This presentation is a project work of a student Kristina Zmeeva (gr. 2111), who studied the achievements of Soviet scientists in the field of computer and software development, was presented on 03/28/2012. at a student conference on the theme "Russian scientists who have contributed to the development of mathematics, computer science, physics, chemistry, biology" (dedicated to the year of the History of Russia). This work received 1 place in the defense of projects.

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Report "History of the development of computer technology in Russia"

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We hear a lot about the production of computer equipment (CT) and software (SW) developed in the USA, Great Britain, Germany, Japan and other foreign countries. But it is worth noting that, in fact, Soviet electronics not only developed at the world level, but sometimes even outstripped the similar Western industry!

The official "date of birth" of Soviet computer technology should be considered the end of 1946. It was then that in a secret laboratory near Kiev, led by Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev, the architecture of machines was formed, and the principle of modularity was adopted, according to which the computer was designed in the form of a number of functionally completed blocks placed in separate racks and cabinets.

The most stellar period in the history of Soviet computer technology was the mid-sixties. There were many creative teams in the USSR at that time: the institutes of S.A. Lebedev, I.S. Bruk, V.M. Glushkov are only the largest of them. Sometimes they compete, sometimes they complement each other. At the same time, many different types of machines were produced, for the most diverse purposes. All of them were designed and made at the world level and were not inferior to their Western competitors.

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Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev was born in Nizhny Novgorod. Graduated from Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman. He worked at Moscow Higher Technical School and at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute. In 1946, S.A. Lebedev was invited to work at the Kyiv Institute of Electrical Engineering and Thermal Power Engineering, where, under his leadership, in the period 1948-1951. the first domestic computer MESM was created.

He also participated in the development of many other computers, as he was the director of the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and part-time head of the laboratory of the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

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MESM - small electronic calculating machine of the first generation. There are devices: arithmetic, control, input / output, storage on triggers and on a magnetic drum. Input from punched cards or from a plug device.

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Isaac Semenovich Brook —pioneer of domestic computer technology. Graduated from Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman in 1925, studied in the same group with S.A. Lebedev. After studying, he worked at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute, at a factory in Kharkov, from 1935. - at the Energy Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He was engaged in the development of mechanical and electronic analog integrators. In 1948 together with B.I. Rameev, he developed a digital computer project, which was never implemented. I.S.Bruk returned to the creation of electronic digital computers in 1950 after hiring talented MPEI graduates, among whom were the future major scientists and computer developers N.Ya.Matyukhin and M.A.Kartsev.

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The first computer, created under the leadership of I.S. Bruk in a single copy, was the M-1 machine (chief designer N.Ya. Matyukhin). It was commissioned in 1952 and became the second computer after MESM in the country and the first in Moscow. It solved important scientific and engineering problems. After this machine, the M-2 and M-3 computers were created in the laboratory of I.S. Bruk.

The Institute of Electronic Control Machines (INEUM) was established in 1958 on the basis of I.S.Bruk's laboratory, Brook became its first director.

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The most productive was the development of the computer "M-20. The number 20 in the name means speed - 20 thousand operations per second. At that time, it was one of the most powerful and reliable machines in the world, and many of the most important theoretical and applied problems of science and technology of that time were solved on it. In the M-20 machine, the possibilities of writing programs in mnemonic codes were implemented. This greatly expanded the circle of specialists who were able to take advantage of computer technology. Ironically, exactly 20 M-20 computers were produced.

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Bashir Iskandarovich Rameev (1918-1994) - a talented designer of electronic computers, chief designer of the Ural family of computers.

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Since 1955, B.I. Rameev became the chief designer of the Ural machines at the Penza Research Institute of Mathematical Machines. Computers "Ural-1" of the first generation were produced in the USSR for quite a long time. Even in 1964, the Ural-4 computer, which served for economic calculations, was still being produced in Penza.

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In 1949, B.I. Rameev was sent to develop computers as the head of a department at SKB-245, where he was one of the leading developers of the Strela computer, which was awarded the Stalin Prize.

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Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov - an outstanding scientist in the field of cybernetics. After graduating from the university in 1948, the young mathematician was sent to the Urals. He worked as an assistant at the Sverdlovsk Forest Engineering Institute. In 1956, at the invitation of Academician B.V. Gnedenko, he moved to Kyiv, becoming the head of the computer technology laboratory at the Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. In Kyiv, Viktor Mikhailovich is developing the theory of computer design. Since 1958, the development of the control computer "Dnepr" has been underway, and since 1961 these machines have been introduced at the factories of the country.

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After "Dnepr", the main direction of work of the team under the leadership of Glushkov - the creation of intelligent computers began with machines that simplify engineering calculations. These are miniature (at that time) “Promin” (1963) and “Mir-1” (1965). Following them, more advanced Mir-2 and Mir-3 appeared, with the Analyst input language close to the usual mathematical language. "Worlds" successfully performed analytical transformations. These developments are interested in the United States. The only case of the purchase of a Soviet computer by the Americans refers specifically to the Mir-1 machine.

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Nikolay Yakovlevich Matyukhin - one of the first developers of CAD computing systems and devices.

N.Ya. Matyukhin graduated from the MPEI in 1950 and was sent to work at the Energy Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the laboratory of I.S. Bruk, where the young specialist immediately became the chief designer of the M-1 computer, and after its commissioning switched to the development of a new machine "M-3".

In 1957, N.Ya. Matyukhin moved to the Research Institute of Automatic Equipment, where, as a chief designer, he participated in the development of a number of specialized computer systems for controlling air defense systems (software computing equipment). These are computers "Tetiva" (1962), "5E63" (1965), "5E76" (1973) and computer systems "65s180" (1976), etc. Some of these complexes were produced until 1992 g., for example, machines "5E63-1" were produced 330 pieces.

The merit of N.Ya. Matyukhin is the creation of the first in the USSR system for automated design of computer equipment “ASP-1” (1968). In particular, the MODIS language was proposed in this system for the logical modeling of digital devices.

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Things were no better in the West at that time. Here is an example from the memoirs of academician N.N. Moiseev, who got acquainted with the experience of his colleagues from the USA: “I saw that we practically do not lose in technology: the same tube computing monsters, the same endless failures, the same magic engineers in white dressing gowns that fix breakdowns, and wise mathematicians who try to get out of difficult situations.

Computer "Setun" is the first and only in the world ternary COMPUTER. Manufacturer: Kazan Plant of Mathematical Machines of the USSR Ministry of Radio Industry. The manufacturer of logic elements is the Astrakhan plant of electronic equipment and electronic devices of the USSR Ministry of Radio Industry. The manufacturer of magnetic drums is the Penza Computer Plant of the USSR Ministry of Radio Industry. The manufacturer of the printing device is the Moscow Plant of Typewriters of the USSR Ministry of Instrumentation and Industry. Nowadays, "Setun" has no analogues, but historically, the development of computer science has gone into the mainstream of binary logic.

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- one of the outstanding Soviet scientists and specialists in the field of computer technology. Graduated from MEI. Member of the development of "BESM". In 1966 was awarded the Lenin Prize for the development of computer systems "M-40" and "M-50" for the Moscow missile defense system. Under the leadership of S.A. Lebedev and V.S. Burtsev, the first semiconductor machine in the USSR “5E92S” was created (1964). In 1969, the S300P mobile anti-aircraft system was created. In 1973, Burtsev headed ITMiVT, where the development of the Soviet Elbrus supercomputers began. In the period 1993-1997. VS Burtsev headed the Institute of High-Performance Computing Systems.

