Modern teachers and psychologists. Famous Russian psychologists. Robert Chaldini. The psychology of persuasion

Open any newspaper or magazine and you will find the terms proposed by Sigmund Freud. Sublimation, projection, transference, defenses, complexes, neuroses, hysterias, stresses, psychological traumas and crises, etc. - all these words have firmly entered our lives. And the books of Freud and other prominent psychologists also firmly entered it. We offer you a list of the best - those that have changed our reality

17 best books by great psychologists

Open any newspaper or magazine and you will find the terms proposed by Sigmund Freud. Sublimation, projection, transference, defenses, complexes, neuroses, hysterias, stresses, psychological traumas and crises, etc. - all these words have firmly entered our lives. And the books of Freud and other prominent psychologists also firmly entered it.

We offer you a list of the best - those that have changed our reality.

Eric Bern. Games People Play.

Bern believes that every person's life is programmed up to the age of five, and then we all play games with each other using three roles: Adult, Parent and Child.

Edward de Bono. Six Thinking Hats

Edward de Bono, a British psychologist, developed a method for teaching effective thinking. The six hats are six different ways of thinking. De Bono suggests "trying on" each headgear to learn how to think in different ways depending on the situation.

The red hat is emotions, the black hat is criticism, the yellow hat is optimism, the green hat is creativity, the blue one is thought control, and the white one is facts and figures.

Alfred Adler. Understand human nature

Alfred Adler is one of the most famous students of Sigmund Freud. He created his own concept of individual (or individual) psychology. Adler wrote that a person's actions are influenced not only by the past (as Freud taught), but also by the future, or rather the goal that a person wants to achieve in the future. And based on this goal, he transforms his past and present.

In other words, only knowing the goal, we can understand why a person acted this way and not otherwise. Take, for example, the image with the theater: only by the last act do we understand the actions of the characters that they performed in the first act.

Norman Doidge. Brain plasticity

MD, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Norman Doidge devoted his research to brain plasticity. In his main work, he makes a revolutionary statement: our brain is able to change its own structure and work due to the thoughts and actions of a person. Doidge talks about latest discoveries, proving that the human brain is plastic, which means it can change itself.

The book features stories of scientists, doctors, and patients who have achieved amazing transformations. Those who had serious problems managed to cure brain diseases that were considered incurable without surgery and pills. Well, those who did not have any special problems were able to significantly improve the functioning of their brain.

Susan Weinshenk "Laws of Influence"

Susan Weinshenk is a well-known American psychologist specializing in behavioral psychology. She is called "The Brain Lady" as she studies the latest advances in neuroscience and the human brain and applies her knowledge to business and Everyday life.

Susan talks about the basic laws of the psyche. In her bestselling book, she identifies 7 main motivators of human behavior that affect our lives.

Eric Erickson. Childhood and society

Erik Erikson is an outstanding psychologist who detailed and supplemented the famous age periodization of Sigmund Freud. The periodization of human life proposed by Erickson consists of 8 stages, each of which ends with a crisis. This crisis a person must go through correctly. If it does not pass, then it (the crisis) is added to the load in the next period.

Robert Chaldini. The psychology of persuasion

The famous book of the famous American psychologist Robert Cialdini. She became a classic social psychology. "Psychology of Persuasion" is recommended by the best scientists of the world as a guide to interpersonal relationships and conflictology.

Hans Eysenck. Personality measurements

Hans Eysenck - British psychologist, one of the leaders of the biological direction in psychology, creator factor theory personality. He is best known as the author of the popular IQ test.

Daniel Goleman. Emotional Leadership

Psychologist Daniel Goleman completely changed the way we think about leadership when he said that for a leader, “emotional intelligence” (EQ) is more important than IQ.

Emotional intelligence (EQ) is the ability to identify and understand emotions, both one's own and those of others, and the ability to use this knowledge to manage one's behavior and relationships with people. Leader without emotional intelligence, may have first-class training, have a sharp mind and endlessly generate new ideas, but he will still lose to a leader who knows how to manage emotions.

