Unified State Examination SECTION: "PERSON"
1. Write down the word missing in the table.
Activity structure
Answer:__________.
2. Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts of the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.
1) the subject of activity; 2) the purpose of the activity; 3) structure of activity; 4) means of activity; 5) object of activity.
3. The following are human needs. All of them, with the exception of two, are social needs.
1) in labor activity; 2) in creation; 3) in creativity; 4) in mutual understanding; 5) in rest; 6) in food.
4. Select correct judgments about human activities and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The components of the structure of any activity are means, motives, emotions.
2. Cognitive activity, in contrast to communicative activity, involves the use of concepts and terms.
3. Culture is the result of human transformative activity.
4. Human activity, in contrast to the behavior of animals, is consciously purposeful.
5. Labor activity is leading throughout a person's life.
Answer:__________.
5. Choose the correct judgments about the self-esteem of the individual and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Self-esteem is the starting point of self-knowledge.
2. A person forms self-esteem by comparing himself with others.
3. Inflated self-esteem of a person is always the result of her real achievements.
4. People with low self-esteem make comparisons with others only when they are confident of success.
5. Low self-esteem promotes development leadership qualities.
Answer:__________.
6. Choose the correct judgments about human activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Human activity is creative and transformative.
2. Human activity is entirely determined conditioned reflexes.
3. In contrast to the behavior of animals, human activity is focused on meeting the needs that are in force at a given time.
4. Human activity is caused by social needs.
5. Human activity is of a volitional and conscious nature.
Answer:__________.
7. Choose the right judgments about needs.
1. A need is a need experienced by a person for what is necessary for life.
2. The need for self-realization, self-affirmation refers to ideal needs.
3. An example of a biological need is the need for knowledge of the surrounding world.
4. Need serves as an incentive for activity.
5. The need, as a rule, is directed to some object with the help of which it can be satisfied.
Answer:__________.
8. Since ancient times, the creations of folk craftsmen make beautiful everyday life, decorate household items - clothes, tools, kitchen utensils, fishing and hunting tools, furniture. Products made of birch bark, fur, wood, ceramics and other items of arts and crafts are the results of activities
1. spiritual and practical
2. socially transformative
3. creative
4. cognitive
5. predictive
6. customized
Answer:__________.
9. Select the correct judgments about the qualities of a person as a person and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The qualities of a person as a person are manifested primarily in the features of thinking and memory.
2. A person as a person is primarily characterized by the acquisition of social qualities.
3. A person as a person is primarily characterized by the course of mental processes.
4. The qualities of a person as a person are manifested primarily in his participation in the life of society.
5. A person as a personality is primarily characterized by inherited qualities.
Answer:__________.
10. Establish a correspondence between examples and types of human needs
| EXAMPLES | HUMAN NEEDS |
| 1) spiritual (ideal) |
|
| B) in communication |
|
| C) in acquiring new knowledge | 2) social |
| D) in public recognition | 3) biological (natural) |
| D) in the air for breathing |
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
| |
11. Choose the correct judgments about the activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Activity is related to the satisfaction of human needs, social group, society as a whole.
2. Creative activity is inherent in both man and animal.
3. As a result of labor activity, material and spiritual values are created.
4. The same type of activity can be called with different motives of people.
5. The structure of activity implies the existence of a goal and means to achieve it.
Answer:__________.
12. Choose the correct judgments about the person and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The spiritual (ideal) needs of a person traditionally include the need for air, nutrition, and maintaining normal heat exchange.
2. The natural (biological) needs of a person include the need for knowledge of the world, the achievement of harmony and beauty; religious faith, artistic creativity etc.
3. Activity is a specific way of human existence.
4. Needs - this is a person's experience of the need for what is necessary to maintain life and develop the personality.
5. Only a person is able to consciously transform the surrounding reality, create the benefits and values he needs.
Answer:__________.
13. Kirill is 17 years old. Find in the list of traits that characterize him as a person. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Cyril has blond hair and blue eyes.