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BESM - a large electronic calculating machine of the first generation. One of the first high-speed domestic computers developed at ITMiVT in 1950-1953. In the first BESM models, memory was made on mercury delay lines, then on potentialoscopes, and in 1958 on ferrite elements (2047 words), then it became known as BESM-2.

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BESM-6 - supercomputer of the second generation in 1967. The operation of the RAM modules, the control device and the arithmetic logic unit was carried out in parallel and asynchronously, due to the presence of buffer devices for intermediate storage of commands and data. To speed up the pipeline execution of commands, the control device was provided with a separate register memory for storing indexes, a separate address arithmetic module that provides fast modification of addresses using index registers, including the stack access mode. In total, about 350 computers were produced in the basic version. In 1975, flight control under the Soyuz-Apollo program was provided by a computer complex based on BESM-6.

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In 1966, an anti-missile defense system was deployed over Moscow based on the one created by the groups of S.A. Lebedev and his colleague V.S. Burtsev Computer "5E92b" with a capacity of 500 thousand operations per second, which has existed to the present day (it was dismantled in 2002 due to the reduction of the Strategic Missile Forces).

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The development of computers was also carried out by such scientists as:

- Yaroslav Afanasyevich Khetagurova was born in 1926, graduated from the Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman. It is impossible not to mention the specialized computers developed at the Central Research Institute "Agat" under the leadership of Ya.A. Khetagurov. In the interests of the country's Navy, a number of shipboard digital computing systems were created in Agat, including those that ensured the firing of a strategic missile system from a submarine.

In 1962, the first domestic mobile (in a trailer) semiconductor machine "Kurs-1" appeared, designed to work in the country's air defense system. This machine was mass-produced at the factories of the Ministry of Radio Industry until 1987.

- Georgy Pavlovich Lopato- headed the SKB in 1964. Under his leadership, by order of the Ministry of Defense, a number of mobile computers were developed that are compatible with ES computers.

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The main brainchild of G.P. Lopato is the Minsk series of computers (the first of the machines of the Minsk-1 series was created in 1960).

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Since 1991, hard times have come for Russian science. The new government of Russia has set a course for the destruction of Russian science and original technologies. Funding for the vast majority of scientific projects has ceased. As a result of the destruction of the Union, the interconnections of computer manufacturing plants that ended up in different states were interrupted, and efficient production became impossible. Many developers of domestic computer technology were forced to work outside their specialty, losing their skills and time. The only copy of the Elbrus-3 computer developed back in Soviet times, twice as fast as the most productive American supercar of that time, the Cray Y-MP, was dismantled and put under pressure in 1994.

Some of the creators of Soviet computers went abroad. So, at present, the leading developer of microprocessors from Intel is Vladimir Pentkovsky, who was educated in the USSR and worked at ITMiVT - the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering named after S.A. Lebedev. Pentkovsky took part in the development of the Elbrus computers mentioned above.

Vladimir Pentkovsky was forced to emigrate to the United States and get a job at Intel Corporation. He soon became the chief engineer of the corporation, and under his leadership in 1993, Intel developed the Pentium processor, rumored to be named after Pentkovsky.

One can list many more achievements of Soviet scientists in the history of Russia. Let's hope that we will hear about the modern achievements of scientists in the development of information technologies in our country.

Presentation on the topic: Outstanding scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development and development of computer science

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Presentation on the topic: Outstanding scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development and development of computer science

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Informatics is the science of the general properties and patterns of information, as well as methods for its search, transmission, storage, processing and use in various fields of human activity. Informatics is the science of the general properties and patterns of information, as well as methods for its search, transmission, storage, processing and use in various fields of human activity.

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The first computing device developed by Babbage was called the "difference engine", because the calculations were based on the well-developed finite difference method. The first computing device developed by Babbage was called the "difference engine", because the calculations were based on the well-developed finite difference method.

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Unfortunately, Charles Babbage did not get to see the implementation of most of his revolutionary ideas. The work of the scientist has always been accompanied by several very serious problems. Until the early 1990s, the generally accepted opinion was that Charles Babbage's ideas were too far ahead of the technical capabilities of his time, and therefore the designed computers could not, in principle, be built in that era. Unfortunately, Charles Babbage did not get to see the implementation of most of his revolutionary ideas. The work of the scientist has always been accompanied by several very serious problems. Until the early 1990s, the generally accepted opinion was that Charles Babbage's ideas were too far ahead of the technical capabilities of his time, and therefore the designed computers could not, in principle, be built in that era.

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Herman's parents were immigrants from Germany, in 1848 they left their homeland. The boy was born on February 29, 1860. Nothing is known about Herman's infancy (a family matter). He went to school with obvious reluctance and had a reputation among teachers as a gifted child, but ill-bred and lazy. Herman's parents were immigrants from Germany, in 1848 they left their homeland. The boy was born on February 29, 1860. Nothing is known about Herman's infancy (a family matter). He went to school with obvious reluctance and had a reputation among teachers as a gifted child, but ill-bred and lazy. When Herman was 14 years old, he forever left the walls of the municipal secondary school. The young man graduated with honors from college and entered the service at Columbia University, in the department of mathematics of the famous professor Trowbridge.

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In 1880, the idea was born to mechanize the work of copyists using a machine similar to a jacquard loom. In fact, for the first time this thought itself was expressed by Hollerith's colleague, Doctor of Natural Sciences John Shaw. In 1880, the idea was born to mechanize the work of copyists using a machine similar to a jacquard loom. In fact, for the first time this thought itself was expressed by Hollerith's colleague, Doctor of Natural Sciences John Shaw.

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In 1882, Hollerith took a job teaching applied mechanics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon, a clumsy monster settled in the laboratory, assembled mainly from scrap metal found in university dumps. In 1882, Hollerith took a job teaching applied mechanics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon, a clumsy monster settled in the laboratory, assembled mainly from scrap metal found in university dumps. But Hollerith soon became disillusioned with the tape, as it quickly wore out and tore. Therefore, in the end, Hollerith chose punched cards as information carriers. A hundred years later, computer scientists again found the idea of ​​reading information from a tape more promising.