Malcolm Gladwell. Insight: The Power of Instant Decisions

The famous sociologist Malcolm Gladwell presented a number of interesting studies on intuition. He is sure that each of us has intuition, and it is worth listening to it. Our unconscious, without our participation, processes huge amounts of data and gives out the most correct solution on a silver platter, which we just have to not miss and use properly for ourselves.

However, intuition is easily frightened by the lack of time to make a decision, the state of stress, as well as the attempt to describe in words your thoughts and actions.

Viktor Frankl. Will to Meaning

Viktor Frankl is a world-famous Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist, student of Alfred Adler and founder of logotherapy. Logotherapy (from the Greek "Logos" - the word and "terapia" - care, care, treatment) is a direction in psychotherapy that arose on the basis of the conclusions that Frankl made while being a concentration camp prisoner.

This is a therapy for finding meaning, this is the way that helps a person find meaning in any circumstances of his life, including such extreme ones as suffering. And here it is very important to understand the following: in order to find this meaning, Frankl proposes to explore not the depths of the personality (as Freud believed), but its heights.

That's a very big difference in accent. Before Frankl, psychologists mainly tried to help people by exploring the depths of their subconscious, and Frankl insists on the full disclosure of a person's potential, on exploring his heights. Thus, he places emphasis, figuratively speaking, on the spire of the building (height), and not on its basement (depths).

Sigmund Freud. Dream interpretation

Sigmund Freud needs no introduction. Let us say only a few words about his main conclusions. The founder of psychoanalysis believed that nothing happens just like that, you always have to look for the cause. And the reason psychological problems lies in the unconscious.

He came up with a new method that introduces into the unconscious, and therefore studies it - this is the method of free associations. Freud was sure that everyone lived in the Oedipus complex (for men) or the Electra complex (for women). The formation of personality occurs precisely during this period - from 3 to 5 years.

Anna Freud. Psychology Self and defense mechanisms

Anna Freud is the youngest daughter of the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. She founded a new direction in psychology - ego psychology. Her main scientific merit is the development of the theory of human defense mechanisms.

Anna also made significant progress in studying the nature of aggression, but still her most significant contribution to psychology was the creation of child psychology and child psychoanalysis.

Nancy McWilliams. Psychoanalytic diagnostics

This book is the bible of modern psychoanalysis. American psychoanalyst Nancy McWilliams writes that we are all irrational to some extent, which means that for each person it is necessary to answer two basic questions: “How crazy?” and “What exactly is psycho?”

The first question can be answered by three levels of the work of the psyche, and the second - by the types of character (narcissistic, schizoid, depressive, paranoid, hysterical, etc.), studied in detail by Nancy McWilliams and described in the book Psychoanalytic Diagnostics.

Carl Jung. Archetype and symbol

Carl Jung is the second famous student of Sigmund Freud (we have already talked about Alfred Adler). Jung believed that the unconscious is not only the lowest in a person, but also the highest, for example, creativity. The unconscious thinks in symbols.

Jung introduces the concept of the collective unconscious, with which a person is born, it is the same for everyone. When a person is born, he is already filled with ancient images, archetypes. They pass from generation to generation. Archetypes affect everything that happens to a person.

Abraham Maslow. The far reaches of the human psyche

Abraham Maslow is a world famous psychologist whose pyramid of needs is known to everyone. But Maslow is famous for more than that. He was the first to describe a mentally healthy person. Psychiatrists, psychotherapists, as a rule, deal with mental disorders. This area is fairly well explored. But few have studied mental health. What does it mean to be a healthy person? Where is the line between pathology and normality?

Martin Seligman. How to learn optimism

Martin Seligman is an outstanding American psychologist, the founder of positive psychology. He became world famous for his studies of the phenomenon of learned helplessness, that is, passivity in the face of allegedly irremovable troubles.

Seligman proved that the basis of helplessness and its extreme manifestation - depression - is pessimism. The psychologist introduces us to two of his main concepts: the theory of learned helplessness and the concept of explanatory style. They are closely related. The first explains why we become pessimists, and the second explains how to change the way we think from a pessimist to an optimist. published .