2. Cyril's height is 180 cm.
3. Kirill helps his parents take care of his sick grandmother.
4. Cyril is involved in athletics.
5. Cyril is a kind and sympathetic person.
6. Kirill is a good student at school.
Answer:__________.
14. Galina is 16 years old. Find in the list below her traits (qualities) that have social character. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Galina has blond hair and brown eyes.
2. Galina is kind and helpful.
3. Galina is an outwardly attractive girl.
4. Galina's height is below average.
5. Galina is an honest person.
6. Galina is friends with many of her classmates.
Answer:__________.
15. Claudia is preparing for a trip to Spain. She studies Spanish, reads books about the history and culture of Spain, communicates with connoisseurs of Spanish art on Internet forums. She has already planned her travel itinerary and purchased a ticket. Find in the list below examples of means used by Claudius to achieve the goal, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. study Spanish
2. buying a tourist voucher
3.Internet communication
4. reading books about Spain
5. connoisseurs of Spanish art
6. trip to Spain
Answer:__________.
16. Choose the correct judgments about the ratio of freedom, necessity and responsibility in human activities and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The variety of choices limits the freedom in human activities.
2. One of the manifestations of the need for human activity is the objective laws of the development of nature.
3. The responsibility of a person increases in conditions of a limited choice of behavior strategies in certain situations.
4. Unlimited freedom is an unconditional blessing for a person and society.
5. The readiness of a person to evaluate his actions in terms of their consequences for others is one of the manifestations of a sense of responsibility.
Answer:__________.
17. Vasily goes to school and, in addition to studying, is fond of drawing, chess, and sports games. In other words, the field of his activity is wide. What are the components of the business structure? Select the required positions from the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
4. ability
5. results
Answer:__________.
18. Find the properties of a person that have a social nature:
ability to joint transformational activity;
desire for self-realization;
the ability to adapt to natural conditions;
stable views on the world and one's place in it;
need for water, food, rest;
self-preservation ability
Answer:__________.
19. Ivan completed a task on the topic: "Man as a result of biological and social evolution." He wrote out from the textbook the traits characteristic of a person. Which of them reflect the specifics of the social nature of man, in contrast to the animal? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
use of objects given by nature
goal-setting ability
care of offspring
adaptation to environmental conditions
desire to understand the world
communication through articulate speech
Answer:__________.
20. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of gaps.
"Characteristics, special abilities and the level of general giftedness affect one or another direction in the development of life _____ (A) and its viability, performance, ability to work. The rate of growth and maturation is influenced by lifestyle, ways of _____ (B) (playing, sports, educational), work and social behavior, the presence or absence of stress, the most important of which are _____ (C), etc. All these factors matter as the moments of formation of ______ (G) of the subject. The concept of "responsibility" is the most important internal _____ (D) of its activities. A sense of responsibility, duty is manifested in the conscious readiness of a person to follow the established ______ (E), to evaluate their actions in terms of their consequences for others.
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1. society
2. person
4. interpersonal relationships
5. activity
6. personality
7. regulator
9. sanctions
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Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
Socialization is a fairly broad process that includes both the acquisition of skills, abilities, knowledge, and the formation of values, ideals, norms and principles. social behavior.
The newborn has all the biological prerequisites to become a capable participant in social connections and interactions. But not a single social property is innate - social experience, values, a sense of conscience and honor, etc. are not genetically coded or transmitted. The realization of these prerequisites, their embodiment in certain social qualities, properties depend on the environment with which a person will interact.
The other side of the connection biological organism and the social environment, which is important for the process of socialization, concerns the stages of formation and development spiritual world personality, forms and timing of the development of social requirements, expectations. It's about, in particular, about the chronological coincidence of the optimal period for the assimilation of social values, norms of behavior with the biological development of the individual.