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The authorities recommended Hollerith's invention for competition among the systems considered as basic for the mechanization of the work of census takers during the upcoming census in 1890. Hollerith's machine had no equal, and therefore the creation of an industrial prototype of a punched card tabulator was hastily organized at the Pratt and Whitney design bureau. The authorities recommended Hollerith's invention for competition among the systems considered as basic for the mechanization of the work of census takers during the upcoming census in 1890. Hollerith's machine had no equal, and therefore the creation of an industrial prototype of a punched card tabulator was hastily organized at the Pratt and Whitney design bureau. Star period in the life of Herman

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http://computer-museum.ru/galglory/27.htm http://computer-museum.ru/galglory/27.htm http://www.lenta.ru/lib/14190676 http://www.thg .ru/technews/20090630_112001.html Encyclopedia for children Avanta+, volume 22 Informatics, Moscow, Avanta+, 2003 D.M. Zlatopolsky "Informatics in faces", Moscow, Chistye Prudy, 2005. Newspaper "Informatics" No. 12, 2006

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Wilhelm Schickard Ten years earlier, in 1957, a previously unknown photocopy of a sketch of a counting device was discovered in the city library of Stuttgart, from which it followed that another design of a counting machine appeared at least 20 years earlier than the "Pascal wheel". It was possible to establish that this sketch is nothing more than the missing appendix to the previously published letter to J. Kepler from Wilhelm Schickard, a professor at the University of Tübingen (dated February 25, 1624), where Schickard, referring to the drawing, described the calculating machine he invented. The machine contained a summing and multiplying device, as well as a mechanism for recording intermediate results. In another letter (dated September 20, 1623), Schickard wrote that Kepler would be pleasantly surprised if he saw how the machine itself accumulates and transfers to the left a ten or a hundred, and how it takes away what it keeps in its "mind" when subtracting. Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1636) appeared in Tübingen in 1617 and soon became a professor of oriental languages ​​at the local university. At the same time, he corresponded with Kepler and a number of German, French, Italian and Dutch scientists on issues related to astronomy. Drawing attention to the outstanding mathematical abilities of the young scientist, Kepler recommended that he take up mathematics. Shikkard heeded this advice and achieved significant success in the new field. In 1631 he became professor of mathematics and astronomy. And five years later, Shikkard and members of his family died of cholera. The works of the scientist were forgotten...

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George Boole George Boole (1815-1864). After Leibniz, many eminent scientists conducted research in the field of mathematical logic and the binary number system, but the real success here came to the English self-taught mathematician George Boole, whose determination knew no bounds. The financial situation of George's parents allowed him to finish only an elementary school for the poor. Some time later, Buhl, having changed several professions, opened a small school where he taught himself. He devoted a lot of time to self-education and soon became interested in the ideas of symbolic logic. In 1854, his main work, "Investigation of the laws of thought on which the mathematical theories of logic and probability are based," appeared. After some time, it became clear that Boole's system is well suited for describing electrical switching circuits: the current in the circuit can either flow or be absent, like how a statement can be either true or false. Already in the 20th century, together with the binary number system, the mathematical apparatus created by Boole formed the basis for the development of a digital electronic computer.

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Herman Hollerith A significant contribution to the automation of information processing was made by an American, the son of German emigrants, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929). He is the founder of the counting and punching technique. Dealing with the processing of statistical information from the US census in 1890, Hollerith built a manual puncher that was used to apply digital data to punched cards (holes were punched on the card), and introduced mechanical sorting to lay out these punched cards, depending on the place of punching. He built a summing machine, called a tabulator, which "felt" the holes on punched cards, perceived them as the corresponding numbers and counted these numbers. The tabulator card was the size of a dollar bill. It had 12 rows, in each of which 20 holes could be punched, corresponding to such data as age, gender, place of birth, number of children, marital status, etc. The agents participating in the census recorded the answers of the respondents in special forms. The completed forms were sent to Washington, where the information contained in them was transferred to cards using a puncher. Then the punched cards were loaded into special devices connected to a tabulator, where they were strung on thin needles. The needle, falling into the hole, passed it, closing the contact in the corresponding electrical circuit of the machine. This, in turn, led to the fact that the counter, consisting of rotating cylinders, moved one position forward.

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Konrad Zuse The German engineer Konrad Zuse (1910-1995) is considered the creator of the first operating computer with program control. he began to dream while still a student. Not knowing about the work of Charles Babbage, Zuse soon set about creating a device much like the Analytical Engine of this English mathematician. In 1936, in order to devote more time to building a computer, Zuse quit his job. On a small table in his parents' house, he arranged a "workshop". Approximately two years later, the computer, which already occupied an area of ​​​​about 4 m2 and was an intricacies of relays and wires, was ready. The machine, which he named 21 (from 7,ize - Zuse's last name, written in German), had a keyboard for entering data. In 1942, Zuse and the Austrian electrical engineer Helmut Schreyer proposed the creation of a fundamentally new type of device, based on vacuum electron tubes. The new machine was supposed to operate hundreds of times faster than any of the machines available at that time in warring Germany. However, this proposal was rejected: Hitler imposed a ban on all "long-term" scientific development, because he was sure of a quick victory. In the difficult post-war years, Zuse, working alone, created a programming system called Plankalkul (Plankal-kül, "plan calculus"). This language is called the first high-level language.

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Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev (1902-1974) was born in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1921 he entered the Moscow Higher Technical School (now the Bauman Moscow State Technical University) at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. In 1928, Lebedev, having received a diploma in electrical engineering, became both a university teacher, from which he graduated, and a junior researcher at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI). In 1936, he was already a professor and author (together with PS Zhdanov) of the book "Stability of parallel operation of electrical systems", widely known among specialists in the field of electrical engineering. In the late 1940s, under the leadership of Lebedev, the first domestic electronic digital computer MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created, which is one of the first in the world and the first in Europe computer with a program stored in memory. In 1950, Lebedev moved to the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Technology (ITM and VT of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) in Moscow and became the chief designer of BESM, and then the director of the institute. Then BESM-1 was the fastest computer in Europe and was not inferior to the best computers in the USA. Soon the machine was slightly modernized and in 1956 it began to be mass-produced under the name BESM-2. On BESM-2, calculations were performed during the launch of artificial satellites of the Earth and the first spacecraft with a person on board. In 1967, the series created under the leadership of S.A. began to be mass-produced. Lebedev and V.A. Melnikova, the original BESM-6 architecture with a speed of about 1 million operations per second: BESM-6 was among the most productive computers in the world and had many "features" of the next, third generation machines. She was the first large domestic machine, which began to be supplied to users along with advanced software.

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John von Neumann The American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann (1903-1957) was from Budapest, the second largest and most important cultural center of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire after Vienna. With his extraordinary abilities, this man began to stand out very early: at the age of six he spoke ancient Greek, and at eight he mastered the basics of higher mathematics. He worked in Germany, but in the early 1930s he decided to settle in the United States. John von Neumann made a significant contribution to the creation and development of a number of areas of mathematics and physics, and had a significant impact on the development of computer technology. He performed fundamental research related to mathematical logic, group theory, operator algebra, quantum mechanics, statistical physics; is one of the creators of the "Monte Carlo" method - a numerical method for solving mathematical problems based on the simulation of random variables. "According to von Neumann" the main place among the functions performed by a computer is occupied by arithmetic and logical operations. For them, an arithmetic-logical device is provided. Its operation - and in general the entire machine - is controlled by a control device. The role of information storage is performed by RAM. Information is stored here for both the arithmetic logic unit (data) and the control unit (commands).

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Claude Elwood Shannon As a teenager, Claude Elwood Shannon (1916-2001) began to design. He made models of airplanes and radio devices, created a radio-controlled boat, connected his house and a friend's house with a telegraph line. Claude's childhood hero was the famous inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who was at the same time his distant relative (nevertheless they never met). In 1937, Shannon submitted his dissertation "Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits", working on which he came to the conclusion that Boolean algebra can be successfully used to analyze and synthesize switches and relays in electrical circuits. We can say that this work paved the way for the development of digital computers. The most famous work of Claude Elwood Shannon is the "Mathematical Theory of Communication" published in 1948, which presents considerations regarding the new science he created - information theory. One of the tasks of information theory is to find the most economical coding methods that allow you to convey the necessary information using the minimum number of characters. Shannon defined the basic unit of quantity of information (later called a bit) as a message representing one of two options: heads or tails, yes or no, and so on. A bit can be represented as 1 or 0, or as the presence or absence of current in the circuit.