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P.S. And remember, just by changing your consciousness - together we change the world! © econet

Head of scientific and methodological work, head of the rehabilitation program, head of the department of psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation, coordinator of the direction of somatosensory therapy, psychologist of the Center for Rehabilitation of Disabled Children "Nash Sunny World". Assistant to the Rector of the Moscow State Psychological and Pedagogical University for professional assistance to children with autism spectrum disorders. Senior Research Fellow, Institute for Inclusive Education Problems, MSUPE.

Member of the board International Association"Autism Europe" (Autism Europe's Council of Administration). Member of the Expert Council of the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation on issues of comprehensive support for children with autism spectrum disorders. Expert of the Council under the Government of the Russian Federation on issues of guardianship in social sphere. Member of the Coordinating Council for children with disabilities and other persons with disabilities in Public Chamber RF. Member of the interdepartmental working group on the organization of the early intervention system for children with handicapped health, disability and support for their families and an interdepartmental working group on issues of comprehensive medical, social, psychological and pedagogical assistance to people with autism spectrum disorders under the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation. Member of the working group on inclusive education at the Moscow Department of Education. Member of the working group on the organization of medical support for young people with disabilities and children with disabilities under the Moscow Department of Health. Member of the Public Council for Young Disabled Persons under the Department of Social Protection of the Population of Moscow. Member of the working group on the involvement of persons with disabilities in the cultural life of the city of Moscow under the Department of Culture of Moscow.

Member of the Council on Disabled Children of the All-Russian Society of the Disabled (VOI). Member of the Council of the All-Russian Organization of Parents of Disabled Children over 18 with Mental and Other Disabilities Needing Representation of Their Interests (VORDI). Member of the board of the National Federation of Remedial Riding and Wheelchair Equestrian Sports. Member of the Council of the Moscow City Association of Parents of Disabled Children. Head of the direction "Social rehabilitation and interaction with parents public organizations» Moscow Association of Specialists of the Early Intervention Service for the Prevention of Childhood Disability. Member of the working group "Social Justice" of the Moscow branch of the All-Russian popular front. Member of the International Expert Council on Autism Problems of the MIA "Russia Today".

Even though each of the psychological theorists presented here is likely to have been guided by the ideas of a certain dominant school, they all made individual invaluable contributions to the development of .
The magazine was published in July 2002 Review of General Psychology, in which the ranking of the 99 most influential psychologists was presented. The ranking was based on three main factors: frequency of citations in journals, frequency of citations in the introduction of textbooks, and the results of a survey of 1,725 ​​members of the American Psychological Association.

10 Influential Psychological Thinkers

The list below shows 10 psychologists who, according to the results of the survey, are considered the most influential. These people are the most famous psychologist-thinkers who played an important role in the history of psychology and expanded the understanding of human behavior through their work. This list is not an attempt to determine who was the most influential or which school of thought was the best. The list gives an idea of ​​certain theoretical views that have influenced not only psychology but our culture as a whole.

1. B. F. Skinner

In a 2002 study of the 99 most prominent psychologists of the 20th century, B.F. Skinner topped the list. Skinner's enduring behaviorism made him the dominant personality in psychology, and therapies based on his theories are widely used today, including in areas such as economics.

2.

When people think of psychology they think of the name Freud. In his work, he adhered to the belief that not all mental illnesses have physiological causes. Freud also offered evidence that people's psychology and behavior are influenced by their cultural differences. The work and writings of Sigmund Freud contributed to a deeper understanding of the personality, the development of clinical psychology, human potential and pathopsychology.

3. Albert Bandura

Bandura's work is part of a cognitive revolution in psychology that began in the late 1960s. He emphasized the importance of social learning theory through observation, imitation and modeling. "Learning would be extremely laborious, if not dangerous, if people were to rely solely on the result of their own actions." In his book Theory social learning”, 1977, the author systematically sets out reasonable assumptions that human behavior is regulated by complex interactions of external and internal factors: social processes have just as much influence on behavior as cognitive ones.