It should not be thought that the process of socialization is carried out only in childhood or adolescence. Certainly in early years the foundation for the spiritual development of the individual is created. However, for all its significance, this basis contains mainly an emotional and value component. Only when he enters adult independent life, participating in a variety of social connections, does a person actively form his commitments, realize specifically what to live for. The process of acquisition, development
a person of social properties, in fact, does not know age limits. are changing social roles that a person performs: the birth of a grandson, retirement, etc. require new features; each significant status-role shift in the life of a person brings something new to his spiritual appearance.
Socialization of adults is to some extent even more dramatic than socialization in adolescence, although it is most often not outwardly noticeable. In the spiritual development of older people, the role of independent analysis and evaluation of external social conditions and events is significantly increased.
In this case, the mass media most often cannot have a direct impact on the consciousness of the individual, this is hindered by fairly strong convictions, assessments of an already established personality.
The real spiritual life of the individual is the relationship between the external social world and the internal properties of the individual. The external world interacts with the unique life experience of the individual, giving rise to the unity of the typical and unique in it.
(A.G. Efendiev)
21. Expand two aspects of the relationship between biological and social in the process of socialization of the individual.
22. What characterizes socialization in adulthood? State two features of this process.
23. What institution of socialization is mentioned in the text? Based on social science knowledge, give another one and indicate any other (besides socialization) function of it.
25. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "activity"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of activities, and one sentence revealing the essence of one of the activities.
26. The concept of "personality" implies, first of all, those qualities that a person has formed in the process of life under the influence of communication with others. Concretize this "bookish" statement with three examples influence of the social environment on the individual. In each of the three cases, name the quality and indicate under the influence of what it was formed.
27. famous psychologist, giving a lecture to students about human abilities, he said that abilities cannot arise in isolation from specific activities. Explain this thesis of a psychologist. Suggest whether this thesis denies the role of natural inclinations in the development of human abilities. How modern scientists solve the question of the role of natural and social factors in the development of human abilities.
28. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Activity and thinking." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
ANSWERS
| 1. goal | 13. 3456 | |||
| 10. 32123 | ||||
| 11. 1345 | 15. 1234 | |||
| 20. 253678 |
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| 21. 1) the biological prerequisites for the formation of the social qualities of the individual are realized only in interaction with social environment; 2) the optimal terms for the assimilation of social values correlate with certain biological stages of personality development. |
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| 22. 1) socialization during this period of life proceeds more dramatically; 2) in adulthood, the role of independent analysis of events increases. |
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| 23. 1) the institute of socialization mentioned in the text is named: mass media; 2) another institution is given, for example, the family; 3) one more function is indicated, let's say household. |
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| 24. 1) without the assimilation of social norms, values, the experience accumulated by mankind, an individual cannot become a person; 2) social experience is not simply perceived by a person, but "melted" in accordance with the individual characteristics of the individual into one's own beliefs, orientations; 3) the adoption of social values is combined in the individual with a focus on transforming society, creative potential personality is inextricably linked with its individual characteristics. |
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| 25. 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “human activity aimed at satisfying needs and regulated by a conscious goal”; 2) one sentence with information about the types of activities based on the knowledge of the course, for example: “There are many classifications of human activity, including the allocation of three of its leading types: work, study, play”; 3) one sentence, revealing the essence of one of the activities, for example: "Teaching is aimed at mastering knowledge, acquiring skills and abilities." |
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| 26. 1. neatness - teacher primary school teaches the child to write neatly and beautifully; 2. responsibility - parents, leaving the older brother to look after the younger one, form his responsibility for decisions made and perfect deeds 3. purposefulness - an example of a businessman who achieved success due to his personal qualities and education, inspired a high school student to successfully pass his final exams and enter a prestigious university. |
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| 27. 1. Already from the definition of the concept of "abilities" it is clear that they cannot arise in isolation from a specific activity, because ability is individual characteristics individuals who help her to successfully engage in certain activities. 2. No, he doesn't. 3. Both natural and social factors are equally important for the development of human abilities, since having any abilities from birth, a person can develop them only under certain social conditions. |
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| 28. 1. Activity as a way of life of a person and society. 2. Structure of activity: a) the subject; b) object; d) motives; e) actions; f) result. 3. Activities: a) play, communication, teaching, work; b) material (material and production, social and transformational); c) spiritual (cognitive, value-oriented, prognostic). 4. Thinking as a process of cognitive activity. 5. Thinking is the basis of rational knowledge. 6. Types of thinking: a) verbal-logical; b) visual-figurative; c) visual and effective |
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8. Needs and interests. Bogbaz10, §5, 46-48; Bogprof10, §17, 171 – 174.
