In low Earth orbit, the sun sets and rises every 90 minutes, which deprives a person of proper sleep due to the lack of the usual cycles of day and night. To avoid this, on the ISS, administrators set up astronaut schedules for 24 hours and, as far as possible, try to maintain the Earth schedule.
2. You will get taller
In the absence of gravity, the spine stretches, making you taller. As a rule, astronauts grow 5-8 cm. Unfortunately, extra growth can cause complications such as lower back pain and mental problems.
3. You can stop snoring
Studies have shown that astronauts who snored on the ground slept silently in space. Gravity plays a dominant role in the generation of sleep apnea and, consequently, snoring. Of course, there are astronauts who snore in space, but the effect of weightlessness greatly reduces snoring.
4. Some seasonings require water to be added to them before use.
In space, bulk seasonings like salt and pepper can only be consumed in liquid form. Astronauts cannot sprinkle salt or pepper on their food, any grit immediately rises into the air, which creates the danger of their entry into the ventilation system, and then into the eyes, nose and mouth of the crew.
5. The longest human stay in space was 438 days
Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent 438 days or 14 months aboard the Mir station during the 1995 expedition. On the this moment is an absolute record.
6. 3 famous astronauts died in space
The crew of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft, Georgy Dobrovolsky, Viktor Patsaev and Vladislav Volkov, died after undocking from the Salyut-1 space station. Their ship's valve was open after the module was undocked.
7. Almost every astronaut is familiar with space sickness
In the absence of gravity, the signals from the vestibular apparatus and pressure are erroneous. This effect usually leads to disorientation: many astronauts suddenly begin to feel upside down, or cannot determine the position of their arms and legs, etc. Disorientation is the main cause of the so-called space adaptation syndrome. More than half of space travelers suffer from a disease of space, which brings with it headaches, absent-mindedness, nausea and vomiting. Usually, problems disappear after a few days - this means that the astronaut has adapted.
8. The most difficult thing upon returning from space is to get used to the fact that the objects you let go fall again.
After returning from space, astronauts undergo readaptation. A number of Russian astronauts who have been in space for a long time say that some time after their return, they are sincerely surprised by the fact that a mug or other object released in the air falls to the floor.
9. Instead of a bath, a wet wipe
Despite the fact that the Mir station was equipped with a shower cabin, most astronauts used a damp towel or wet wipes. This method significantly reduces the level of water consumption. Each astronaut also has a toothbrush, toothpaste, razor and other personal hygiene items.
10 Cosmic Radiation Makes You See Blinding Flashes
Looking out of their capsules, the astronauts saw strange flashes. Cosmic radiation acts on the human eye, causing a false signal that the brain interprets as flashes of light. As it turned out, such radiation adversely affects the health of the eyes. At least 39 former astronauts suffer from some form of cataract.
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1. The very first astronaut in the history of mankind Yuri Gagarin went to conquer space on April 12, 1961 on the Vostok-1 spacecraft. His flight lasted 108 minutes. Gagarin was awarded the title Hero Soviet Union. In addition, he was awarded the "Volga" with the numbers 12-04 SAG - this is the date of the flight and the initials of the first cosmonaut.
2. First female astronaut Valentina Tereshkova flew into space on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft. In addition, Tereshkova is the only woman who has made a solo flight, all the rest flew only as part of crews.
3.Alexey Leonov- the first person to go into outer space on March 18, 1965. The duration of the first exit was 23 minutes, of which the cosmonaut spent 12 minutes outside the spacecraft. During your stay in open space his suit was swollen and prevented his return to the ship. The cosmonaut managed to enter only after Leonov bled excess pressure from the spacesuit, while he climbed inside the ship head first, and not legs, as was supposed to be according to the instructions.
4. The first American astronaut to set foot on the lunar surface Neil Armstrong July 21, 1969 at 2:56 GMT. Joined him 15 minutes later Edwin Aldrin. In total, the astronauts spent two and a half hours on the Moon.