4.

The works of Jean Piaget affect the understanding of children's intellectual development in the field of psychology. Jean Piaget's research helped develop developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, genetic epistemology and the emergence of reforms in education. Albert Einstein once called Piaget's observations of children's intellectual development and thought processes by a discovery "so simple that only a genius could think of it."

5. Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of the influence of human potential on psychology and education. Carl Rogers became one of the most important humanistic thinkers, known for the eponymous direction in therapy "Rogers therapy", which he himself called person-centered psychotherapy. As his daughter Natalie Rogers describes, he was "an example of compassion and democratic ideals in life and in work as an educator, writer and therapist."

6. William James

Psychologist and philosopher William James is often referred to as the father of American psychology. His 1200-page book Principles of Psychology has become a classic. His teachings and writings helped the development of psychology as a science. In addition, James contributed to the development of functionalism, pragmatism and served as an example for many students of psychology during his 35-year teaching career.

Theory age development Erica Erickson has been instrumental in creating a lively interest in the study of human potential development. As a follower of ego psychology, Erickson extended psychoanalytic theory by exploring personality development: events in early childhood, adulthood, and old age.

8. Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov - Russian physiologist, research conditioned reflexes which helped the formation and development of such a direction as behaviorism in psychology. Experimental Methods Pavlova helped scientists move away from introspection and subjective assessments and move towards an objective measurement of behavior in psychology.

Lewin has been called the father of modern social psychology due to his pioneering work in which he used scientific methods and experiments to study social behavior. Lewin was a constructive theorist who, through his sustained impact on psychology, became one of the pre-eminent psychologists of the 20th century.

10. Readers' Choice

Eugene Garfield (in 1977) and Haggbloom (in 2002), when publishing their rating lists, left the last item of the list empty in order to allow the reader to independently choose the psychologist who, in the reader's opinion, should be included in this list.

Interest in the science of the soul, that is how the word "psychology" is translated, has arisen in mankind many centuries ago. And so far it has not faded away, but on the contrary, it flares up with renewed vigor. At the same time, for a long time, famous psychologists have repeatedly changed, developed and supplemented the scientific idea of inner world person. For many centuries they have written great amount monographs, articles, books on the specified topic. And of course, famous psychologists, exploring the nuances and subtleties of the science of the soul, made in it incredible discoveries who have a huge practical value and in today's days. Such names as Freud, Maslow, Vygotsky, Ovcharenko are known all over the world. These famous psychologists became true innovators in the field under study. For them, the science of the soul was an integral part of their lives. Who are they and why scientific achievements famous? Let's consider this question in more detail.

Sigmund Freud

For many, the most famous psychologist is he. His revolutionary theory is known to almost everyone.

Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 in the Austro-Hungarian town of Freiberg. This man became a real expert in the field of neurology. His main merit lies in the fact that he developed the doctrine that formed the basis of the psychoanalytic school. It was the famous psychologist Freud who put forward the idea that the cause of any pathology nervous system is a complex of conscious and unconscious processes that noticeably influence each other. It was a real breakthrough in science.

Abraham Harold Maslow

The category "Famous psychologists", undoubtedly, cannot be imagined without this talented scientist. He was born in 1908 in American New York. Abraham Maslow created the theory In his monographs you can find such a thing as "Maslow's Pyramid". It is represented by special diagrams that represent elementary human needs. AT economics This pyramid has found the widest application.

Melanie Klein

In the category "Famous child psychologist" her person is far from the last place. Melanie Klein was born in 1882 in the Austrian capital. She always recalled with nostalgia her childhood years, which were filled with happiness and joy. Melanie's interest in the science of the soul woke up after she twice experienced psychoanalysis.

Subsequently, Klein would write valuable scientific monographs on aspects of child psychoanalysis. And despite the fact that Melanie's theory will go against the Freudian doctrine of child analysis, she will be able to prove that a simple child's game can reveal many secrets of the child's psyche.