8.1. Motives.
8.2 . Needs .
8.2.1. What is a need ?
8.2.2. Classification of needs .
8.2.3. Imaginary Needs .
8.3. Interests.
8.4. unconscious drives .
8.1 . motives.
What is a motive?
motive(from lat. moveo - I move) - 1) a motive, a reason for some action; 2) a material or ideal object, the achievement of which is the meaning of activity.
motive- one of the concepts that describe the scope of the subject's motivation for activity - along with needs, interests, attitudes, ideals, beliefs, drives, emotions, instincts.
8.2 . Needs.
8.2.1. What is a need?
Need - this is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality.
The need is usually directed to some object.
8.2.2. Classification of needs .
Version #1:
1) biologicalneeds (experiencing the need for breathing, nutrition, water, normal heat exchange, movement, self-preservation, the preservation of the family and other needs associated with the biological organization of a person);
2) socialneeds (the need of the individual in diverse relationships with other people, in self-realization, self-affirmation, public recognition of its merits);
3) idealneeds (knowledge of the surrounding world as a whole and in its particulars, awareness of one's place in this world, search for the meaning of one's existence).
Needs are unsatisfied - needs, the desire to satisfy which has no clearly defined limit (for example, the need for knowledge).
Among social needs, the needs “for oneself” (defending one’s rights) and “for others” (the need to fulfill one’s duties) are distinguished. Basically biological needs in humans, unlike animals, become social.
Version #2.
American psychologist AbrahamMaslow(1908 - 1970) identified the following basic needs:
1) physiological;
2) existential;
3) social;
4) prestigious;
5) spiritual + 6) cognitive and 7) aesthetic.
The first two types of needs are primary (congenital), and the next three secondary (acquired). The needs of each subsequent level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.
Abraham Maslow"The Theory of Human Motivation" (1943):
1) Physiological Needs .
“It is unlikely that anyone will undertake to dispute the fact that physiological needs are the most urgent, the most powerful of all needs ... In practice, this means that a person living in extreme need, a person deprived of all the joys of life, will be driven, first of all, physiological needs. If a person has nothing to eat and if at the same time he lacks love and respect, then nevertheless, first of all, he will strive to satisfy his physical hunger, and not emotional ...
But what happens to his desires when he has plenty of bread, when he is full, when his stomach does not require food?
What happens is that a person immediately discovers other (higher) needs, and already these needs take possession of his consciousness, taking the place of physical hunger. As soon as he satisfies these needs, their place is immediately occupied by new (even higher) needs, and so on ad infinitum. This is what I mean when I say that human needs are organized hierarchically.”
2) The Need for Security .
“After satisfying the physiological needs, their place in the motivational life of the individual is occupied by the needs of another level, which in the most general form can be combined into the category of security (the need for security; for stability; for dependence; for protection; for freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos; the need in structure, order, law, restrictions)…
Contrary to the popular belief that the child strives for unlimited freedom, permissiveness, child psychologists, teachers and psychotherapists constantly discover that certain limits, certain restrictions are internally necessary for the child, that he needs them ...
It seems to me that the craving for security to some extent also explains the exclusively human need for religion, for worldview, the human desire to explain the principles of the universe and determine one's place in the universe ... ".
3) The need for belonging and love .
