNKh in Moscow

During the Apollo 11 landing on the moon, small flags from more than 130 nations were taken on board. Among them was the flag of the USSR.

On June 2, 1970, Neil Armstrong, who arrived on a visit to the USSR as part of a delegation of 32 NASA executives and scientists and took part in the XIII annual conference of COSPAR, met with Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers Alexei Kosygin. At the meeting, Armstrong presented him with a small container with samples of lunar soil and the flag of the USSR, which, together with astronauts on July 20-21, 1969, visited the surface of the moon. Kosygin said that he would always cherish this gift as a symbol of great achievement.



More than 50 years ago, in 1960, the report “Forecast of the Consequences of Peaceful Human Activities in Space” was prepared, which was developed by the Brookings Institution (one of the largest think tanks in the United States). The report contained the results of an expert assessment of the possibility of NASA crossing with alien civilizations or results of their activities. It is noteworthy that the document also contained an instruction to classify this kind of information ...

Author of one of the best-selling themed books, Dark Mission. NASA's Secret History” R. Hoagland suggests that NASA, after the first explorations of the Moon (when only unmanned stations went there), received many confirmations of the presence of a high-tech civilization on the Earth’s satellite in the distant past. When the agency began preparations for its first human mission "Apollo", considerable efforts have been made to contain and classify information that various traces of unknown technological activity have been found on the moon.

According to Hoagland, in the early 1980s he was able to communicate with an unknown medical doctor who was working on the Apollo program and get unequivocal evidence from him. He said that after each flight "Apollo" when the crew returned to Earth, hypnosis sessions were mandatory with them. The astronauts explained this by the need for a more detailed analysis of their memories, since during a hypnotic session a person recalls events to the smallest detail. Hoagland is sure that thanks to this "processing" NASA had the opportunity to completely block the memories of crew members about their stay on the moon.

Such bold assumptions are confirmed by the behavior of the astronauts themselves. For example, Neil Armstrong, an astronaut who was one of the first to set foot on the surface of the Moon, after the return of the mission after several press conferences, completely stopped his communication with journalists and began to live apart from people, in fact, like a hermit.

Neil Armstrong

Another striking proof of Hoagland's theory was astronaut E. Aldrin, who stepped on the surface of the moon in 1969. In his autobiographical book, he described an incident that happened to him in the 1970s while performing at a club in the town of Palmdale. When the astronaut spoke to the townspeople, he was asked a completely ordinary question - "What did you feel when you were on the surface of the moon?" But Aldrin's reaction was, to put it mildly, inadequate. He himself admitted that at that moment he was seized by a panic state, and the more he talked about his feelings, the more intense his panic became. On this day, the astronaut stopped his communication with the local residents and went out into the street, where he became even worse.

A similar incident happened to him in 1999, when he was invited to an interview with the online magazine Salon.com. During the conversation, Aldrin was asked a similar question: how did you feel when you were on the moon? The astronaut suddenly became angry with the journalist and rudely answered him: “How do I know! I can't answer you! I have been asked this many times already - I cannot answer this question since I left the lunar surface!

The power and insignificance of human memory

Charles Conrad, the third person to walk on the lunar surface in 1969 during a mission flight Apollo 12, was also unable to answer a similar question. During the interview, he only repeated the same thing - "Everything was great, we liked it!".

Of considerable interest are the memories of flights to the moon by Alan Bean, the pilot of Apollo 12. When asked about his feelings, he was also unable to give a specific answer. But, thanks to his passion for painting, he had another opportunity to talk about his experiences. Analyzing the paintings that Bean wrote, Hoagland noticed the following interesting fact: when he was asked to paint lunar landscapes, and he did it from the words of other people, the pictures came out monotonous: the same type of landscape, the sky was always dark in color. But as soon as the astronaut painted for himself, the landscape came out completely different: the sky had purple hues, and the lunar surface began to shine with various pastel colors and shades.

Alan Bean

Another astronaut who also had memory problems was E. Mitchell, the pilot Apollo 14. The mission he took part in landed on the lunar surface in 1971. Over the years, Edgar made many unsuccessful attempts to remember the entire sequence of events in detail. Several times he even turned to professional hypnotists and doctors for help, but nothing good came of this either.

The doctor who treated the astronaut told Hoagland about the course of the sessions for Mitchell: every time the psychologist asked the astronaut to remember what exactly happened on the Moon, he immediately interrupted him with a short “We skip this, this is not important." Remarkable is the fact that even decades after their flights, the astronauts could not remember what exactly happened to them.

On October 11, 1968, the first American three-seat manned spacecraft, Apollo 7, was launched into orbit by a Saturn-1B rocket. The crew included astronauts: Walter Schirra (ship commander), Don Eizel and Walter Cunningham. In a flight that lasted 10.7 days (163 orbits), the spacecraft without a lunar cabin was carefully checked. On October 22, 1968, the ship landed safely in the Atlantic Ocean.

On December 21, 1968, the Saturn 5 launch vehicle launched Apollo 8 with astronauts Frank Borman (ship commander), James Lovell and William Anders on a flight path to the Moon. It was the world's first manned spacecraft mission to the moon. December 24, the ship was launched into orbit artificial satellite The moon, made 10 revolutions on it, after which it launched to the Earth and on December 27, 1968 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean. During the flight, the navigation and control system on the Earth-Moon track, the orbit around the Moon, the Moon-Earth track, the entry of the command module with the crew into the Earth's atmosphere with the second space velocity and the accuracy of splashdown in the ocean were tested. The astronauts conducted lunar photography and navigational experiments, as well as a television session.

During the flight of the Apollo 9 spacecraft, which took place on March 3-13, 1969, the lunar module and the command and service module were tested together in orbit of an artificial Earth satellite. Methods for controlling the entire space lunar complex "assembly", communication between ships and the Earth, rendezvous and docking were tested. The two astronauts in the lunar module undocked from the command module, moved away from it, and then tested the rendezvous and docking systems.

During the flight of the Apollo 10 spacecraft, which took place on May 18-26, 1969, all stages and operations of the lunar program were checked, except for the landing on the lunar surface itself. The lunar module descended to a height of 15 kilometers above the surface of the moon.