Viktor Emil Frankl

The famous psychologists of the world are also a scientist named Frankl. He was born in 1905 in the capital of Austria. He became famous for his unique discoveries in the field of not only psychology, but also philosophy. Thanks to Frank's efforts, the Third Vienna School of Psychotherapy was launched. He is the author of the monograph Man's Search for Meaning. And it is this treatise underpinned the transformation innovative method psychotherapy, which is better known as logotherapy. What is its meaning? Everything is simple. Man throughout his existence is trying to solve the problem of finding the meaning of life.

Adler Alfred

This person also belongs to the scientific luminaries who left a deep mark in psychology. He was born in Austrian Penzing in 1870. It is noteworthy that Alfred did not become a follower of Freud. He deliberately forfeited his membership in the psychoanalytic society. The scientist rallied around himself his own team of like-minded people called the Association of Individual Psychology. In 1912 he published the monograph "On the Nervous Character".

Soon he initiates the creation of the Journal of Individual Psychology. When the Nazis seized power, he stopped scientific activity. In 1938, Alfred's clinic was closed. One way or another, but he was the only expert in the field of psychology who defended the idea that the main component of personality development is the desire to preserve and develop one's own uniqueness and individuality.

The scientist believed that a person's lifestyle directly affects the quality of experience that he will gain in old age. This experience is strongly associated with the feeling of collectivism, one of the three innate unconscious feelings that make up the structure of the "I". The design of the lifestyle is based on a sense of collectivism, but it is not always subject to development and may remain in its infancy. In the latter case, there may be quarrels and conflict situations. The scientist emphasized that if a person can find mutual language with others, he is not in danger of becoming a neurasthenic, and he rarely ventures into wild and

Bluma Zeigarnik

This is also a world-famous scientist. The famous female psychologist Bluma Vulfovna Zeigarnik was born in 1900 in the Lithuanian town of Preny. She studied with such eminent specialists in psychology as E. Spranger, K. Goldstein. Zeigarnik shared the scientific views outlined in Gestalt psychology. Opponents of this theory repeatedly tried to dissuade Bluma Vulfovna from attending Levin's classes, but she remained adamant. The woman became famous for isolating a unique pattern, which later became known as the Zeigarnik effect.

Its meaning is simple. A female psychologist set up a simple experiment. She gathered a certain number of people and asked them to solve a particular problem for a specific period of time. As a result of the experiments, Bluma Vulfovna came to the conclusion that a person remembers unfinished actions much better than finished ones.

Akop Poghosovich Nazaretyan

The merits of this scientist in the field of psychology mass behavior and in the field of cultural anthropology cannot be overestimated. Hakob Nazaretyan is a native of the city of Baku. The scientist was born in 1948. During the years of service to science, he wrote a huge number of monographs, where he studied the problems of the theory of the development of society.

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky

He is deservedly called the Mozart of psychology, although in fairness it should be noted that initially he studied completely different areas of knowledge. He entered the medical faculty, then transferred to the law. And even showed a remarkable interest in literature. The scientist also left a major mark in the science of the soul. was born in 1896 in the Belarusian town of Orsha. This scientist can be safely included in the list called "Famous psychologists of Russia." Why? Yes, primarily because he is the author of the cultural-historical theory in psychology. As early as 1924, Vygotsky was critical of reflexology in his work. In his mature years, he began to study in depth the issues of speech and thinking and created on this topic research work. In it, Lev Semenovich proved that the processes of thinking and the utterance of thoughts are closely interconnected with each other. In the 1930s, the scientist was subjected to real persecution for his views: Soviet officials tried to expose him for ideological perversions.

Mozart of psychology left behind several fundamental works, a huge number of monographs included in the collected works.

In his writings, he highlighted the problems psychological development personality, questions of the influence of the team on the personality. Undoubtedly, Vygotsky introduced huge contribution into the science of the soul and related disciplines: linguistics, philosophy, defectology, pedagogy.