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Bill (William) Gates Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955. He and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William Gates II, is a lawyer. Bill Gates' mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, board member at the University of Washington, and chairman of the charity United Way International. Gates and his high school buddy Paul Allen entered the world of entrepreneurship at the age of fifteen. They wrote a program to regulate traffic and formed a company to distribute it; earned $20,000 from the project and never went back to high school. In 1973, Gates entered his first year at Harvard University. During their time at Harvard, Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote the first operating system, developing the BASIC programming language for the first minicomputer, the MITS Altair. In his third year, Bill Gates left Harvard to devote himself full-time to Microsoft, the company he founded in 1975 with Allen. Under a contract with IBM, Gates creates MS-DOS, the operating system that in 1993 was used by 90% of the world's computers and which made him fabulously rich. So Bill Gates went down in history not only as Microsoft's chief software architect, but also as the youngest self-made billionaire. Today, Bill Gates is one of the most popular figures in the computer world. There are jokes about him, praises are sung to him. Peoper magazine, for example, argues that "Gates is as important to programming as Edison is to the light bulb: part innovator, part entrepreneur, part tradesman, but unfailingly a genius."

Aristotle (BC). Scientist and philosopher. He tried to answer the question: "How do we reason", studied the rules of thinking. Subjected human thinking to a comprehensive analysis. Identified the main forms of thinking: concept, judgment, conclusion. His treatises on logic are combined in the Organon. In the books of the Organon: Topeka, Analysts, Hermeneutics, and others, the thinker develops the most important categories and laws of thought, creates a theory of proof, and formulates a system of deductive reasoning. Deduction (from lat. deductio - inference) allows you to derive true knowledge about individual phenomena, based on general patterns. Aristotle's logic is called formal logic.

Leonardo da Vinci - sculptor, artist, musician, architect, scientist and brilliant inventor. A native of Florence, he was the son of a court official, Piero da Vinci. His works contain drawings and drawings of the human body, flying birds, strange machines. Leonardo invented a flying machine with bird wings, submarines, a huge bow, a flywheel, a helicopter, powerful cannons. Also, his works contain drawings of devices that produce mechanical calculations. Leonardo da Vinci ()

John Napier () In 1614, the Scottish mathematician John Napier invented tables of logarithms. Their principle was that each number corresponds to its own special number - the logarithm. Logarithms make division and multiplication very easy. For example, to multiply two numbers, add their logarithms. the result is found in the table of logarithms. He later invented the slide rule.

Blaise Pascal () In 1642, the French mathematician Blaise Pascal designed a calculating device to facilitate the work of his father, a tax inspector, who had to make a lot of complex calculations. Pascal's device "skillfully" only adds and subtracts. Father and son invested a lot of money in the creation of their device, but clerks opposed Pascal's counting device - they were afraid of losing their jobs because of him, as well as employers who believed that it was better to hire cheap bookkeepers than to buy an expensive car.

Gottfried Leibniz In 1673, the eminent German scientist Gottfried Leibniz built the first calculating machine capable of mechanically performing all four operations of arithmetic. A number of its most important mechanisms were used until the middle of the 20th century in some types of machines. All machines, in particular, the first computers that performed multiplication as multiple addition, and division as multiple subtraction, can be attributed to the Leibniz machine type. The main advantage of the milestones of these machines was higher than that of a person, the speed and accuracy of calculations. Their creation demonstrated the fundamental possibility of mechanizing human intellectual activity. Leibniz was the first to understand the meaning and role of the binary number system in a Latin manuscript written in March 1679. Leibniz explains how to perform calculations in a binary system, in particular multiplication, and later develops a project in general terms computer operating in the binary system. Here is what he writes: “Calculations of this kind could also be carried out on a machine. Undoubtedly, it can be done very simply and without much expense as follows: you need to make holes in the bank so that they can be opened and closed. holes that correspond to 1, and closed holes correspond to 0. Small cubes or balls will fall into the troughs through the open holes, and nothing will fall through the closed holes.The jar will move and shift from column to column, as required by multiplication. , and not a single ball can fall from one chute into any other until the machine starts to work ... ". Subsequently, in numerous letters and in the treatise "Explication de l`Arithmetique Binairy" (1703), Leibniz returned again and again to binary arithmetic. Leibniz's idea of ​​using the binary number system in computers will remain forgotten for 250 years.

George Bull George Bull (). Developed the ideas of G. Leibniz. Considered the founder of mathematical logic (Boolean algebra). Boole began his mathematical research with the development of operator methods of analysis and the theory of differential equations, then took up mathematical logic. In Boole's main works, "the mathematical analysis of logic, which is an experiment in the calculus of deductive reasoning" and "the study of the laws of thought, in which the mathematical theories of logic and probability are based," the foundations of mathematical logic were laid. Buhl's main work is "Investigation of the Laws of Thought". Boole made an attempt to construct formal logic in the form of some "calculus", "algebra". Boole's logical ideas were further developed in subsequent years. Logical calculus, constructed in accordance with Boole's ideas, is now widely used in the applications of mathematical logic to technology, in particular to the theory of relay-contact circuits. In modern algebra, there are Boolean rings, Boolean algebras, algebraic systems, in programming, variables and constants of the boolean type. Boolean space is known, in mathematical problems of control systems Boolean spread, Boolean decomposition, Boolean regular point of the kernel. In his works, logic found its alphabet, its spelling and its grammar.

Born in Sweden. In 1866, V. T. Odner graduated from the Stockholm Institute of Technology. In 1869 he arrived in St. Petersburg, where he remained until the end of his life. In St. Petersburg, he first of all turned to his compatriot E. L. Nobel, who in 1862 founded the Russian Diesel plant on the Vyborg side. At this plant in 1874, the first sample of the Odner adding machine was manufactured. “V.T. Odner, still a very young engineer, had the opportunity to fix Thomas' calculating machine and at the same time came to the conclusion that there was a possibility in a simpler and more expedient way to solve the problem of mechanical calculus. After much deliberation and much experimentation, Mr. Odner finally succeeded in 1873 in arranging at home a model of a calculating machine of his design. This apparatus interested Ludwig Nobel, a commercial adviser, who gave Mr. Odner the opportunity to develop an idea at his factory.” So, according to Odner, the date of the invention of the adding machine can be considered 1873, when the experimental model was created. The invention of V. Odner - an adding machine with a gear with a variable number of teeth - played a special role in the development of computers. Its design was so perfect that adding machines of this type, the Felix modification, were produced from 1873 with virtually no changes for almost a hundred years. Such calculating machines greatly facilitated the work of a person, but without his participation the machine could not count. In this case, the person was assigned the role of an operator.