5. The world record for the number of spacewalks belongs to a Russian cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov. He made 16 exits with a total duration of more than 78 hours. Solovyov's total flying time in space was 651 days.
6. The youngest astronaut is German Titov He was 25 at the time of the flight. In addition, Titov is also the second Soviet astronaut in space and the first person to make a long (more than a day) space flight. The astronaut made a flight lasting 1 day 1 hour from August 6 to 7, 1961.
7. The oldest astronaut who has made a space flight is considered an American John Glenn. He was 77 years old when he flew on the Discovery STS-95 in October 1998. In addition, Glenn set a kind of unique record - he had a break between flights into space for 36 years (the first time he was in space in 1962).
8. American astronauts have been on the moon the longest. Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmit as part of the Apollo 17 crew in 1972. In total, the astronauts were on the surface of the earth's satellite for 75 hours. During this time, they made three exits to the lunar surface with a total duration of 22 hours. They were the last to walk on the moon and, according to some reports, left a small disk on the moon with the inscription "Here man completed the first stage of the exploration of the moon, December 1972."
9. The first space tourist was an American multimillionaire Dennis Tito, which went into space on April 28, 2001. At the same time, a Japanese journalist is considered de facto the first tourist. Toyohiro Akiyama, which was paid for by the Tokyo Television Company in December 1990. In general, a person whose flight was paid for by any organization cannot be considered a space tourist.
10. The first British astronaut was a woman - Helena Sharmen(Helen Sharman), which took off on May 18, 1991 as part of the Soyuz TM-12 crew. She is considered the only astronaut who flew into space as an official representative of the UK, all the others had, in addition to British citizenship, another country. Interestingly, before becoming an astronaut, Sharmen worked as a chemical technologist at a confectionery factory and responded to an appeal about competitive selection participants space flight in 1989. Of the 13,000 participants, it was she who was chosen, after which she began training in Star City near Moscow.
About records in space for 60 years, the effect of breastfeeding on intelligence, the superpower of mushrooms and a solar eclipse in our review of science news.
50 years ago, Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov became the first person to go out into the open. space: On March 18, 1965, he, together with cosmonaut P.I. Belyaev flew into space on spaceship"Voskhod-2" as a co-pilot. For the first time in the world, Leonov went into outer space, retired from the ship at a distance of up to 5 m, spending 12 minutes in open space. After the flight, the shortest report in the history of cosmonautics was heard at the state commission: "It is possible to live and work in outer space."
The records of the first years of space exploration paved the way for new achievements and discoveries, allowing humanity to step far beyond the limits of the Earth and human capabilities.
oldest man in space
The oldest person to orbit is U.S. Senator John Glenn, who flew aboard the shuttle Discovery into space in 1998. Glenn was one of the so-called first seven American astronauts, he was the first American astronaut to make an orbital space flight on February 20, 1962. Therefore, Glenn holds the record for the longest period between two space flights.
The youngest astronaut
Cosmonaut German Titov was 25 full years old when he went into space on the Vostok-2 spacecraft on August 9, 1961. He became the second person to orbit the Earth, completing 17 orbits around the planet in a 25-hour flight. Titov also became the first person to sleep in space and the first to experience space sickness (loss of appetite, dizziness, headache).
longest space flight
Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov holds the record for the longest stay in space. From 1994 to 1995, he spent 438 days at the Mir station. He also holds the record for the longest solo stay in space.
The shortest flight
On May 5, 1961, Alan Sheppard became the first American to leave Earth in a suborbital space flight. He also holds the record for the shortest flight into space, which lasted only 15 minutes. During this quarter of an hour, he flew to a height of 185 km. It splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean 486 km from the launch site. In 1971, Sheppard went to the moon, where the 47-year-old astronaut became the oldest person stepping on the surface of the Earth's satellite.