“After the needs of the physiological level and the needs of the security level are sufficiently satisfied, the need for love, affection, belonging is actualized, and the motivational spiral begins a new round. A person, as never before, acutely begins to feel the lack of friends, the absence of a loved one, a wife or children. He longs for warm, friendly relations, he needs a social group that would provide him with such relationships, a family that would accept him as his own. It is this goal that becomes the most significant and most important for a person ... Now he is tormented by a feeling of loneliness, painfully experiencing his rejection, looking for his roots, soul mate, friend ... ".
4) Need for recognition .
“Every person ... constantly needs recognition, a stable and, as a rule, high assessment of his own merits, each of us needs both the respect of the people around us and the opportunity to respect ourselves. The needs of this level are divided into two classes. The first includes desires and aspirations associated with the concept of "achievement". A person needs a sense of his own power, adequacy, competence, he needs a sense of confidence, independence and freedom. In the second class of needs, we include the need for reputation or prestige (we define these concepts as respect for others), the need to gain status, attention, recognition, fame ... ".
5) The need for self-actualization .
“A person must be what he can be. Man feels that he must conform to his own nature. This need can be called the need for self-actualization...
Speaking of self-actualization, I mean the desire of a person for self-embodiment, for the actualization of the potentialities inherent in him...
It is obvious that different people this need is expressed in different ways. One person wants to become an ideal parent, another strives to achieve sports heights, the third tries to create or invent ... ".
6) Need for knowledge and understanding .
“... The history of mankind knows many examples of a selfless striving for truth, which encounters a misunderstanding of others, attacks, and even a real threat to life. God knows how many people have repeated the fate of Galileo.
All psychologically healthy people are united by one common feature: they are all attracted towards chaos, towards the mysterious, unknown, unexplained. It is these characteristics that constitute the essence of attractiveness for them; any area, any phenomenon that possesses them is of interest to these people. And vice versa - everything known, sorted out, interpreted makes them bored ...
The need to know and understand is already evident in late infancy. In a child, it is expressed, perhaps, even more clearly than in an adult. Children don't need to be taught to be curious. Children can be weaned from curiosity, and it seems to me that this tragedy is unfolding in our kindergartens and schools ...
Meanwhile, the real happiness of a person is associated precisely with these moments of participation in the highest truth. I dare to say that it is these bright, emotionally rich moments that only have the right to be called the best moments of human life.
7) aesthetic needs .
“... people deprived of aesthetic pleasures, surrounded by ugly things and people, literally fall ill, and this disease is very specific. Beauty is the best cure for it. Such people look exhausted, and only beauty can cure their infirmity. Aesthetic needs are found in almost any healthy child. One or another evidence of their existence can be found in any culture, at any stage of human development, starting with primitive man.
8.2.3 . Are there false needs?
False, imaginary needs- needs, the satisfaction of which leads to the physical and spiritual degradation of the individual, damages nature and society.
Herbert Marcuse. "One Dimensional Man" (1964):
How to distinguish false needs from true ones ?
“The right to a final answer in the question of which needs are true and which are false belongs to the individuals themselves - but only to the final one, i.e. in such a case and when they are free enough to give their own answer. As long as they are deprived of autonomy, as long as their consciousness is an object of suggestion and manipulation (down to deepest needs), their answer cannot be considered as belonging to them.
What is the source of false needs ?
Alienation- according to Marx - the process of turning people's activities and their results into an independent force that dominates them and is hostile to them.
Erich Fromm:
“By alienation, I mean this type of life experience when a person becomes a stranger to himself. He seems to be “detachable”, separated from himself. He ceases to be the center of his own world, the master of his actions; on the contrary, these actions and their consequences subordinate him to themselves, he obeys them and sometimes even turns them into a kind of cult.
In today's society, this alienation is becoming almost all-encompassing. It permeates the attitude of a person to his work, to the objects that he uses, extends to the state, to the people around him, to himself. Modern man has created a whole world of hitherto unseen things with his own hands. In order to control the mechanism of the technology he created, he built the most complex social mechanism. But it turned out that this creation of his now stands over him and suppresses him. He no longer feels like a creator and master, but only a servant of the golem fashioned by him. And the more powerful and grandiose the forces unleashed by him, the weaker the creature he feels himself - a man. He is confronted by his own forces, embodied in the things he created, forces now alienated from him. He fell under the power of his creation and no longer has power over himself. He created an idol for himself - a golden calf - and says: "Here are your gods that brought you out of Egypt."