Charles Babbage At the beginning of the 19th century, Charles Babbage formulated the main provisions that should underlie the design of a fundamentally new type of computer: computer The machine must have a "warehouse" for storing digital information. (In modern computers, this is a storage device.) The machine must have a device that performs operations on numbers taken from the "warehouse". Babbage called such a device a "mill". (In modern computers, it is an arithmetic unit.) The machine must have a device for controlling the sequence of operations, transferring numbers from the "warehouse" to the "mill" and vice versa, i.e. control device. The machine must have a device for entering initial data and displaying the results, i.e. I/O device. These initial principles, set out more than 150 years ago, are fully implemented in modern computers, but for the 19th century they turned out to be premature. Babbage made an attempt to create a machine of this type based on a mechanical adding machine, but its construction turned out to be very expensive, and work on the manufacture of a working machine could not be completed. From 1834 until the end of his life, Babbage worked on the design of the Analytical Engine without attempting to build one. Only in 1906 did his son make demonstration models of some parts of the machine. If the Analytical Engine were complete, Babbage estimates that addition and subtraction would take 2 seconds, and multiplication and division would take 1

A German scientist, orientalist and mathematician, professor at the University of Tyubinsk, in letters to his friend Johannes Kepler, described the device of a "counting clock" - a calculating machine with a number setting device and rollers with an engine and a window for reading the result. This machine could only add and subtract (some sources say that this machine could also multiply and divide, while it facilitated the process of multiplying and dividing large numbers). But, unfortunately, not a single one of his working models remains, and some researchers give the palm to the French mathematician Blaise Pascal

Norbert Wiener () Norbert Wiener completed his first fundamental work (the aforementioned Cybernetics) at the age of 54. And before that, the life of a great scientist was still full of achievements, doubts and anxieties. By the age of eighteen, Norbert Wiener was already holding a Ph.D. in mathematical logic at Cornell and Harvard Universities. At the age of nineteen, Dr. Wiener was invited to the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "where he served until the last days of his obscure life." One way or something like this one could finish a biographical article about the father of modern cybernetics. And everything said would be true, in view of the extraordinary modesty of Wiener the man, but Wiener the scientist, if he managed to hide from humanity, then he hid in the shadow of his own glory.

Konrad Zuse He began his work in 1933, and three years later he built a model of a mechanical computer, which used a binary number system, a form of floating-point representation, a three-address programming system and punched cards. Conditional branching was not provided during programming. Then, as an element base, Zuse chooses a relay, which by that time had long been used in various fields of technology. binary system In 1938, Zuse made a model of the machine Z1 for 16 machine words, the following year - the model Z2, and 2 years later he built the world's first operating computer with program control (model Z3), which was demonstrated at the German Research aviation center. It was a relay binary machine with a memory of 6422-bit floating-point numbers: program-controlled model Z3 7 bits for the exponent and 15 for the mantissa. The arithmetic block used parallel arithmetic. The team included the operational and address parts. Data entry was carried out using a decimal keyboard. Digital output is provided, as well as automatic conversion of decimal numbers to binary and vice versa. The addition time for the Z3 model is 0.3 seconds. All these models of cars were destroyed during the bombing during the Second World War. After the war, Zuse made the Z4 and Z5 models. Zuse in 1945 created the language PLANKALKUL ("calculus of plans"), which refers to the early forms of algorithmic languages. This language was more machine-oriented, however, in some aspects related to the structure of objects, they even surpassed ALGOL, which was focused only on working with numbers, in its capabilities.

Herman Hollerith Being engaged in the processing of statistical data in the 80s of the last century, he created a system that automates the processing process. Hollerith was the first to build (1889) a manual puncher that was used to print digital data on punched cards, and introduced mechanical sorting to lay out these punched cards depending on the location of the punches. Hollerith's data carrier, an 80-column punched card, has not undergone significant changes to date. He built a summing machine, called a tabulator, which probed the holes on punched cards, perceived them as the corresponding numbers and counted them. manual puncher

Ada Lovelace Babbage's scientific ideas fascinated the daughter of the famous English poet Lord Byron, Countess Ada Augusta Lovelace. At that time, such concepts as computers and programming had not yet arisen, and yet Ada Lovelace is rightfully considered the world's first programmer. The fact is that Babbage did not make more than one complete description of the machine he invented. This was done by one of his students in an article in French. BabbageBabbage Ada Lovelace translated it into English, and not only translated, but added her own programs, according to which the machine could perform complex mathematical calculations. As a result, the original length of the article tripled, and Babbage got the opportunity to demonstrate the power of his machine. Many of the concepts introduced by Ada Lovelace in the descriptions of those first-ever programs are widely used by modern programmers. Babbage

Emile Leon Post (Emil Leon Post) was an American mathematician and logician. He obtained a number of fundamental results in mathematical logic; one of the most commonly used definitions of the concepts of consistency and completeness of formal systems (calculi); proofs of functional completeness and deductive completeness (in the broad and narrow sense) of the propositional calculus; the study of multivalued logic systems with more than 3 truth values. One of the first (independently of A.M. Turing) Post defined the concept of an algorithm in terms of an “abstract computer” and formulated the main thesis of the theory of algorithms. He also owns the first (simultaneously with A.A. Markov) proofs of the algorithmic unsolvability of a number of problems in mathematical logic.

John von Neumann () In 1946. John von Neumann, a brilliant American mathematician of Hungarian origin, formulated the basic concept of storing computer instructions in his own internal memory, which served as a huge impetus for the development of electronic computing technology.

Claude Shannon () American engineer and mathematician. The man who is called the father of modern information and communication theories. While still a young engineer, he wrote the Magna Carta of the Information Age, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, in 1948. His work has been called "the greatest work in the annals of technical thought." His intuition as a discoverer has been compared to the genius of Einstein. flying disk on a rocket engine, he rode, at the same time juggling, on a unicycle through the corridors of Bell Labs. And he once said: "I have always followed my interests, without thinking about what they will cost me, nor about their value to peace. I wasted a lot of time on completely useless things." During the war years, he was engaged in the development of cryptographic systems, and later this helped him discover methods of coding with error correction. And in his spare time, he began to develop ideas that later turned into information theory. Shannon's original goal was to improve the transmission of information over a telegraph or telephone channel affected by electrical noise. He quickly concluded that the best solution to the problem was to package information more efficiently.

Edsger Vibe Dijkstra Edsger Vibe Dijkstra () an outstanding Dutch scientist, whose ideas had a huge impact on the development of the computer industry. Dijkstra is known for his work on the application of mathematical logic in the development of computer programs. He was actively involved in the development of the Algol programming language and wrote the first Algol-60 compiler. Being one of the authors of the concept of structured programming, he preached the rejection of the use of the GOTO instruction. He also owns the idea of ​​using "semaphores" to synchronize processes in multitasking systems and the algorithm for finding the shortest path on a directed graph with non-negative edge weights, known as Dijkstra's Algorithm. Dijkstra won the Turing Award in 1972. Dijkstra was an active writer, his pen (he preferred a pen to a keyboard) is the author of many books and articles, the most famous of which are the books "Programming Discipline" and "Notes on Structured Programming", and Dijkstra's article "On the dangers of the GOTO operator" Dijkstra also gained considerable fame outside of academia, thanks to his sharp and aphoristic statements on current issues in the computer industry. aphoristic statements