Viktor Ivanovich Ovcharenko

This outstanding scientist was born in 1943 in the city of Melekess (Ulyanovsk region). His merits in psychology are incredibly huge. Thanks to his research, the science of the soul has made significant progress in its development. Viktor Ivanovich wrote more than one work of fundamental importance. The scientist was engaged in the analysis of sociological psychologism and deeply studied questions about interpersonal relationships.

His monographs were published not only in Russian, but also in foreign media.

In 1996, Ovcharenko presented to the scientific community the idea of ​​rethinking the historical periods of Russian psychoanalysis. He initiated the release of publications in which he reflected the biographies of about 700 eminent people, including psychologists, philosophers, and culturologists.

Open any newspaper or magazine and you will find the terms proposed by Sigmund Freud. Sublimation, projection, transference, defenses, complexes, neuroses, hysterias, stresses, psychological traumas and crises, etc. - all these words have firmly entered our lives. And the books of Freud and other prominent psychologists also firmly entered it. We offer you a list of the best - those that have changed our reality. Save yourself so you don't lose!

Eric Berne is the author of the famous concept of scenario programming and game theory. They are based on transactional analysis, which is now being studied all over the world. Bern believes that every person's life is programmed up to the age of five, and then we all play games with each other using three roles: Adult, Parent and Child. Read more about this world-famous concept in Bern's review of Bern's bestselling book, presented in the Library of the Book in Brief.

Edward de Bono, a British psychologist, developed a method for teaching effective thinking. The six hats are six different ways of thinking. De Bono suggests "trying on" each headgear to learn how to think in different ways depending on the situation. The red hat is emotions, the black hat is criticism, the yellow hat is optimism, the green hat is creativity, the blue one is thought control, and the white one is facts and figures. you can read in the Library BooksShort.

3. Alfred Adler. Understand human nature

Alfred Adler is one of the most famous students of Sigmund Freud. He created his own concept of individual (or individual) psychology. Adler wrote that a person's actions are influenced not only by the past (as Freud taught), but also by the future, or rather the goal that a person wants to achieve in the future. And based on this goal, he transforms his past and present. In other words, only knowing the goal, we can understand why a person acted this way and not otherwise. Take, for example, the image with the theater: only by the last act do we understand the actions of the characters that they performed in the first act. You can read about the universal law of personality development proposed by Adler in the article: "".

MD, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Norman Doidge devoted his research to brain plasticity. In his main work, he makes a revolutionary statement: our brain is able to change its own structure and work due to the thoughts and actions of a person. Doidge talks about the latest discoveries that prove that the human brain is plastic, which means it can change itself. The book features stories of scientists, doctors, and patients who have achieved amazing transformations. Those who had serious problems managed to cure brain diseases that were considered incurable without surgery and pills. Well, those who did not have any special problems were able to significantly improve the functioning of their brain. Read more provided in Library BooksAbout.

Susan Weinshenk is a well-known American psychologist specializing in behavioral psychology. She is called "The Brain Lady" as she studies the latest advances in neuroscience and the human brain and applies her knowledge to business and everyday life. Susan talks about the basic laws of the psyche. In her bestselling book, she identifies 7 main motivators of human behavior that affect our lives. More about this in the review of the book "", presented in the Library of the Book in Brief.

6. Eric Erickson. Childhood and society

Erik Erikson is an outstanding psychologist who detailed and supplemented the famous age periodization of Sigmund Freud. The periodization of human life proposed by Erickson consists of 8 stages, each of which ends with a crisis. This crisis a person must go through correctly. If it does not pass, then it (the crisis) is added to the load in the next period. You can read about important age periods in the life of adults in the article: "".

The famous book of the famous American psychologist Robert Cialdini. It has become a classic in social psychology. "" is recommended by the best scientists in the world as a guide to interpersonal relationships and conflict resolution. An overview of this book is available in the Books Brief Library.

8. Hans Eysenck. Personality measurements

Hans Eysenck is a British psychologist, one of the leaders of the biological direction in psychology, the creator of the factor theory of personality. He is best known as the author of the popular IQ test.