Golem- in Jewish folklore legends, a clay giant animated by magical means, who obediently performs the work entrusted to him, but can get out of control of his creator and destroy him.
The main reasons for alienation : 1) total distribution of private property; 2) robotization and computerization of production; 3) the omnipotence of the bureaucracy; 4) social inequality and exploitation; 5) absolutization of the spiritual forces of man.
8.3 . Interests.
The interests of people are based on their needs, but are directed not so much to the objects of needs, but to those social conditions that make these objects more or less accessible. Interests depend on the position in society of certain groups of the population. Interests are divided intoeconomic, social, political, spiritual .
Interest(from lat. interest - matters, important) - 1) in sociology - the real cause of social actions, underlying immediate motives - motives, ideas, etc. -individuals participating in them, social groups; 2) in psychology - the attitude of a person to an object as to something valuable, attractive for her.
8.4. attraction.
attraction- an instinctive desire that prompts the individual to act in the direction of satisfying this desire. A mental state that expresses conscious need subject - already having emotional coloring, but not yet associated with the promotion of conscious goals.
Attraction is one of the central concepts of psychoanalysis. In classical psychoanalysis, attraction is characterized by four aspects: source, purpose, object, and power (energy).
From the beginning of the 20s. Freud shared :
1) attraction to life - life-affirming; their goal is the preservation and development of life in all its aspects; this includes the sexual drives and the drive for self-preservation;
2) attraction to death, aggression, destruction; they are understood as inherent in the individual, usually unconscious, tendencies to self-destruction and return to an inorganic state.
Freud believed that Eros is opposed by Thanatos (the death instinct, the drive to death, the instinct and drive to aggression and destruction) and that the struggle of these forces is the active, fundamental and determining basis of human life and mental activity. The struggle between Eros and Thanatos goes on with varying success, but its outcome, predetermined by the nature of things, can only be one - in the end, Thanatos wins.
ThanatosIn Greek mythology, God is the personification of death.
A need is a conscious experience by a person of the need for what is necessary to maintain the life of his organism and the development of his personality.
A need is an objective need of a person for something.
Needs - the initial form of activity of the individual, the state of need for something that is necessary for its normal functioning.
The need (the motivator of action) can be conscious and unconscious. When it is conscious, a person has an impulse to activity.
Classification of needs:
a) by subjects (carriers of needs):
Individual
Group
Collective
b) by object (i.e. the subject to which they are directed): - physiological - necessary to maintain the vital activity of the organism; - material - to create the necessary conditions for existence; - social - for successful interaction with members of society; - spiritual - for self-development and self-affirmation.
Physiological: food, water, air, climatic conditions etc.
Material: housing, clothing, vehicles, tools of production, etc.
social: communication, social activity, public recognition, etc.
Spiritual: knowledge, creative activity, creation of beauty, scientific discoveries etc.
c) by areas of activity:
Communication
Recreation (recovery of working capacity: rest, treatment, etc.)
Ability to meet human needs:
Limited by available natural resources
Should not be contrary to the moral standards of society
Must be reasonable and real
See Maslow's pyramid
More on the topic 1. Human needs.:
- 14. Motive as an object responsible for human needs
- 44. SOCIAL NEEDS THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN NEEDS
- 7.2. BUYER DEMAND AND BUYER NEEDS 7.2.1. Formation of need as a stage of customer behavior
- 45. Basic elements of human life. The importance of the regime of work and rest for the harmonious development of a person, his spiritual and physical qualities.
Human needs can be divided into three groups:
- Biological Needs: experiencing the need for food, water, movement, normal heat exchange, self-preservation, preservation of the family, etc.