Tim Bernes-Lee was born on June 8, 1955. Tim Bernes-Lee is the man who turned the idea of ​​the World Wide Web, the creator of the World Wide Web and the hypertext system. In 1989, a graduate of Oxford University, an employee of the European Center for Nuclear Research in Geneva (CERN) Bernes-Lee developed the HTML Web page hypertext markup language, giving users the ability to view documents on remote computers. In 1990, Tim invented the first primitive browser, and his computer is naturally considered the first Web server. Bernes-Lee did not patent his life-changing discoveries, which is, in general, not uncommon in a greedy world (remember, for example, Douglas Engelbart and his legendary mouse). In the book Weaving the Web (“Weaving the Web”), he admitted that at the right time he simply did not make money on his own inventions, considering (oddly enough) this idea was risky. "A place in the sun" was immediately occupied by the world giants Microsoft and Netscape. In 1994, Burnes-Lee became the head of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which he founded, which develops Internet standards. Today, Bernes-Lee is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), while remaining a British citizen. It cannot be said that his name is known to a wide range of users, however, for the development of web technologies, Bernes-Lee has repeatedly received honorary prizes and awards. In 2002, Burnes-Lee received the Prince of Asturias Prize for Technical Research and was named one of the twenty great thinkers of the 20th century by Time magazine. On New Year's Eve 2004, Tim Bernes-Lee was awarded the title of Knight of the British Empire (a title bestowed personally by Queen Elizabeth II), and on April 15 of this year, at a ceremony in Espoo (Finland), the Finnish Technology Award Foundation presented " founding father of WWW” 1 million euros the largest award for a great discovery

Gordon Moore Gordon Moore was born in San Francisco (USA) on January 3, 1929. Together with Robert Noyce, Moore founded Intel in 1968 and served as executive vice president of the corporation for the next seven years. Gordon Moore received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of California at Berkeley and a degree in chemistry and physics from the California Institute of Technology. G. Moore is a director of Gilead Sciences Inc., a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a member of the IEEE. Moore is also a member of the Caltech Board of Trustees. In 1975, he became president and CEO of Intel, and held both positions until 1979, when he changed from president to chairman of the board. Dr. Moore served as CEO of Intel Corporation until 1987, and as chairman of the board of directors until 1997, when he was awarded the title of honorary chairman of the board of directors. Today, Gordon Moore remains the honorary chairman of the board of directors of Intel Corporation and lives in Hawaii

Dennis Ritchie Dennis Ritchie was born on September 9, 1941 in the United States. While studying at Harvard University, Ritchie was especially interested in physics and applied mathematics. In 1968 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Subrecursive function hierarchies". But he did not aspire to be an expert in the theory of algorithms; he was much more interested in procedural programming languages. In Bell Labs in 1967, D. Ritchie came after his father, who had linked his career with this company for a very long time. Ritchie was the first user of a Unix system on the PDP-11. In 1970, he helped Ken Thompson transfer it to the new PDP-11 machine. During this period, Ritchie designed and wrote a compiler for the C programming language. The C language is the foundation of the portability of the UNIX operating system. The most important technical solution that was added to the UNIX operating system by Denn Ritchie was the development of a mechanism for interaction flows and the interconnection of devices, protocols and applications.

Perhaps you can say that Bill Gates and Paul Allen had the gift of foresight when they created their company in 1975. However, they could hardly even dream of the results of their step, since then no one could foresee the brilliant future of personal computers in general. In fact, Gates and Allen were just doing their favorite thing. Isn't it amazing: at 21, Bill Gates graduated from Harvard and launched Microsoft. And at 41, he beat many competitors and amassed a fortune of $ 23.9 billion. In 1996, when Microsoft's shares went up 88%, he was making $30 million a day! Today, Microsoft is not just a leading company in the global computer market. Its activities today have an impact on the entire development of human civilization, and the history of its development is the most impressive commercial rise of the twentieth century.

Andrei Andreevich Markov Andrei Andreevich Markov (younger) () mathematician, corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the son of an outstanding mathematician, a specialist in the theory of probability, also Andrey Andreyevich Markov (senior). The main works on topology, topological algebra, the theory of dynamical systems, the theory of algorithms and constructive mathematics. Proved the unsolvability of the problem of homeomorphism in topology, created a school of constructive mathematics and logic in the USSR, the author of the concept of a normal algorithm. From 1959 until the end of his life, Andrey Andreevich headed the Department of Mathematical Logic of the Mekhmat of Moscow State University. He worked in many areas (the theory of plasticity, applied geophysics, celestial mechanics, topology, etc.), but made the greatest contribution to mathematical logic (in particular, he founded the constructive direction in mathematics), the theory of complexity of algorithms and cybernetics. He created a large mathematical school, his students are now working in many countries. He wrote poems that were not published during his lifetime. poems

Andrei Nikolayevich Kolmogorov The breadth of Kolmogorov's scientific interests and pursuits has few, if any, precedents in the 20th century. Their spectrum extends from meteorology to poetry. In Van Heijenoort's well-known anthology "From Frege to Godel", devoted to mathematical logic, one can find an English translation of a twenty-two-year-old Kolmogorov article, which the author of the anthology described as "the first systematic study of intuitionistic logic." The article was the first Russian article on logic containing proper mathematical results. Kolmogorov laid the foundations for the theory of operations on sets. He played a significant role in the transformation of Shannon's information theory into a rigorous mathematical science, as well as the construction of information theory on a fundamentally different, different from Shannon's, foundation. He is one of the founders of the theory of dynamical systems; he owns the definition of the general concept of an algorithm. In mathematical logic, he made an outstanding contribution to the theory of proofs, in the theory of dynamical systems in the development of the so-called ergodic theory, where he quite unexpectedly managed to introduce and successfully apply the ideas of information theory.

Anatoly Alekseevich Dorodnitsyn Anatoly Alekseevich Dorodnitsyn () is widely known for his outstanding scientific works in mathematics, aerodynamics and meteorology, which played a decisive role in the creation of computational fluid dynamics. Much in him was determined by natural talent and outstanding hard work, personal inclinations, devotion to science and love for calculations, which he performed independently until the end of his life. If all this makes it possible to guess the origins of the formation of the personality of a scientist, then the foundations of the breadth of the scope of his scientific research remain a mystery. A. A. Dorodnitsyn published works on ordinary differential equations, algebra, meteorology, wing theory (elliptic equations), boundary layer (parabolic equations), supersonic gas dynamics (hyperbolic equations), numerical method of integral relations (for equations of all these types), the small parameter method for the Navier-Stokes equations, as well as on various issues of computer science

Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov ()

Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov () His scientific interests, as well as the range of his knowledge and competence, were extremely wide. He began his scientific career at the renowned scientific school of Academician N.N. Luzin. Today, the alley leading to the grave of Lyapunov at the Vvedensky cemetery passes by the place where the ashes of his teacher are buried. Only the years of the Great Patriotic War interrupted Lyapunov's scientific research for a while. He volunteered for the front, and immediately after the war, his works on the theory of shooting appeared, which, in fact, were the result of wartime reflections. Lyapunov carried his interest in set theory throughout his life and repeatedly returned to his studies in the “cybernetic period”. Moreover, in cybernetic problems he often noticed circumstances of a set-theoretic nature and drew the attention of his students and colleagues to them. Lyapunov's fascination with abstract problems of set theory surprisingly combined with a keen interest in the natural and mathematical sciences in general. Therefore, it is no coincidence that he was one of the first in the USSR to appreciate the prospects of cybernetics and was one of the initiators of domestic cybernetic research. Lyapunov organized at Moscow State University the first in our country research seminar on cybernetics, which he led for ten years. Already in the fifties, his work on the theory of programming gained great fame. In 1953, he proposed a method of preliminary description of programs using operator schemes, which are focused on a clear identification of the main types of operators and on the construction of a kind of algebra of program transformations. This method, due to algebraic notation, turned out to be much more convenient than the previously used block diagram method. It became the main tool for automating programming and was the basis for the development of the ideas of the Soviet school of programming. Lyapunov's participation in the development of work on the automatic translation of texts from one language into another was very significant. Attempts to create translation algorithms have shown that existing grammars are not always suitable for these purposes, translation programs have a specific structure and differ from the structure of programs for computing tasks. Lyapunov formulated general ideas related to an attempt to overcome these difficulties. A large group of his students worked on the problems in collaboration with linguists. The result of this work was theoretical results in mathematical linguistics and practical development of some translation algorithms from French and English into Russian. A large place in his work is occupied by questions of control processes in living organisms. The application of mathematical modeling methods in biology and the introduction of precise definitions and evidence-based reasoning of a mathematical nature into biological theory and practice became the favorite brainchild of Lyapunov, the actual founder of "mathematical biology" in science. A well-deserved recognition of the achievements of A.A. Lyapunov was his election as a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1964.

Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich ()

Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich () an outstanding Soviet mathematician and economist, academician, Nobel Prize winner in economics. He made a very significant contribution to world science, having received a number of fundamental results, which include: the creation of a theory of semi-ordered spaces in functional analysis, called K-spaces in honor of L. V. Kantorovich, the creation of a new direction in mathematics and economics for solving optimization problems, called linear programming; methods of "large-block" programming of tasks on a computer. The scientific activity of L. V. Kantorovich is a clear evidence of how domestic mathematical schools influenced the development of computer technology and its fields. Interest in the mathematical problems of the economics of industry, agriculture, and transport arose from L. V. Kantorovich in 1938. Mathematical generalization of a class of problems that did not find proper solutions in the arsenal of methods of classical mathematics led L. V. Kantorovich to create a new direction in mathematics and the economy. This direction was later called linear programming. Now linear programming is studied in all economic and mathematical faculties, it is reported in school textbooks. These methods are included in the composition of the applied computer software, which is constantly being improved. Without their application, economic analysis is now unthinkable. L. V. Kantorovich created a school of "large-block" programming in Leningrad, which was looking for ways to overcome the well-known semantic gap between the input language of the machine, in which executable programs are presented, and the mathematical language for describing the algorithm for solving the problem. The ideas proposed by the school of L. V. Kantorovich, in many ways, anticipated the development of programming for the next 30 years. Now this direction is associated with functional programming (programming based on functions), in which the execution of a program in a functional language, speaking informally, consists in calling a function whose arguments are the values ​​of other functions, and these latter, in turn, can also be superpositions in the general case arbitrary depth. Many solutions found then in large-block circuit symbolism are relevant today. Kantorovich's schemes, model (level) approach, translation methods, which flexibly combine compilation and interpretation, are reflected in modern programming systems. It can be said that L. V. Kantorovich at the dawn of programming theory, when programs were developed in machine codes, was able to correctly point out the fundamental ways of its development for more than 30 years ahead. In 1975, L. V. Kantorovich, together with the American mathematician T. Koopmans, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics. Many foreign academies and scientific societies elected L. V. Kantorovich their honorary member. He was an honorary doctor of the universities of Glasgow, Warsaw, Grenoble, Nice, Munich, Helsinki, Paris (Sorbonne), Cambridge, Pennsylvania, the Statistical Institute in Calcutta.

SA Lebedev In the early 1950s in Kyiv, in the Laboratory of Modeling and Computer Engineering of the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, under the guidance of Academician SA Lebedev, MESM, the first Soviet computer, was created. The functional-structural organization of MESM was proposed by Lebedev in 1947. The first trial run of the machine model took place in November 1950, and the machine was put into operation in 1951. MESM worked in a binary system, with a three-address instruction system, and the calculation program was stored in an operational-type storage device. The Lebedev machine with parallel processing of words was a fundamentally new solution. It was one of the first computers in the world and the first on the European continent with a stored program. By that time, a fairly strong group of young and bright scientists who were engaged in this science had formed. Instead of ranks and positions, they shared the risk and costs, but went about their business with unheard-of asceticism. In 1958, Poletaev's book "Signal" was published, which could be considered an introduction to the basic concepts of cybernetics. The book gave a concentrated revision of the main provisions and applications of this then young science. At the same time, the author of the book had to solve problems related to the direct use of cybernetics in military affairs. One of the first military cybernetic tasks was the use of the computers that appeared then for the air defense system: linear programming to serve the mass of "clients" in the airspace. However, later, having received an order to write the book "Military Cybernetics", Poletaev refuses it, motivating him as follows: "What can be written is not interesting, but what is needed is impossible." At this time, he was already beginning to move away from purely technical and applied problems, his interests shifted to the field of research on large-scale systems, economic systems, control and managed systems. He retained his interest in modeling complex systems until the last years of his scientific activity. Intriguing results were obtained on fairly elementary and low-power computers, from the point of view of today. The economic model included not only resources and activities for their processing, but also the price of the products obtained, without providing for restrictions and regulation of this parameter. Being “launched” in a computer, the model, after several cycles of productive activity, switched to the bare resale of products within itself. The enthusiasm of the authors of the experiment was great, but the corresponding experience for the edification of the next generations remained unclaimed. The largest initiative in which Poletaev actively participated in the years is an attempt to create dual-use main computers: for managing the economy in peacetime and managing the army in case of war. The authors of the project hoped that as a result of its implementation, the economy would become truly planned and reasonably managed, and computer technology in the country would receive the right impetus for development, and the army would eventually meet the requirements and tasks of the moment. The project stumbled over the Main Political Directorate of the Army. The general, who examined the document, asked a question that was quite reasonable from his point of view: "And where is the leading role of the party here, in your car?" The latter, presumably, was not algorithmized in the project. And the project was cancelled. In 1961, Poletaev received a job offer at the Novosibirsk Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences. Having moved to Novosibirsk, he began to work with great enthusiasm on various problems that were in the field of cybernetics. These were the problems of recognition, and a rigorous analysis of the subject of cybernetics and its basic concepts (information, model, etc.), and modeling of economic systems and physiological processes. Many of the ideas expressed by Poletaev in his books, lectures, scientific debates remain relevant. Academician Andrei Petrovich Ershov () is one of the founders of theoretical and system programming, the creator of the Siberian School of Informatics. His significant contribution to the formation of informatics as a new branch of science and a new phenomenon in public life is widely recognized in our country and abroad. While still a student at Moscow State University, under the influence of A. A. Lyapunov, he became interested in programming. After graduating from the university, A.P. Ershov went to work at the Institute of Fine Mechanics and Computer Engineering - an organization in which one of the first Soviet teams of programmers was formed. In 1957, he was appointed head of the Department of Programming Automation at the newly created Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In connection with the formation of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, at the request of the Director of the Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician S. L. Sobolev, he takes on the responsibility of the organizer and actual head of the programming department of this institute, and then moves to the Computing Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A. P. Ershov's fundamental research in the field of program schemes and compilation theory had a noticeable impact on his many students and followers. A. P. Ershov's book "Programming program for an electronic computer BESM" was one of the world's first monographs on programming automation. For a significant contribution to the theory of mixed computing, A.P. Ershov was awarded the Academician A.N. Krylov Prize. Ershov's work on programming technology laid the foundations of this scientific direction in our country. More than 20 years ago, he began experiments in teaching programming in high schools, which led to the introduction of the course of computer science and computer technology in the country's secondary schools and enriched us with the thesis "programming is the second literacy." It is difficult to overestimate the role of A. P. Ershov as an organizer of science: he took an active part in the preparation of many international conferences and congresses, was an editor or a member of the editorial board of both Russian journals "Microprocessor facilities and systems", "Cybernetics", "Programming", and international - Acta Informatica, Information Processing Letters, Theoretical Computer Science. After the death of academician A.P. Ershov, his heirs transferred the library to the Institute of Informatics Systems, which by that time had separated from the Computing Center. Now it is the Memorial Library. A.P. Ershov Memorial Library poems by R. Kipling and other English poets into Russian, perfectly played n