The furthest flight
The record for the maximum distance of astronauts from the Earth was set by the Apollo 13 team, which in April 1970 flew over the invisible side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km, finding itself at a record distance of 400,171 km from the Earth.
Longest in space
Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev spent the longest time in space, spending more than 803 days in space during six flights. Among women, this record belongs to Peggy Whitson, who spent more than 376 days in orbit.
Krikalev also owns another, unofficial record: the last person who lived under the USSR. In December 1991, when the USSR disappeared, Sergei was on board the Mir station, and in March 1992 he returned to Russia.
Longest inhabited spacecraft
This record, which is increasing every day, belongs to the ISS. The $100 billion station has been continuously manned since November 2000.
Longest shuttle mission
The Space Shuttle Columbia launched into space on November 19, 1996. Initially, the descent was scheduled for December 5, but weather conditions delayed the landing of the spacecraft, which spent 17 days and 16 hours in orbit.
Longest on the Moon
Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan were on the moon longer than other astronauts - 75 hours. During the landing, they made three long walks with a total duration of more than 22 hours. This was the last manned mission to the Moon and beyond Earth orbit to date.
The fastest flight
by the most fast people on Earth and beyond became members of the Apollo 10 mission - the last preparatory flight before landing on the moon. Returning to Earth on May 26, 1969, their ship reached a speed of 39,897 km/h.
Most flights
Most often, the Americans flew into space: Fraanklin Chang-Diaz and Jerry Ross flew into space seven times as part of the space shuttle crews.
Maximum number of spacewalks
Cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov for five space flights in the 1980s and 1990s he made 16 exits outside the station, spending 82 hours in outer space.
Longest spacewalk
On March 11, 2001, astronauts Jim Voss and Susan Helms spent almost nine hours outside of the Discovery shuttle and the ISS, preparing the station for the arrival of the new module. To this day, that space walk remains the longest in history.
The most representative company in space
13 people gathered in space at once in July 2009, when the shuttle Endeavor landed on the ISS, where there were six astronauts. This meeting became the most massive stay in space of people at the same time.
most expensive spaceship
The International Space Station began to be assembled in 1998, and it was completed in 2012. In 2011, the cost of its creation exceeded $100 billion. The station became the most expensive single technical facility ever built and the largest spacecraft. 15 countries took part in its construction, its dimensions today are almost 110 m. The volume of its living quarters is equivalent to the volume of the passenger compartment of a Boeing 747.
www.gazeta.ru
Breastfeeding affects the child's intelligence
A long-term study by Brazilian scientists led by Bernardo Lessa Horta of the University of Pelotas found that people who were breastfed for longer in infancy had, on average, higher IQs. The scientists described the results of the study in an article published in the journal The Lancet Global Health.
As part of the study, researchers tracked nearly 3,500 children. Most of them were breastfed by their mothers - some for less than a month, some for more than a year. The main comparisons were made between these two groups. The researchers emphasize that the sample contains children from families belonging to different social classes.
In addition to the level of intelligence (it was assessed using the Wechsler test), a relationship was also found with the average level of wages and the level of education. All these parameters were assessed approximately 30 years after birth.
The researchers emphasize that the duration of breastfeeding is not the only factor that affects the level of intelligence. Although, as part of the study, they tried to exclude the influence of factors such as mother's education, family income and birth weight of the child.
It was not the aim of the study to explain the nature of this connection, but Horta suggests that it may be in the nutrients in mother's milk, which have an important effect on the development of the child's brain.
scientificrussia.ru
The help of insects for reproduction is used not only by plants, but also by fungi.
The bioluminescent mushrooms that live near the roots of palm trees in the Amazon jungle glow for a reason. A recent study showed that by doing so, they attract insects that help in the spread of spores.
Neonothopanus gardneri is considered one of the champions in the field of bioluminescence - in the dark it shines brighter than any other of the 71 species of mushrooms capable of glowing. It was discovered back in the middle of the 19th century, but since then researchers have not come across it until 2011, when this rare mushroom was finally discovered again.