- Social needs: in self-realization, self-affirmation, public recognition of the merits of the individual, etc.
- Ideal Needs: knowledge of the world, society and oneself.
Biological, social and ideal needs are closely interrelated. Basically biological needs in humans, unlike animals, become social (for example, on a hot day, no one will satisfy the need for water from a puddle on the road). For most people, social needs dominate the ideal. The need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, to occupy a worthy position in society. In some cases, it is generally difficult to separate the biological from the social, ideal (the need for communication).
Reduced classification not the only one in the scientific literature. There are many others. One of them was developed by an American psychologist A.Maslow. He identified the following basic needs:
─ physiological: in reproduction, food, breathing, clothing, housing, physical movements, rest, etc.
─ existential(from Lat. existence): in the security of one's existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions, in the guarantee of employment, confidence in the future, etc.
─ social: in social ties, communication, affection, caring for others and attention to oneself, participating in joint activities with others;
─ prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, success and highly appreciated, career growth;
─ spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression.
According to Maslow's theory, the first two types of needs are primary (innate), and the next three are secondary (acquired). The needs of each subsequent level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.
Along with needs, the most important motive for activity is social attitudes- the general orientation of a person to a certain social object, expressing a predisposition to act in a certain way with respect to this object. Such an object, for example, can be a family.
An important role in the motives of activity is played by beliefs - stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through their actions and deeds.
In the formation of motives for activity, a special role is played by interests (from lat. to matter, important). The interests of people consist in the preservation or transformation of those conditions (orders, norms of relationships, etc.) on which the distribution of benefits depends. Interests are determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society. They are more or less recognized by people and are the most important incentives for various activities.
A variety of interests interact in society: individual, group, interests of the whole society as a whole. By orientation, interests are divided into economic, social, political, spiritual.
With the interests of people are closely related to the ideals. The social ideal is an image of a perfect society, which reflects the interests and aspirations of a certain social group, its idea of higher justice and the best social order.
Needs, interests, ideals are realized by people, i.e. characterize conscious activity. However, the unconscious also manifests itself in activity, which means mental life that takes place without the participation of consciousness.
The unconscious is the states caused by influences in which a person is not aware of. In modern psychology, a point of view has arisen, according to which the unconscious is a creative principle, the main source of motives and experiences of people (K. Jung).
Human activity can be influenced by drives, i.e. mental states expressing an unconscious or insufficiently realized need. Some tendencies are destructive, others constructive.
4. Activities:
There are classifications of activities according to different criteria.
1) By direction human activity can be divided into spiritual and practical. spiritual activity is aimed either at transforming oneself, acquiring new knowledge, values, experience, understanding one's behavior, or at changing the consciousness of other people. Spiritual activities include:
─ cognitive activity (reflection of reality in the artistic, scientific and form of religious teachings),
─ value-oriented(positive or negative attitude of people to the phenomena of the surrounding world, the formation of their worldview),
─ predictive(planning or anticipation possible changes reality).
Practical activities directed at nature and material objects; its goal is to change the material conditions of human existence in society. Practical activities include:
─ material and production(transformation of nature)
─ with socially transformative activity (transformation of society).
In fact, most often in human activity, one can single out both the spiritual and practical sides, they exist in unity, but at certain moments one of the sides can dominate.
2) In the variety of activities, one can single out creative and destructive activities. With this approach, as the main criterion for the allocation of activities are considered results activities.
NEEDS AND INTERESTS
Psychologists study the experiences of a person that prompt him to act. Such experiences of a person are called motive. The word "motive" is of French origin and literally means "an incentive, a reason for any action." In psychology, a motive is understood as that which induces a person's activity, for the sake of which it is performed. Needs, social attitudes, beliefs, interests, inclinations and emotions, ideals of people can act as motives.
Human needs are manifested in the motives of activity. A need is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality.
The need is usually directed to some object. For example, hunger is the need for food, the object of need is food. The inability to cope with any task gives rise to the need for knowledge that is necessary to solve it. Knowledge is the subject of need in this case.