Psychologist Daniel Goleman completely changed the way we think about leadership when he said that for a leader, “emotional intelligence” (EQ) is more important than IQ. Emotional intelligence (EQ) is the ability to identify and understand emotions, both one's own and those of others, and the ability to use this knowledge to manage one's behavior and relationships with people. A leader without emotional intelligence may be highly trained, sharp-witted, and endlessly generating new ideas, but he will still lose out to a leader who can manage emotions. Why this happens, you can read in the review of Goleman's book "", presented in the Library of the Book in Brief.

The famous sociologist Malcolm Gladwell presented a number of interesting studies on intuition. He is sure that each of us has intuition, and it is worth listening to it. Our unconscious, without our participation, processes huge amounts of data and gives out the most correct solution on a silver platter, which we just have to not miss and use properly for ourselves. However, intuition is easily frightened by the lack of time to make a decision, the state of stress, as well as the attempt to describe in words your thoughts and actions. An overview of Gladwell's bestseller "" is in the Library of the Book in Brief.

11. Viktor Frankl. Will to Meaning

Viktor Frankl is a world-famous Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist, student of Alfred Adler and founder of logotherapy. Logotherapy (from the Greek "Logos" - the word and "terapia" - care, care, treatment) is a direction in psychotherapy that arose on the basis of the conclusions that Frankl made while being a concentration camp prisoner. This is a therapy for finding meaning, this is the way that helps a person find meaning in any circumstances of his life, including such extreme ones as suffering. And here it is very important to understand the following: in order to find this meaning, Frankl proposes to investigate no depth of personality(according to Freud) and her height. That's a very big difference in accent. Before Frankl, psychologists mainly tried to help people by exploring the depths of their subconscious, and Frankl insists on the full disclosure of a person's potential, on exploring his heights. Thus, he places emphasis, figuratively speaking, on the spire of the building (height), and not on its basement (depths).

12. Sigmund Freud. Dream interpretation

13. Anna Freud. Psychology Self and defense mechanisms

Anna Freud is the youngest daughter of the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. She founded a new direction in psychology - ego psychology. Her main scientific merit is the development of the theory of human defense mechanisms. Anna also made significant progress in studying the nature of aggression, but still her most significant contribution to psychology was the creation of child psychology and child psychoanalysis.

14. Nancy McWilliams. Psychoanalytic diagnostics

This book is the bible of modern psychoanalysis. American psychoanalyst Nancy McWilliams writes that we are all irrational to some extent, which means that for each person it is necessary to answer two basic questions: “How crazy?” and “What exactly is psycho?” The first question can be answered by three levels of the work of the psyche (details in the article: ""), and the second - by the types of character (narcissistic, schizoid, depressive, paranoid, hysterical, etc.), studied in detail by Nancy McWilliams and described in the book " Psychoanalytic Diagnosis".

15. Carl Jung. Archetype and symbol

Carl Jung is the second famous student of Sigmund Freud (we have already talked about Alfred Adler). Jung believed that the unconscious is not only the lowest in a person, but also the highest, for example, creativity. The unconscious thinks in symbols. Jung introduces the concept of the collective unconscious, with which a person is born, it is the same for everyone. When a person is born, he is already filled with ancient images, archetypes. They pass from generation to generation. Archetypes affect everything that happens to a person.

16. Abraham Maslow. The far reaches of the human psyche

Martin Seligman is an outstanding American psychologist, the founder of positive psychology. He became world famous for his studies of the phenomenon of learned helplessness, that is, passivity in the face of allegedly irremovable troubles. Seligman proved that the basis of helplessness and its extreme manifestation - depression - is pessimism. The psychologist introduces us to two of his main concepts: the theory of learned helplessness and the concept of explanatory style. They are closely related. The first explains why we become pessimists, and the second explains how to change the way we think from a pessimist to an optimist. An overview of Seligman's book "" is presented in the Library of the Book in Brief.

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