After that, he became one of the most attractive objects of biological research, and, of course, scientists were especially interested in his unique abilities for bioluminescence. And recently, an unusual experiment was set up to study the evolutionary foundations of this "superpower".
The researchers made exact plastic replicas of the fruiting bodies of the fungus and placed them in their usual habitat - closer to the roots of trees in the Brazilian jungle. Some of them were left like that, while others were illuminated in the dark by built-in greenish LEDs. Traps located right there were waiting for insects that flocked to these and other plastic mushrooms.
As scientists expected, luminous hats attracted them much more: in five nights, non-luminous copies attracted a total of 12 insects, and luminous ones - 42. For what purpose the mushrooms need insects, it remains to be established exactly, but the authors of the experiment make a quite reasonable assumption : for breeding. Of course, mushrooms are not plants, and you don’t need to pollinate them, but winged creatures are quite capable of spreading spores.
naked-science.ru
The day of the eclipse has come
On Friday, March 20, the inhabitants of our planet are waiting for a rare event - a total solar eclipse. At 12:06 Moscow time, the Moon will begin to obscure the Sun from the western side, at 13:13 it will cover it as much as possible, and at 14:21 it will leave from the northeastern edge. The eclipse parameters were calculated by the Laboratory of Astronomical Yearbooks of the Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, to whose press service TASS.
It will not be possible to see the complete closure of the solar disk by the Moon passing in front of it on the territory of Russia. For example, in Moscow, only about 65% of the surface will be closed. heavenly body, in St. Petersburg - 78%, in Murmansk - 89%.
The total eclipse will be visible in a strip of only 200 kilometers in the northern part of Atlantic Ocean. Its maximum duration will be 2 minutes 47 seconds off the coast of Iceland, and the width of the shadow will reach 462 kilometers. Of the Russian territories in this strip, only the Svalbard archipelago is located, where an expedition of Russian astronomers is now located.
Total solar eclipses are rare in themselves, and besides, the total closure of the Sun is always visible only from certain areas of our planet. In August 2008, the inhabitants of Russia were lucky, the next time such a chance will appear only in 2061. So for those who want to watch full eclipse before you have to specially go to the desired point on the planet. For example, the current eclipse can be seen from a plane that will take off from Murmansk, fly to the point best view and will return back.
Experts remind you that you can only watch the Sun through tinted glass, otherwise there is a risk of serious eye damage - you can take several pairs of dark glasses, or hold the glass over a candle to get "dark glass", in general, take something not completely transparent .
On April 12, 1961, an account was opened for space records of mankind - the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. However, in the 55 years that have passed since that momentous day, thousands of discoveries have been made in the space sector and more than a dozen records have been set. We present to your attention the most significant of them.
Yuri Gagarin
The oldest person in space
American John Glenn is the oldest person to fly into space. At the time of the flight on the Space Shuttle Discovery in October 1998, Glenn was already 77 years old. In addition, Glenn, who, among other things, is the first American astronaut to make an orbital space flight (the third person in the world after Yuri Gagarin and German Titov), holds another record. His first flight into Earth orbit took place on February 20, 1962, so 36 years 8 months passed between the first and second flights of an astronaut, this record has not been beaten so far.
John Glenn. NASA
The youngest person in space
The opposite record belongs to Soviet cosmonaut German Titov. When in August 1961 he was on board the Soviet Vostok-2 spacecraft, he was in Earth orbit, German Titov was only 25 years old. He became the second person to orbit the Earth, and in 25 hours of flight circled the planet 17 times. In addition, German Titov was the first person to sleep in space, and reportedly the first to experience "space sickness" (sickness in space).