Human needs can be divided into three groups:
1. biological needs(experiencing the need for breathing, nutrition, water, normal heat exchange, movement, self-preservation, the preservation of the family and other needs associated with the biological organization of man, his belonging to nature).
2. Social needs, generated by society. They embody the need of the individual, for example, in diverse relationships with other people, in self-realization, self-affirmation, public recognition of its merits.
3. Ideal Needs: to know the surrounding world as a whole and in its particulars, to realize one's place in it, the meaning and purpose of one's existence. The need for knowledge was noted in antiquity. The philosopher Aristotle wrote: "All people by nature strive for knowledge." Many people devote their leisure time to reading, visiting museums, concert halls and theaters. For some people, the ideal needs come down to entertainment. But even in this case, they are diverse: someone is fond of cinema, someone is dancing, and someone is football.
Biological, social and ideal needs are interconnected. Basically biological needs in humans, unlike animals, become social. Indeed, on hot days, many people are thirsty, but no one (unless he is in extreme situation) will not drink from a puddle on the road. A person chooses a drink that quenches his thirst and takes care that the vessel from which he drinks is clean. And eating for a person becomes a need, the satisfaction of which has many social facets: the culinary subtleties, the decor, the table setting, the quality of the dishes, the design of the dish, and the pleasant company that shares his meal are important.
For most people, social needs dominate the ideal. The need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, to occupy a worthy position in society.
In some cases it is generally difficult to separate the biological, the social, the ideal. An example is the need for communication.
This classification of needs is not the only one in the scientific literature. There are many others. One of them was developed by the American psychologist A. Maslow. He identified the following basic needs:
physiological: in the reproduction of the genus, food, breathing, clothing, housing, physical movements, rest, etc .;
existential(from a Latin word meaning literally “existence”): in the security of one’s existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions, employment security, accident insurance, confidence in the future, etc .;
social: in social ties, communication, affection, caring for others and attention to oneself, participating in joint activities with others;
prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, career growth;
spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression.
According to Maslow's theory, the first two types of needs are primary (innate), and the next three are secondary (acquired). The needs of each subsequent level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.
Along with needs, the most important motive for activity is social settings. They mean the general orientation of a person to a certain social object, expressing a predisposition to act in a certain way with respect to this object. Such an object can be, for example, a family.
Depending on the evaluation of the value family life, its usefulness for himself, the individual may be predisposed to creating a family, maintaining it, or, on the contrary, not disposed to create and protect family ties. His actions, his behavior depend on it.
An important role in the motives of activity is played by beliefs - stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through their actions and deeds.
In the formation of motives for activity, a special role is played by interests. This word is also of Latin origin, meaning literally "to matter, important." The interests of people are based on their needs, but are directed not so much to the objects of needs, but to those social conditions that make these objects more or less accessible, primarily material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs. The interests of people consist in the preservation or transformation of those conditions (institutions, orders, norms of relationships, etc.) on which the distribution of benefits depends. These interests depend on the position in society of certain groups of the population. Each person belongs to several social groups. For example, a young person belongs to a group of young people who have their own interests that are different from other groups (to get an education, a profession, to have material conditions for starting a family, etc.). He also belongs to some ethnic group and has common interests with other members of this group (the possibility of developing a national culture, language). Being a member of other groups, a person has corresponding social interests. This means that interests are determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society. They are more or less recognized by people and are the most important incentives for various activities. A variety of interests interact in society: individual, group, interests of society as a whole. By orientation, interests are divided into economic, social, political, spiritual. They find a generalized expression of the actual needs of people.
Their ideals are connected with the interests of people. social ideal - this is an image of a perfect society, which reflects the interests and aspirations of a certain social group, its idea of higher justice and the best social order. BUT moral ideal - this is an idea of an exemplary person worthy of imitation, the features of his personality, behavior and relationships with people. The moral ideal, as a rule, is closely connected with the social ideal.