For the development of the theory of digital automata, the creation of multiprocessor macro-pipeline supercomputers and the organization of the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the international organization IEEE Computer Society in 1998 posthumously awarded Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov with the Computer Pioneer medal. Victor Mikhailovich Glushkov was born on August 24, 1923 in Rostov-on-Don in the family of a mining engineer. V. M. Glushkov graduated from secondary school 1 in the city of Shakhty with a gold medal. In 1943 he became a student at the Novocherkassk Industrial Institute, in his fourth year he decided to transfer to the mathematical faculty of Rostov University. To this end, he externally passed all the exams for the four years of the university course in mathematics and physics and became a fifth-year student at Rostov University. In August 1956, V. M. Glushkov radically changed the scope of his activity, linking it with cybernetics, computer technology and applied mathematics. In 1957, V. M. Glushkov became the director of the Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR with the rights of a research organization. Five years later, in December 1962, the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR was organized on the basis of the Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. V. M. Glushkov became its director. In 1964, for a series of works on the theory of automata, V. M. Glushkov was awarded the Lenin Prize. The development of a macro-conveyor computer was carried out at the Institute of Cybernetics under the direction of V. M. Glushkov. The EC-2701 machine (in 1984) and the EC-1766 computer system (in 1987) were put into series production. At that time, these were the most powerful computing systems in the USSR. They had no analogues in world practice and were the original development of ES computers in the direction of high-performance systems. V. M. Glushkov did not have to see them in action.

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Abstract Student MBOU "Secondary School No. 4" 10A class Ilyichev Ilya On the topic: "The contribution of Russian scientists to the development of computer technology of the twentieth century." City: Akhtubinsk 2019 Head: O.N.Knyshov

Justification of the need for work. The advent of computers is one of the essential features of the modern world. The original meaning of the English word "computer" is a person who makes calculations. The widespread use of computers led to the fact that an increasing number of people began to study the basics of computer technology, and programming gradually turned from a working tool of a specialist into an element of culture.

First half of the 20th century A specific complex of counting and analytical equipment may consist of a different number of devices, but it necessarily includes the following four devices: 1) input perforator; 2) supervisor; 3) sorting machine; 4) tabulator.

First half of the 20th century By 1930, there were already about 8000 SACs in the world. Often they introduced innovative solutions: tabulators with alphanumeric output, the joint work of several tabulators.

First half of the 20th century In the initial period of the development of perforation technique, it was used mainly in statistics. Over time, its use for accounting is increasing more and more. For example, in the 40s. in the USSR, about 10% of calculating and analytical machines were used in statistics, and more than 80% in accounting.

First half of the 20th century An independent machine counting station is being set up at the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1926–1927 in industry, in transport, in state banks and in the Central Statistical Bureau, large machine counting stations are being set up. Since 1931, extensive development of work on the mechanization of accounting began in the USSR.

First half of the 20th century The next model was the T-2, which performed the same operations and was widely used. This model was produced until 1940. It was designed for two operating modes: normal and increased. The change of mode was carried out by switching the speed of the main motor, and the choice of mode was determined by the feed rate of punched cards.

First half of the 20th century The RVM-1 machine was designed by N. I. Bessonov. The project was late, but was very successful and could compete with electronic computers in terms of speed: the multiplication of two floating point numbers with a 27-bit mantissa and a 6-bit order was performed in 50 ms.

Brief results of the first half of the XX century. The need for mass calculations in various fields and the development of electrical engineering led to the creation of electromechanical computing technology. In addition, very important principles and concepts were introduced - the binary number system and the mathematical logic of George Boole.

Brief results of the first half of the XX century. The main devices of the tabulator were: a computing mechanism that used relays; perforator; sorting machine. G. Hollerith became the "founding father" of a whole area of ​​computer technology - counting and perforation. On the basis of the devices he created, entire computing stations for mechanized information processing were created, which served as a prototype for future computing centers.

Second half of the 20th century In December 1951, the first computer in Russia was successfully tested. The test results, as is customary in the USSR Academy of Sciences, were drawn up in a detailed report approved by the director of the Energy Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician G. M. Krzhizhanovsky on December 15, 1951.

Second half of the 20th century The machine was put into operation to solve problems both in the interests of the scientists of the institute and for third-party organizations. Scientists from a number of institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences also solved their problems on this machine. The M-1 machine was in operation for more than three years.

Second half of the 20th century The M-1 machine included a parallel-type arithmetic device, a control device - the main program sensor, two types of internal memory, and an input-output device using direct-printing telegraph equipment.

Second half of the 20th century Main characteristics of M-1: Number system - binary. The number of binary digits is 25. The coding system is two-address. Internal memory: slow on a magnetic drum - 256 numbers, fast on electronic tubes - 256 numbers. The operating speed is about 20 op/s when working with a magnetic drum and about 1000 op/s when working with electronic memory on electrostatic tubes. Power consumption - 8 kW. Occupied area - 4 sq. m. (during operation, the M-1 machine was located in a room of 12 sq. m.).

The developers of the M-1 computer Brook Isaak Semenovich Matyukhin Nikolai Yakovlevich Kartsev Mikhail Alexandrovich Alexandridi Tamara Minovna Rogachev Yuri Vasilyevich Shidlovsky Rene Pavlovich Zalkind Alexander Borisovich Belynsky Vladaleks Vladimirovich Lebedev Sergey Alekseevich

Scientific feat S.A. Lebedeva Sergei Alekseevich began to deal with the design of computer technology at the age of 45, being already a well-known electrical scientist. By this time, he had received significant scientific results in the field of stability of electrical systems.

Scientific feat S.A. Lebedev In parallel with the final stage of work on the MESM in 1950, the development of the first Large Electronic Calculating Machine was started. The development of BESM was already carried out in Moscow, in the ITMiVT laboratory, which was headed by S.A. Lebedev. In the shortest possible time, such a machine was created. In April 1953, the BESM-1 high-speed electronic computer was put into operation by the State Commission.

Conclusion The contribution of Russian scientists to the development of computer technology in the twentieth century. oh so big. Without these people, the development of computers would be impossible. The developers of the M-1 machine - the first Russian computer - later became major specialists in the field of computer technology and made a significant contribution to its development, including as part of the enterprises of the USSR Ministry of Radio Industry. Their work is highly appreciated by conferring scientific degrees and honorary titles, awarding state awards.