German Titov, Nikita Khrushchev and Yuri Gagarin. ANEFO
Longest space flight
Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov holds the record for the longest continuous stay in space. Having gone into space in January 1994, the astronaut spent orbital station"Mir" is more than a year, namely 437 days and 18 hours.
A similar record, but already on board the ISS, was set quite recently by two people at once - Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko and NASA astronaut Scott Kelly - they spent 340 days in space.
A similar record for women belongs to the Italian Samantha Cristoforetti, who spent more than 199 days aboard the International Space Station in 2014-2015.
Valery Polyakov. NASA
The shortest space flight
Alan Shepard on May 5, 1961 became the first American to make a suborbital space flight. The flight of NASA's Freedom 7 spacecraft lasted only 15 minutes and 28 seconds, while the device reached an altitude of 186.5 kilometers.
Ten years later, in 1971, he was able to make up for such a short space mission by participating in NASA's Apollo 14 mission. During this flight, the 47-year-old astronaut set another record by becoming the oldest person to walk on the surface of the moon.
Alan Shepard. NASA
The farthest space flight
The record for the greatest distance from the Earth to which astronauts retired was set more than 40 years ago. In April 1970, the Apollo 13 manned spacecraft, carrying three NASA astronauts, drifted a record 401,056 kilometers from Earth as a result of several unplanned trajectory adjustments.
The crew of Apollo 13. Left to right: James Lovell, John Swigert, Fred Hayes. NASA
Longest stay in space
Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka holds the record for the longest total time spent in space - for five space flights, 878 days ran into the cosmonaut's piggy bank, that is, 2 years 4 months 3 weeks 5 days of his life Gennady Padalka spent in space.
For women, a similar record belongs to NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson - she spent a total of more than 376 days in space.
Gennady Padalka. NASA
The longest habitable spacecraft
This record belongs to the International Space Station, and it is increasing every day. This $100 billion orbital lab has been carrying people continuously since November 2, 2000.
This time plus two days (the first crew of the station launched from Earth on October 31, 2000) also constitutes another record - the longest period of uninterrupted human presence in space.
Longest stay on the moon
In December 1972, NASA Apollo 17 mission members Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan spent more than three days (nearly 75 hours) on the surface of the Moon. Three walks on the Moon took the astronauts a total of more than 22 hours. Note that this was last time when a man stepped on the moon and generally went beyond the limits of low Earth orbit.
Launch of Apollo 17. NASA
The largest number of space flights
This record belongs to two NASA astronauts at once - Franklin Chang-Diaz and Jerry Ross. Both astronauts have flown into space seven times aboard NASA space shuttles. Chang-Diaz flights were made in 1986-2002, Ross - between 1985 and 2002.
"Shuttle". NASA
Most spacewalks
Russian cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov, who flew into space five times in the 1980s and 1990s, has completed 16 spacewalks. In total, he spent 82 hours and 21 minutes outside the spacecraft, which is also a record.
Anatoly Solovyov. NASA
Longest spacewalk
The record for the longest single spacewalk belongs to Americans Jim Voss and Susan Helms. On March 11, 2001, they spent 8 hours and 56 minutes outside of Space Shuttle Discovery and the International Space Station, performing maintenance work and preparing the orbital laboratory for the arrival of the next module.
ISS-2 crew: Jim Voss, Yuri Usachev, Susan Helms. NASA
The largest number of people in space
The busiest time in Earth orbit was in July 2009, when NASA's Space Shuttle Endeavor docked at the International Space Station. The six members of the ISS mission were then joined by seven American astronauts from the shuttle. Thus, 13 people were in space at the same time. The record was repeated in April 2010.
"Endeavour". NASA
Most women in space
Four women in Earth orbit at the same time - this is the second record set in April 2010. Then NASA representative Tracy Caldwell Dyson, who arrived at the ISS on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, was joined by her colleagues Stephanie Wilson and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger and Japanese Naoko Yamazaki, who arrived to work in the orbital laboratory aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery as part of the mission STS-131.
